STC-1 expression is upregulated through an Akt/NF-κB-dependent pathway in triple-negative breast cancer cells

Stanniocalcin-1 in tumor immunity: acts via macrophages

Tumor immune escape has become a research hotspot in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the key component of tumor microenvironment, which play a pivotal role in tumor immune escape by regulating the immunity checkpoints, inhibiting the activity of T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells, and modulating proportion of different T cells. Stanniocalcin-1(STC1)is ubiquitously expressed in human body, which is proven to involve with tumor progression and clinical prognosis. Recently, STC1 is implicated in tumor microenvironment as a phagocytosis checkpoint, as well as regulates the immunity via macrophages. In the review, we discussed the role of STC1 and TAMs in tumor immunity and their crosstalk, hoping to provide references for the research of STC1 in tumor immunotherapy.

STC1 competitively binding βPIX enhances melanoma progression via YAP nuclear translocation and M2 macrophage recruitment through the YAP/CCL2/VEGFA/AKT feedback loop

This study investigates the role of Stanniocalcin-1 (STC1) in melanoma progression, with a focus on its impact on metastasis, angiogenesis, and immune evasion. Systematic bioinformatics analysis revealed the potential influence of STC1 dysregulation on prognosis, immune cell infiltration, response to immune therapy, and cellular functions. In vitro assays were conducted to assess the proliferation, invasion, migration, and angiogenesis capabilities of A375 cells. In vivo experiments utilizing C57BL/6 J mice established a lung metastasis model using B16-F10 cells to evaluate macrophage infiltration and M2 polarization. A Transwell co-culture system was employed to explore the crosstalk between melanoma and macrophages. Molecular interactions among STC1, YAP, βPIX, and CCL2 are investigated using mass spectrometry, Co-Immunoprecipitation, Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay, and Chromatin Immunoprecipitation experiments. STC1 was found to enhance lung metastasis by promoting the recruitment and polarization of M2 macrophages, thereby fostering an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Mechanistically, STC1 competes with YAP for binding to βPIX within the KER domain in melanoma cells, leading to YAP activation and subsequent CCL2 upregulation. CCL2-induced M2 macrophages secrete VEGFA, which enhances tumor vascularization and increases STC1 expression via the AKT signaling pathway in melanoma cells, establishing a pro-metastatic feedback loop. Notably, STC1-induced YAP activation increases PD-L1 expression, promoting immune evasion. Silencing STC1 enhances the efficacy of PD-1 immune checkpoint therapy in mice. This research elucidates STC1's role in melanoma metastasis and its complex interactions with tumor-associated macrophages, proposing STC1 as a potential therapeutic target for countering melanoma metastasis and augmenting the efficacy of PD-1 immunotherapy.

Expression of Stanniocalcin-1 as a Predictor of Recurrence in Breast Cancer Patients

Introduction: About 40% of breast cancer patients will experience a recurrence and the life expectancy will decrease from 95% to 40%. Stanniocalcin-1 is a biomarker that is thought to have potential as a risk factor for recurrence. Objective: To determine the role of Stanniocalcin-1 (STC1) expression as a risk factor for recurrence in breast cancer patients. Methods: Cross sectional observational study on breast cancer patients, assessed the clinicopathological character and seen whether the patient's condition had a recurrence. Immunohistochemical staining with STC1 antibody was performed on the patient's paraffin block. Reading of immunohistochemical preparations using the Allred score method by looking at 5 fields of view. Data analysis regarding the relationship between STC1 and recurrence was carried out using the Chi-Square test or Fisher's Exact test, then Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the significant relationship between risk factors for recurrence. Results: Expression of STC1 was significantly different in patients who had recurrence and who did not experience recurrence (p= 0.000). There was a significant relationship between STC1 expression with age, tumor size, lymph node status, type of cancer, estrogen receptor status and stage at diagnosis. (p<0.005). Conclusion: It can be concluded that STC1 has a strong relationship with recurrence, so it has the potential to be used as a predictor of recurrence in breast cancer.

Molecular and Clinical Significance of Stanniocalcin-1 Expression in Breast Cancer Through Promotion of Homologous Recombination-Mediated DNA Damage Repair

Stanniocalcin-1 (STC1) is a glycoprotein hormone whose abnormal expression has been reported to be associated with a variety of tumors, but its function in breast cancer is not well understood. Through modulation of STC1 expression in different breast cancer cell lines, our study found that STC1 could promote the proliferation and growth of breast cancer cells and promote metastasis. Furthermore, STC1 reduced apoptosis induction by irradiation. We also found that STC1 could promote a homologous recombination-mediated DNA damage repair by recruiting BRCA1 to sites of damage. Moreover, STC1 silencing sensitized breast cancer cells to treatment with irradiation (IR), olaparib, or cisplatin in vitro. In clinical settings, the serum concentration of STC1 was higher in breast cancer patients than in healthy women, as detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, immunohistochemical staining of breast cancer specimens showed that a high expression of STC1 was negatively correlated with recurrence-free survival in breast cancer, indicating that STC1 expression could be used as a predictive marker for a poor prognosis in breast cancer. All these findings indicate that STC1 promotes breast cancer tumorigenesis and that breast cancers with a high level of STC1 are more resistant to treatment, probably through homologous recombination (HR) promotion. Furthermore, combining STC1 inhibition and DNA damage-inducing drugs may be a novel approach to improve the survival of patients with STC1-expressing breast cancer.

