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Valentini V, Bucalo A, Conti G, Celli L, Porzio V, Capalbo C, Silvestri V, Ottini L. Gender-Specific Genetic Predisposition to Breast Cancer: BRCA Genes and Beyond. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:579. [PMID: 38339330 PMCID: PMC10854694 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16030579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Among neoplastic diseases, breast cancer (BC) is one of the most influenced by gender. Despite common misconceptions associating BC as a women-only disease, BC can also occur in men. Additionally, transgender individuals may also experience BC. Genetic risk factors play a relevant role in BC predisposition, with important implications in precision prevention and treatment. The genetic architecture of BC susceptibility is similar in women and men, with high-, moderate-, and low-penetrance risk variants; however, some sex-specific features have emerged. Inherited high-penetrance pathogenic variants (PVs) in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are the strongest BC genetic risk factor. BRCA1 and BRCA2 PVs are more commonly associated with increased risk of female and male BC, respectively. Notably, BRCA-associated BCs are characterized by sex-specific pathologic features. Recently, next-generation sequencing technologies have helped to provide more insights on the role of moderate-penetrance BC risk variants, particularly in PALB2, CHEK2, and ATM genes, while international collaborative genome-wide association studies have contributed evidence on common low-penetrance BC risk variants, on their combined effect in polygenic models, and on their role as risk modulators in BRCA1/2 PV carriers. Overall, all these studies suggested that the genetic basis of male BC, although similar, may differ from female BC. Evaluating the genetic component of male BC as a distinct entity from female BC is the first step to improve both personalized risk assessment and therapeutic choices of patients of both sexes in order to reach gender equality in BC care. In this review, we summarize the latest research in the field of BC genetic predisposition with a particular focus on similarities and differences in male and female BC, and we also discuss the implications, challenges, and open issues that surround the establishment of a gender-oriented clinical management for BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Valentini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (V.V.); (A.B.); (G.C.); (L.C.); (V.P.); (C.C.); (V.S.)
| | - Agostino Bucalo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (V.V.); (A.B.); (G.C.); (L.C.); (V.P.); (C.C.); (V.S.)
| | - Giulia Conti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (V.V.); (A.B.); (G.C.); (L.C.); (V.P.); (C.C.); (V.S.)
| | - Ludovica Celli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (V.V.); (A.B.); (G.C.); (L.C.); (V.P.); (C.C.); (V.S.)
| | - Virginia Porzio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (V.V.); (A.B.); (G.C.); (L.C.); (V.P.); (C.C.); (V.S.)
| | - Carlo Capalbo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (V.V.); (A.B.); (G.C.); (L.C.); (V.P.); (C.C.); (V.S.)
- Medical Oncology Unit, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Silvestri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (V.V.); (A.B.); (G.C.); (L.C.); (V.P.); (C.C.); (V.S.)
| | - Laura Ottini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (V.V.); (A.B.); (G.C.); (L.C.); (V.P.); (C.C.); (V.S.)
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Rein HL, Bernstein KA. Finding significance: New perspectives in variant classification of the RAD51 regulators, BRCA2 and beyond. DNA Repair (Amst) 2023; 130:103563. [PMID: 37651978 PMCID: PMC10529980 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2023.103563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
For many individuals harboring a variant of uncertain functional significance (VUS) in a homologous recombination (HR) gene, their risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer is unknown. Integral to the process of HR are BRCA1 and regulators of the central HR protein, RAD51, including BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51C and RAD51D. Due to advancements in sequencing technology and the continued expansion of cancer screening panels, the number of VUS identified in these genes has risen significantly. Standard practices for variant classification utilize different types of predictive, population, phenotypic, allelic and functional evidence. While variant analysis is improving, there remains a struggle to keep up with demand. Understanding the effects of an HR variant can aid in preventative care and is critical for developing an effective cancer treatment plan. In this review, we discuss current perspectives in the classification of variants in the breast and ovarian cancer genes BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51C and RAD51D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley L Rein
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kara A Bernstein
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Li B, Xu W, Cao J, Guo D, Tao Z, Jin J, Hu X. A study of clinical and molecular characteristics in bilateral primary breast cancer. Cancer Med 2023; 12:15881-15892. [PMID: 37293877 PMCID: PMC10469734 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bilateral primary breast cancer (BPBC) is a rare type of breast cancer. Studies on the clinicopathologic and molecular characteristics of BPBC in a metastatic context are very limited. METHODS A total of 574 unselected metastatic breast cancer patients with clinical information were enrolled in our next-generation sequencing (NGS) database. Patients with BPBC from our NGS database were regarded as the study cohort. In addition, 1467 patients with BPBC and 2874 patients with unilateral breast cancer (UBC) from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) public database were also analyzed to determine the characteristics of BPBC. RESULTS Among the 574 patients enrolled in our NGS database, 20 (3.5%) patients had bilateral disease, comprising 15 (75%) patients with synchronous bilateral disease and 5 (25%) patients with metachronous bilateral disease. Eight patients had bilateral hormone receptor-positive (HR+)/human epidermal growth factor receptor-negative (HER2-) tumors, and three had unilateral HR+/HER2- tumors. More HR+/HER2- tumors and lobular components were found in BPBC patients than in UBC patients. The molecular subtype of the metastatic lesions in three patients was inconsistent with either side of the primary lesions, which suggested the importance of rebiopsy. Strong correlations in clinicopathologic features between the left and right tumors in BPBC were exhibited in the SEER database. In our NGS database, only one BPBC patient was found with a pathogenic germline mutation in BRCA2. The top mutated somatic genes in BPBC patients were similar to those in UBC patients, including TP53 (58.8% in BPBC and 60.6% in UBC) and PI3KCA (47.1% in BPBC and 35.9% in UBC). CONCLUSIONS Our study suggested that BPBC may tend to be lobular carcinoma and have the HR+/HER2- subtype. Although our study did not find specific germline and somatic mutations in BPBC, more research is needed for verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Department of Breast and Urologic Medical OncologyFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Weiqi Xu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of Hepatic SurgeryFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
