Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α affects tumor proliferation and antiapoptosis in surgically resected lung cancer

Hypoxia-inducible factor and cellular senescence in pulmonary aging and disease

Cellular senescence and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling are crucial in pulmonary aging and age-related lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer. HIF plays a pivotal role in cellular adaptation to hypoxia, regulating processes like angiogenesis, metabolism, and inflammation. Meanwhile, cellular senescence leads to irreversible cell cycle arrest, triggering the senescence-associated secretory phenotype which contributes to chronic inflammation, tissue remodeling, and fibrosis. Dysregulation of these pathways accelerates lung aging and disease progression by promoting oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and epigenetic alterations. Recent studies indicate that HIF and senescence interact at multiple levels, where HIF can both induce and suppress senescence, depending on cellular conditions. While transient HIF activation supports tissue repair and stress resistance, chronic dysregulation exacerbates pulmonary pathologies. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests that targeting HIF and senescence pathways could offer new therapeutic strategies to mitigate age-related lung diseases. This review explores the intricate crosstalk between these mechanisms, shedding light on how their interplay influences pulmonary aging and disease progression. Additionally, we discuss potential interventions, including senolytic therapies and HIF modulators, that could enhance lung health and longevity.

MiR-183-5p inhibits lung squamous cell carcinoma survival through disrupting hypoxia adaptation mediated by HIF-1α/NDUFA4L2 axis

Hypoxia is a common feature of lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) overexpression is associated with poor clinical outcome in LUSC. NADH dehydrogenase 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 4-like 2 (NDUFA4L2) is a recently identified target of HIF-1, but its roles in LUSC remain unclear. Herein, the expression and regulatory mechanisms of NDUFA4L2 were investigated in LUSC, and the influences on LUSC cell oxidative metabolism and survival of NDUFA4L2 were determined. The potential microRNA targeting to NDUFA4L2 was identified and its roles on LUSC cell were detected. We found that NDUFA4L2 were overexpressed in LUSC tissues, and that NDUFA4L2 expression correlated with shorter overall survival. NDUFA4L2 was regulated by HIF-1α under hypoxia, and NDUFA4L2 decreased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mitoROS) production through inhibiting mitochondrial complex I activity in LUSC cells. NDUFA4L2 silencing effectively suppressed LUSC cell growth and enhanced apoptosis by inducing mitoROS accumulation. Additionally, NDUFA4L2 was a target for miR-183-5p, and LUSC patients with high miR-183-5p levels had better prognoses. MiR-183-5p significantly induced mitoROS production and suppressed LUSC survival through negatively regulating NDUFA4L2 in vitro and in vivo. Our results suggested that regulation of NDUFA4L2 by HIF-1α is an important mechanism promoting LUSC progression under hypoxia. NDUFA4L2 inhibition using enforced miR-183-5p expression might be an effective strategy for LUSC treatment.

Hypoxia-Induced Autophagy Is Involved in Radioresistance via HIF1A-Associated Beclin-1 in Glioblastoma Multiforme

Radioresistance is the major factor of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) treatment failure and relapse. Hypoxia and autophagy are linked to radioresistance and poor prognosis in solid tumors, but mechanisms remain unknown. Thus, we hypothesize that hypoxia may activate autophagy through two critical factors, HIF1A and Beclin-1, resulting in radioresistance of GBM in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we first demonstrated that HIF1A was overexpressed in GBM tissues and predicted a poor prognosis via bioinformatics. Secondly, we determined that hypoxia induced high expression of HIF1A and upregulated levels of Beclin-1 and autophagy, while HIF1A knockdown by shRNA reduced the expression of Beclin-1. Then we revealed the crosstalk and mechanisms of HIF1A-associated-Beclin-1 in three aspects: (a) transcriptional regulation, (b) protein interaction, and (c) HIF1A/BNIP3/Beclin-1 signaling pathway. Furthermore, we confirmed that silencing HIF1A enhanced the radiosensitivity of GBM in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, Beclin-1 suppression by 3-MA could reverse radioresistance induced by HIF1A under hypoxia. In conclusion, we demonstrated that hypoxia triggered autophagy via HIF1A-associated Beclin-1, resulting in radioresistance in GBM. HIF1A knockdown improved GBM radiosensitivity, and silencing Beclin-1 could reverse HIF1A-induced radioresistance under hypoxic conditions. These findings may help us comprehend the molecular underpinnings of hypoxia-induced autophagy and provide a novel perspective and prospective treatment for GBM radiosensitization.

