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Ding AX, Wang H, Zhang JM, Yang W, Kuang YT. lncRNA BANCR promotes the colorectal cancer metastasis through accelerating exosomes-mediated M2 macrophage polarization via regulating RhoA/ROCK signaling. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:13-27. [PMID: 36988779 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04709-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells-derived exosomal lncRNAs could modulate the tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC) via modulating macrophage M2 polarization. However, the clarified mechanism and function of lncRNA BANCR in CRC remains unclear. Exosomes were identified by TEM, NTA, western blot and fluorescent staining. M2 macrophages were identified by CD206 and CD163 expressions using by flow cytometry and RT-qPCR. In addition, the relation between IGF2BP2 and BANCR or RhoA were explored by RIP assay. The malignant behaviors of CRC cells were examined by CCK-8, EdU and transwell assays. Histopathological changes in mice were observed by H&E staining. Silencing of BANCR notably inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of CRC cells. SW620 and HCT-15 cells-derived exosomal BANCR positively regulated the macrophage M2 polarization. In addition, exosomal BANCR remarkably enhanced the promoting roles mediated by M2 macrophages on proliferation and invasion in CRC cells. Meanwhile, exosomal BANCR promoted the M2 macrophage polarization via activation of RhoA/Rock pathway by recruiting IGF2BP2. Inhibition of RhoA/Rock pathway reversed exosomal BANCR-mediated macrophages M2 polarization and CRC malignant behaviors in SW620 and HCT-15 cells. Exosomal lncRNA BANCR derived from SW620 and HCT-15 cells promoted the metastasis of CRC via inducing the polarization of M2 macrophages. Thus, BANCR might be a new target for the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Xing Ding
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Medical College of Soochow University, No.188, Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- Department of General Surgery, Yancheng City No. 1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, 224300, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Yancheng City No. 1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, 224300, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Min Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Yancheng City No. 1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, 224300, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Yancheng City No. 1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, 224300, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ting Kuang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Medical College of Soochow University, No.188, Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
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Hao S, Sun H, Sun H, Zhang B, Ji K, Liu P, Nie F, Han W. STM2457 Inhibits the Invasion and Metastasis of Pancreatic Cancer by Down-Regulating BRAF-Activated Noncoding RNA N6-Methyladenosine Modification. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:8852-8863. [PMID: 37998732 PMCID: PMC10670688 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45110555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a malignant tumor of the digestive system that is highly malignant, difficult to treat, and confers a poor prognosis for patients. BRAF-activated noncoding RNA (BANCR) has been proven to play an important role in the invasion and metastasis of pancreatic cancer. In this study, we focused on BANCR as a potential therapeutic target for human pancreatic cancer. The BANCR level in pancreatic cancer tissues and cells is affected by m6A methylation. Based on this, the aim of our study was to investigate the effect of a highly potent and selective first-in-class catalytic inhibitor of METTL3 (STM2457) on BANCR m6A methylation and its malignant biological behaviors in pancreatic cancer. The relationship between BANCR expression and BANCR m6A modification was detected with RT-qPCR and MeRIP-PCR. The expression of methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3), the key enzyme involved in m6A methylation, in pancreatic cancer tissues was detected using a Western blot. STM2457 was used in vitro to investigate its resistance to the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells. BANCR was overexpressed in pancreatic cancer tissues and cells, which was associated with poor clinical outcomes and validated in pancreatic cancer cell lines. m6A modification was highly enriched within BANCR and enhanced its expression. Remarkably, STM2457 inhibited the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells by down-regulating BANCR m6A modifications. This study demonstrates the promise of BANCR as a new diagnostic and therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer and reveals the therapeutic effect that STM2457 exerts on pancreatic cancer by down-regulating BANCR m6A modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolong Hao
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, 82 Xinhua South Road, Tongzhou, Beijing 101149, China; (S.H.); (H.S.); (B.Z.); (K.J.); (P.L.)
| | - Haitao Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, 82 Xinhua South Road, Tongzhou, Beijing 101149, China; (S.H.); (H.S.); (B.Z.); (K.J.); (P.L.)
