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Vu NT, Kim H, Lee S, Hwang IS, Kwon CT, Oh CS. Bacteriophage cocktail for biocontrol of soft rot disease caused by Pectobacterium species in Chinese cabbage. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:11. [PMID: 38159122 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12881-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Pectobacterium spp. are necrotrophic plant pathogens that cause the soft rot disease in Chinese cabbage, resulting in severe yield loss. The use of conventional antimicrobial agents, copper-based bactericides, and antibiotics has encountered several limitations, such as bioaccumulation on plants and microbial resistance. Bacteriophages (phages) are considered promising alternative antimicrobial agents against diverse phytopathogens. In this study, we isolated and characterized two virulent phages (phiPccP-2 and phiPccP-3) to develop a phage cocktail. Morphological and genomic analyses revealed that two phages belonged to the Tevenvirinae and Mccorquodalevirinae subfamilies, respectively. The phiPccP-2 and phiPccP-3 phages, which have a broad host range, were stable at various environmental conditions, such as various pHs and temperatures and exposure to ultraviolet light. The phage cocktail developed using these two lytic phages inhibited the emergence of phage-resistant bacteria compared to single-phage treatments in in vitro challenge assays. The phage cocktail treatment effectively prevented the development of soft rot symptom in matured Chinese cabbage leaves. Additionally, the phage cocktail comprising three phages (phiPccP-1, phiPccP-2, and phiPccP-3) showed superior biocontrol efficacy against the mixture of Pectobacterium strains in Chinese cabbage seedlings. These results suggest that developing phage cocktails is an effective approach for biocontrol of soft rot disease caused by Pectobacterium strains in crops compared to single-phage treatments. KEY POINTS: •Two newly isolated Pectobacterium phages, phiPccP-2 and phiPccP-3, infected diverse Pectobacterium species and effectively inhibited the emergence of phage-resistant bacteria. •Genomic and physiological analyses suggested that both phiPccP-2 and phiPccP-3 are lytic phages and that their lytic activities are stable in the environmental conditions under which Chinese cabbage grows. •Treatment using a phage cocktail comprising phiPccP-2 and phiPccP-3 efficiently suppressed soft rot disease in detached mature leaves and seedlings of Chinese cabbage, indicating the applicability of the phage cocktail as an alternative antimicrobial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Trung Vu
- Department of Green-Bio Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongsoon Kim
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohong Lee
- Department of Green-Bio Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - In Sun Hwang
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Tak Kwon
- Department of Green-Bio Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Sik Oh
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Maciag T, Kozieł E, Otulak-Kozieł K, Jafra S, Czajkowski R. Looking for Resistance to Soft Rot Disease of Potatoes Facing Environmental Hypoxia. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3757. [PMID: 38612570 PMCID: PMC11011919 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants are exposed to various stressors, including pathogens, requiring specific environmental conditions to provoke/induce plant disease. This phenomenon is called the "disease triangle" and is directly connected with a particular plant-pathogen interaction. Only a virulent pathogen interacting with a susceptible plant cultivar will lead to disease under specific environmental conditions. This may seem difficult to accomplish, but soft rot Pectobacteriaceae (SRPs) is a group virulent of pathogenic bacteria with a broad host range. Additionally, waterlogging (and, resulting from it, hypoxia), which is becoming a frequent problem in farming, is a favoring condition for this group of pathogens. Waterlogging by itself is an important source of abiotic stress for plants due to lowered gas exchange. Therefore, plants have evolved an ethylene-based system for hypoxia sensing. Plant response is coordinated by hormonal changes which induce metabolic and physiological adjustment to the environmental conditions. Wetland species such as rice (Oryza sativa L.), and bittersweet nightshade (Solanum dulcamara L.) have developed adaptations enabling them to withstand prolonged periods of decreased oxygen availability. On the other hand, potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), although able to sense and response to hypoxia, is sensitive to this environmental stress. This situation is exploited by SRPs which in response to hypoxia induce the production of virulence factors with the use of cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP). Potato tubers in turn reduce their defenses to preserve energy to prevent the negative effects of reactive oxygen species and acidification, making them prone to soft rot disease. To reduce the losses caused by the soft rot disease we need sensitive and reliable methods for the detection of the pathogens, to isolate infected plant material. However, due to the high prevalence of SRPs in the environment, we also need to create new potato varieties more resistant to the disease. To reach that goal, we can look to wild potatoes and other Solanum species for mechanisms of resistance to waterlogging. Potato resistance can also be aided by beneficial microorganisms which can induce the plant's natural defenses to bacterial infections but also waterlogging. However, most of the known plant-beneficial microorganisms suffer from hypoxia and can be outcompeted by plant pathogens. Therefore, it is important to look for microorganisms that can withstand hypoxia or alleviate its effects on the plant, e.g., by improving soil structure. Therefore, this review aims to present crucial elements of potato response to hypoxia and SRP infection and future outlooks for the prevention of soft rot disease considering the influence of environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Maciag
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Edmund Kozieł