Mechanisms shared between cancer, heart failure, and targeted anti-cancer therapies

Heart failure (HF) and cancer are the leading causes of death worldwide and accumulating evidence demonstrates that HF and cancer affect one another in a bidirectional way. Patients with HF are at increased risk for developing cancer, and HF is associated with accelerated tumour growth. The presence of malignancy may induce systemic metabolic, inflammatory, and microbial alterations resulting in impaired cardiac function. In addition to pathophysiologic mechanisms that are shared between cancer and HF, overlaps also exist between pathways required for normal cardiac physiology and for tumour growth. Therefore, these overlaps may also explain the increased risk for cardiotoxicity and HF as a result of targeted anti-cancer therapies. This review provides an overview of mechanisms involved in the bidirectional connection between HF and cancer, specifically focusing upon current 'hot-topics' in these shared mechanisms. It subsequently describes targeted anti-cancer therapies with cardiotoxic potential as a result of overlap between their anti-cancer targets and pathways required for normal cardiac function.

Hypoxia signaling in human health and diseases: implications and prospects for therapeutics

Molecular oxygen (O₂) is essential for most biological reactions in mammalian cells. When the intracellular oxygen content decreases, it is called hypoxia. The process of hypoxia is linked to several biological processes, including pathogenic microbe infection, metabolic adaptation, cancer, acute and chronic diseases, and other stress responses. The mechanism underlying cells respond to oxygen changes to mediate subsequent signal response is the central question during hypoxia. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) sense hypoxia to regulate the expressions of a series of downstream genes expression, which participate in multiple processes including cell metabolism, cell growth/death, cell proliferation, glycolysis, immune response, microbe infection, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. Importantly, hypoxia signaling also interacts with other cellular pathways, such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) signaling, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. This paper systematically reviews the mechanisms of hypoxia signaling activation, the control of HIF signaling, and the function of HIF signaling in human health and diseases. In addition, the therapeutic targets involved in HIF signaling to balance health and diseases are summarized and highlighted, which would provide novel strategies for the design and development of therapeutic drugs.

Ropivacaine Inhibits Lung Cancer Cell Malignancy Through Downregulation of Cellular Signaling Including HIF-1α In Vitro

Background: Ropivacaine is widely used to induce regional anesthesia during lung cancer surgery. Previous studies reported that amide-linked local anesthetics, e.g., ropivacaine, affected the biological behavior of lung adenocarcinoma cells, but the conclusion is controversial and warrants further study. This study set out to investigate the biological effects of ropivacaine on cultured lung cancer cells and underlying mechanisms.

Methods: Lung cancer cell lines (A549 and H1299) were cultured and then treated with or without ropivacaine (0.5, 1, and 2 mM) for 48 or 72 h. Their proliferation, migration, and invasion together with cell death and molecules including hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α, VEGF, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9 expression associated with these changes were determined.

Results: Ropivacaine significantly inhibited proliferation and migration, invasion, and cell death in a concentration-dependent manner in both cell lines. Ropivacaine also promoted cell death and induced a concentration- and time-dependent cell arrest towards the G0/G1 phase. Expression of VEGF, MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, and HIF-1α in both cell lines was also inhibited by ropivacaine in a concentration-related manner.

Conclusion: Our data indicated that ropivacaine inhibited lung cancer cell malignancy, which may be associated with downregulation of cell-survival-associated cellular molecules. The translational value of the current work is subjected to further study.