| | - Jianing Cao
- Department of Breast and Urologic Medical OncologyFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Duancheng Guo
- Department of Breast and Urologic Medical OncologyFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
| | - Zhonghua Tao
- Department of Breast and Urologic Medical OncologyFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Juan Jin
- Department of Breast and Urologic Medical OncologyFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xichun Hu
- Department of Breast and Urologic Medical OncologyFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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Palmieri V, Vietri MT, Montalto A, Montisci A, Donatelli F, Coscioni E, Napoli C. Cardiotoxicity, Cardioprotection, and Prognosis in Survivors of Anticancer Treatment Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: Unmet Needs. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082224. [PMID: 37190153 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anticancer treatments are improving the prognosis of patients fighting cancer. However, anticancer treatments may also increase the cardiovascular (CV) risk by increasing metabolic disorders. Atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis related to anticancer treatments may lead to ischemic heart disease (IHD), while direct cardiac toxicity may induce non-ischemic heart disease. Moreover, valvular heart disease (VHD), aortic syndromes (AoS), and advanced heart failure (HF) associated with CV risk factors and preclinical CV disease as well as with chronic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction may also occur in survivors of anti-carcer treatments. METHODS Public electronic libraries have been searched systematically looking at cardiotoxicity, cardioprotection, CV risk and disease, and prognosis after cardiac surgery in survivors of anticancer treatments. RESULTS CV risk factors and disease may not be infrequent among survivors of anticancer treatments. As cardiotoxicity of established anticancer treatments has been investigated and is frequently irreversible, cardiotoxicity associated with novel treatments appears to be more frequently reversible, but also potentially synergic. Small reports suggest that drugs preventing HF in the general population may be effective also among survivors of anticancer treatments, so that CV risk factors and disease, and chronic inflammation, may lead to indication to cardiac surgery in survivors of anticancer treatments. There is a lack of substantial data on whether current risk scores are efficient to predict prognosis after cardiac surgery in survivors of anticancer treatments, and to guide tailored decision-making. IHD is the most common condition requiring cardiac surgery among survivors of anticancer treatments. Primary VHD is mostly related to a history of radiation therapy. No specific reports exist on AoS in survivors of anticancer treatments. CONCLUSIONS It is unclear whether interventions to dominate cancer- and anticancer treatment-related metabolic syndromes, chronic inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction, leading to IHD, nonIHD, VHD, HF, and AoS, are as effective in survivors of anticancer treatments as in the general population. When CV diseases require cardiac surgery, survivors of anticancer treatments may be a population at specifically elevated risk, rather than affected by a specific risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Palmieri
- Unit of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Department, Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilevanza Nazionale "San Sebastiano e Sant'Anna", 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Vietri
- Department of Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, "Luigi Vanvitelli" University of Campania, 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Montalto
- Unit of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Department, Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilevanza Nazionale "San Sebastiano e Sant'Anna", 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Andrea Montisci
- Division of Cardiothoracic Intensive Care, Cardiothoracic Department, ASST Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Donatelli
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Istituto Clinico Sant'Ambrogio, 20161 Milan, Italy
- Cardiac Surgery, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Coscioni
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, AOU San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona, 84131 Salerno, Italy
| | - Claudio Napoli
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (DAMSS), "Luigi Vanvitelli" University of Campania School of Medicine, 80100 Naples, Italy
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Čelešnik H, Potočnik U. Blood-Based mRNA Tests as Emerging Diagnostic Tools for Personalised Medicine in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15. [PMID: 36831426 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular diagnostic tests help clinicians understand the underlying biological mechanisms of their patients' breast cancer (BC) and facilitate clinical management. Several tissue-based mRNA tests are used routinely in clinical practice, particularly for assessing the BC recurrence risk, which can guide treatment decisions. However, blood-based mRNA assays have only recently started to emerge. This review explores the commercially available blood mRNA diagnostic assays for BC. These tests enable differentiation of BC from non-BC subjects (Syantra DX, BCtect), detection of small tumours <10 mm (early BC detection) (Syantra DX), detection of different cancers (including BC) from a single blood sample (multi-cancer blood test Aristotle), detection of BC in premenopausal and postmenopausal women and those with high breast density (Syantra DX), and improvement of diagnostic outcomes of DNA testing (variant interpretation) (+RNAinsight). The review also evaluates ongoing transcriptomic research on exciting possibilities for future assays, including blood transcriptome analyses aimed at differentiating lymph node positive and negative BC, distinguishing BC and benign breast disease, detecting ductal carcinoma in situ, and improving early detection further (expression changes can be detected in blood up to eight years before diagnosing BC using conventional approaches, while future metastatic and non-metastatic BC can be distinguished two years before BC diagnosis).