STC1 is a Novel Biomarker Associated with Immune Characteristics and Prognosis of Bladder Cancer

Background

Stanniocalcin-1 (STC1) is a well-studied oncogene that promotes different types of cancer progression. However, the expression status of STC1, the values of STC1 on prognosis, and its immune characteristic in bladder cancer (BLCA) have not been well examined.

Methods

The expression of STC1 and its clinicopathological as well as immune characteristics in BLCA samples were firstly identified in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) performed on the tissue microarray (TMA) slide was further used to validate the expression of STC1 and its relationship with immune features in 16 non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) samples and 42 muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) samples.

Results

The expression of STC1 was upregulated in higher stage BLCA. High STC1 expression also predicted poor prognosis in BLCA. Subsequently, the TMA validated the expression and prognostic value of STC1 in BLCA. Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that STC1 and common immune checkpoints as well as immune markers of various immune cells were positively correlated in TCGA. In addition, IHC data from the TMA further validated that tumor cells with higher STC1 level tended to express higher PDL1 as well as increased infiltration of CD3+ T cells.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study that investigates the clinical and immune characteristics of STC1 in BLCA. It may provide new insight into the function of STC1 in regulating tumor immune microenvironment. Further studies are warranted to uncover the potential mechanisms that mediate STC1 expression and tumor immunity in BLCA.

Robust pathway sampling in phenotype prediction. Application to triple negative breast cancer

Background

Phenotype prediction problems are usually considered ill-posed, as the amount of samples is very limited with respect to the scrutinized genetic probes. This fact complicates the sampling of the defective genetic pathways due to the high number of possible discriminatory genetic networks involved. In this research, we outline three novel sampling algorithms utilized to identify, classify and characterize the defective pathways in phenotype prediction problems, such as the Fisher’s ratio sampler, the Holdout sampler and the Random sampler, and apply each one to the analysis of genetic pathways involved in tumor behavior and outcomes of triple negative breast cancers (TNBC). Altered biological pathways are identified using the most frequently sampled genes and are compared to those obtained via Bayesian Networks (BNs).

Results

Random, Fisher’s ratio and Holdout samplers were more accurate and robust than BNs, while providing comparable insights about disease genomics.

Conclusions

The three samplers tested are good alternatives to Bayesian Networks since they are less computationally demanding algorithms. Importantly, this analysis confirms the concept of “biological invariance” since the altered pathways should be independent of the sampling methodology and the classifier used for their inference. Nevertheless, still some modifications are needed in the Bayesian networks to be able to sample correctly the uncertainty space in phenotype prediction problems, since the probabilistic parameterization of the uncertainty space is not unique and the use of the optimum network might falsify the pathways analysis.

Effects of porcine STC-1 on cell metabolism and mitochondrial function

Stanniocalcin (STC-1), a kind of glycoprotein hormone, was first found in fish and mainly regulates calcium/phosphorus metabolism in the body. To explore the biological function of the porcine STC-1 gene, the effects of changes in stanniocalcin expression on cellular metabolism and mitochondrial function were studied. A vector overexpressing the STC-1 gene and an siRNA silencer of the STC-1 gene were transfected into porcine kidney epithelial PK15 cells. After the STC-1 gene expression level was induced to change, STC-1 protein- and mitochondrial function-related proteins such as PMP70, OPA, DRP, Mfn and STC-1-related acetylated protein were detected by Western blotting. Cell apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and ATP were detected using flow cytometry methods. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the changes in mitochondrial structure and morphology. The results showed that overexpression of the STC-1 gene could significantly upregulate the levels of PMP70, OPA, DRP and Mfn. STC-1 gene expression, which could decrease the apoptosis rate and reactive oxygen species production to significantly increase the cell membrane potential and reduce the formation of intracellular ATP, which also affected the morphology and number of mitochondria. The results were reversed when the STC-1 gene expression was silenced. The results suggested that the porcine STC-1 gene is closely related to cell growth metabolism and mitochondrial function, which influence the mitochondrial function-related proteins. The present study is useful for further understanding STC-1 gene function and provides a theoretical basis for improving the production characteristics of domestic pigs.