Uncovering the Anti-Lung-Cancer Mechanisms of the Herbal Drug FDY2004 by Network Pharmacology

With growing evidence on the therapeutic efficacy and safety of herbal drugs, there has been a substantial increase in their application in the lung cancer treatment. Meanwhile, their action mechanisms at the system level have not been comprehensively uncovered. To this end, we employed a network pharmacology methodology to elucidate the systematic action mechanisms of FDY2004, an anticancer herbal drug composed of Moutan Radicis Cortex, Persicae Semen, and Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, in lung cancer treatment. By evaluating the pharmacokinetic properties of the chemical compounds present in FDY2004 using herbal medicine-associated databases, we identified its 29 active chemical components interacting with 141 lung cancer-associated therapeutic targets in humans. The functional enrichment analysis of the lung cancer-related targets of FDY2004 revealed the enriched Gene Ontology terms, involving the regulation of cell proliferation and growth, cell survival and death, and oxidative stress responses. Moreover, we identified key FDY2004-targeted oncogenic and tumor-suppressive pathways associated with lung cancer, including the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt, mitogen-activated protein kinase, tumor necrosis factor, Ras, focal adhesion, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 signaling pathways. Overall, our study provides novel evidence and basis for research on the comprehensive anticancer mechanisms of herbal medicines in lung cancer treatment.

A Network Pharmacology Approach to Estimate Potential Targets of the Active Ingredients of Epimedium for Alleviating Mild Cognitive Impairment and Treating Alzheimer's Disease

BACKGROUND

The present study made use of a network pharmacological approach to evaluate the mechanisms and potential targets of the active ingredients of Epimedium for alleviating mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and treating Alzheimer's disease (AD).

METHODS

The active ingredients of Epimedium were acquired from the Traditional Chinese Medicine System Pharmacology database, and potential targets were predicted using the TCMSP target module, SwissTargetPrediction, and PharmMapper database. Target proteins correlating with MCI and AD were downloaded from the GeneCards, DisGeNet, and OMIM databases. The common targets of Epimedium, MCI, and AD were identified using the Jvenn online tool, and a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using the String database and Cytoscape. Finally, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of the common targets was performed using DAVID, and molecular docking between active ingredients and target genes was modeled using AutoDock Vina.

RESULTS

A total of 20 active ingredients were analyzed, and 337 compound-related targets were identified for Epimedium. Out of 236 proteins associated with MCI and AD, 54 overlapped with the targets of Epimedium. The top 30 interacting proteins in this set were ranked by topological analysis. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis suggested that the common targets participated in diverse biological processes and pathways, including cell proliferation and apoptosis, inflammatory response, signal transduction, and protein phosphorylation through cancer pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, sphingolipid signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway, and TNF signaling pathway. Molecular docking analysis suggested that the 20 active ingredients could bind to the top 5 protein targets.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study provides theoretical evidence for in-depth analysis of the mechanisms and molecular targets by which Epimedium protects against MCI, AD, and other neurodegenerative diseases and lays the foundation for pragmatic clinical applications and potential new drug development.

A close relationship between HIF-1α expression and bone metastases in advanced NSCLC, a retrospective analysis

Background: Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1) is a transcription factor produced in hypoxia condition, it is closely associated with tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Aim: To investigate the expression of HIF-1α in relation with the presence or absence of bone metastasis. Methods A retrospective analysis was carried out on samples deriving from bronchial biopsy and CT-guided trans-thoracic needle biopsy. Detection of HIF-1 expression was performed on tissue sample by a monoclonal murine antibody, comparing patients with or without bone metastases (BM+). Findings: In the total population the main histotype was adenocarcinoma (71.5%), COPD the prevalent comorbidity (73.6%), the mean pack-year was 36.4. Ninety-five histology samples were considered for analysis and comparison. Subdividing the population according to the presence or not of bone metastases, significant differences were found in pack-years (p = 0.02), time to progression (TTP) (p = 0.001) and COPD comorbidity (p = 0.04). The survival comparison between the two subgroups obtained by Kaplan-Meier method showed a longer TTP in patients with visceral metastases with a HR of 1.3 though the comparison by this method was not significant (p = 0.1). A higher intensity and percentage of expression of HIF-1α was recorded in the group with bone metastases (p = 0.02). The main variable affecting HIF expression in a multivariate analysis was the presence of bone metastases (p = 0.01). Interpretation: Patients affected by NSCLC IV stage with bone metastasis have lower survival. There is a very close link between bone metastasis and HIF-1α expression level. The latter could be considered a predictive factor of bone spread and poor prognosis.