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D’Elia G, Caliendo G, Passariello L, Albanese L, Makker J, Molinari AM, Vietri MT. Hereditary Cancer Syndrome in a Family with Double Mutation in BRIP1 and MUTYH Genes. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:428. [PMID: 36833355 PMCID: PMC9957058 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary cancer syndromes predispose to several types of cancer due to inherited pathogenic variants in susceptibility genes. We describe the case of a 57-year-old woman, diagnosed with breast cancer, and her family. The proband belongs to a family with a suspected tumor syndrome, due to other cancer cases in her family from the paternal and maternal sides. After oncogenetic counseling, she was subjected to mutational analysis with an NGS panel analyzing 27 genes. The genetic analysis showed two monoallelic mutations in low penetrance genes, c.1187G>A (p.G396D) in MUTYH and c.55dup (p.Tyr19Leufs*2) in BRIP1. One of the mutations was inherited from the maternal side and the other from the paternal side, suggesting two different cancer syndrome types in the family. MUTYH mutation was related to the onset of cancers on the paternal side, as confirmed by the occurrence of the same mutation in the proband's cousin. BRIP1 mutation was found in the proband's mother, indicating that it was related to the cancer cases observed on the maternal side, including breast cancer and sarcoma. Advances in NGS technologies have allowed the identification of mutations in families with hereditary cancers in genes other than those related to a specific suspected syndrome. A complete oncogenetic counseling, together with molecular tests that enable a simultaneous analysis of multiple genes, is essential for the identification of a correct tumor syndrome and for clinical decision-making in a patient and his/her family. The detection of mutations in multiple susceptibility genes allows the initiation of early risk-reducing measures for identified mutation carriers among family members and to include them in a proper surveillance program for specific syndromes. Moreover, it may enable an adapted treatment for the affected patient, permitting personalized therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna D’Elia
- Unity of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, AOU University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Gemma Caliendo
- Unity of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, AOU University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Luana Passariello
- Unity of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, AOU University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa Albanese
- Unity of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, AOU University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Jasmine Makker
- Department of GKT, School of Medical Education, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Anna Maria Molinari
- Unity of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, AOU University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Vietri
- Unity of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, AOU University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
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Fiorentino G, Benincasa G, Coppola A, Franzese M, Annunziata A, Affinito O, Viglietti M, Napoli C. Targeted genetic analysis unveils novel associations between ACE I/D and APO T158C polymorphisms with D-dimer levels in severe COVID-19 patients with pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2023; 55:51-59. [PMID: 36371754 PMCID: PMC9660132 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-022-02728-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Only a percentage of COVID-19 patients develop thrombotic complications. We hypothesized that genetic profiles may explain part of the inter-individual differences. Our goal was to evaluate the genotypic distribution of targeted DNA polymorphisms in COVID-19 patients complicated (PE+) or not (PE-) by pulmonary embolism. We designed a retrospective observational study enrolling N = 94 consecutive patients suffering severe COVID-19 with pulmonary embolism (PE+, N = 47) or not (PE-, N = 47) during hospitalization. A panel of N = 13 prothrombotic DNA polymorphisms (FV R506Q and H1299R, FII G20210A, MTHFR C677T and A1298C, CBS 844ins68, PAI-1 4G/5G, GPIIIa HPA-1 a/b, ACE I/D, AGT T9543C, ATR-1 A1166C, FGB - 455G > A, FXIII103G > T) and N = 2 lipid metabolism-related DNA polymorphisms (APOE T 112C and T158C) were investigated using Reverse Dot Blot technique. Then, we investigated possible associations between genotypic subclasses and demographic, clinical, and laboratory parameters including age, obesity, smoking, pro-inflammatory cytokines, drug therapy, and biomarkers of thrombotic risk such as D-dimer (DD). We found that 58.7% of PE+ had homozygous mutant D/D genotype at ACE I/D locus vs. PE- (40.4%) and 87% of PE+ had homozygous mutant C/C genotype at APOE T158C locus vs. PE- (68.1%). In PE+ group, DD levels were significantly higher in D/D and I/D genotypes at ACE I/D locus (P = 0.00066 and P = 0.00023, respectively) and in C/C and T/C genotypes at APOE T158C locus (P = 1.6e-06 and P = 0.0012, respectively) than PE- group. For the first time, we showed significant associations between higher DD levels and ACE I/D and APOE T158C polymorphisms in PE+ vs. PE- patients suggesting potential useful biomarkers of poor clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuditta Benincasa
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (DAMSS), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
| | - Antonietta Coppola
- Department of Intensive Care, A.O.R.N. Ospedali dei Colli, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Anna Annunziata
- Department of Intensive Care, A.O.R.N. Ospedali dei Colli, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Mario Viglietti
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (DAMSS), University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Napoli
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (DAMSS), University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