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Otulak-Kozieł
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Sylwia Jafra
- Laboratory of Plant Microbiology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG and MUG, University of Gdansk, Antoniego Abrahama Street 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Robert Czajkowski
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG and MUG, University of Gdansk, Antoniego Abrahama Street 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland;
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Charirak P, Prajantasan R, Premprayoon K, Srikacha N, Ratananikom K. In Vitro Antibacterial Activity and Mode of Action of Piper betle Extracts against Soft Rot Disease-Causing Bacteria. SCIENTIFICA 2023; 2023:5806841. [PMID: 37766936 PMCID: PMC10522424 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5806841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Soft rot disease affects a range of crops in the field and also during transit and storage, resulting in significant yield losses and negative economic impacts. This study evaluated the in vitro antibacterial activities and mode of action of Piper betle extracts against the soft rot disease-causing bacteria, Erwinia caratovora subsp. caratovora (ECC). Dried leaves of P. betle were extracted with water, ethanol, and hexane solvents and evaluated for their antibacterial activity. The results showed the highest antibacterial activity against ECC in the ethanol extract, followed by hexane and water extracts with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 1.562, 6.25, and more than 12.50 mg/mL, respectively. The time-kill assay indicated a bactericidal mode of action. ECC growth was destroyed within 6 and 8 hours after treatment with the ethanol extract at 4-fold MIC and 2-fold MIC, respectively. The ethanol extract of P. betle showed promising activity against ECC, with the potential for further development as a novel alternative treatment to control phytobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punyisa Charirak
- Department of Plant Production Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Kalasin University, Kalasin, Thailand
| | - Rapeepun Prajantasan
- Department of Science and Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Health Technology, Kalasin University, Kalasin, Thailand
| | - Kantapon Premprayoon
- Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Khon Kaen Campus, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Nikom Srikacha
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Sakon Nakhon Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Khakhanang Ratananikom
- Department of Science and Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Health Technology, Kalasin University, Kalasin, Thailand
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Balasubramaniam HM, Tze Yan F, Michelle JiaMin L, Parimannan S, Mutusamy P, Jaya Jothi S, Rajandas H. Genome characterization of Dickeya solani bacteriophage W2B. Microbiol Resour Announc 2023; 12:e0045223. [PMID: 37540022 PMCID: PMC10508119 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00452-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have successfully characterized the complete genome sequence of the lytic Dickeya solani bacteriophage W2B, isolated from the Bunus Sewage Treatment Plant. The lytic phage from the Ningirsuvirus family has a 40,385-bp linear double-stranded DNA genome containing 51 coding sequences (CDSs).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fong Tze Yan
- Center of Excellence for Omics-Driven Computational Biodiscovery, AIMST University, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Loh Michelle JiaMin
- Center of Excellence for Omics-Driven Computational Biodiscovery, AIMST University, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Sivachandran Parimannan
- Center of Excellence for Omics-Driven Computational Biodiscovery, AIMST University, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Prasanna Mutusamy
- Center of Excellence for Omics-Driven Computational Biodiscovery, AIMST University, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia
| | | | - Heera Rajandas
- Center of Excellence for Omics-Driven Computational Biodiscovery, AIMST University, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Chen C, Che S, Dong Z, Sui J, Tian Y, Su Y, Zhang M, Sun W, Fan J, Xie J, Xie H. A genome-wide association study reveals that epistasis underlies the pathogenicity of Pectobacterium. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0176423. [PMID: 37712699 PMCID: PMC10580964 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01764-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Pectobacterium spp. are important bacterial pathogens that cause soft rot symptoms in various crops. However, their mechanism of pathogenicity requires clarity to help control their infections. Here, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were conducted by integrating genomic data and measurements of two phenotypes (virulence and cellulase activity) for 120 various Pectobacterium strains in order to identify the genetic basis of their pathogenicity. An artificial intelligence-based software program was developed to automatically measure lesion areas on Chinese cabbage, thereby facilitating accurate and rapid data collection for virulence phenotypes for use in GWAS analysis. The analysis discovered 428 and 158 loci significantly associated with Pectobacterium virulence (lesion area) and cellulase activity, respectively. In addition, 1,229 and 586 epistasis loci pairs were identified for the virulence and cellulase activity phenotypes, respectively. Among them, the AraC transcriptional regulator exerted epistasis effects with another three nutrient transport-related genes in pairs contributing to the virulence phenotype, and their epistatic effects were experimentally confirmed for one pair with knockout mutants of each single gene and double gene. This study consequently provides valuable insights into the genetic mechanism underlying Pectobacterium spp. pathogenicity. IMPORTANCE Plant diseases and pests are responsible for the loss of up to 40% of food crops, and annual economic losses caused by plant diseases reach more than $220 billion. Fighting against plant diseases requires an understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of pathogens. This study adopted an advanced approach using population genomics integrated with virulence-related phenotype data to investigate the genetic basis of Pectobacterium spp., which causes serious crop losses worldwide. An automated software program based on artificial intelligence was developed to measure the virulence phenotype (lesion area), which greatly facilitated this research. The analysis predicted key genomic loci that were highly associated with virulence phenotypes, exhibited epistasis effects, and were further confirmed as critical for virulence with mutant gene deletion experiments. The present study provides new insights into the genetic determinants associated with Pectobacterium pathogenicity and provides a valuable new software resource that can be adapted to improve plant infection measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlong Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Che