Hypoxia: Overview on Hypoxia-Mediated Mechanisms with a Focus on the Role of HIF Genes

Hypoxia represents a frequent player in a number of malignancies, contributing to the development of the neoplastic disease. This review will discuss the means by which hypoxia powers the mechanisms behind cancer progression, with a majority of examples from lung cancer, the leading malignancy in terms of incidence and mortality rates (the frequent reference toward lung cancer is also for simplification purposes and follow up of the global mechanism in the context of a disease). The effects induced by low oxygen levels are orchestrated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) which regulate the expression of numerous genes involved in cancer progression. Hypoxia induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis through a complex machinery, by mediating various pathways such as TGF-β, PI3k/Akt, Wnt, and Jagged/Notch. Concomitantly, hypoxic environment has a vast implication in angiogenesis by stimulating vessel growth through the HIF-1α/VEGF axis. Low levels of oxygen can also promote the process through several other secondary factors, including ANGPT2, FGF, and HGF. Metabolic adaptations caused by hypoxia include the Warburg effect-a metabolic switch to glycolysis-and GLUT1 overexpression. The switch is achieved by directly increasing the expression of numerous glycolytic enzymes that are isoforms of those found in non-malignant cells.

Prolyl hydroxylase domain 3 influences the radiotherapy efficacy of pancreatic cancer cells by targeting hypoxia-inducible factor-1α

PURPOSE

Pancreatic cancer is characterized by a hypoxic microenvironment and resistance to most currently available treatment modalities. Prolyl hydroxylase domain 3 (PHD3) is a rate-limiting enzyme that regulates the degradation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and is deregulated in pancreatic cancer cells. Whether such alteration of PHD3 expression contributes to the sustained growth and radioresistance of pancreatic cancer cells remains largely unknown.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

PHD3 was overexpressed in pancreatic cancer Mia-paca2 cells via lentiviral expression. Cell cycle progression and apoptosis were assayed by flow cytometry. HIF-1α, EGFR, and PHD3 protein expression was assessed by Western blotting. Cell survival was determined in a colony formation assay.

RESULTS

PHD3 overexpression suppressed HIF-1α protein expression and EGFR phosphorylation and enhanced the 2 Gy irradiation-mediated reductions in HIF-1α and phosphorylated (p)-EGFR under either normoxic or hypoxic conditions. PHD3 overexpression inhibited the growth and colony formation of Mia-paca2 cells in response to irradiation under either normoxic or hypoxic conditions. PHD3 overexpression exacerbated irradiation-induced apoptosis, with a greater effect under hypoxia than normoxia. Cell cycle distribution analysis demonstrated that PHD3 overexpression resulted in further shortened S phase and lengthened G2/M phase in response to irradiation.

CONCLUSION

PHD3 expression may contribute to the radiotherapy efficacy of pancreatic cancer cells and serve as a novel biomarker for improving radiotherapy efficacy in pancreatic cancer.

