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Bland AR, Barraclough M, Trender WR, Mehta MA, Hellyer PJ, Hampshire A, Penner IK, Elliott R, Harenwall S. Profiles of objective and subjective cognitive function in Post-COVID Syndrome, COVID-19 recovered, and COVID-19 naïve individuals. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13368. [PMID: 38862569 PMCID: PMC11166972 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62050-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Post-COVID Syndrome has emerged as a significant public health concern worldwide with increasing evidence to suggest that individuals who have had an acute COVID-19 infection report lingering memory and attention difficulties, even in individuals who have fully recovered and no longer experiencing symptoms of COVID-19. The present study sought to investigate the profile of objective and subjective cognitive difficulties in people who have Post-COVID Syndrome, people who have fully recovered from an acute COVID infection and people who have never had COVID-19. We further sought to explore the extent to which self-reported fatigue and stress are related to subjective and objective cognitive difficulties. 162 participants including 50 people living with Post-COVID Syndrome, 59 people who have had COVID-19 but have fully recovered and 53 people who have never experienced symptoms of COVID-19 and had never tested positive for COVID-19 were recruited from Academic Prolific to complete a series of online questionnaires and neurocognitive tasks. Subjective cognitive function was measured using the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire and objective cognitive function was measured using the Cognitron cognitive test battery. We found that objective and subjective measures of cognitive function were not significantly related, suggesting that self-reports of "brain fog" are not reflecting objectively measured cognitive dysfunction. A MANOVA revealed that subjective cognitive deficits were driven by heightened perceived stress and fatigue and not significantly related to COVID-19 status. Objective cognitive function, however, was significantly related to perceived stress and COVID status whereby we observed significant objective cognitive deficits in people who have been exposed to an acute COVID-19 infection regardless of whether they had Post-COVID Syndrome or had fully recovered, as compared to people who had never had COVID-19. This suggests that an acute infection can have long term effects on cognitive function, even without persistent COVID-19 symptoms. Encouragingly, objective cognitive function was significantly associated with time since initial infection showing that cognitive deficits improved over time for people who had recovered from COVID-19. However, we did not observe the same improvement in individuals with Post-COVID Syndrome and observed that cognitive dysfunction was significantly related to the number of neurological symptoms presently experienced. These results add to the accumulating literature that COVID-19 is associated with significant cognitive difficulties following a COVID-19 infection, which appear to improve over time for those who have recovered from COVID-19 yet persist in people living with Post-COVID Syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Bland
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
| | - M Barraclough
- Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - W R Trender
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M A Mehta
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - P J Hellyer
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A Hampshire
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - I K Penner
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - R Elliott
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - S Harenwall
- Primary Care Wellbeing Service, Bradford District Care NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
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Plantinga LC, Yazdany J, Pearce BD, Hoge C, Dunlop-Thomas C, Lim SS, Drenkard C, Katz PP, Bowling CB. Fluid Cognition Among Individuals With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 38528776 DOI: 10.1002/acr.25330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to describe fluid cognition and its correlates among individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS Participants (n = 199) were recruited from a population-based cohort for a single study visit (October 2019 to May 2022). Fluid cognition was measured via the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Fluid Cognition Battery (including episodic memory, working memory, attention and inhibitory control, processing speed, and cognitive flexibility domains) and expressed as age-corrected standard scores (mean 100, SD 15). Potential impairment was defined as a standard score >1.5 SD below the mean. Descriptive statistics were calculated and associations of various participant characteristics with the potential fluid cognition impairment were assessed with multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Participants' mean age was 46.1 years; most were female (87.4%), Black (86.4%), and non-Hispanic (95.0%). The mean overall fluid cognition score was 87.2; of the individual domains, the participants' mean score was lowest on attention and inhibitory control (82.0). Working status (odds ratio [OR] 0.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.14-0.64) and higher self-reported physical functioning (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.28-0.75) and physical performance (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.59-0.87) were associated with lower odds of fluid cognition impairment; lower educational attainment was associated with higher odds (OR 3.82, 95% CI 1.67-8.75). Self-reported forgetfulness, neuropsychiatric damage, and depressive symptoms were not statistically significantly associated with potential impairment. CONCLUSION Fluid cognition and, particularly, attention and inhibitory control were low in those with SLE relative to the general US population. Working status, higher physical functioning and performance, and higher educational attainment were associated with lower prevalence of potential impairment. Future work is needed to develop and implement interventions to help support cognition in individuals with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - C Barrett Bowling
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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3
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Barraclough M, Erdman L, Diaz-Martinez JP, Knight A, Bingham K, Su J, Kakvan M, Grajales CM, Tartaglia MC, Ruttan L, Wither J, Choi MY, Bonilla D, Appenzeller S, Parker B, Goldenberg A, Katz P, Beaton D, Green R, Bruce IN, Touma Z. Systemic lupus erythematosus phenotypes formed from machine learning with a specific focus on cognitive impairment. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2023; 62:3610-3618. [PMID: 36394258 PMCID: PMC10629781 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keac653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To phenotype SLE based on symptom burden (disease damage, system involvement and patient reported outcomes), with a specific focus on objective and subjective cognitive function. METHODS SLE patients ages 18-65 years underwent objective cognitive assessment using the ACR Neuropsychological Battery (ACR-NB) and data were collected on demographic and clinical variables, disease burden/activity, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), depression, anxiety, fatigue and perceived cognitive deficits. Similarity network fusion (SNF) was used to identify patient subtypes. Differences between the subtypes were evaluated using Kruskal-Wallis and χ2 tests. RESULTS Of the 238 patients, 90% were female, with a mean age of 41 years (s.d. 12) and a disease duration of 14 years (s.d. 10) at the study visit. The SNF analysis defined two subtypes (A and B) with distinct patterns in objective and subjective cognitive function, disease burden/damage, HRQoL, anxiety and depression. Subtype A performed worst on all significantly different tests of objective cognitive function (P < 0.03) compared with subtype B. Subtype A also had greater levels of subjective cognitive function (P < 0.001), disease burden/damage (P < 0.04), HRQoL (P < 0.001) and psychiatric measures (P < 0.001) compared with subtype B. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the complexity of cognitive impairment (CI) in SLE and that individual, multifactorial phenotypes exist. Those with greater disease burden, from SLE-specific factors or other factors associated with chronic conditions, report poorer cognitive functioning and perform worse on objective cognitive measures. By exploring different ways of phenotyping SLE we may better define CI in SLE. Ultimately this will aid our understanding of personalized CI trajectories and identification of appropriate treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Barraclough
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Lauren Erdman
- Genetics and Genome Biology, Department of Computer Science, Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Juan Pablo Diaz-Martinez
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- University of Toronto Lupus Clinic, Centre for Prognosis Studies in Rheumatic Diseases, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea Knight
- Division of Rheumatology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kathleen Bingham
- Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jiandong Su
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- University of Toronto Lupus Clinic, Centre for Prognosis Studies in Rheumatic Diseases, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mahta Kakvan
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- University of Toronto Lupus Clinic, Centre for Prognosis Studies in Rheumatic Diseases, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carolina Muñoz Grajales
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- University of Toronto Lupus Clinic, Centre for Prognosis Studies in Rheumatic Diseases, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Lesley Ruttan
- University Health Network-Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joan Wither
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - May Y Choi
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Dennisse Bonilla
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- University of Toronto Lupus Clinic, Centre for Prognosis Studies in Rheumatic Diseases, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Ben Parker
- Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Anna Goldenberg
- Genetics and Genome Biology, Department of Computer Science, Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patricia Katz
- University of California, San Francisco, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Dorcas Beaton
- Institute for Work and Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robin Green
- University Health Network-Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ian N Bruce
- Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Zahi Touma
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- University of Toronto Lupus Clinic, Centre for Prognosis Studies in Rheumatic Diseases, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Kammeyer R, Ogbu EA, Cooper JC, Stolz E, Piquet AL, Fuhlbrigge RC, Bennett JL, Hutaff-Lee C. Cognitive dysfunction in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus: current knowledge and future directions. Child Neuropsychol 2023:1-29. [PMID: 37902575 PMCID: PMC11058121 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2023.2273573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction (CD) is a neurologic complication of pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) that remains poorly understood and understudied, despite the potential negative effects of CD on long-term socioeconomic status and quality of life. Data regarding the prevalence and risk factors for CD in pediatric SLE as well as the optimal screening, treatment, and long-term outcomes for CD are lacking. In this review, we present current knowledge on CD in pediatric SLE with a focus on the application to clinical practice. We discuss the challenges in diagnosis, clinical screening methods, potential impacts, and interventions for this complication. Finally, we discuss the remaining gaps in our knowledge of CD in pediatric SLE, and avenues for future research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Kammeyer
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Sections of Child Neurology and Neuroimmunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ekemini A. Ogbu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer C. Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Erin Stolz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Section of Pediatric Medical Psychology, John Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MA, USA
| | - Amanda L. Piquet
- Department of Neurology, Section of Neuroimmunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Robert C. Fuhlbrigge
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Bennett
- Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christa Hutaff-Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology-Neuropsychology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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Xu X, Kong W, Geng L, Chen C, Yang H, Bian W, Chen S, Xu R, Liang J, Sun L. Association between cognitive impairment and olfactory deficits in systemic lupus erythematosus without major neuropsychiatric syndromes. Lupus 2023; 32:1245-1257. [PMID: 37700453 DOI: 10.1177/09612033231201278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to investigate the utility of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), evaluate cognitive deficits in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and examine the relationship between cognitive and olfactory functions. METHODS 55 SLE patients and 50 healthy controls were administered by RBANS including five indexes: immediate memory (IMME), visuospatial/constructional (Vis/Con), language (LANG), attention (ATT), and delayed memory (DEME). Olfactory functions were evaluated by computerized testing including three stages of smell: threshold (THR), identification (ID), and memory (ME) of different odors. The disease activity and cumulative damage were assessed by the SLE Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K) and the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC)/American College of Rheumatology (ACR) Damage Index (SDI). RESULTS SLE patients exhibited significant lower total RBANS scores, IMME, Vis/Con, ATT, and DEME index scores than healthy controls (p < 0.01 for all and p = 0.027 for attention). Reduced RBANS scores were associated with several organ involvement and autoantibodies. SLE patients with higher SLEDAI-2K scores or with accumulated damage (SDI≥1) showed decreased RBANS scores. All the olfactory scores in SLE patients were significantly decreased than controls (p = 0.001). Patients had higher proportion of anosmia (8.57% vs 0%) and hyposmia (28.58% vs 5.72%) than controls (χ2 = 10.533, p = 0.015). Multivariable regression analysis revealed that olfactory functions had a positive effect on RBANS index scores. Olfactory memory and total scores were significantly correlated with the DEME (r = 0.393, p = 0.021) and total scores (r = 0.429, p = 0.011). CONCLUSION This study indicates that significantly cognitive and olfactory functions are impaired in SLE patients. The RBANS is a potentially useful instrument for evaluating neuropsychological status in SLE. Physicians are encouraged to perform routine screening in SLE patients to detect subtle cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Linyu Geng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Hailong Yang
- Department of Psychology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjuan Bian
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Siwen Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Renju Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Liang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingyun Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
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Ren Y, Tian J, Shi W, Feng J, Liu Y, Kang H, Chen B, He Y. Evaluation and correlation analysis of ocular surface disorders and quality of life in autoimmune rheumatic diseases: a cross-sectional study. BMC Ophthalmol 2023; 23:229. [PMID: 37217899 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-023-02959-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This cross-sectional study aimed to reveal the association between ocular surface disorders and psychological, physiological situations among autoimmune rheumatic patients. METHODS Ninety autoimmune rheumatic patients (180 eyes) hospitalized in the Department of Rheumatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University and 30 controls (60 eyes) were enrolled in the study. All participants were assessed for ocular surface disorders including dry eye disease (DED) by the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) for symptoms evaluation, and slim lamp examinations for tear break-up time (TBUT), meibomian gland secretion, symblepharon and corneal clarity, Schirmer I test, corneal fluorescein staining (CFS), lid-parallel conjunctival folds (LIPCOF). Systematic conditions were evaluated using the Short Form 36-Health Survey (SF-36) for health-related quality of life, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) for anxiety and depression, Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI) for difficulties in activities of daily living, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) for sleep quality. Pearson and spearman's analysis were conducted to examine the relationship between systematic conditions and ocular surface conditions. RESULTS The analyses were controlled for age and sex. 52.22% of eyes (94 in 180) of autoimmune rheumatic patients and 21.67% of eyes (13 in 60) of controls were diagnosed with DED. The autoimmune rheumatic patients showed significant higher OSDI score, fewer basal tear secretion, more severe CFS and conjunctivochalasis than controls. There were no statistically significant differences in TBUT, meibomian gland secretion, symblepharon, and corneal clarity between the two groups. For systematic conditions, autoimmune rheumatic patients had significantly lower SF-36 scores, higher anxiety scores, and HAQ-DI scores than controls. No statistically significant differences were detected in depression scores and PSQI between the two groups. Among autoimmune rheumatic patients, OSDI scores were moderately correlated with quality of life, anxiety, depression and sleep quality. CONCLUSION Factors including quality of life, anxiety, depression, and sleep quality are associated with ocular surface conditions, especially DED symptoms. Management of systemic conditions and psychotherapy should also be considered as part of the treatment among autoimmune rheumatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuerong Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Wen Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jianing Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yingyi Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Huanmin Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Baihua Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
| | - Yan He
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
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Tayer-Shifman OE, Yuen K, Green R, Kakvan M, Katz P, Bingham KS, Diaz-Martinez JP, Ruttan L, Wither JE, Tartaglia MC, Su J, Bonilla D, Choi MY, Appenzeller S, Barraclough M, Beaton DE, Touma Z. Assessing the Utility of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in Screening for Cognitive Impairment in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2023; 75:569-577. [PMID: 35724303 DOI: 10.1002/acr.24971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Screening for cognitive impairment (CI) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) relies on the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) neuropsychological battery (NB). By studying the concurrent criterion validity, our goal was to assess the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) as a screening tool for CI compared to the ACR-NB and to evaluate the added value of the MoCA to the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM). METHODS A total of 285 adult SLE patients were administered the ACR-NB, MoCA, and ANAM. For the ACR-NB, patients were classified as having CI if there was a Z score of ≤-1.5 in ≥2 domains. The area under the curve (AUC) and sensitivities/specificities were determined. A discriminant function analysis was applied to assess the ability of the MoCA to differentiate between CI, undetermined CI, and non-CI patients. RESULTS CI was not accurately identified by the MoCA compared to the ACR-NB (AUC of 0.66). Sensitivity and specificity were poor at 50% and 69%, respectively, for the cutoff of 26, and 80% and 45%, respectively, for the cutoff of 28. The MoCA had a low ability to identify CI status. The addition of the MoCA to the ANAM led to improvement on the AUC by only 2.5%. CONCLUSION The MoCA does not have adequate concurrent criterion validity to accurately identify CI in patients with SLE. The low specificity of the MoCA may lead to overdiagnosis and concern among patients. Adding the MoCA to the ANAM does not substantially improve the accuracy of the ANAM. These results do not support using the MoCA as a screening tool for CI in patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oshrat E Tayer-Shifman
- Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Kimberley Yuen
- Toronto Western Hospital and University Health Network, Toronto, and Queen's University School of Medicine, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robin Green
- University Health Network-Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mahta Kakvan
- Toronto Western Hospital and Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Kathleen S Bingham
- University Health Network Centre for Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Juan Pablo Diaz-Martinez
- Toronto Western Hospital and Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lesley Ruttan
- University Health Network-Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joan E Wither
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute and University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jiandong Su
- Toronto Western Hospital and Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dennisse Bonilla
- Toronto Western Hospital and Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - May Y Choi
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Michelle Barraclough
- Toronto Western Hospital and Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Zahi Touma
- Toronto Western Hospital, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Emerson JS, Gruenewald SM, Gomes L, Lin MW, Swaminathan S. The conundrum of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus: Current and novel approaches to diagnosis. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1111769. [PMID: 37025200 PMCID: PMC10070984 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1111769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recognising neuropsychiatric involvement by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is of growing importance, however many barriers to this exist at multiple levels of our currently available diagnostic algorithms that may ultimately delay its diagnosis and subsequent treatment. The heterogeneous and non-specific clinical syndromes, serological and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers and neuroimaging findings that often do not mirror disease activity, highlight important research gaps in the diagnosis of neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE). Formal neuropsychological assessments or the more accessible screening metrics may also help improve objective recognition of cognitive or mood disorders. Novel serum and CSF markers, including autoantibodies, cytokines and chemokines have also shown increasing utility as part of diagnosis and monitoring, as well as in distinguishing NPSLE from SLE patients without SLE-related neuropsychiatric manifestations. Novel neuroimaging studies also expand upon our existing strategy by quantifying parameters that indicate microarchitectural integrity or provide an assessment of neuronal function. Some of these novel markers have shown associations with specific neuropsychiatric syndromes, suggesting that future research move away from considering NPSLE as a single entity but rather into its individually recognized neuropsychiatric manifestations. Nevertheless, it is likely that a composite panel of these investigations will be needed to better address the gaps impeding recognition of neuropsychiatric involvement by SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S. Emerson
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Jonathan S. Emerson,
| | - Simon M. Gruenewald
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, PET and Ultrasound, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lavier Gomes
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Radiology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ming-Wei Lin
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sanjay Swaminathan
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Cognitive Performance in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Using the Ped-ANAM. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244054. [PMID: 36552818 PMCID: PMC9777136 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Computerized batteries have been widely used to investigate cognitive impairment (CI) in patients with SLE. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cognitive performance of patients with SLE in relation to healthy controls using the Pediatric Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (Ped-ANAM) battery. In addition, we aimed to examine differences in Ped-ANAM scores according to age of disease onset, presence of disease activity, and disease damage. We included 201 consecutive adult-onset (aSLE) and childhood-onset SLE (cSLE) patients who were being followed at the hospital's rheumatology outpatient clinic and 177 healthy controls. We applied the percentage of correct answers on the Ped-ANAM subtests and the Performance Validity Index (PVI) metric and correlated them with the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Damage Index (SDI). Then, we established their relationships with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE). We observed CI in a total of 38 (18.9%) SLE patients and 8 (4.5%) healthy controls (p < 0.001). CI was observed in eight (19.5%) cSLE patients and 32 (20%) aSLE patients (p = 0.8175). Individual analysis of the aSLE subtests showed a significant difference in all subtests compared to healthy controls; the greatest differences were in matching to sample (p < 0.001) and memory search ( p < 0.001). In the cSLE group, we observed a difference in the code substitution subtests (p = 0.0065) compared to the healthy controls. In the evaluation of clinical outcomes, disease activity was significantly correlated with CI in cSLE (r = 0.33; p = 0.042) and aSLE (r = 0.40; p = 0.001). We also observed an association between disease activity and neuropsychiatric manifestations (p = 0.0012) in aSLE. In conclusion, we determined that cognitive dysfunction, mainly in memory and attention, was more prevalent in patients with SLE. In both the cSLE and aSLE groups, disease activity was associated with worse cognitive function. This is the first study to use the Ped-ANAM in Brazil. Longitudinal studies are necessary to determine how the Ped-ANAM will perform over time.