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhou Dong
- EVision Technology (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayi Sui
- Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyan Su
- Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wangwang Sun
- Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqin Fan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianbo Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Xie
- Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
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Chen C, Cui S, Guan J, Su Y, Liang X, Tian Y, Xie H. Investigation of the Role of a Zinc Uptake Regulator (Zur) in the Virulence of Pectobacterium odoriferum. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9991. [PMID: 37373138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pectobacterium spp. infect many horticultural crops worldwide and lead to serious crop losses. Zinc-uptake-regulator (Zur) proteins are present widely in prokaryotes and play an important role in pathogenicity. To uncover the role of Zur in P. odoriferum, we constructed mutant (ΔZur) and overexpression [Po (Zur)] strains of a Zur, and a virulence assay showed that the Po (Zur) was of significantly lower virulence, while the ΔZur displayed significantly increased virulence on Chinese cabbage compared to their respective control strains, wild-type P. odoriferum (Po WT) and P. odoriferum harboring an empty vector (Po (EV)) (p < 0.05). The growth curves of the ΔZur and Po (Zur) showed no obvious differences from those of the control strains. Comparative transcriptome analysis showed that Zur overexpression in P. odoriferum induced differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to flagellum and cell motility, while mutating Zur resulted in DEGs mainly corresponding to divalent-metal-ion transport and membrane transport. Phenotypic experiments on the Po (Zur) showed that flagellum numbers and cell motility were reduced in comparison with the control, while those of the ΔZur did not change. Collectively, these results show that the Zur negatively regulates the virulence of P. odoriferum and might function via a dual mechanism dependent on dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlong Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Shuang Cui
- Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jiantao Guan
- Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yanyan Su
- Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xucong Liang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Hua Xie
- Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
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Jelušić A, Mitrović P, Marković S, Iličić R, Milovanović P, Stanković S, Popović Milovanović T. Diversity of Bacterial Soft Rot-Causing Pectobacterium Species Affecting Cabbage in Serbia. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020335. [PMID: 36838301 PMCID: PMC9962274 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to identify and characterize the pectolytic bacteria responsible for the emergence of bacterial soft rot on two summer cabbage hybrids (Cheers F1 and Hippo F1) grown in the Futog locality (Bačka, Vojvodina), known for the five-century-long tradition of cabbage cultivation in Serbia. Symptoms manifesting as soft lesions on outer head leaves were observed during August 2021, while the inner tissues were macerated, featuring cream to black discoloration. As the affected tissue decomposed, it exuded a specific odor. Disease incidence ranged from 15% to 25%. A total of 67 isolates producing pits on crystal violet pectate (CVP) medium were characterized for their phenotypic and genotypic features. The pathogenicity was confirmed on cabbage heads. Findings yielded by the repetitive element palindromic-polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) technique confirmed interspecies diversity between cabbage isolates, as well as intraspecies genetic diversity within the P. carotovorum group of isolates. Based on multilocus sequence typing (MLST) using genes dnaX, mdh, icdA, and proA, five representative isolates were identified as Pectobacterium carotovorum (Cheers F1 and Hippo F1), while two were identified as Pectobacterium versatile (Hippo F1) and Pectobacterium odoriferum (Hippo F1), respectively, indicating the presence of diverse Pectobacterium species even in combined infection in the same field. Among the obtained isolates, P. carotovorum was the most prevalent species (62.69%), while P. versatile and P. odoriferum were less represented (contributing by 19.40% and 17.91%, respectively). Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) performed with concatenated sequences of four housekeeping genes (proA, dnaX, icdA, and mdh) and constructed a neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree enabled insight into the phylogenetic position of the Serbian cabbage Pectobacterium isolates. Bacterium P. odoriferum was found to be the most virulent species for cabbage, followed by P. versatile, while all three species had comparable virulence with respect to potato. The results obtained in this work provide a better understanding of the spreading routes and abundance of different Pectobacterium spp. in Serbia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Jelušić
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence: (A.J.); (T.P.M.)