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, 82 Xinhua South Road, Tongzhou, Beijing 101149, China; (H.S.); (F.N.)
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, 82 Xinhua South Road, Tongzhou, Beijing 101149, China; (S.H.); (H.S.); (B.Z.); (K.J.); (P.L.)
| | - Kailun Ji
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, 82 Xinhua South Road, Tongzhou, Beijing 101149, China; (S.H.); (H.S.); (B.Z.); (K.J.); (P.L.)
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, 82 Xinhua South Road, Tongzhou, Beijing 101149, China; (S.H.); (H.S.); (B.Z.); (K.J.); (P.L.)
| | - Fang Nie
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, 82 Xinhua South Road, Tongzhou, Beijing 101149, China; (H.S.); (F.N.)
| | - Wei Han
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, 82 Xinhua South Road, Tongzhou, Beijing 101149, China; (S.H.); (H.S.); (B.Z.); (K.J.); (P.L.)
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Fan WT, Liu XF, Liang RC. Raf/MEK/ERK Signaling Pathway Is Involved in the Inhibition of Glioma Cell Proliferation and Invasion in the Ketogenic Microenvironment. Curr Med Sci 2023; 43:759-767. [PMID: 37498407 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-023-2724-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A high-fat, low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet has been used to treat malignant glioma, in which the Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway is overactivated. However, whether the Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway is involved in the therapeutic effect of ketone bodies remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of a major ketone body, 3-hydroxybutyric acid (3-HBA), on the proliferation and metastasis of malignant glioblastoma cells and the underlying mechanism. METHODS Two human malignant glioblastoma cell lines (U87 and U251) were treated with different concentrations of 3-HBA with or without the Raf inhibitor PAF C-16 for 24 h. Cell proliferation, cell cycle, cell invasion, and phospholipase D1 (PLD1) activity were determined. Protein and gene expression levels of Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway members were examined. RESULTS 3-HBA significantly decreased cell proliferation, invasion, and intracellular PLD1 activity in both U87 and U251 glioblastoma cell lines. 3-HBA treatment significantly increased the proportion of cells in the G1 phase and decreased the proportion of cells in S phase in U87 cells. In the U251 line, the proportion of treated cells in S phase was increased and proportion of cells in G2 was decreased. 3-HBA treatment also significantly decreased the protein expression levels of Raf, MEK, p-MEK, ERK, p-ERK, and PLD1 while increasing p53 expression; an effect that was similar to treatment with the Raf inhibitor. Co-treatment of 3-HBA with the Raf inhibitor further enhanced the effects of the 3-HBA in both cell lines. CONCLUSION We confirmed that a ketogenic microenvironment can inhibit glioma cell proliferation and invasion by downregulating the expression of PLD1 through the Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tao Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421000, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421000, China
| | - Ri-Chu Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421000, China.