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Lim XR, Chew POK, Lim GH, Low YL, Lim JWP, Ong HN, Law WG, Tan JWL, Thong BY, Chia FLA, Lian TY, Chan GYL, Chan MTL, Koh ET, Kong KO, Howe HS. Montreal cognitive assessment as a screening instrument for cognitive impairment in systemic lupus erythematosus patients without overt neuropsychiatric manifestations. Lupus 2022; 31:1759-1769. [PMID: 36218127 DOI: 10.1177/09612033221132237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is an increasingly used screening tool for cognitive impairment. The aim of this study was to examine how MoCA performed in identifying cognitive impairment (CI) domains in SLE patients compared with formal standardized neuropsychological testing (NPT). Factors related to SLE disease, immunologic and psychological state associated with CI were also explored. METHODS This cross-sectional study recruited 50 SLE patients without overt neuropsychiatric manifestations from April 2017 to May 2018. The patients were evaluated with MoCA, formal NPT and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS) 42-item self-report questionnaire. Values of sensitivity and specificity were computed for different cut-offs of MoCA within each cognitive domain of NPT and descriptive analysis was used to identify the factors affecting cognitive function. RESULTS The median score for MoCA was 27.5 (range 22-30). Using a MoCA cutoff of <26, 18 (36%) were identified to have CI using NPT compared to 8 (16%) using MoCA. The most frequently affected cognitive domain was executive functioning with 15 affected patients. Sensitivities and specificities of the MoCA range from 50% to 100% and 5.7% to 16.7%, respectively, across cognitive domains. A lower MoCA cutoff of <25 improve sensitivity of identifying impairment in executive functioning from 60% to 80%. In univariate analysis, DASS scores, disease activity, presence of antiphospholipid antibodies, presence of concurrent autoimmune disease, current, and cumulative corticosteroid therapy did not predict cognitive performance. CONCLUSION MoCA may be a useful screening tool to identify the most frequently affected cognitive domain which is executive functioning using a lower cutoff of <25 in SLE patients without overt neuropsychiatric manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Rong Lim
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, 63703Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Gek Hsiang Lim
- Clinical Research and Innovation Office, 63703Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yung Ling Low
- Department of Psychology, 63703Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - June Wei Ping Lim
- Department of Psychology, 63703Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huey Ni Ong
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, 63703Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Weng Giap Law
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, 63703Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Justina Wei Lynn Tan
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, 63703Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bernard Yh Thong
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, 63703Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Faith Li-Ann Chia
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, 63703Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tsui Yee Lian
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, 63703Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Grace Yin Lai Chan
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, 63703Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Madelynn Tsu-Li Chan
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, 63703Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ee Tzun Koh
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, 63703Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kok Ooi Kong
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, 63703Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hwee Siew Howe
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, 63703Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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11
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Mrak D, Bonelli M, Radner H. Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: a remaining challenge. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:881-891. [PMID: 35549864 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220512102824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease, which affects a wide range of organs with variable clinical features. Involvement of the nervous system is a challenging and multifaceted manifestation of the disease, presenting with a broad range of symptoms. Neuropsychiatric lupus (NPSLE) encompasses seven syndromes of the peripheral and 12 of the central nervous system, associated with a high disease burden. Despite advances in the management of SLE, NP manifestations still pose a challenge to clinicians. First, diagnosis and attribution to SLE is difficult due to the lack of specific biomarkers or imaging modalities. Second, therapeutic options are limited, and evidence is mainly based on case reports and expert consensus, as clinical trials are sparse. Moreover, no validated outcome measure on disease activity exists. Current recommendations for treatment include supportive as well as immunosuppressive medication, depending on the type and severity of manifestations. As NPSLE manifestations are increasingly recognized, a broader spectrum of therapeutic options can be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mrak
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Bonelli
- Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helga Radner
- Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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12
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Monahan RC, Middelkoop HAM, Beaart-van de Voorde LJJ, Fronczek R, Groenwold RHH, Kloppenburg M, Huizinga TWJ, Steup-Beekman GM. High Prevalence but Low Impact of Cognitive Dysfunction on Quality of Life in Patients With Lupus and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2022; 75:1017-1025. [PMID: 35470979 DOI: 10.1002/acr.24904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence and impact of cognitive impairment on health-related-quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and neuropsychiatric (NP) symptoms. METHODS Patients with SLE and NP symptoms referred to the Leiden NPSLE clinic (2007-2019) were included. In a multidisciplinary evaluation, NP symptoms were attributed to SLE (NPSLE: inflammatory, ischemic, or both combined) or other causes. Four cognitive domains were determined: global cognitive function (score 0-30), learning and memory, executive function and complex attention, and psychomotor speed (all T scores). HRQoL was determined using the mental component score and physical component score of the Short Form 36 health survey. The associations between cognition and NPSLE phenotype and cognition and HRQoL were assessed with multiple regression analyses and linear mixed models corrected for confounding and expressed in SDs. RESULTS A total of 357 patients (86% female, mean age 44 years) were included. Of those 357 patients, 169 had a follow-up visit (median follow-up 11 months). Impairment in global cognitive function was present in 8% of patients, and in all other cognitive domains in ±50%. The most severe impairment (all domains) was seen in patients with a combined NPSLE phenotype. Diffuse cognitive impairment (learning and memory, executive function and complex attention, and psychomotor speed) was most common and was present more often in patients with an inflammatory phenotype. A weak association between cognition and HRQoL was found both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. In general, 1 SD lower scores on the cognitive domains were associated with at most one-fifth SD lower HRQoL. CONCLUSION Objective cognitive impairment is common in SLE patients with NP symptoms, but may have a limited influence on HRQoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory C Monahan
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Huub A M Middelkoop
- Leiden University Medical Center and Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gerda M Steup-Beekman
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands
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13
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Raghunath S, Guymer EK, Glikmann-Johnston Y, Golder V, Kandane Rathnayake R, Morand EF, Stout JC, Hoi A. Fibromyalgia, mood disorders, cognitive test results, cognitive symptoms and quality of life in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2022; 62:190-199. [PMID: 35383358 PMCID: PMC9788827 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keac207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cognitive dysfunction, and comorbidities such as mood disorder and fibromyalgia, are common in SLE. This study aims to explore the associations between fibromyalgia, mood disorders, cognitive symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in SLE patients, and their impact on quality of life. METHODS We tested cognition in SLE patients and healthy controls, and evaluated cognitive symptoms, mood disorder, fibromyalgia, fatigue and quality of life using patient-reported outcome measures. We examined associations of these comorbidities with both patient-reported cognitive symptoms and cognitive test performance. RESULTS High fibromyalgia symptom score and history of depression or anxiety were associated with cognitive dysfunction. There were no significant associations between current depression, anxiety symptoms or fatigue score and objective cognitive dysfunction. In contrast, mood disorder symptoms, history of mood disorder, fibromyalgia symptoms and fatigue all had significant associations with patient-reported cognitive symptoms. There were no significant associations between patient-reported cognitive symptoms and objective cognitive dysfunction. Objective cognitive dysfunction, patient-reported cognitive symptoms, history of mood disorder and fibromyalgia symptoms all had significant associations with poorer quality of life; fibromyalgia had the biggest impact. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive symptoms are common in SLE, but there were no associations between cognitive symptoms and objective cognitive dysfunction. Depression, anxiety and fibromyalgia were more consistently associated with patient-reported cognitive symptoms than with objective cognitive dysfunction. These factors all have a significant impact on quality of life. Understanding the discrepancy between patient-reported cognitive symptoms and cognitive test performance is essential to advance care in this area of unmet need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Raghunath
- Correspondence to: Sudha Raghunath, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash Medical Centre, Level 5, Block E, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia. E-mail:
| | - Emma K Guymer
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University,Rheumatology Department, Monash Health
| | - Yifat Glikmann-Johnston
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vera Golder
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University,Rheumatology Department, Monash Health
| | | | - Eric F Morand
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University,Rheumatology Department, Monash Health
| | - Julie C Stout
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alberta Hoi
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University,Rheumatology Department, Monash Health
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14
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Raghunath S, Glikmann-Johnston Y, Morand E, Stout JC, Hoi A. Evaluation of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment as a screening tool for cognitive dysfunction in SLE. Lupus Sci Med 2021; 8:8/1/e000580. [PMID: 34911821 PMCID: PMC8679063 DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2021-000580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Cognitive dysfunction in SLE is common and associated with significant morbidity but is currently underdetected. Early detection requires the use of screening tests, as formal diagnostic cognitive testing is time-consuming. This study aims to evaluate the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) as a screening tool for cognitive dysfunction in SLE. Methods Patients with SLE (n=95) and demographically matched healthy control participants (n=48) underwent cognitive testing using the 1-hour neuropsychiatric test battery recommended by the American College of Rheumatology for use in SLE and the MoCA. We used regression analyses to determine associations between MoCA and cognitive test scores. We assessed several MoCA cut-offs for predicting cognitive impairment in terms of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value. Receiver operating curve analyses were used to determine the diagnostic accuracy of the MoCA cut-off thresholds. Results We found a significant correlation between MoCA score and 9 of the 10 cognitive endpoints studied (all p<0.001). Receiver operating curve analysis suggested that a MoCA cut-off of <27 had highest diagnostic accuracy across the cognitive impairment definitions (area under the curve 0.76–0.78). Using a screening cut-off of <28, the MoCA had sensitivity of 83%–94% and specificity of 46%–59%, depending on the impairment definition used. Conclusions The MoCA correlates strongly with cognitive test results in SLE and has sufficient sensitivity for use as a screening tool with a cut-off of <28 as the optimal threshold. This tool can be incorporated into clinical practice for screening for cognitive dysfunction in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Raghunath
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Rheumatology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yifat Glikmann-Johnston