Role of stanniocalcin-1 in breast cancer

Breast cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease consisting of five disease subtypes with distinct histological characteristics, clinical behaviors and prognostic features. Stanniocalcin-1 (STC1) is a secreted glycoprotein hormone that has been demonstrated to regulate calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Mammalian STC1 is expressed in various tissues and is implicated in multiple physiological and pathophysiological processes. In addition, growing evidence has suggested that STC1 serves an oncogenic role in a number of different types of tumor. However, the role of STC1 in breast cancer is complex, considering that some studies have shown that it exerts an oncogenic role, whereas other studies have demonstrated the opposite. The aim of the present review article is to evaluate the currently available data on mammalian STC1 and discuss its potential roles in each subtype of breast cancer.

Ginkgo biloba Exocarp Extract Inhibits the Metastasis of B16-F10 Melanoma Involving PI3K/Akt/NF-κB/MMP-9 Signaling Pathway

In recent years, interest in natural plant extracts for cancer treatment is growing in the drug development field. Ginkgo biloba exocarp extract (GBEE) is known for possessing inhibitory effects on various mouse and human cancer cells. And no adverse reactions were observed during its clinical application to cancer patients. The aim of this study is to investigate the inhibitory effect of GBEE on the metastasis of B16-F10 melanoma and its related mechanisms. The B16-F10 melanoma lung metastasis model was established in C57BL/6J mice. It was found that GBEE inhibited the growth and pulmonary metastasis of B16-F10 melanoma transplanted tumor and downregulated the level of MMP-9 protein. Meanwhile, the B16-F10 cells were used to study in vitro. The results showed that GBEE inhibited the proliferation and migration of B16-F10 cells. Simultaneously, it suppressed the heterogeneous adhesion of B16-F10 cells to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, the levels of p-PI3K, p-Akt, NF-κB, and MMP-9 were decreased, while the PI3K and Akt were not significantly changed. These results indicate that GBEE can inhibit the metastasis of B16-F10 melanoma via multiple links and the molecular mechanism involved the regulation of PI3K/Akt/NF-κB/MMP-9 signaling pathway.

STC1 promotes cell apoptosis via NF-κB phospho-P65 Ser536 in cervical cancer cells

Stanniocalin-1 (STC1) is a secreted glycoprotein hormone and involved in various types of human malignancies. Our previous studies revealed that STC1 inhibited cell proliferation and invasion of cervical cancer cells through NF-κB P65 activation, but the mechanism is poorly understood. In our studies, we found overexpression of STC1 promoted cell apoptosis while silencing of STC1 promoted cell growth of cervical cancer. Phospho-protein profiling and Western blotting results showed the expression of NF-κB related phosphorylation sites including NF-κB P65 (Ser536), IκBα, IKKβ, PI3K, and AKT was altered in STC1-overexpressed cervical cancer cells. Moreover, PI3K inhibitor LY294002, AKT-shRNA and IκBα-shRNA could decrease the protein content of phospho-P65 (Ser536), phospho-IκBα, phospho-AKT and phospho-IKKβ while increasing the level of P65 compared to STC1 overexpression groups in cervical cancer cells. Also, PI3K inhibitor LY294002, AKT-shRNA and IκBα-shRNA elevated the percentage of apoptosis and suppressed the G1/S transition in those cells. Additionally, STC1 level was decreased in cervical cancer, especial in stage II and III. The results of immunohistochemistry for the cervical cancer microarray showed that a lower level of STC1, phospho-PI3K and P65 protein expression in tumor tissues than that in normal tissues, and a higher level of phospho-P65 protein expression in tumor tissues, which is consistent with the results of the Western blotting. These data demonstrated that STC1 can promote cell apoptosis via NF-κB phospho-P65 (Ser536) by PI3K/AKT, IκBα and IKK signaling in cervical cancer cells. Our results offer the first mechanism that explains the link between STC1 and cell apoptosis in cervical cancer.

UFH-001 cells: A novel triple negative, CAIX-positive, human breast cancer model system

Human cell lines are an important resource for research, and are often used as in vitro models of human diseases. In response to the mandate that all cells should be authenticated, we discovered that the MDA-MB-231 cells that were in use in our lab, did not validate based on the alleles of 9 different markers (STR Profile). We had been using this line as a model of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) that has the ability to form tumors in immuno-compromised mice. Based on marker analysis, these cells most closely resembled the MCF10A line, which are a near diploid and normal mammary epithelial line. Yet, the original cells express carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) both constitutively and in response to hypoxia and are features that likely drive the aggressive nature of these cells. Thus, we sought to sub-purify CAIX-expressing cells using Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS). These studies have revealed a new line of cells that we have name UFH-001, which have the TNBC phenotype, are positive for CAIX expression, both constitutively and in response to hypoxia, and behave aggressively in vivo. These cells may be useful for exploring mechanisms that underlie progression, migration, and metastasis of this phenotype. In addition, constitutive expression of CAIX allows its evaluation as a therapeutic target, both in vivo and in vitro.

