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Jang AY, Rod-in W, Shin IS, Park WJ. Immune Enhancement Effects of Neutral Lipids, Glycolipids, Phospholipids from Halocynthia aurantium Tunic on RAW264.7 Macrophages. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:476-483. [PMID: 37942550 PMCID: PMC10940747 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2307.07003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Fractionated lipids of Halocynthia aurantium (Pyuridae) have been demonstrated to possess anti-inflammatory properties. However, their modulatory properties have not been reported yet. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine immune enhancing effects of fractionated lipids from H. aurantium tunic on macrophage cells. The tunic of H. aurantium was used to isolate total lipids, which were then subsequently separated into neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids. RAW264.7 cells were stimulated with different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0%) of each fractionated lipid. Cytotoxicity, production of NO, expression levels of immune-associated genes, and signaling pathways were then determined. Neutral lipids and glycolipids significantly stimulated NO and PGE2 production and expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and COX-2 in a dose-dependent manner, while phospholipids ineffectively induced NO production and mRNA expression. Furthermore, it was found that both neutral lipids and glycolipids increased NF-κB p-65, p38, ERK1/2, and JNK phosphorylation, suggesting that these lipids might enhance immunity by activating NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. In addition, H. aurantium lipids-induced TNF-α expression was decreased by blocking MAPK or NF-κB signaling pathways. Phagocytic activity of RAW 264.7 cells was also significantly enhanced by neutral lipids and glycolipids. These results suggest that neutral lipids and glycolipids from H. aurantium tunic have potential as immune-enhancing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-yeong Jang
- Department of Wellness-Bio Industry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Republic of Korea
- Department of Marine Bio Food Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Weerawan Rod-in
- Department of Marine Bio Food Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000 Thailand
| | - Il-shik Shin
- Department of Marine Bio Food Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jung Park
- Department of Wellness-Bio Industry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Republic of Korea
- Department of Marine Bio Food Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Republic of Korea
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Molecular Characterization and Biocompatibility of Exopolysaccharide Produced by Moderately Halophilic Bacterium Virgibacillus dokdonensis from the Saltern of Kumta Coast. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14193986. [PMID: 36235941 PMCID: PMC9570845 DOI: 10.3390/polym14193986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of natural polysaccharides as biomaterials is gaining importance in tissue engineering due to their inherent biocompatibility. In this direction, the present study aims to explore the structure and biocompatibility of the EPS produced by Virgibacillus dokdonensis VITP14. This marine bacterium produces 17.3 g/L of EPS at 96 h of fermentation. The EPS was purified using ion exchange and gel permeation chromatographic methods. The porous web-like structure and elemental composition (C, O, Na, Mg, P, S) of the EPS were inferred from SEM and EDX analysis. AFM analysis revealed spike-like lumps with a surface roughness of 84.85 nm. The zeta potential value of −10 mV indicates the anionic nature of the EPS. Initial molecular characterization showed that the EPS is a heteropolysaccharide composed of glucose (25.8%), ribose (18.6%), fructose (31.5%), and xylose (24%), which are the monosaccharide units in the HPLC analysis. The FTIR spectrum indicates the presence of functional groups/bonds typical of EPSs (O-H, C-H, C-O-H, C-O, S=O, and P=O). The polymer has an average molecular weight of 555 kDa. Further, NMR analysis revealed the monomer composition, the existence of two α- and six β-glycosidic linkages, and the branched repeating unit as → 1)[α-D-Xylp-(1 → 2)-α-D-Glcp-(1 → 6)-β-D-Glcp-(1 → 5)]-β-D-Frup-(2 → 2)[β-D-Xylp-(1 → 4)]-β-D-Xylp-(1 → 6)-β-D-Fruf-(2 → 4)-β-D-Ribp-(1 →. The EPS is thermally stable till 251.4 °C. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the semicrystalline (54.2%) nature of the EPS. Further, the EPS exhibits significant water solubility (76.5%), water-holding capacity (266.8%), emulsifying index (66.8%), hemocompatibility (erythrocyte protection > 87%), and cytocompatibility (cell viability > 80% on RAW264.7 and keratinocyte HaCaT cells) at higher concentrations and prolongs coagulation time in APTT and PT tests. Our research unveils the significant biocompatibility of VITP14 EPS for synthesizing a variety of biomaterials.