| | - Petar Mitrović
- Institute for Field and Vegetable Crops, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Maksima Gorkog 30, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Sanja Marković
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Renata Iličić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Slaviša Stanković
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Popović Milovanović
- Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, Teodora Drajzer 9, 11040 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence: (A.J.); (T.P.M.)
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Jin YJ, Jo D, Kwon SW, Jee S, Kim JS, Raman J, Kim SJ. A New Approach Using the SYBR Green-Based Real-Time PCR Method for Detection of Soft Rot Pectobacterium odoriferum Associated with Kimchi Cabbage. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 38:656-664. [PMID: 36503194 PMCID: PMC9742793 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.09.2022.0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pectobacterium odoriferum is the primary causative agent in Kimchi cabbage soft-rot diseases. The pathogenic bacteria Pectobacterium genera are responsible for significant yield losses in crops. However, P. odoriferum shares a vast range of hosts with P. carotovorum, P. versatile, and P. brasiliense, and has similar biochemical, phenotypic, and genetic characteristics to these species. Therefore, it is essential to develop a P. odoriferum- specific diagnostic method for soft-rot disease because of the complicated diagnostic process and management as described above. Therefore, in this study, to select P. odoriferum-specific genes, species-specific genes were selected using the data of the P. odoriferum JK2.1 whole genome and similar bacterial species registered with NCBI. Thereafter, the specificity of the selected gene was tested through blast analysis. We identified novel species-specific genes to detect and quantify targeted P. odoriferum and designed specific primer sets targeting HAD family hydrolases. It was confirmed that the selected primer set formed a specific amplicon of 360 bp only in the DNA of P. odoriferum using 29 Pectobacterium species and related species. Furthermore, the population density of P. odoriferum can be estimated without genomic DNA extraction through SYBR Green-based real-time quantitative PCR using a primer set in plants. As a result, the newly developed diagnostic method enables rapid and accurate diagnosis and continuous monitoring of soft-rot disease in Kimchi cabbage without additional procedures from the plant tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ju Jin
- Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 54875,
Korea
| | - Dawon Jo
- Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 54875,
Korea
| | - Soon-Wo Kwon
- Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 54875,
Korea
| | - Samnyu Jee
- Highland Agriculture Research Institute, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Pyeongchang 25342,
Korea
| | - Jeong-Seon Kim
- Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 54875,
Korea
| | - Jegadeesh Raman
- Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 54875,
Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Kim
- Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 54875,
Korea
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Kachhadia R, Kapadia C, Datta R, Jajda H, Danish S, Glick BR. Cloning and characterization of Aiia, an acylhomoserine lactonase from Bacillus cereus RC1 to control soft rot causing pathogen Lelliottia amnigena RCE. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:665. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03271-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Complete Genome Sequence of Dickeya chrysanthemi Bacteriophage DchS19. Microbiol Resour Announc 2022; 11:e0080022. [PMID: 36102644 PMCID: PMC9583810 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00800-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized the complete genome of a lytic Dickeya chrysanthemi bacteriophage, DchS19, which was isolated from a soil sample in Sungai Petani, Kedah, Malaysia. The phage, from the Autographviridae family, has a 39,149-bp double-stranded DNA genome containing 49 protein-coding genes and shares 94.65% average nucleotide identity with Erwinia phage pEp_SNUABM_12.