PAR1 agonists stimulate APC-like endothelial cytoprotection and confer resistance to thromboinflammatory injury

Stimulation of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) on endothelium by activated protein C (APC) is protective in several animal models of disease, and APC has been used clinically in severe sepsis and wound healing. Clinical use of APC, however, is limited by its immunogenicity and its anticoagulant activity. We show that a class of small molecules termed "parmodulins" that act at the cytosolic face of PAR1 stimulates APC-like cytoprotective signaling in endothelium. Parmodulins block thrombin generation in response to inflammatory mediators and inhibit platelet accumulation on endothelium cultured under flow. Evaluation of the antithrombotic mechanism showed that parmodulins induce cytoprotective signaling through Gβγ, activating a PI3K/Akt pathway and eliciting a genetic program that includes suppression of NF-κB-mediated transcriptional activation and up-regulation of select cytoprotective transcripts. STC1 is among the up-regulated transcripts, and knockdown of stanniocalin-1 blocks the protective effects of both parmodulins and APC. Induction of this signaling pathway in vivo protects against thromboinflammatory injury in blood vessels. Small-molecule activation of endothelial cytoprotection through PAR1 represents an approach for treatment of thromboinflammatory disease and provides proof-of-principle for the strategy of targeting the cytoplasmic surface of GPCRs to achieve pathway selective signaling.

Involvement of stanniocalcins in the deregulation of glycaemia in obese mice and type 2 diabetic patients

Stanniocalcins are expressed in the pancreas tissue, and it was suggested a direct correlation between circulating insulin and STC2 concentrations in human. Here, we show a significant correlation between STC1 and both glycaemia and glycosylated haemoglobin among DM2 patients, while DM2 patients who present the greatest glycosylated haemoglobin values exhibited the lowest STC2 expression. However, treatment of patients with antiglycaemic drugs does not significantly modify the expression of both STCs. On the other hand, STC2-/- mice that exhibited neonatal and adult overweight further presented deregulated glycaemia when they were feed with a hypercaloric diet (breeding pellet, BP). This alteration is more evident at the early stages of the animal life. Deregulated glycaemia in these mice was confirmed using glucose oral test. In addition, STC2-/- mice present enhanced pancreas size; thus, the histological analysis reveals that WT mice respond to BP diet by increasing the size of the pancreatic islets through inducing cell division, and STC2-/- mice lack this compensatory mechanism. Contrary, BP fed STC2-/- mice show enhanced number of islets but of similar size than those fed with regular pellet. Histopathological analysis demonstrates tissue structure disruption and erythrocytes infiltrations in STC2-/- mice, possibly due to the stress evoked by the BP diet. Finally, enhanced glucagon immunostaining was observed in the islet of STC2-/- mice, and the glucagon ELISA assay confirmed the increase in the circulating glucagon. Summarizing, we present evidence of the role of STCs, mainly STC2, as a possible early marker during development of diabetes mellitus.

Depletion of carbonic anhydrase IX abrogates hypoxia-induced overexpression of stanniocalcin-1 in triple negative breast cancer cells

Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a pH-regulating enzyme that plays a key role in maintaining an alkaline intracellular pH under hypoxic conditions. It is overexpressed in a variety of solid cancers, including breast cancer (BC), and has been implicated in the migration, invasion and stemness of breast cancer cells. Therefore, CAIX recently emerged as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of BC. To gain an insight into the mechanism of action of CAIX inhibitors, we investigated the impact of CAIX knock-down on the transcriptional response to hypoxia in 2 BC cell lines - MCF7 and MDA-MB-231, by performing a global gene expression analysis. This showed that CAIX knock-down had a relatively minor effect on the global transcriptional response to hypoxia, however it blocked hypoxia-induced upregulation of stanniocalcin-1 (STC1), a secreted glycoprotein that has been shown to promote tumor progression and metastasis in BC. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that high STC1 expression is significantly associated with poor survival in patients with basal-type breast cancer but not luminal A and HER2+ subtypes. Moreover, the association was particularly high in a subgroup of basal-type BC patients with TP53 mutations thus revealing a putative cooperation of STC1 with mutated TP53 in generating highly aggressive BC subgroup. Taken together, these findings show that CAIX inhibitors at least partially act through blocking STC1 induction in BC cells and reveal a subgroup of BC patients, who potentially would benefit most from the treatment with CAIX inhibitors.