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric Morand
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Rheumatology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julie C Stout
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alberta Hoi
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Rheumatology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Barraclough M, McKie S, Parker B, Elliott R, Bruce IN. The effects of disease activity, inflammation, depression and cognitive fatigue on resting state fMRI in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 61:SI39-SI47. [PMID: 34747435 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cognitive dysfunction (CD) and depression are interlinked comorbidities of SLE. They may be the result of altered brain mechanisms. This study aimed to examine SLE effects on functional connectivity (FC) within the default mode network (DMN) using resting state fMRI-and how depression may impact this. METHODS Demographic, clinical and psychiatric data were collected from 19 SLE-active, 23 SLE-stable and 30 healthy controls (HC) participants. A T2*-weighted rsfMR scan was acquired and analysed using independent component analysis (ICA). Group z-scores for nodes associated with the DMN were tested. Significant nodes were entered into a factor analysis. The combined factor was used in correlations with factors of interest. Significant variables were used in a mediation analysis. RESULTS 14 DMN nodes were defined using ICA. In five nodes, the SLE groups had significantly reduced FC compared with the HC group (p < 0.01). Factor analysis generated one factor that only depression score correlated with for both the HC group (rs=-0.510) and SLE groups combined (rs=-0.390). Mediation analysis revealed depression score accounted for 22% of the altered FC in the DMN. Disease state accounted for the remaining 78%. CONCLUSIONS Altered FC was evident in DMN nodes for SLE groups irrespective of disease activity. Depression accounts for some of this effect but SLE directly accounted for more. Further studies are needed to assess if these changes may be a precursor to CD in SLE. If so, rs-fMRI could be an early marker for CD in SLE and help in future CD in SLE treatment trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Barraclough
- Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Shane McKie
- FBMH Platform Sciences, Enabling Technologies & Infrastructure, FBMH Research & Innovation, The University of Manchester & Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Ben Parker
- Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Rebecca Elliott
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ian N Bruce
- Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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16
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Touma Z, Moghaddam B, Su J, Katz P. Cognitive Function Trajectories in Association With the Depressive Symptoms Trajectories in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Over Time. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2021; 73:1436-1443. [PMID: 32526080 PMCID: PMC7728623 DOI: 10.1002/acr.24349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cognitive function may change over time in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and cognitive function trajectories have not been well studied. We aimed to identify cognitive function trajectories in SLE and describe them with depressive symptoms trajectories, and we also aimed to identify baseline factors associated with class membership in the dual trajectories. METHODS Longitudinal data from the University of California San Francisco Lupus Outcomes Study were analyzed. Two outcome trajectories were studied jointly, the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) (administered annually). Univariate/multivariable logistic regression analyses examined baseline factors associated with class memberships. RESULTS A total of 755 patients were studied, and 4 latent classes were identified: 1) low CES-D scores and low cognitive scores (no depression plus cognitive impairment; 20%), 2) lowest CES-D scores and highest normal cognitive scores (no depression plus normal cognition; 48%), 3) highest CES-D scores and lowest cognitive scores (depression plus cognitive impairment; 9%), and 4) high CES-D scores and cognitive score at borderline (depression plus borderline cognition; 23%). CONCLUSION In all, 4 distinct classes of dual cognitive function and depressive symptoms were identified. Persistently low cognitive performance in 28% of patients (classes 1 and 3) did not significantly improve over 7 years. Cognitive impairment was associated with depression status in 9% of patients (class 3). Other factors also predicted latent class membership: ethnicity, education, disease activity, physical functioning, and bodily pain. These results highlight the importance of periodic assessment of cognitive function and of different aspects relevant for assessing and managing cognitive function over time in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahi Touma
- Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bahar Moghaddam
- Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jiandong Su
- Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Qian X, Ji F, Ng KK, Koh AJ, Loo BRY, Townsend MC, Pasternak O, Tay SH, Zhou JH, Mak A. Brain white matter extracellular free-water increases are related to reduced neurocognitive function in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 61:1166-1174. [PMID: 34156469 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Brain white matter (WM) microstructural changes evaluated by diffusion MRI were well documented in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Yet, conventional diffusion tensor imaging technique fails to differentiate WM changes that originate from tissue alterations from those due to increased extracellular free water (FW) related to neuroinflammation, microvascular disruption, atrophy, or other extracellular processes. Here, we sought to delineate changes in WM tissue microstructure and extracellular FW volume and examine their relationships with neurocognitive function in SLE patients. METHODS Twenty SLE patients (16 females, aged 36.0±10.6) without clinically-overt neuropsychiatric manifestation and 61 healthy controls (HC) (29 females, aged 29.2±9.4) underwent diffusion MRI and computerized neuropsychological assessments cross-sectionally. The FW imaging method was applied to compare microstructural tissue changes and extracellular FW volume of the brain WM between SLE patients and HC. Association between extracellular FW changes and neurocognitive performance was studied. RESULTS SLE patients had higher WM extracellular FW compared to HC (family-wise-error-corrected p < 0.05) while no group difference was found in FW-corrected tissue compartment and structural connectivity metrics. Extracellular FW increases in SLE patients were associated with poorer neurocognitive performance that probed sustained attention (p = 0.022) and higher cumulative glucocorticoid dose (p = 0.0041). Such findings remained robust after controlling for age, gender, IQ, and total WM volume. CONCLUSIONS The association between WM extracellular FW increases and reduced neurocognitive performance suggest possible microvascular degradation and/or neuroinflammation in SLE patients with clinically-inactive disease. The mechanistic impact of cumulative glucocorticoids on WM FW deserves further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Qian
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fang Ji
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kwun Kei Ng
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amelia Jialin Koh
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Beatrice Rui Yi Loo
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mary Charlotte Townsend
- Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ofer Pasternak
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sen Hee Tay
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Juan Helen Zhou
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anselm Mak
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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18
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Seet D, Allameen NA, Tay SH, Cho J, Mak A. Cognitive Dysfunction in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Immunopathology, Clinical Manifestations, Neuroimaging and Management. Rheumatol Ther 2021; 8:651-679. [PMID: 33993432 PMCID: PMC8217391 DOI: 10.1007/s40744-021-00312-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction (CD) is a common yet often clinically subtle manifestation that considerably impacts the health-related quality of life in patients with systemic lupus erythaematosus (SLE). Given the inconsistencies in CD assessment and challenges in its attribution to SLE, the reported prevalence of CD differs widely, ranging from 3 to 88%. The clinical presentation of CD in SLE is non-specific and may manifest concurrently with overt neuropsychiatric illness such as psychosis or mood disorders or as isolated impairment of attention, working memory, executive dysfunction or processing speed. Despite the lack of standardized and sensitive neuropsychological tests and validated diagnostic biomarkers of CD in SLE, significant progress has been made in identifying pathogenic neural pathways and neuroimaging. Furthermore, several autoantibodies, cytokines, pro-inflammatory mediators and metabolic factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of CD in SLE. Abrogation of the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and ensuing autoantibody-mediated neurotoxicity, complement and microglial activation remains the widely accepted mechanism of SLE-related CD. Although several functional neuroimaging modalities have consistently demonstrated abnormalities that correlate with CD in SLE patients, a consensus remains to be reached as to their clinical utility in diagnosing CD. Given the multifactorial aetiology of CD, a multi-domain interventional approach that addresses the risk factors and disease mechanisms of CD in a concurrent fashion is the favourable therapeutic direction. While cognitive rehabilitation and exercise training remain important, specific pharmacological agents that target microglial activation and maintain the BBB integrity are potential candidates for the treatment of SLE-related CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Seet
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Level 10, NUHS Tower Block, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
| | - Nur Azizah Allameen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Level 10, NUHS Tower Block, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
| | - Sen Hee Tay
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Level 10, NUHS Tower Block, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiacai Cho
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Level 10, NUHS Tower Block, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anselm Mak
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Level 10, NUHS Tower Block, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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19
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Kim MY, Sen D, Drummond RR, Brandenburg MC, Biesanz KL, Kim AH, Eisen SA, Baum CM, Foster ER. Cognitive dysfunction among people with systemic lupus erythematosus is associated with reduced participation in daily life. Lupus 2021; 30:1100-1107. [PMID: 33794707 DOI: 10.1177/09612033211006187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the distribution of cognitive function in people with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) by objective and self-report measures and associations between cognition and participation among people with SLE. METHODS Fifty-five volunteers with SLE (age: 39.7 ± 12.7yrs, female: 92.7%) completed the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) to measure cognitive ability objectively, the Cognitive Symptom Inventory (CSI) and PROMIS Cognitive Function 8a (CF) to assess self-reported everyday cognition, and PROMIS-43 Profile to assess self-reported ability to participate in social roles and activities (participation) and other disease-associated symptoms (e.g., depression, pain, fatigue). RESULTS The average MoCA score was 25.3 ± 3.1, with 47.3% of participants scoring <26, which is indicative of cognitive impairment. Group average CSI (35.8 ± 7.9), CF (T-score = 45.0 ± 8.5), and participation (T-score = 46.9 ± 11.2) scores suggest mildly impaired functional cognition and participation compared to normative data. Participation correlated with self-reported everyday cognition measures (r ≥ 0.56, p < 0.01) but not with MoCA (r = 0.25, p = 0.06). In hierarchical linear regression analysis, CSI, fatigue, and pain were each significant independent predictors of participation (R2 = 0.78, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS We found that cognitive dysfunction is common among people with SLE. Along with pain and fatigue, reduced everyday cognitive function contributes to reduced participation in social, leisure, work, and family-related activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Young Kim
- Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Deepali Sen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ronald R Drummond
- Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Matthew C Brandenburg
- Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Kathryn Lp Biesanz
- Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Alfred Hj Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Seth A Eisen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Carolyn M Baum
- Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Erin R Foster
- Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
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20