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Nikanfar R, Dabbaghi R, Rajabi A, Hashemzadeh S, Baradaran B, Teimourian S, Safaralizadeh R. Study of LncRNA BANCR Expression in Tumor Tissues and Adjacent Normal Tissues in Gastric Cancer Patients. Adv Biomed Res 2023; 12:186. [PMID: 37694252 PMCID: PMC10492603 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_260_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as crucial regulators in various biological processes, including cancer development and progression. This study aimed to investigate the expression differences of the BRAF-activated non-coding RNA (BANCR) gene in GC tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues. The potential diagnostic significance of BANCR in GC was explored, with the aim of improving diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for this global health burden. Materials and Methods Tissue samples from 100 gastric cancer (GC) patients were collected, and BANCR expression was analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR. Correlations between BANCR expression and clinicopathological features were assessed, and its biomarker potential was evaluated. Results In individuals diagnosed with GC, the expression of BANCR was notably elevated in tumor tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues (P < 0.0001). However, the analysis of gene expression data did not demonstrate any statistically significant correlation between elevated BANCR expression and clinicopathological features. According to the ROC analysis, BANCR demonstrated an AUC of 0.6733 (P < 0.0001), with a sensitivity of 73% and a specificity of 45%. However, further evaluation is required to determine its potential as a biomarker (CI 95% = 0.5992 to 0.7473). Conclusions The observed upregulation of BANCR in GC tissues implies its potential involvement as an oncogenic lncRNA in GC patients. Furthermore, BANCR may serve as a promising biomarker for identification and treatment of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raha Nikanfar
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rozhin Dabbaghi
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Rajabi
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shahriar Hashemzadeh
- Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shahram Teimourian
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Safaralizadeh
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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Zhu JL, Xue WB, Jiang ZB, Feng W, Liu YC, Nie XY, Jin LY. Long noncoding RNA CDKN2B-AS1 silencing protects against esophageal cancer cell invasion and migration by inactivating the TFAP2A/FSCN1 axis. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2022; 38:1144-1154. [PMID: 36161699 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is the most aggressive malignancy in the gastrointestinal tract. Long noncoding RNA cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2 B antisense RNA 1 (CDKN2B-AS1) is implicated in EC development. However, the specific mechanisms involved remain poorly defined. Therefore, this research aimed to explore the mechanism of action of CDKN2B-AS1 in EC. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was conducted to measure CDKN2B-AS1 expression in EC cells and western blotting was utilized to evaluate transcription factor AP-2 alpha (TFAP2A) and fascin actin-bundling protein 1 (FSCN1) expression. After gain-of-function and loss-of-function assays, cell proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, and apoptosis-related protein expression were assessed using cell counting kit-8, scratch tests, Transwell assays, flow cytometry, and western blotting, respectively. The binding relationship between CDKN2B-AS1 and TFAP2A was assessed by RNA immunoprecipitation and RNA pull-down assays. The binding relationship between TFAP2A and FSCN1 was evaluated using dual-luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Tumor xenografts from nude mice were used for in vivo verification. CDKN2B-AS1, TFAP2A, and FSCN1 were upregulated in EC cells. Mechanistically, CDKN2B-AS1 transcriptionally activated FSCN1 by recruiting TFAP2A to the FSCN1 promoter. Silencing CDKN2B-AS1 or TFAP2A suppressed EC cell proliferative, migrating, and invasive properties and augmented apoptosis. TFAP2A was bound to CDKN2B-AS1 and the FSCN1 promoter. Overexpression of TFAP2A or FSCN1 abolished the effects of CDKN2B-AS1-silencing on EC cell function. CDKN2B-AS1 silencing curtailed tumorigenesis in nude mice, which was nullified by the upregulation of TFAP2A or FSCN1. Our findings demonstrated the antioncogenic effects of silencing CDKN2B-AS1 in EC through inactivation of the TFAP2A/FSCN1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Liang Zhu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bo Xue
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Bin Jiang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Cai Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiong-Ying Nie
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Long-Yu Jin