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Montella M, Ciani G, Granata V, Fusco R, Grassi F, Ronchi A, Cozzolino I, Franco R, Zito Marino F, Urraro F, Monti R, Sirica R, Savarese G, Chianese U, Nebbioso A, Altucci L, Vietri MT, Nardone V, Reginelli A, Grassi R. Preliminary Experience of Liquid Biopsy in Lung Cancer Compared to Conventional Assessment: Light and Shadows. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12111896. [PMID: 36422072 PMCID: PMC9698369 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12111896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To assess the qualitative relationship between liquid biopsy and conventional tissue biopsy. As a secondary target, we evaluated the relationship between the liquid biopsy results and the T stage, N stage, M stage, and compared to grading. Methods: The Local Ethics Committee of the “Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli”, with the internal resolution number 24997/2020 of 12.11.2020, approved this spontaneous prospective study. According to the approved protocol, patients with lung cancer who underwent Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC), CT-guided biopsy, and liquid biopsy were enrolled. A Yates chi-square test was employed to analyze differences in percentage values of categorical variables. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Data analysis was performed using the Matlab Statistic Toolbox (The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA, USA). Results: When a genetic mutation is present on the pathological examination, this was also detected on the liquid biopsy. ROS1 and PDL1 mutations were found in 2/29 patients, while EGFR Exon 21 was identified in a single patient. At liquid biopsy, 26 mutations were identified in the analyzed samples. The mutations with the highest prevalence rate in the study populations were: ALK (Ile1461Val), found in 28/29 patients (96.6%), EML4 (Lys398Arg), identified in 16/29 (55.2%) patients, ALK (Asp1529Glu), found in 14/29 (48.3%) patients, EGFR (Arg521Lys), found in 12/29 (41.4%) patients, ROS (Lys2228Gln), identified in 11/29 (37.9%) patients, ROS (Arg167Gln) and ROS (Ser2229Cys), identified in 10/29 (34.5%) patients, ALK (Lys1491Arg) and PIK3CA (Ile391Met), identified in 8/29 (27.6%) patients, ROS (Thr145Pro), identified in 6/29 (20.7%) patients, and ROS (Ser1109Leu), identified in 4/29 (13.8%) patients. No statistically significant differences can be observed in the mutation rate between the adenocarcinoma population and the squamous carcinoma population (p > 0.05, Yates chi-square test). Conclusions: We showed that, when a genetic mutation was detected in pathological examination, this was always detected by liquid biopsy, demonstrating a very high concordance rate of genomic testing between tissues and their corresponding mutations obtained by liquid biopsy, without cases of false-negative results. In addition, in our study, liquid biopsy highlighted 26 mutations, with the prevalence of ALK mutation in 96.6% of patients, supporting the idea that this approach could be an effective tool in cases with insufficient tumor tissue specimens or in cases where tissue specimens are not obtainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Montella
- Pathology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ciani
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenza Granata
- Division of Radiology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione Pascale-IRCCS di Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Fusco
- Medical Oncology Division, Igea SpA, 80013 Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesca Grassi
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrea Ronchi
- Pathology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Immacolata Cozzolino
- Pathology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Renato Franco
- Pathology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Zito Marino
- Pathology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Urraro
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Riccardo Monti
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Sirica
- AMES-Centro Polidiagnostico Strumentale, SRL, 80013 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Ugo Chianese
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Nebbioso
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Vietri
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Valerio Nardone
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Alfonso Reginelli
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Grassi
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Italian Society of Medical and Interventional Radiology (SIRM), SIRM Foundation, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Montisci A, Palmieri V, Vietri MT, Sala S, Maiello C, Donatelli F, Napoli C. Big Data in cardiac surgery: real world and perspectives. J Cardiothorac Surg 2022; 17:277. [PMID: 36309702 PMCID: PMC9617748 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-022-02025-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Big Data, and the derived analysis techniques, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, have been considered a revolution in the modern practice of medicine. Big Data comes from multiple sources, encompassing electronic health records, clinical studies, imaging data, registries, administrative databases, patient-reported outcomes and OMICS profiles. The main objective of such analyses is to unveil hidden associations and patterns. In cardiac surgery, the main targets for the use of Big Data are the construction of predictive models to recognize patterns or associations better representing the individual risk or prognosis compared to classical surgical risk scores. The results of these studies contributed to kindle the interest for personalized medicine and contributed to recognize the limitations of randomized controlled trials in representing the real world. However, the main sources of evidence for guidelines and recommendations remain RCTs and meta-analysis. The extent of the revolution of Big Data and new analytical models in cardiac surgery is yet to be determined.