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11
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Suárez MB, Diego M, Feria FJ, Martín-Robles MJ, Moreno S, Palomo JL. New PCR-Based Assay for the Identification of Pectobacterium carotovorum Causing Potato Soft Rot. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:676-684. [PMID: 34569833 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-21-1676-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soft rot on potato tuber is a destructive disease caused by pathogenic bacterial species of the genera Pectobacterium and Dickeya. Accurate identification of the causal agent is necessary to ensure adequate disease management because different species may have distinct levels of aggressiveness and host range. One of the most important potato pathogens is Pectobacterium carotovorum, a highly heterogeneous species capable of infecting multiple hosts. The complexity of this species, until recently divided into several subspecies, has made it difficult to develop precise diagnostic tests. This study proposes a PCR assay based on the new pair of primers Pcar1F/R to facilitate the identification of potato isolates of P. carotovorum according to the most recent taxonomic description of this species. The new primers were designed on a variable segment of the 16S rRNA gene and the intergenic spacer region of available DNA sequences from classical and recently established species in the genus Pectobacterium. The results of the PCR analysis of genomic DNA from 32 Pectobacterium and Dickeya strains confirmed that the Pcar1F/R primers have sufficient nucleotide differences to discriminate between P. carotovorum and other Pectobacterium species associated with damage to potato crops, with the exception of Pectobacterium versatile, which improves the specificity of the currently available primers. The proposed assay was originally developed as a conventional PCR but was later adapted to the real-time PCR format for application in combination with the existing real-time PCR test for the potato-specific pathogen Pectobacterium parmentieri. This should be useful for the routine diagnosis of potato soft rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Belén Suárez
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Universidad de Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de, Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marta Diego
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Universidad de Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Centro Regional de Diagnóstico (CRD), Junta de Castilla y León, 37340 Aldearrubia, Spain
| | - Francisco J Feria
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Universidad de Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Centro Regional de Diagnóstico (CRD), Junta de Castilla y León, 37340 Aldearrubia, Spain
| | - Manuel J Martín-Robles
- Centro Regional de Diagnóstico (CRD), Junta de Castilla y León, 37340 Aldearrubia, Spain
| | - Sergio Moreno
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Universidad de Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Palomo
- Centro Regional de Diagnóstico (CRD), Junta de Castilla y León, 37340 Aldearrubia, Spain
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Chen C, Li X, Bo Z, Du W, Fu L, Tian Y, Cui S, Shi Y, Xie H. Occurrence, Characteristics, and PCR-Based Detection of Pectobacterium polaris Causing Soft Rot of Chinese Cabbage in China. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:2880-2887. [PMID: 33834854 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-20-2752-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial soft rot is an important disease of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) in China and many other countries. Four pectinolytic bacterial strains (WBC1, WBC6, WBC9, and WBC11) were isolated from soft-rotted Chinese cabbage in Beijing, China. Based on 16S rDNA and pmrA gene sequence analyses, multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA), and genomic average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis, these four strains were identified as Pectobacterium polaris. This species, previously reported from potato in countries not including China, is a new soft rot pathogen of Chinese cabbage in China. Biochemical characteristics of these P. polaris strains tested by Biolog were mostly consistent with those of P. polaris NIBIO1006T. Their pathogenicity on Chinese cabbage is temperature dependent, with all four strains as well as the type strain exhibiting high pathogenicity at 23°C and 28°C. These four strains infected Lactuca sativa, Daucus carota, Solanum tuberosum, and Capsicum annuum by artificial inoculation. Specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) primers for P. polaris were developed on the basis of its specific gene sequences (determined by genome comparison methods). Both PCR and qPCR detected not only genomic DNA of P. polaris but also the pathogen from diseased plant tissues even before external symptoms appeared. Their detection sensitivities were as low as 1 pg and 100 pg genomic DNA of P. polaris, respectively. To our knowledge, this study is the first to both report the emergence of P. polaris on Chinese cabbage in China and provide rapid and accurate PCR/qPCR-based detection systems specific for P. polaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlong Chen
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Zijing Bo
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing 100097, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Yantai, Shandong 264005, China
| | - Wenxiao Du
- School of Life Sciences, University of Yantai, Shandong 264005, China