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Yao X, Jin G, Liu D, Zhang X, Yang Y, Chen Y, Duan Z, Bi Y, Yan F, Yang Y, Zhang H, Dong G, Li S, Cheng S, Tang H, Hong F, Si C. Inducible nitric oxide synthase regulates macrophage polarization via the MAPK signals in concanavalin A-induced hepatitis. Immun Inflamm Dis 2022; 10:e643. [PMID: 35759238 PMCID: PMC9168548 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Acute liver inflammatory reactions contribute to many health problems; thus, it is critical to understand the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of acute hepatitis. In this study, an experimental in vivo model of concanavalin A (ConA)‐induced hepatitis was used. Materials and Methods C57BL/6 (wild‐type, WT) or inducible nitric oxide synthase‐deficient (iNOS−/−) mice were injected with PBS or 15 mg/kg ConA via tail vein. Detection of liver injury by histological examination and apoptosis, and flow cytometry to detect the effect of immune cells on liver injury. Results iNOS−/− mice had lower levels of the liver enzymes aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, suggesting that they were protected against ConA‐induced pathological liver injury and that iNOS participated in the regulation of hepatitis. Furthermore, iNOS deficiency was found to lower CD86 expression and suppressed the messenger RNA levels of inflammatory factors in the liver. In vitro experiments also demonstrated that iNOS deficiency suppressed the sequential phosphorylation of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathway cascade, thereby inhibiting the M1 polarization of macrophages and consequently suppressing the transcription of inflammation factors. Conclusion iNOS may contribute to ConA‐induced inflammation by promoting the activation of proinflammatory macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Yao
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China.,Institute of Immune Precision Diagnosis and Therapy & Translational Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Guiyuan Jin
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China.,Institute of Immune Precision Diagnosis and Therapy & Translational Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaobei Zhang
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Yonghong Yang
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Fourth Liver Disease Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongping Duan
- Fourth Liver Disease Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanzhen Bi
- Department of Infectious Disease, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Fenglian Yan
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Yanli Yang
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Guanjun Dong
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Fourth Liver Disease Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shumin Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, People's Hospital of Jia Xiang, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Huixin Tang
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Feng Hong
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China.,Institute of Immune Precision Diagnosis and Therapy & Translational Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Chuanping Si
- Institute of Immune Precision Diagnosis and Therapy & Translational Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China.,Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
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Yang XF, Wang H, Huang Y, Huang JH, Ren HL, Xu Q, Su XM, Wang AM, Ren F, Zhou MS. Myeloid Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Mediates Macrophage Polarization and Promotes Vascular Injury in DOCA/Salt Hypertensive Mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:879693. [PMID: 35721173 PMCID: PMC9204513 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.879693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the renin–angiotensin system has been implicated in hypertension. Angiotensin (Ang) II is a potent proinflammatory mediator. The present study investigated the role of myeloid angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) in control of macrophage phenotype in vitro and vascular injury in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)/salt hypertension. In human THP-1/macrophages, Ang II increased mRNA expressions of M1 cytokines and decreased M2 cytokine expressions. Overexpression of AT1R further increased Ang II-induced expressions of M1 cytokines and decreased M2 cytokines. Silenced AT1R reversed Ang II-induced changes in M1 and M2 cytokines. Ang II upregulated hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)1α, toll-like receptor (TLR)4, and the ratio of pIκB/IκB, which were prevented by silenced AT1R. Silenced HIF1α prevented Ang II activation of the TLR4/NFκB pathway. Furthermore, Ang II increased HIF1α via reactive oxygen species-dependent reduction in prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 (PHD2) expression. The expressions of AT1R and HIF1α and the ratio of pIκB/IκB were upregulated in the peritoneal macrophages of DOCA hypertensive mice, and the specific deletion of myeloid AT1R attenuated cardiac and vascular injury and vascular oxidative stress, reduced the recruitment of macrophages and M1 cytokine expressions, and improved endothelial function without significant reduction in blood pressure. Our results demonstrate that Ang II/AT1R controls the macrophage phenotype via stimulating the HIF1α/NFκB pathway, and specific myeloid AT1R KO improves endothelial function, vascular inflammation, and injury in salt-sensitive hypertension. The results support the notion that myeloid AT1R plays an important role in the regulation of the macrophage phenotype, and dysfunction of this receptor may promote vascular dysfunction and injury in salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Yang
- Department of Physiology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Jian-Hua Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Hao-Lin Ren
- Radiology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-Min Su
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Ai-Mei Wang
- Department of Physiology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Fu Ren
- Department of Anatomy, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Ming-Sheng Zhou, ; Fu Ren,
| | - Ming-Sheng Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Ming-Sheng Zhou, ; Fu Ren,
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Facchin BM, Dos Reis GO, Vieira GN, Mohr ETB, da Rosa JS, Kretzer IF, Demarchi IG, Dalmarco EM. Inflammatory biomarkers on an LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cell model: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Inflamm Res 2022; 71:741-758. [PMID: 35612604 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01584-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several experimental models have been designed to promote the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs. The in vitro model using RAW 264.7 cells has been widely used. However, there is still no consensus on which inflammatory mediators should initially be measured to screen for possible anti-inflammatory effects. To determine the rationality of measuring inflammatory mediators together with NO, such as the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukins (IL) 1β and 6, we carried out this systematic review (SR) and meta-analysis (MA). METHODOLOGY We conducted this SR and MA in accordance with the Preferred Reporting of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Intervention. This review was registered in the Open Science Framework ( https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/8C3HT ). RESULTS LPS-induced cells produced high NO levels compared to non-LPS induced, and this production was not related to cell density. TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, also showed high levels after cells had been stimulated with LPS. Though with some restrictions, all studies were reliable, as the risk of bias was detected in the test compounds and systems. CONCLUSION Measurement of NO levels may be sufficient to screen for possible anti-inflammatory action in the context of LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Matheus Facchin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Farmácia (PPGFar), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Oliveira Dos Reis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Farmácia (PPGFar), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Nicácio Vieira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Farmácia (PPGFar), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Júlia Salvan da Rosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Farmácia (PPGFar), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas-CCS, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário-Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-970, Brazil
| | - Iara Fabricia Kretzer
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas-CCS, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário-Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-970, Brazil
| | - Izabel Galhardo Demarchi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Farmácia (PPGFar), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas-CCS, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário-Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-970, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Monguilhott Dalmarco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Farmácia (PPGFar), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas-CCS, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário-Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-970, Brazil.
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