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D’elia G, Caliendo G, Tzioni M, Albanese L, Passariello L, Molinari AM, Vietri MT. Increased Risk of Hereditary Prostate Cancer in Italian Families with Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome Harboring Mutations in BRCA and in Other Susceptibility Genes. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1692. [PMID: 36292577 PMCID: PMC9601514 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary prostate cancer (HPCa) has the highest heritability of any cancer in men. Interestingly, it occurs in several hereditary syndromes, including breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) and Lynch syndrome (LS). Several gene mutations related to these syndromes have been identified as biomarkers in HPCa. The goal of this study was to screen for germline mutations in susceptibility genes by using a multigene panel, and to subsequently correlate the results with clinical and laboratory parameters. This was undertaken in 180 HBOC families, which included 217 males with prostate cancer (PCa). Mutational analysis was further extended to 104 family members of mutated patients. Screening of HBOC families revealed that 30.5% harbored germline mutations in susceptibility genes, with 21.6% harboring pathogenic variants (PVs) and 8.9% having variants of uncertain significance (VUS). We found PVs at similar frequency in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes (8.8% and 9.4%, respectively), while 0.56% of PVs were present in well-established susceptibility genes PALB2, TP53 and RAD51C. Moreover, 0.56% of monoallelic PVs were present in MUTYH, a gene whose function in tumorigenesis in the context of PCa is still unclear. Finally, we reported double heterozygosity (DH) in BRCA1/2 genes in a single family, and found double mutation (DM) present in BRCA2 in a separate family. There was no significant difference between the mean age of onset of PCa in HBOC families with or without germline mutations in susceptibility genes, while the mean survival was highest in mutated patients compared to wild type. Furthermore, PCa is the second most recurrent cancer in our cohort, resulting in 18% of cases in both mutated and non-mutated families. Our investigation shows that PVs were located mostly in the 3′ of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, and in BRCA2, most PVs fell in exon 11, suggesting a mutation cluster region relating to risk of HPCa. A total of 65 family members inherited the proband’s mutation; of these, 24 developed cancer, with 41 remaining unaffected.
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Pensabene M, Von Arx C, De Laurentiis M. Male Breast Cancer: From Molecular Genetics to Clinical Management. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2006. [PMID: 35454911 PMCID: PMC9030724 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14082006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MBC is a rare disease accounting for almost 1% of all cancers in men and less than 1% of breast cancer. Emerging data on the genetic drivers of predisposition for MBC are available and different risk factors have been associated with its pathogenesis. Genetic alterations, such as pathogenetic variants in BRCA1/2 and other moderate-/low-penetrance genes, along with non-genetic risk factors, have been recognized as pathogenic factors for MBC. Preventive and therapeutic implications could be related to the detection of alterations in predisposing genes, especially BRCA1/2, and to the identification of oncogenic drivers different from FBC. However, approved treatments for MBC remain the same as FBC. Cancer genetic counseling has to be considered in the diagnostic work-up of MBC with or without positive oncological family history. Here, we review the literature, reporting recent data about this malignancy with a specific focus on epidemiology, and genetic and non-genetic risk factors. We introduce the perspective of cancer genetic counseling for MBC patients and their healthy at-risk family members, with a focus on different hereditary cancer syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Pensabene
- National Cancer Institute, IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.V.A.); (M.D.L.)
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Vietri MT, D’Elia G, Caliendo G, Albanese L, Signoriello G, Napoli C, Molinari AM. Pancreatic Cancer with Mutation in BRCA1/2, MLH1, and APC Genes: Phenotype Correlation and Detection of a Novel Germline BRCA2 Mutation. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:321. [PMID: 35205366 PMCID: PMC8872383 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the seventh leading cause of cancer death worldwide; most of cases are sporadic, however about 5% to 10% report a hereditary predisposition. Several hereditary syndromes have been associated with familial pancreatic cancer (FPC) onset, including hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC), Lynch syndrome (LS), Familial atypical multiple mole melanoma (FAMMM), Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS), Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS), and Hereditary pancreatitis (HP).The aim of this study was to determine the mutational status of a cohort of 56 HBOC families, 7 LS families, 3 FAP and FAMMM families, and 1 LFS family with at least one case of PDAC. Mutation analysis of BRCA1/2, ATM, CHEK2, PALB2, RAD51C, RAD51D, NBN, CDH1, TP53, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 genes, showedmutation in BRCA1/2, MLH1, and APC genes. We founda high mutation rate in patients belong HBOC and LS families, with a percentage of 28.6% in both syndromes and prevalence in HBOC of BRCA2 mutations with one case of double mutation in BRCA2 gene. In FAP family, we found a pathogenic mutation in APC gene in 1/3 families. We observed an early onset of PDAC and a lower survival in PDAC patients belonging to mutated families, while no evidence of possible pancreatic cancer cluster regions was found. Moreover, we identified a novel BRCA2 germline mutation, c.5511delT (p.Phe1837LeufsX3), not reported in any database, that segregated with disease in HBOC patients. Mutational analysis was extended to family membersof mutated patients, both healthy and cancer affected, which revealed 23 unaffected family members that inherited the proband's mutation. Although correlative by its nature, the presence of a BRCA mutation in PDAC patients may have benefits in terms of optimized treatment and longer outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Vietri
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
- Unity of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, AOU, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.D.); (G.C.); (L.A.)
| | - Giovanna D’Elia
- Unity of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, AOU, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.D.); (G.C.); (L.A.)
| | - Gemma Caliendo
- Unity of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, AOU, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.D.); (G.C.); (L.A.)
| | - Luisa Albanese
- Unity of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, AOU, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.D.); (G.C.); (L.A.)
| | - Giuseppe Signoriello
- Statistical Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Claudio Napoli
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (DAMSS), University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
- Clinical Department of Internal Medicine and Specialistic Units, AOU, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Molinari
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
- Unity of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, AOU, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.D.); (G.C.); (L.A.)