The role of HIF-1α in chemo-/radioresistant tumors

Chemo-/radioresistance is a major obstacle in clinical oncology. The precise failure mechanisms of chemo-/radioresistance are multifactorial failures. It is now widely accepted that a tumor hypoxia microenvironment contributes significantly to chemo-/radioresistance. Hypoxia is the most common and obvious neoplastic microenvironment and is due to the rapid proliferation of tumor cells. HIF-1α is a principal molecular mediator of adaptability to hypoxia in tumor cells. HIF-1α activation leads to the transcription of a plethora of target genes that promote physiological changes associated with chemo-/radioresistance, including increasing the ability of DNA repair, the inhibition of apoptosis, and alterations of the cellular metabolism. Moreover, recent findings suggest that HIF-1α-activated autophagy is a crucial factor in the promotion of cell survival under the distressed microenvironment, thereby leading to the chemo-/radioresistance. This chapter presents an overview of the role of HIF-1α in chemo-/radioresistance of tumor cells.

Investigation of hypoxia networks in ovarian cancer via bioinformatics analysis

Background

Ovarian cancer is a leading cause of the death from gynecologic malignancies. Hypoxia is closely related to the malignant growth of cells. However, the molecular mechanism of hypoxia-regulated ovarian cancer cells remains unclear. Thus, this study was conducted to identify the key genes and pathways implicated in the regulation of hypoxia by bioinformatics analysis.

Methods

Using the datasets of GSE53012 downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened by comparing the RNA expression from cycling hypoxia group, chronic hypoxia group, and control group. Subsequently, cluster analysis was performed followed by the construction of the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of the overlapping DEGs between the cycling hypoxia and chronic hypoxia using ClusterONE. In addition, gene ontology (GO) functional and pathway enrichment analyses of the DEGs in the most remarkable module were performed using Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) software. Ultimately, the signaling pathways associated with hypoxia were verified by RT-PCR, WB, and MTT assays.

Results

A total of 931 overlapping DEGs were identified. Nine hub genes and seven node genes were screened by analyzing the PPI and pathway integration networks, including ESR1, MMP2, ErbB2, MYC, VIM, CYBB, EDN1, SERPINE1, and PDK. Additionally, 11 key pathways closely associated with hypoxia were identified, including focal adhesion, ErbB signaling, and proteoglycans in cancer, among which the ErbB signaling pathway was verified by RT-PCR, WB, and MTT assays. Furthermore, functional enrichment analysis revealed that these genes were mainly involved in the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells, such as regulation of cell proliferation, cell adhesion, positive regulation of cell migration, focal adhesion, and extracellular matrix binding.

Conclusion

The results show that hypoxia can promote the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells by affecting the invasion and adhesion functions through the dysregulation of ErbB signaling, which may be governed by the HIF-1α-TGFA-EGFR-ErbB2-MYC axis. These findings will contribute to the identification of new targets for the diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s13048-018-0388-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

LncRNA PVT1 regulate expression of HIF1α via functioning as ceRNA for miR‑199a‑5p in non‑small cell lung cancer under hypoxia

Non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) represents one of the most important causes of cancer mortality in the world, and leads to the largest number of deaths in all kinds of lung cancer. Hypoxia has been confirmed to be a characteristic feature of NSCLC and has been shown to decrease the therapeutic efficacy of radiotherapy and some forms of chemotherapy. Previous studies revealed that many miRNAs have been proven to be involved in the molecular regulation of hypoxia and to affect the protein expression level of HIF‑1α. Here, we demonstrated that miR‑199a‑5p downregulated HIF‑1α expression and was involved in regulating the proliferation of NLSCS cell under hypoxia through downregulation of HIF‑1α. Recently, PVT1 has been proposed to function as a molecular sponge by competitively binding miR‑199a‑5p using miRcode. In this study, we confirmed that PVT1 was overexpressed in the hypoxic lung cancer cells, and then we further demonstrated that PVT1 functioned as competing endogenous (ce)RNA for miR‑199a‑5p, upregulated expression of its endogenous targets HIF‑1α and inhibited its function. Collectively, our study suggested that PVT1 promotes expression of HIF‑1α in NSCLC by functioning as ceRNA of miR‑199a‑5p. These findings support the hypothesis that PVT1 is a vital potential target for hypoxia therapy.