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The neurology of lupus. J Neurol Sci 2021; 424:117419. [PMID: 33832774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.117419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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21
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Tayer‐Shifman OE, Green R, Beaton DE, Ruttan L, Wither JE, Tartaglia MC, Kakvan M, Lombardi S, Anderson N, Su J, Bonilla D, Zandy M, Choi MY, Fritzler MJ, Touma Z. Validity Evidence for the Use of Automated Neuropsychologic Assessment Metrics As a Screening Tool for Cognitive Impairment in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2020; 72:1809-1819. [DOI: 10.1002/acr.24096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robin Green
- University Health Network–Toronto Rehabilitation Institute Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Dorcas E. Beaton
- Institute for Work and Health and University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Lesley Ruttan
- University Health Network–Toronto Rehabilitation Institute Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Joan E. Wither
- University of Toronto Lupus Clinic and Toronto Western Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
| | | | - Mahta Kakvan
- University of Toronto Lupus Clinic and Toronto Western Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Sabrina Lombardi
- University Health Network–Toronto Rehabilitation Institute Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Nicole Anderson
- University of Toronto Lupus Clinic and Toronto Western Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Jiandong Su
- University of Toronto Lupus Clinic and Toronto Western Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Dennisse Bonilla
- University of Toronto Lupus Clinic and Toronto Western Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Moe Zandy
- University of Toronto Lupus Clinic and Toronto Western Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - May Y. Choi
- Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
| | | | - Zahi Touma
- University of Toronto Lupus Clinic and Toronto Western Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
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22
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Teo R, Dhanasekaran P, Tay SH, Mak A. Mathematical processing is affected by daily but not cumulative glucocorticoid dose in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2020; 59:2534-2543. [PMID: 31990339 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The impact of glucocorticoids on neurocognitive performance in patients with SLE is not fully addressed. We aimed to study the effect of daily and cumulative glucocorticoid dose on neurocognitive performance in SLE patients. METHODS Consecutive SLE patients and gender- and age-matched healthy controls (HCs) underwent the computer-based Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Matric (ANAM), which evaluates eight neurocognitive domains including learning, recall, visual perception, mental rotation, short-term memory, attention, sustained attention and working memory. The total and individual-domain throughput scores (TPSs) and the presence of cognitive dysfunction (total TPS <1.5 s.d. below the mean TPS of HCs) were compared between SLE patients and HCs. Within the SLE group, univariate and independent associations between prednisolone dose (daily and cumulative) and individual-domain TPS were studied by univariate and multivariable linear regression, respectively. RESULTS A total of 96 SLE patients and 96 HCs were studied. SLE patients scored significantly worse across all the neurocognitive domains and had a significantly lower mean total TPS (P < 0.001) and a higher prevalence of cognitive dysfunction compared with HCs (25.0 vs 7.3%, P = 0.001). In SLE patients, daily prednisolone dose was significantly and negatively correlated with mathematical-processing TPS, which probes working memory (P = 0.018). No significant correlation between cumulative prednisolone dose and any of the individual-domain TPSs was found. In multivariable regression, higher daily prednisolone dose and doses >9 mg daily remained independently associated with lower mathematical-processing TPSs (P = 0.031). CONCLUSION Daily prednisolone dose ≥9 mg, but not cumulative glucocorticoid dose, had an independent negative impact on mathematical processing in SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Teo
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Preeti Dhanasekaran
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Rheumatology, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Sen Hee Tay
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Rheumatology, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Anselm Mak
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Rheumatology, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, Singapore
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23
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Oláh C, Schwartz N, Denton C, Kardos Z, Putterman C, Szekanecz Z. Cognitive dysfunction in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Res Ther 2020; 22:78. [PMID: 32293528 PMCID: PMC7158026 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-020-02180-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For people with chronic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (AIRD), such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or systemic sclerosis (SSc), normal cognitive functions are essential for performing daily activities. These diseases may be associated with cognitive dysfunction (CD). In RA, CD has been associated with age, lower education and disease duration and activity. Great advances have been achieved in neuropsychiatric SLE in the identification of pathogenic pathways, assessment and possible treatment strategies. SSc rarely exerts direct effects on the brain and cognitive function. However, the psychological burden that includes depression, anxiety and social impact may be high. AIRD patients with sustained disease activity, organ damage or lower education should be evaluated for CD. The control of systemic inflammation together with tailored behavioural cognitive therapies may benefit these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Oláh
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Borsod County Teaching Hospital, Miskolc, Hungary
| | - Noa Schwartz
- Division of Rheumatology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Christopher Denton
- Centre for Rheumatology, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, UK
| | - Zsófia Kardos
- Departments of Rheumatology, Borsod County Teaching Hospital, Miskolc, Hungary
| | - Chaim Putterman
- Division of Rheumatology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.,Azrieli Faculty of Medicine of Bar Ilan University, Zefat, Israel.,Research Institute, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Zoltán Szekanecz
- Division of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei str 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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24
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Kalim H, Pratama MZ, Mahardini E, Winoto ES, Krisna PA, Handono K. Accelerated immune aging was correlated with lupus-associated brain fog in reproductive-age systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Int J Rheum Dis 2020; 23:620-626. [PMID: 32107852 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.13816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Cognitive impairment is common in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with substantial adverse effects on function and quality of life. One hypothesis to understand the mechanisms of cognitive impairment in SLE is accelerated immunosenescence. The aim of this study is to observe the correlation between immunosenescence with cognitive impairment in patients with SLE. METHODS Sixty-one female SLE patient were measured for CD4 and CD8 T cell-associated senescence markers, including percentage of end-stage differentiated T cells (CD4 and CD8 T cells expressing CD57+ or loss of CD28 expression), of naïve T cells (CD4+ CD45RA+ and CD8+ CD45RA+ ), memory T cells (CD4+ CD45RO+ and CD8+ CD45RO+ ), and antigen-experienced T cells (CD4+ KLRG1+ and CD8+ KLRG1+ ) which were measured using flow cytometry. One hallmark of immunosenescence called immune risk profile (IRP) was defined by an inverted ratio of CD4 and CD8. Cognitive functions were measured by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montréal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) questionnaire. RESULTS Thirty-six (59.1%) SLE patients who had IRP develop significantly lower attention and recall from both MMSE (P = .005 and P = .000) and MOCA (P = .017 and P = .000) examinations. Decreased visuospatial ability was also found in patients with IRP measured by MOCA (P = .046). There was a negative correlation between memory CD4+ CD45RO+ T cells with recall and visuospatial domain (R = -0.204, P = .039 and R = -0.250, P = .033; respectively), and negative correlation between CD8+ CD28- T cells with recall and attention domain (R = -0.249, P = .027 and R = -0.145, P = .048, respectively). CONCLUSION Systemic lupus erythematosus patients develop an accelerated immunosenescence which contributes to cognitive dysfunction, especially in attention, recall, and visuospatial domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handono Kalim
- Rheumatology and Immunology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Mirza Zaka Pratama
- Rheumatology and Immunology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Ernes Mahardini
- Rheumatology and Immunology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Eden Suryoiman Winoto
- Rheumatology and Immunology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Pratista Adi Krisna
- Rheumatology and Immunology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Kusworini Handono
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
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25
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Paez-Venegas N, Jordan-Estrada B, Chavarria-Avila E, Perez-Vazquez F, Gómez-Bañuelos E, Medina-Dávalos R, Ontiveros-González JÁ, Diaz-Rubio GI, Navarro-Hernandez RE, Vázquez-Del Mercado M. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment Test: A Useful Tool in Screening of Cognitive Impairment in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J Clin Rheumatol 2019; 25:325-328. [PMID: 31764492 PMCID: PMC7597762 DOI: 10.1097/rhu.0000000000000876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an inflammatory, chronic, and multisystemic disease, which may be associated with a wide range of neuropsychiatric manifestations, including cognitive impairment. Cognitive evaluations based on screening tests might identify early SLE-related cognitive alterations. The aim of this study was to evaluate and to compare the efficacy of three screening tests (Montreal Cognitive Assessment [MoCA], Mini Mental State Examination [MMSE], Cognitive Symptom Inventory [CSI]) against the gold standard (neuropsychological battery), in order to identify the most efficient screening test for cognitive impairment in patients with SLE. METHODS This observational cross-sectional study recruited 44 patients, from August to December 2017, who were diagnosed with SLE according to the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) Criteria 2012, and had no medical or psychiatric comorbidities. The patients were evaluated using the MoCA, MMSE, CSI, and the gold standard. Spearman's correlation and area under the curve analysis were performed; p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS The MoCA test showed the highest correspondence with the gold standard (AUC = 99.4%, p < 0.001), sensitivity (84%), and specificity (100%). This was followed by the MMSE (AUC = 92.6%, p < 0.001; sensitivity, 54.8%; specificity, 100%) and the CSI (AUC = 30.6%, p < 0.05; sensitivity, 54.8%; specificity, 30.76%). CONCLUSION The MoCA is a brief, easily applied screening test that is highly effective for detecting cognitive impairment in SLE patients. It could be useful in clinical follow-up as a tool for early detection of cognitive alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Paez-Venegas
- From the Instituto Jalisciense de Salud Mental (SALME), Secretaría de Salud Jalisco. Av. Zoquipan 1130, CP 44210, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Bethel Jordan-Estrada
- From the Instituto Jalisciense de Salud Mental (SALME), Secretaría de Salud Jalisco. Av. Zoquipan 1130, CP 44210, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Efrain Chavarria-Avila
- Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Disciplinas Filosófico, Metodológico e Instrumentales, Sierra Mojada 950, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Felipe Perez-Vazquez
- Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Investigación en Reumatología y del Sistema Músculo Esquelético (IIRSME), Sierra Mojada 950, Edificio P planta baja, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Eduardo Gómez-Bañuelos
- Hospital Civil Dr. Juan I, Menchaca, División de Medicina Interna, Servicio de Reumatología PNPC 004086, CONACyT, Salvador Quevedo y Zubieta SN, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Rafael Medina-Dávalos
- From the Instituto Jalisciense de Salud Mental (SALME), Secretaría de Salud Jalisco. Av. Zoquipan 1130, CP 44210, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - José-Ángel Ontiveros-González
- From the Instituto Jalisciense de Salud Mental (SALME), Secretaría de Salud Jalisco. Av. Zoquipan 1130, CP 44210, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Gustavo-Ignacio Diaz-Rubio
- Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Investigación en Reumatología y del Sistema Músculo Esquelético (IIRSME), Sierra Mojada 950, Edificio P planta baja, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Rosa E. Navarro-Hernandez