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Vietri MT, D'Elia G, Benincasa G, Ferraro G, Caliendo G, Nicoletti GF, Napoli C. DNA methylation and breast cancer: A way forward (Review). Int J Oncol 2021; 59:98. [PMID: 34726251 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The current management of breast cancer (BC) lacks specific non‑invasive biomarkers able to provide an early diagnosis of the disease. Epigenetic‑sensitive signatures are influenced by environmental exposures and are mediated by direct molecular mechanisms, mainly guided by DNA methylation, which regulate the interplay between genetic and non‑genetic risk factors during cancerogenesis. The inactivation of tumor suppressor genes due to promoter hypermethylation is an early event in carcinogenesis. Of note, targeted tumor suppressor genes are frequently hypermethylated in patient‑derived BC tissues and peripheral blood biospecimens. In addition, epigenetic alterations in triple‑negative BC, as the most aggressive subtype, have been identified. Thus, detecting both targeted and genome‑wide DNA methylation changes through liquid‑based assays appears to be a useful clinical strategy for early detection, more accurate risk stratification and a personalized prediction of therapeutic response in patients with BC. Of note, the DNA methylation profile may be mapped by isolating the circulating tumor DNA from the plasma as a more accessible biospecimen. Furthermore, the sensitivity to treatment with chemotherapy, hormones and immunotherapy may be altered by gene‑specific DNA methylation, suggesting novel potential drug targets. Recently, the use of epigenetic drugs administered alone and/or with anticancer therapies has led to remarkable results, particularly in patients with BC resistant to anticancer treatment. The aim of the present review was to provide an update on DNA methylation changes that are potentially involved in BC development and their putative clinical utility in the fields of diagnosis, prognosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Vietri
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna D'Elia
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, AOU, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuditta Benincasa
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (DAMSS), University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ferraro
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Plastic Surgery Unit, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Gemma Caliendo
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, AOU, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Francesco Nicoletti
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Plastic Surgery Unit, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Napoli
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (DAMSS), University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', I-80138 Naples, Italy
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Wu S, Zhou J, Zhang K, Chen H, Luo M, Lu Y, Sun Y, Chen Y. Molecular Mechanisms of PALB2 Function and Its Role in Breast Cancer Management. Front Oncol 2020; 10:301. [PMID: 32185139 PMCID: PMC7059202 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Partner and localizer of BRCA2 (PALB2) is vital for homologous recombination (HR) repair in response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). PALB2 functions as a tumor suppressor and participates in the maintenance of genome integrity. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the biological roles of the multifaceted PALB2 protein and of its regulation. Moreover, we describe the link between PALB2 pathogenic variants (PVs) and breast cancer predisposition, aggressive clinicopathological features, and adverse clinical prognosis. We also refer to both the opportunities and challenges that the identification of PALB2 PVs provides in breast cancer genetic counseling and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Wu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaojiao Zhou
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huihui Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng Luo
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuexin Lu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Sun
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiding Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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15
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Vietri MT, Caliendo G, D'Elia G, Resse M, Casamassimi A, Minucci PB, Cioffi M, Molinari AM. BRCA and PALB2 mutations in a cohort of male breast cancer with one bilateral case. Eur J Med Genet 2020; 63:103883. [PMID: 32058061 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2020.103883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Male Breast Cancer (MBC) is a rare disease, about 1% of all breast cancers worldwide and less than 1% of cancers occurring in men. The bilateral male breast cancer (bMBC) is extremely rare. Germline mutations of BRCA1/BRCA2 genes are associated with a significantly increased risk of cancer in MBC; the role of PALB2 remains to be clarified. Our main goal was to provide contribution on characterization of BRCA1/BRCA2 and PALB2 mutations in MBC patients. METHODS We observed 28 MBC cases; one of them was a bMBC. Screening for BRCA1, BRCA2 and PALB2 genes was performed on all 28 MBC patients. Mutational analysis was extended to family members of mutated patients. RESULTS In our study, the MBC incidence was 5.2% and for bMBC was 3.6%. Mutation analysis showed pathogenic mutations in 11/28 (39.3%) patients; 2/28 (7.1%) displayed a mutation in BRCA1, 8/28 (28.6%) in BRCA2 and 1/28 (3.6%) in PALB2. Out of 11 mutated patients, one (9.1%) reported a double mutation in BRCA2. Personal history of other cancers was reported in 2/28 (7.1%) patients affected by bladder cancer. A first/second degree family history of breast/ovarian and other cancers occurred in 23/28 (82.1%) patients. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate BRCA2 as the main MBC susceptibility gene and describe an increased risk of bMBC and bladder cancer in mutated patients. The identification of mutations in MBC susceptibility genes supports the usage of oncology prevention programs in affected patients and their relatives carrying the mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Vietri
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy; U.O.C. Clinical and Molecular Pathology, A.O.U. University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | - Gemma Caliendo
- U.O.C. Clinical and Molecular Pathology, A.O.U. University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna D'Elia
- U.O.C. Clinical and Molecular Pathology, A.O.U. University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Marianna Resse
- U.O.C. Clinical and Molecular Pathology, A.O.U. University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Amelia Casamassimi
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Michele Cioffi
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy; U.O.C. Clinical and Molecular Pathology, A.O.U. University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Molinari