Role of cytochrome P450 2J2 on cell proliferation and resistance to an anticancer agent in hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells

The present study examined the role of human cytochrome P450 2J2 (CYP2J2) on cell proliferation and resistance to an anticancer agent using stable hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells overexpressing CYP2J2. Overexpression of CYP2J2 significantly increased HepG2 cell proliferation and the expression levels of cell cycle regulatory proteins, including cyclin D1, cyclin E, cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)2 and Cdk4. CYP2J2-overexpressing HepG2 cells exhibited high levels of Akt phosphorylation compared with those observed in wild-type HepG2 cells. Although Akt phosphorylation in both cell lines was significantly attenuated by LY294002, a specific phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt signaling inhibitor, the levels of Akt phosphorylation following treatment with LY294002 were higher in CYP2J2-overexpressing HepG2 cells than in wild-type HepG2 cells. Cell counting revealed that proliferation was reduced by LY294002 in both cell lines; however, CYP2J2-overexpressing HepG2 cell numbers were higher than those of wild-type HepG2 cells following treatment with LY294002. These results indicated that increased cell proliferation by CYP2J2 overexpression is mediated by increased Akt activity. It was also demonstrated that doxorubicin, an anticancer agent, reduced cell viability, induced a significant increase in the B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 associated X protein (Bax)/Bcl-2 ratio and decreased pro-caspase-3 levels in wild-type HepG2 cells. However, the doxorubicin-induced reduction in cell viability was significantly attenuated by enhanced upregulation of CYP2J2 expression. The increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and the decrease in pro-caspase-3 levels were also recovered by CYP2J2 overexpression. In conclusion, CYP2J2 serves important roles in cancer cell proliferation and resistance to the anticancer agent doxorubicin in HepG2 cells.

Hypoxia-inducible factors as neuroprotective agent in Alzheimer's disease

Beta amyloid (Aβ)-42 peptide and phosphorylated tau protein have been demonstrated as the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). A gradual decline of oxygen and glucose supply to the brain during aging or hypoxia was manifested as a contributing factor to hypometabolism. The brain regions susceptible to hypometabolism are the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex and cognition-associated neocortical regions like parietal, temporal and frontal cortex. In AD patients, the brain regions with hypometabolism can trigger overexpression of amyloid precursor protein and decrease the clearance of Aβ. Aβ and hypoxia can evoke inflammation, oxidative stress and finally neuronal cell death. Among the transcription factors involved in the compensatory mechanism, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) has a major role in the cellular adaptation by inducing the expression of several proteins, including vascular endothelial growth factor, erythropoietin and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Therefore, maintaining the HIF-1α level by inhibiting the prolyl 4-hydroxylase was effective to attenuate the nerve damage during hypoxia and postpone the incidence of AD. Agents such as iron chelators, and heavy metals like cobalt and nickel were demonstrated to be effective in maintaining the HIF-1α level in the nerve. This review article discusses the possible role of HIF-1α as a neuroprotector in AD and the future perspectives.

C-Terminal Binding Protein is Involved in Promoting to the Carcinogenesis of Human Glioma

C-terminal binding protein (CtBP) is responsible for regulating the pathogenesis of a lot of cancer types. However, whether CtBP1/2 is involved in regulating the growth and development of human glioma is still obscure. In the present study presented here, our results firstly reveal that CtBP1/2 deficiency, induced by siRNA interference, disrupts the functional integrity of the MRN complex that is responsible for DNA repair in human glioma cells. The dysfunction of the MRN complex further contributes to the up-regulation of ATM and Rad3-related kinase (ATR) and Chk1 signaling pathway, which inhibits cell cycle progression mediated by CDK2, preparing for the initiation of DNA repair. Under the condition of hypoxia, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) can be directly regulated by CDK2 on protein level, playing coordinately regulatory role in the carcinogenesis of human glioma cells. Overall, our findings reveal that CtBP1/2 is essential to promote to human glioma cell growth through maintaining the DNA stability regulated by the MRN/ATR/Chk1/CDK2/HIF-1α signaling pathway.