- From the Instituto Jalisciense de Salud Mental (SALME), Secretaría de Salud Jalisco. Av. Zoquipan 1130, CP 44210, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Mónica Vázquez-Del Mercado
- Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Investigación en Reumatología y del Sistema Músculo Esquelético (IIRSME), Sierra Mojada 950, Edificio P planta baja, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
- Hospital Civil Dr. Juan I, Menchaca, División de Medicina Interna, Servicio de Reumatología PNPC 004086, CONACyT, Salvador Quevedo y Zubieta SN, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
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26
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Kanapathy A, Nik Jaafar NR, Shaharir SS, Chan LF, Rozita M, Ch’ng SS. Prevalence of cognitive impairment using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment questionnaire among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a cross-sectional study at two tertiary centres in Malaysia. Lupus 2019; 28:854-861. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203319852153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Cognitive impairment is a common neuropsychiatric manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, it is not routinely assessed for despite its high prevalence and significant disease burden. Aims This study aimed to determine the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and its associated factors among patients diagnosed with SLE in Malaysia. Methods A total of 200 SLE patients were recruited prospectively from the outpatient clinics of two tertiary hospitals in Malaysia. Standardized clinical interview was utilized to obtain information on socio-demographic characteristics. All patients were then assessed using the MoCA questionnaire for presence of cognitive impairment; the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) for presence of depressive symptoms; and the Wong–Baker Faces Pain Scale (WBFPS) for severity of pain. The evaluation of disease activity and severity were performed by the treating rheumatologists and nephrologists using the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) and Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Damage Index (SLICC DI). Results The prevalence of MCI was 35%. The significant associated factors from the bivariate analysis were male gender ( p = 0.04), educational level ( p = 0.00), WBFPS score ( p = 0.035) and anticardiolipin IgM ( p = 0.01). Further analysis using logistic regression model found that male gender (OR = 7.43, 95% confidence interval 1.06–52.06, p = 0.04), lower educational level (OR = 4.4, 95% confidence interval 1.47–13.21, p = 0.01) and presence of anticardiolipin IgM (OR = 6.81, 95% confidence interval 1.45–32.01, p = 0.031) were associated with impaired MoCA scores. Also, increasing pain scores increased the risk of patients being affected by cognitive impairment. Conclusion Over one-third of patients with SLE in our cohort were found to have MCI. Risk factors included male gender, lower educational level, higher pain score and presence of anticardiolipin IgM. Physicians are encouraged to perform routine screening to detect cognitive dysfunction in patients with SLE in their clinical practice as part of a more comprehensive management.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kanapathy
- Department of Psychiatry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - N R Nik Jaafar
- Department of Psychiatry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S S Shaharir
- Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - L F Chan
- Department of Psychiatry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M Rozita
- Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S S Ch’ng
- Department of Medicine, Selayang Hospital, Selangor, Malaysia
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27
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de Amorim JC, Frittoli RB, Pereira D, Postal M, Dertkigil SSJ, Reis F, Costallat LTL, Appenzeller S. Epidemiology, characterization, and diagnosis of neuropsychiatric events in systemic lupus erythematosus. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2019; 15:407-416. [DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2019.1564040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Cristina de Amorim
- Graduate Program of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Medical Science, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Laboratory of Autoimmune Diseases, School of Medical Science, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Renan Bazuco Frittoli
- Laboratory of Autoimmune Diseases, School of Medical Science, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Physiopathology, School of Medical Science, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Danilo Pereira
- Laboratory of Autoimmune Diseases, School of Medical Science, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Physiopathology, School of Medical Science, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Mariana Postal
- Laboratory of Autoimmune Diseases, School of Medical Science, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiano Reis
- Departament of Radiology, School of Medical Science, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Lilian TL Costallat
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine-School of Medical Science, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Simone Appenzeller
- Laboratory of Autoimmune Diseases, School of Medical Science, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine-School of Medical Science, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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28
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Hanly JG, Kozora E, Beyea SD, Birnbaum J. Review: Nervous System Disease in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Current Status and Future Directions. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018; 71:33-42. [PMID: 29927108 DOI: 10.1002/art.40591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The American College of Rheumatology's case definitions for 19 neuropsychiatric syndromes in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) constitute a comprehensive classification of nervous system events in this disease. However, additional strategies are needed to determine whether a neuropsychiatric syndrome is attributable to SLE versus a competing comorbidity. Cognitive function is a clinical surrogate of overall brain health, with applications in both diagnosis and determination of clinical outcomes. Ischemic and inflammatory mechanisms are both key components of the immunopathogenesis of neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE), including abnormalities of the blood-brain barrier and autoantibody-mediated production of proinflammatory cytokines. Advances in neuroimaging provide a platform to assess novel disease mechanisms in a noninvasive way. The convergence of more rigorous clinical characterization, validation of biomarkers, and brain neuroimaging provides opportunities to determine the efficacy of novel targeted therapies in the treatment of NPSLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Hanly
- Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Kozora
- National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | - Steven D Beyea
- Dalhousie University, Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre, Izaak Walton Killam Health Centre and Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Julius Birnbaum
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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29
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Rayes HA, Tani C, Kwan A, Marzouk S, Colosimo K, Medina-Rosas J, Mustafa A, Su J, Lambiris P, Mosca M, Touma Z. What is the prevalence of cognitive impairment in lupus and which instruments are used to measure it? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2018; 48:240-255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Meara A, Davidson N, Steigelman H, Zhao S, Brock G, Jarjour WN, Rovin BH, Madhoun H, Parikh S, Hebert L, Ayoub I, Ardoin SP. Screening for cognitive impairment in SLE using the Self-Administered Gerocognitive Exam. Lupus 2018; 27:1363-1367. [PMID: 29466913 DOI: 10.1177/0961203318759429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disease that can affect the central nervous system in multiple ways, including causing cognitive dysfunction. Cognitive dysfunction is a common complaint of SLE patients yet diagnosis is challenging, time consuming, and costly. This study evaluated the Self-Administered Gerocognitive Exam (SAGE) as a screening test for cognitive impairment in a cohort of SLE patients. Methods A total of 118 SLE patients completed the SAGE. Providers completed the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) and the Systemic Lupus International Collaborative Clinics Damage Index (SLICC-DI). SAGE scores were grouped into normal (>16) and abnormal (≤16) categories. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Results Of the 118 participants, 21(18%) scored ≤16 on the SAGE instrument. In univariate analysis, race, ethnicity, household income, and SLICC-DI scores were associated with the SAGE ( p < 0.05). In multivariable analysis, abnormal SAGE score was independently associated with higher SLICC-DI score (odds ratio (OR) = 1.44, 95% confidence intervals 1.04-1.99, p = 0.03)), Hispanic ethnicity (OR = 43.4, 95% CI 3.1-601, p = 0.005), and lower household income (OR = 11.9 for ≤$15,000 vs >$50,000, 95% CI 2.45-57, p = 0.002). Conclusions In SLE patients, this study demonstrates an independent relationship between neurocognitive impairment (as measured by the SAGE) and higher lupus-related damage, as measured by the SLICC-DI, and lower household income. Abnormal SAGE scores were also associated with Hispanic ethnicity. A language barrier could explain this because the SAGE instrument was conducted in English only. The SAGE was feasible to measure in the clinic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Meara
- 2 The Ohio State University Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology Immunology, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - N Davidson
- 1 The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - H Steigelman
- 2 The Ohio State University Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology Immunology, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - S Zhao
- 3 The Ohio State University Center for Biostatistics, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - G Brock
- 3 The Ohio State University Center for Biostatistics, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - W N Jarjour
- 2 The Ohio State University Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology Immunology, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - B H Rovin
- 2 The Ohio State University Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology Immunology, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - H Madhoun
- 2 The Ohio State University Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology Immunology, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - S Parikh
- 2 The Ohio State University Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology Immunology, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - L Hebert
- 2 The Ohio State University Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology Immunology, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - I Ayoub
- 2 The Ohio State University Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology Immunology, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - S P Ardoin
- 2 The Ohio State University Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology Immunology, Columbus, OH, USA
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Jafri K, Patterson SL, Lanata C. Central Nervous System Manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2017; 43:531-545. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Nantes SG, Su J, Dhaliwal A, Colosimo K, Touma Z. Performance of Screening Tests for Cognitive Impairment in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2017; 44:1583-1589. [DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.161125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective.There is a need for a cognitive function screening test that can be administered to patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in clinic. The objectives of this study were to determine (1) prevalence of cognitive impairment (CI) in SLE by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), in relation to the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test–Revised (HVLT-R), and Perceived Deficits Questionnaire 5-Item (PDQ-5); and (2) associated factors with CI.Methods.Consecutive patients followed at a single center were recruited. HVLT-R, MoCA, and MMSE were administered. Sensitivity/specificity, positive (PPV)/negative (NPV) predictive values, and positive likelihood ratio (LR+) of MoCA/MMSE were determined (compared to HVLT-R). A test on intellectual ability and questionnaires on anxiety, depression, and perceived cognitive deficits were completed. Regression analyses determined associations with CI.Results.Of 98 patients, 48% had CI using MoCA and 31% using HVLT-R. Sensitivity was higher for MoCA (73%) compared to MMSE (27%), though MMSE was more specific (90%) than MoCA (63%). PPV and LR+ were similar in MoCA and MMSE (PPV: 47%, 53%; LR+: 2.0, 2.6, respectively), but NPV was higher in MoCA (84%) than MMSE (74%). PDQ-5 predicted objective CI (HVLT-R: sensitivity 100%, specificity 89%). Although CI was associated with depression in univariate analyses, it did not hold in the multivariate analysis, while longer SLE disease duration and more years of education remained significant.Conclusion.CI is highly prevalent and MoCA may be a useful tool to screen for CI in SLE. Patients with more years of education were less likely to have CI.