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy; U.O.C. Clinical and Molecular Pathology, A.O.U. University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
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16
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Zheng D, Trynda J, Williams C, Vold JA, Nguyen JH, Harnois DM, Bagaria SP, McLaughlin SA, Li Z. Sexual dimorphism in the incidence of human cancers. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:684. [PMID: 31299933 PMCID: PMC6625025 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5902-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sex differences in the incidences of cancers become a critical issue in both cancer research and the development of precision medicine. However, details in these differences have not been well reported. We provide a comprehensive analysis of sexual dimorphism in human cancers. Methods We analyzed four sets of cancer incidence data from the SEER (USA, 1975–2015), from the Cancer Registry at Mayo Clinic (1970–2015), from Sweden (1970–2015), and from the World Cancer Report in 2012. Results We found that all human cancers had statistically significant sexual dimorphism with male dominance in the United States and mostly significant in the Mayo Clinic, Sweden, and the world data, except for thyroid cancer, which is female-dominant. Conclusions Sexual dimorphism is a clear but mostly neglected phenotype for most human cancers regarding the clinical practice of cancer. We expect that our study will facilitate the mechanistic studies of sexual dimorphism in human cancers. We believe that fully addressing the mechanisms of sexual dimorphism in human cancers will greatly benefit current development of individualized precision medicine beginning from the sex-specific diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-019-5902-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoshan Zheng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Griffin 210, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Justyna Trynda
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Griffin 210, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Cecilia Williams
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jeremy A Vold
- Mayo Cancer Registry, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Justin H Nguyen
- Department of Surgery and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Denise M Harnois
- Department of Surgery and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Sanjay P Bagaria
- Department of Surgery and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Sarah A McLaughlin
- Department of Surgery and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Zhaoyu Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Griffin 210, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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Zheng D, Williams C, Vold JA, Nguyen JH, Harnois DM, Bagaria SP, McLaughlin SA, Li Z. Regulation of sex hormone receptors in sexual dimorphism of human cancers. Cancer Lett 2018; 438:24-31. [PMID: 30223066 PMCID: PMC6287770 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gender differences in the incidences of cancers have been found in almost all human cancers. However, the mechanisms that underlie gender disparities in most human cancer types have been under-investigated. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of potential mechanisms underlying sexual dimorphism of each cancer regarding sex hormone signaling. Fully addressing the mechanisms of sexual dimorphism in human cancers will greatly benefit current development of precision medicine. Our discussions of potential mechanisms underlying sexual dimorphism in each cancer will be instructive for future cancer research on gender disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoshan Zheng
- Department of Cancer Biology, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Cecilia Williams
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jeremy A Vold
- Mayo Cancer Registry, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Justin H Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Denise M Harnois
- Department of Surgery, and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Sanjay P Bagaria
- Department of Surgery, and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Sarah A McLaughlin
- Department of Surgery, and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Zhaoyu Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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18
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Silvestri V, Zelli V, Valentini V, Rizzolo P, Navazio AS, Coppa A, Agata S, Oliani C, Barana D, Castrignanò T, Viel A, Russo A, Tibiletti MG, Zanna I, Masala G, Cortesi L, Manoukian S, Azzollini J, Peissel B, Bonanni B, Peterlongo P, Radice P, Palli D, Giannini G, Chillemi G, Montagna M, Ottini L. Whole-exome sequencing and targeted gene sequencing provide insights into the role of PALB2 as a male breast cancer susceptibility gene. Cancer 2016; 123:210-218. [PMID: 27648926 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare disease whose etiology appears to be largely associated with genetic factors. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations account for about 10% of all MBC cases. Thus, a fraction of MBC cases are expected to be due to genetic factors not yet identified. To further explain the genetic susceptibility for MBC, whole-exome sequencing (WES) and targeted gene sequencing were applied to high-risk, BRCA1/2 mutation-negative MBC cases. METHODS Germ-line DNA of 1 male and 2 female BRCA1/2 mutation-negative breast cancer (BC) cases from a pedigree showing a first-degree family history of MBC was analyzed with WES. Targeted gene sequencing for the validation of WES results was performed for 48 high-risk, BRCA1/2 mutation-negative MBC cases from an Italian multicenter study of MBC. A case-control series of 433 BRCA1/2 mutation-negative MBC and female breast cancer (FBC) cases and 849 male and female controls was included in the study. RESULTS WES in the family identified the partner and localizer of BRCA2 (PALB2) c.419delA truncating mutation carried by the proband, her father, and her paternal uncle (all affected with BC) and the N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1) c.97C>T nonsense mutation carried by the proband's maternal aunt. Targeted PALB2 sequencing detected the c.1984A>T nonsense mutation in 1 of the 48 BRCA1/2 mutation-negative MBC cases. NAT1 c.97C>T was not found in the case-control series. CONCLUSIONS These results add strength to the evidence showing that PALB2 is involved in BC risk for both sexes and indicate that consideration should be given to clinical testing of PALB2 for BRCA1/2 mutation-negative families with multiple MBC and FBC cases. Cancer 2017;123:210-218. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veronica Zelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Virginia Valentini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Piera Rizzolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Sara Navazio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Coppa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Agata