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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Sharma U, Tuli HS, Uttam V, Choudhary R, Sharma B, Sharma U, Prakash H, Jain A. Role of Hedgehog and Hippo signaling pathways in cancer: A special focus on non-coding RNAs. Pharmacol Res 2022; 186:106523. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Han Y, Zhao G, Shi X, Wang Y, Wen X, Zhang L, Guo X. The Emerging Role of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Esophageal Cancer: Functions in Tumorigenesis and Clinical Implications. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:885075. [PMID: 35645836 PMCID: PMC9137892 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.885075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the most common malignancies of digestive tracts with poor five-year survival rate. Hence, it is very significant to further investigate the occurrence and development mechanism of esophageal cancer, find more effective biomarkers and promote early diagnosis and effective treatment. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are generally defined as non-protein-coding RNAs with more than 200 nucleotides in length. Existing researches have shown that lncRNAs could act as sponges, guides, scaffolds, and signal molecules to influence the oncogene or tumor suppressor expressions at transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and protein levels in crucial cellular processes. Currently, the dysregulated lncRNAs are reported to involve in the pathogenesis and progression of EC. Importantly, targeting EC-related lncRNAs through genome editing, RNA interference and molecule drugs may be one of the most potential therapeutic methods for the future EC treatment. In this review, we summarized the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of lncRNAs, including oncogenic lncRNAs and tumor suppressor lncRNAs in EC. In addition, we generalized the excellent potential lncRNA candidates for diagnosis, prognosis and therapy in EC. Finally, we discussed the current challenges and opportunities of lncRNAs for EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Han
- Departments of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Guo Zhao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xinhang Shi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yushan Wang
- Departments of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xin Wen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiangqian Guo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangqian Guo,
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A Pleiotropic Role of Long Non-Coding RNAs in the Modulation of Wnt/β-Catenin and PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathways in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Implication in Chemotherapeutic Drug Response. Curr Oncol 2022; 29:2326-2349. [PMID: 35448163 PMCID: PMC9031703 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29040189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of modern techniques for the treatment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), tumor recurrence and metastasis are significant challenges in clinical management. Thus, ESCC possesses a poor prognosis and low five-year overall survival rate. Notably, the origin and recurrence of the cancer phenotype are under the control of complex cancer-related signaling pathways. In this review, we provide comprehensive knowledge about long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) related to Wnt/β-catenin and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway in ESCC and its implications in hindering the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs. We observed that a pool of lncRNAs, such as HERES, TUG1, and UCA1, associated with ESCC, directly or indirectly targets various molecules of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and facilitates the manifestation of multiple cancer phenotypes, including proliferation, metastasis, relapse, and resistance to anticancer treatment. Additionally, several lncRNAs, such as HCP5 and PTCSC1, modulate PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways during the ESCC pathogenesis. Furthermore, a few lncRNAs, such as AFAP1-AS1 and LINC01014, block the efficiency of chemotherapeutic drugs, including cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, paclitaxel, and gefitinib, used for ESCC treatment. Therefore, this review may help in designing a better therapeutic strategy for ESCC patients.
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Hussen BM, Azimi T, Abak A, Hidayat HJ, Taheri M, Ghafouri-Fard S. Role of lncRNA BANCR in Human Cancers: An Updated Review. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:689992. [PMID: 34409032 PMCID: PMC8367322 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.689992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Being located in a gene desert region on 9q21.11-q21.12, BRAF-activated non-protein coding RNA (BANCR) is an lncRNA with 693 bp length. It has been discovered in 2012 in a research aimed at assessment of gene expression in the melanocytes in association with BRAF mutation. Increasing numbers of studies have determined its importance in the tumorigenesis through affecting cell proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, and epithelial to mesenchymal transition. BANCR exerts its effects via modulating some tumor-related signaling pathways particularly MAPK and other regulatory mechanisms such as sponging miRNAs. BANCR has been up-regulated in endometrial, gastric, breast, melanoma, and retinoblastoma. Conversely, it has been down-regulated in some other cancers such as those originated from lung, bladder, and renal tissues. In some cancer types such as colorectal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma and papillary thyroid carcinoma, there is no agreement about BANCR expression, necessitating the importance of additional functional studies in these tissues. In the present manuscript, we review the investigations related to BANCR expression changes in cancerous cell lines, clinical samples, and animal models of cancer. We also discuss the outcome of its deregulation in cancer progression, prognosis, and the underlying mechanisms of these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Tahereh Azimi
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefe Abak
- Men's Health and Reproductive Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hazha Jamal Hidayat
- Department of Biology, College of Education, Salahadddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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