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Tay SH, Mak A. Diagnosing and attributing neuropsychiatric events to systemic lupus erythematosus: time to untie the Gordian knot? Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017; 56:i14-i23. [PMID: 27744358 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological and psychiatric syndromes, collectively referred to as NPSLE, occur frequently in SLE. The frequency of NPSLE varies from 21 to 95%; however, only 13-38% of neuropsychiatric (NP) events could be attributable to SLE in the NPSLE SLICC inception cohort. This variability in the frequency of NPSLE is attributable to the low specificity of the ACR case definitions for SLE-attributed NP syndromes, inclusion of minor NP events in the ACR nomenclature, difficulty in ascertainment of NP events and diverse experience of rheumatologists in the clinical assessment of NP events. Making the correct and early attribution of NP events to SLE is important to institute appropriate immunosuppressive treatment for favourable outcomes. Various attribution models using composite decision rules have been developed and used to ascribe NP events to SLE. This review will focus on the various clinical presentations, diagnostic work-up and attributions of the common NPSLE syndromes, including other NP events not included in the ACR nomenclature but which have come to attention in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Hee Tay
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Anselm Mak
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore
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Hanly JG. Avoiding diagnostic pitfalls in neuropsychiatric lupus: the importance of attribution. Lupus 2017; 26:497-503. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203317690244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric events in systemic lupus erythematosus patients may present a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Common and heterogeneous, their characterization and attribution to systemic lupus erythematosus and non-systemic lupus erythematosus is important and derived from clinical assessment, selection and interpretation of investigations. A standardized approach to assigning attribution has been used in recent studies. The current therapies are largely empiric, based upon known disease mechanisms and treatment of other serious organ disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Further insight on the immunopathogenetic mechanisms and clinical outcome of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus is required to inform the design and execution of therapeutic clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Hanly
- Division of Rheumatology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Center and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
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Rubinstein TB, Putterman C, Goilav B. Biomarkers for CNS involvement in pediatric lupus. Biomark Med 2016; 9:545-58. [PMID: 26079959 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.15.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
CNS disease, or central neuropsychiatric lupus erythematosus (cNPSLE), occurs frequently in pediatric lupus, leading to significant morbidity and poor long-term outcomes. Diagnosing cNPSLE is especially difficult in pediatrics; many current diagnostic tools are invasive and/or costly, and there are no current accepted screening mechanisms. The most complicated aspect of diagnosis is differentiating primary disease from other etiologies; research to discover new biomarkers is attempting to address this dilemma. With many mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of cNPSLE, biomarker profiles across several modalities (molecular, psychometric and neuroimaging) will need to be used. For the care of children with lupus, the challenge will be to develop biomarkers that are accessible by noninvasive measures and reliable in a pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar B Rubinstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 3415 Bainbridge Avenue, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
| | - Chaim Putterman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Beatrice Goilav
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 3415 Bainbridge Avenue, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
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Mo J, Park J, Oh H. [Correlates of Cognitive Impairment of Rheumatic Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis]. J Korean Acad Nurs 2016; 46:1-18. [PMID: 26963410 DOI: 10.4040/jkan.2016.46.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was conducted to synthesis the results of research on relationships of cognitive impairment with multi-dimensional correlates of rheumatic disease through a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. METHODS For the study purpose, 23 studies were selected through a systematic process of searching the literature. RESULTS The study results showed that among general characteristics, age and education were the variables having a significant relationship with cognitive impairment. Among health risk factors, obesity appeared to have a significant positive relationship with cognitive impairment. For past history, diabetes and hypertension were shown to have a significant positive relationship with cognitive impairment. It was noted also that aPL, one of the physiological factor, had significant association with cognitive impairment. None of the medication related factors had a significant relationship with cognitive impairment. Results showed that among disease related factors, disease activity had the highest relationship with cognitive impairment. Depression, among psychological factors, was the only variable having a significant relationship with cognitive impairment. CONCLUSION The findings indicate that the variables strongly impacting on cognitive impairment in rheumatic disease are depression and disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jina Mo
- National Evidence-based Health Care Collaborating Agency, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jisuk Park
- Department of Nursing, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hyunsoo Oh
- Department of Nursing, Inha University, Incheon, Korea.
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Gerosa M, Poletti B, Pregnolato F, Castellino G, Lafronza A, Silani V, Riboldi P, Meroni PL, Merrill JT. Antiglutamate Receptor Antibodies and Cognitive Impairment in Primary Antiphospholipid Syndrome and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2016; 7:5. [PMID: 26870034 PMCID: PMC4740786 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and antiphospholipid syndrome have an increased risk to develop cognitive impairment. A possible role for antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) and antiglutamate receptor (anti-NMDA) antibodies in the pathogenesis of neurological manifestations of these two conditions, have been suggested. In particular, the role of anti-NMDA antibodies in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric SLE is supported by several experimental studies in animal models and by the finding of a correlation between anti-NMDA positivity in cerebrospinal fluid and neurological manifestations of SLE. However, data from the literature are controversial, as several studies have reported a correlation of these antibodies with mild cognitive impairment in SLE, but more recent studies have not confirmed this finding. The synergism between anti-NMDA and other concomitant autoantibodies, such as aPL, can be hypothesized to play a role in inducing the tissue damage and eventually the functional abnormalities. In line with this hypothesis, we have found a high incidence of at least one impaired cognitive domain in a small cohort of patients with primary APS (PAPS) and SLE. Interestingly, aPL were associated with low scoring for language ability and attention while anti-NMDA titers and mini-mental state examination scoring were inversely correlated. However, when patients were stratified according to the presence/absence of aPL, the correlation was confirmed in aPL positive patients only. Should those findings be confirmed, the etiology of the prevalent defects found in PAPS patients as well as the synergism between aPL and anti-NMDA antibodies would need to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gerosa
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Division of Rheumatology, Lupus Clinic, Istituto Ortopedico Gaetano Pini, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Poletti
- Department of Neurology-Stroke Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano , Milan , Italy
| | - Francesca Pregnolato
- Experimental Laboratory of Immunological and Rheumatologic Researches, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano , Milan , Italy
| | - Gabriella Castellino
- Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano , Milan , Italy
| | - Annalisa Lafronza
- Department of Neurology-Stroke Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano , Milan , Italy
| | - Vincenzo Silani
- Department of Neurology-Stroke Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, "Dino Ferrari" Center, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Piersandro Riboldi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Meroni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Experimental Laboratory of Immunological and Rheumatologic Researches, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Joan T Merrill
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma , Oklahoma City, OK , USA
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Tay SH, Ho CS, Ho RCM, Mak A. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Deficiency Independently Predicts Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144149. [PMID: 26636681 PMCID: PMC4670220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cognitive dysfunction has been reported in 20-80% of SLE patients. Converging evidence has indicated the importance of vitamin D as a neuroimmunomodulator for cognitive function. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between vitamin D and cognitive dysfunction. METHODS Consecutive age- and gender-matched SLE patients and healthy controls (HCs) were administered Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics in this cross-sectional study. The primary outcome was the total throughput score (TTS). Anxiety and depression were measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D3 and total 25(OH)D] were measured using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. RESULTS In total, 61 SLE patients and 61 HCs were studied. SLE patients scored significantly lower than HCs in the TTS (p = 0.004). There were no statistically significant differences in 25(OH)D3 levels, total 25(OH)D levels and total 25(OH)D deficiency between SLE patients and HCs. However, more SLE patients had 25(OH)D3 deficiency compared to HCs [12 (19.7%) versus 2 (3.3%), p = 0.003]. Deficiency of 25(OH)D3 (β = -63.667, SE = 27.456, p = 0.025), but not other vitamin D variables, independently predicted worse TTS after adjusting for age, education, gender, ethnicity, HADS-Total, duration of SLE, SELENA-SLEDAI, SLICC/ACR Damage Index and cumulative steroid dose in SLE patients. Age (β = -4.261, SE = 0.866, p < 0.001) was the only predictor of TTS after adjusting for education, gender, ethnicity, HADS-Total, vitamin D levels or status in HCs. CONCLUSIONS Deficiency of 25(OH)D3, a potentially modifiable risk factor, independently predicted cognitive impairment in SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Hee Tay
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore
- * E-mail:
| | - Chung Shun Ho
- Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Roger Chun-Man Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anselm Mak
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore
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Hanly JG, Su L, Urowitz MB, Romero-Diaz J, Gordon C, Bae SC, Bernatsky S, Clarke AE, Wallace DJ, Merrill JT, Isenberg DA, Rahman A, Ginzler EM, Petri M, Bruce IN, Dooley MA, Fortin P, Gladman DD, Sanchez-Guerrero J, Steinsson K, Ramsey-Goldman R, Khamashta MA, Aranow C, Alarcón GS, Fessler BJ, Manzi S, Nived O, Sturfelt GK, Zoma AA, van Vollenhoven RF, Ramos-Casals M, Ruiz-Irastorza G, Lim SS, Kalunian KC, Inanc M, Kamen DL, Peschken CA, Jacobsen S, Askanase A, Theriault C, Thompson K, Farewell V. Mood Disorders in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Results From an International Inception Cohort Study. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:1837-47. [PMID: 25778456 DOI: 10.1002/art.39111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the frequency, characteristics, and outcome of mood disorders, as well as clinical and autoantibody associations, in a multiethnic/racial, prospective inception cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS Patients were assessed annually for mood disorders (4 types, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition) and 18 other neuropsychiatric events. Global disease activity scores (SLE Disease Activity Index 2000 [SLEDAI-2K]), damage scores (Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index [SDI]), and Short Form 36 subscales, mental and physical component summary scores were collected. Time to event, linear and ordinal regressions, and multi-state models were used as appropriate. RESULTS Among the 1,827 patients with SLE, 88.9% were female, and 48.9% were Caucasian. The mean ± SD age of the patients was 35.1 ± 13.3 years, disease duration was 5.6 ± 4.8 months, and the length of followup was 4.7 ± 3.5 years. During the course of the study, 863 (47.2%) of the 1,827 patients had 1,627 neuropsychiatric events. Mood disorders occurred in 232 (12.7%) of 1,827 patients, and 98 (38.3%) of 256 mood disorder events were attributed to SLE. The estimated cumulative incidence of any mood disorder after 10 years was 17.7% (95% confidence interval 15.1, 20.2%). A greater risk of mood disorder was associated with concurrent neuropsychiatric events (P ≤ 0.01), and a lower risk was associated with Asian race/ethnicity (P = 0.01) and treatment with immunosuppressive drugs (P = 0.003). Mood disorders were associated with lower mental health and mental component summary scores but not with the SLEDAI-2K, SDI, or lupus autoantibodies. Among the 232 patients with depression, 168 (72.4%) were treated with antidepressants. One hundred twenty-six (49.2%) of 256 mood disorders resolved in 117 (50.4%) of 232 patients. CONCLUSION Mood disorders, the second most frequent neuropsychiatric event in patients with SLE, have a negative impact on health-related quality of life and improve over time. The lack of association with global SLE disease activity, cumulative organ damage, and lupus autoantibodies emphasizes the multifactorial etiology of mood disorders and a role for non-lupus-specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Hanly
- Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Li Su
- Institute of Public Health and University of Cambridge, University Forvie Site, Cambridge, UK
| | - Murray B Urowitz
- Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Caroline Gordon
- University of Birmingham, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sang-Cheol Bae
- Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Daniel J Wallace
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | | | - Ellen M Ginzler
- State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn
| | | | - Ian N Bruce
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, and Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - M A Dooley
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Paul Fortin
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dafna D Gladman
- Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Munther A Khamashta
- The Rayne Institute, St. Thomas' Hospital, and King's College London School of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Cynthia Aranow
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York
| | | | | | - Susan Manzi
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ola Nived
- University Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Asad A Zoma
- Lanarkshire Centre for Rheumatology and Hairmyres Hospital, East Kilbride, UK
| | | | - Manuel Ramos-Casals
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Soren Jacobsen
- Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Chris Theriault
- Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Kara Thompson
- Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Vernon Farewell
- Institute of Public Health and University of Cambridge, University Forvie Site, Cambridge, UK
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40
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Gao Y, Lo Y, Mok MY. Symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2015; 24:1498-504. [PMID: 26116578 DOI: 10.1177/0961203315593817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cognitive function and mood disturbance are common in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study aims to examine whether SLE patients have more features of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and their relation to anxiety and depressive symptoms. METHODS Symptoms and clinically significant items of the inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity domains of ADHD were examined in Part A and Part B by the screening instrument of the ADHD Self-Reported Scale (ASRS), respectively. Anxiety and depressive symptoms were measured by HADS-A and HADS-D, respectively. RESULTS There were no differences in symptom scores of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity between inactive SLE patients (n = 117) and age- and sex-matched controls (n = 64). However, SLE patients had more clinically significant items in the inattention domain compared with controls (p = 0.006), particularly among those who had previous cerebral involvement (p = 0.004). Patients who had psychiatric diseases had more clinically significant items in the hyperactivity/impulsivity domain (p = 0.006). Possible ADHD was found in 7.7% of SLE and 6.3% of healthy individuals (p = 1.00) by the screening tool. Patients with higher inattention symptom scores were more likely to be unemployed but not for duration of education and smoking habit. Anxiety and depressive symptoms correlated with ADHD symptoms. HADS-A was an independent predictive factor for clinically significant symptoms of inattention (p < 0.001) and hyperactivity/impulsivity (p = 0.04) by logistic regression. CONCLUSION Inactive SLE patients, particularly those who had previous cerebral lupus, had more clinically significant symptoms of inattention but not hyperactivity/impulsivity reflecting underlying cognitive impairment. Anxiety and depressive symptoms were common confounders for ADHD-like symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Gao
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, the University of Hong Kong
| | - Y Lo
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, the University of Hong Kong
| | - M Y Mok
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, the University of Hong Kong
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Pamfil C, Fanouriakis A, Damian L, Rinzis M, Sidiropoulos P, Tsivgoulis G, Rednic S, Bertsias G, Boumpas DT. EULAR recommendations for neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosusvsusual care: results from two European centres. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2015; 54:1270-8. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keu482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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42
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Hanly JG, Omisade A, Fisk JD. Treatment of neuropsychiatric lupus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-09138-1.00135-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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43
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Segal BM, Rhodus N, Moser Sivils KL, Solid CA. Validation of the brief cognitive symptoms index in Sjögren syndrome. J Rheumatol 2014; 41:2027-33. [PMID: 25225280 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.140362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Brief Cognitive Symptoms Inventory (BCSI) is a short, self-report scale designed to measure cognitive symptomatology in patients with rheumatic disease. To facilitate research and clinical practice, we tested the internal consistency and validity of the BCSI in patients with Sjögren syndrome (SS). METHODS Patients who met the American-European Consensus Group criteria for SS and healthy controls completed a questionnaire assessing symptoms including cognitive complaints. We calculated Cronbach's alpha to assess internal consistency and Pearson correlation coefficients to test for association between BCSI, symptoms, and demographic variables. Total score distribution was analyzed to establish cutoff criteria for differentiation of case versus non-case. We compared neuropsychological outcomes of patients with SS above and below the threshold BCSI score to assess the association of cognitive symptoms with objective cognitive deficits. RESULTS Complete data were available on 144 patients with SS and 35 controls. Internal consistency of the BCSI was good. Scores were similar in all patient groups and patients reported more cognitive symptoms than controls (p < 0.0001). BCSI scores correlated moderately with pain, depression, anxiety, fatigue, and health quality. High scores for cognitive dysfunction were reported by 20% of the patients with SS and only 3% of controls. Patients with cognitive scores > 50 had more depression, fatigue, pain (effect size all > 1), and worse performance on multiple cognitive domains. CONCLUSION The BCSI should be a useful tool for the study of cognitive symptoms in SS. Both self-report and standardized tests should be considered in screening for cognitive disorders in SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara M Segal
- From the Department of Medicine, and Department of Oral Surgery, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry; Minnesota Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.B.M. Segal, MD, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota; N. Rhodus, DDS, Department of Oral Surgery, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry; K.L. Moser Sivils, PhD, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation; C.A. Solid, PhD, Minnesota Medical Research Foundation.
| | - Nelson Rhodus
- From the Department of Medicine, and Department of Oral Surgery, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry; Minnesota Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.B.M. Segal, MD, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota; N. Rhodus, DDS, Department of Oral Surgery, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry; K.L. Moser Sivils, PhD, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation; C.A. Solid, PhD, Minnesota Medical Research Foundation
| | - Kathy L Moser Sivils
- From the Department of Medicine, and Department of Oral Surgery, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry; Minnesota Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.B.M. Segal, MD, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota; N. Rhodus, DDS, Department of Oral Surgery, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry; K.L. Moser Sivils, PhD, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation; C.A. Solid, PhD, Minnesota Medical Research Foundation
| | - Craig A Solid
- From the Department of Medicine, and Department of Oral Surgery, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry; Minnesota Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.B.M. Segal, MD, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota; N. Rhodus, DDS, Department of Oral Surgery, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry; K.L. Moser Sivils, PhD, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation; C.A. Solid, PhD, Minnesota Medical Research Foundation
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Abstract
The interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays a key role in interaction between immune and nervous system. Although IL-6 has neurotrophic properties and beneficial effects in the CNS, its overexpression is generally detrimental, adding to the pathophysiology associated with CNS disorders. The source of the increase in peripheral IL-6 remains to be established and varies among different pathologies, but has been found to be associated with cognitive dysfunction in several pathologies. This comprehensive review provides an update summary of the studies performed in humans concerning the role of central and peripheral IL-6 in cognitive dysfunction in dementias and in other systemic diseases accompained by cognitive dysfuction such as cardiovascular, liver disease, Behçet's disease and systemic lupus erythematosus. Further research is needed to correlate specific deficits in IL-6 and its receptors in pathologies characterized by cognitive dysfunction and to understand how systemic IL-6 affects high cerebral function in order to open new directions in pharmacological treatments that modulate IL-6 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Trapero
- Department of Nursing, University of Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain
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45
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Vega-Fernandez P, Zelko FA, Klein-Gitelman M, Lee J, Hummel J, Nelson S, Thomas EC, Ying J, Beebe DW, Brunner HI. Value of questionnaire-based screening as a proxy for neurocognitive testing in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2014; 66:943-8. [PMID: 24339409 DOI: 10.1002/acr.22247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the utility of questionnaire-based assessment of cognitive function and behavioral/emotional symptoms to screen for neurocognitive dysfunction in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE). METHODS Forty children with cSLE and 24 healthy controls ages 10–16 years were enrolled. Formal neurocognitive testing (FNCT) was done to determine cognitive performance in 4 key areas that appear to be sensitive to the adverse effects of cSLE: attention, working memory, psychomotor speed, and visuoconstructional ability. Paper and pencil questionnaires sampling cognitive functioning and behavioral/emotional symptoms were also completed: the Subjective Awareness of Neuropsychological Deficits for Children (SAND-C) questionnaire by patients, and the Child Behavioral Checklist and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) by parents. RESULTS Domain and summary scores of the BRIEF and SAND-C correlated modestly with participants' performance on FNCT. Questionnaire ratings did not discriminate subjects with different levels of cognitive ability as measured by FNCT. CONCLUSION Contrary to some reports in adults with SLE, self-administered questionnaires of cognitive functioning and parent ratings of executive functioning do not appear well suited to replace FNCT in screening for neurocognitive impairment of children and adolescents with cSLE. However, they may provide information that is complementary to FNCT and therefore play a useful role in clinical followup.
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Abstract
Nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) can manifest as a range of neurological and psychiatric features, which are classified using the ACR case definitions for 19 neuropsychiatric syndromes. Approximately one-third of all neuropsychiatric syndromes in patients with SLE are primary manifestations of SLE-related autoimmunity, with seizure disorders, cerebrovascular disease, acute confusional state and neuropathy being the most common. Such primary neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE) events are a consequence either of microvasculopathy and thrombosis, or of autoantibodies and inflammatory mediators. Diagnosis of NPSLE requires the exclusion of other causes, and clinical assessment directs the selection of appropriate investigations. These investigations include measurement of autoantibodies, analysis of cerebrospinal fluid, electrophysiological studies, neuropsychological assessment and neuroimaging to evaluate brain structure and function. Treatment involves the management of comorbidities contributing to the neuropsychiatric event, use of symptomatic therapies, and more specific interventions with either anticoagulation or immunosuppressive agents, depending upon the primary immunopathogenetic mechanism. Although the prognosis is variable, studies suggest a more favourable outcome for primary NPSLE manifestations compared with neuropsychiatric events attributable to non-SLE causes.
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Dua AB, Touma Z, Toloza S, Jolly M. Top 10 Recent Developments in Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2013; 15:380. [DOI: 10.1007/s11926-013-0380-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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