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV, Padua, Italy
| | - Cristina Oliani
- Oncology Unit, Local Health and Social Care Unit ULSS5 Ovest Vicentino, Montecchio Maggiore, Italy
| | - Daniela Barana
- Oncology Unit, Local Health and Social Care Unit ULSS5 Ovest Vicentino, Montecchio Maggiore, Italy
| | - Tiziana Castrignanò
- Supercomputing Applications and Innovation Department, Interuniversity Consortium for Super Computing CINECA, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Viel
- Unit of Functional Onco-Genomics and Genetics, Aviano Oncology Reference Center CRO, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Antonio Russo
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Ines Zanna
- Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute ISPO, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanna Masala
- Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute ISPO, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Cortesi
- Department of Oncology and Haematology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Siranoush Manoukian
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, National Cancer Institute INT, Milan, Italy
| | - Jacopo Azzollini
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, National Cancer Institute INT, Milan, Italy
| | - Bernard Peissel
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, National Cancer Institute INT, Milan, Italy
| | - Bernardo Bonanni
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, European Institute of Oncology IEO, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Peterlongo
- Italian Foundation for Cancer Research (FIRC) Institute of Molecular Oncology INT, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Radice
- Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, National Cancer Institute INT, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Palli
- Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute ISPO, Florence, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giannini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Chillemi
- Supercomputing Applications and Innovation Department, Interuniversity Consortium for Super Computing CINECA, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Montagna
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV, Padua, Italy
| | - Laura Ottini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Navazio AS, Rizzolo P, Silvestri V, Valentini V, Zelli V, Zanna I, Masala G, Bianchi S, Tommasi S, Palli D, Ottini L. EMSY copy number variation in male breast cancers characterized for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 160:181-186. [PMID: 27628328 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-3976-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare disease that shares some similarities with female breast cancer (FBC). Like FBC, genetic susceptibility to MBC can be referred to mutations in BRCA1 and, particularly, BRCA2 genes. However, only about 10 % of MBCs are caused by BRCA1/2 germ-line mutations, while the largest part are sporadic cancers and may derive from somatic alterations. EMSY, a BRCA2 inactivating gene, emerged as a candidate gene involved in the pathogenesis of sporadic FBC, and its amplification was suggested to be the somatic counterpart of BRCA2 mutations. Considering the relevant role of BRCA2 in MBC, we aimed at investigating the role of EMSY gene copy number variations in male breast tumors. METHODS EMSY copy number variations were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR with TaqMan probes in a selected series of 75 MBCs, characterized for BRCA1/2 mutations. RESULTS We reported EMSY amplification in 34.7 % of MBCs. A significant association emerged between EMSY amplification and BRCA1/2 mutations (p = 0.03). We identified two amplification subgroups characterized by low and high amplification levels, with BRCA2-related tumors mostly showing low EMSY amplification. CONCLUSIONS Our results show a high frequency of EMSY amplification in MBC, thus pointing to a role of EMSY in the pathogenesis of this disease. EMSY amplification may be a new feature that might uncover underlying molecular pathways of MBCs and may allow for the identification of MBC subgroups with potential clinical implication for targeted therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sara Navazio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Piera Rizzolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Silvestri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Virginia Valentini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Zelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Ines Zanna
- Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute (ISPO), Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanna Masala
- Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute (ISPO), Florence, Italy
| | - Simonetta Bianchi
- Division of Pathological Anatomy, Department of Medical and Surgical Critical Care, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefania Tommasi
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Palli
- Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute (ISPO), Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Ottini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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Southey MC, Winship I, Nguyen-Dumont T. PALB2: research reaching to clinical outcomes for women with breast cancer. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2016; 14:9. [PMID: 27099641 PMCID: PMC4837522 DOI: 10.1186/s13053-016-0049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PALB2 has taken its place with bona fide breast cancer susceptibility genes. It is now well established that women who carry loss-of-function mutations in the PALB2 gene are at similarly elevated breast cancer risks to those who carry mutations in BRCA2. Information about PALB2 is now being used in breast cancer clinical genetics practice and is routinely included in breast cancer predisposition gene panel tests. Tens of thousands of women worldwide have now had genetic tests for PALB2 mutations in the context of breast cancer susceptibility. However, prospective data related to the clinical outcomes of PALB2 mutation carriers is lacking and very little information (beyond mutation penetrance) is available to guide current clinical management for carriers (affected and unaffected by cancer). In addition, clinical classification of the vast array of non-loss-of-function genetic variants identified in PALB2 is in its infancy. These are key areas of current research efforts and are important foundations on which to move information about PALB2 into the precision public health arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C. Southey
- />Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Ingrid Winship
- />Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
- />The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050 Australia
| | - Tú Nguyen-Dumont
- />Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
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