| | - Lu Fu
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Shuang Cui
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yanxia Shi
- School Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hua Xie
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing 100097, China
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13
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Quantitative Real-Time PCR Assay for the Detection of Pectobacterium parmentieri, a Causal Agent of Potato Soft Rot. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10091880. [PMID: 34579412 PMCID: PMC8468878 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pectobacterium parmentieri is a plant-pathogenic bacterium, recently attributed as a separate species, which infects potatoes, causing soft rot in tubers. The distribution of P. parmentieri seems to be global, although the bacterium tends to be accommodated to moderate climates. Fast and accurate detection systems for this pathogen are needed to study its biology and to identify latent infection in potatoes and other plant hosts. The current paper reports on the development of a specific and sensitive detection protocol based on a real-time PCR with a TaqMan probe for P. parmentieri, and its evaluation. In sensitivity assays, the detection threshold of this protocol was 102 cfu/mL on pure bacterial cultures and 102–103 cfu/mL on plant material. The specificity of the protocol was evaluated against P. parmentieri and more than 100 strains of potato-associated species of Pectobacterium and Dickeya. No cross-reaction with the non-target bacterial species, or loss of sensitivity, was observed. This specific and sensitive diagnostic tool may reveal a wider distribution and host range for P. parmentieri and will expand knowledge of the life cycle and environmental preferences of this pathogen.
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14
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Biocontrol of Soft Rot Caused by Pectobacterium odoriferum with Bacteriophage phiPccP-1 in Kimchi Cabbage. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040779. [PMID: 33917817 PMCID: PMC8068257 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectobacterium odoriferum has recently emerged as a widely infective and destructive pathogen causing soft-rot disease in various vegetables. Bacteriophage phiPccP-1 isolated from Pyeongchang, South Korea, showed lytic activity against P. odoriferum Pco14 and two other Pectobacterium species. The transmission electron microscopy and genome phylograms revealed that phiPccP-1 belongs to the Unyawovirus genus, Studiervirinae subfamily of the Autographivirinae family. Genome comparison showed that its 40,487 bp double-stranded DNA genome shares significant similarity with Pectobacterium phage DU_PP_II with the identity reaching 98% of the genome. The phiPccP-1 application significantly inhibited the development of soft-rot disease in the mature leaves of the harvested Kimchi cabbage up to 48 h after Pco14 inoculation compared to the untreated leaves, suggesting that phiPccP-1 can protect Kimchi cabbage from soft-rot disease after harvest. Remarkably, bioassays with phiPccP-1 in Kimchi cabbage seedlings grown in the growth chamber successfully demonstrated its prophylactic and therapeutic potential in the control of bacterial soft-rot disease in Kimchi cabbage. These results indicate that bacteriophage phiPccP-1 can be used as a potential biological agent for controlling soft rot disease in Kimchi cabbage.
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15
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Qi T, Wang S, Deng L, Yi L, Zeng K. Controlling pepper soft rot by Lactobacillus paracasei WX322 and identification of multiple bacteriocins by complete genome sequencing. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Root rot diseases remain a major global threat to the productivity of agricultural crops. They are usually caused by more than one type of pathogen and are thus often referred to as a root rot complex. Fungal and oomycete species are the predominant participants in the complex, while bacteria and viruses are also known to cause root rot. Incorporating genetic resistance in cultivated crops is considered the most efficient and sustainable solution to counter root rot, however, resistance is often quantitative in nature. Several genetics studies in various crops have identified the quantitative trait loci associated with resistance. With access to whole genome sequences, the identity of the genes within the reported loci is becoming available. Several of the identified genes have been implicated in pathogen responses. However, it is becoming apparent that at the molecular level, each pathogen engages a unique set of proteins to either infest the host successfully or be defeated or contained in attempting so. In this review, a comprehensive summary of the genes and the potential mechanisms underlying resistance or susceptibility against the most investigated root rots of important agricultural crops is presented.
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17
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Lukianova AA, Evseev PV, Stakheev AA, Kotova IB, Zavriev SK, Ignatov AN, Miroshnikov KA. Development of qPCR Detection Assay for Potato Pathogen Pectobacterium atrosepticum Based on a Unique Target Sequence. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10020355. [PMID: 33668425 PMCID: PMC7918688 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The recent taxonomic diversification of bacterial genera Pectobacterium and Dickeya, which cause soft rot in plants, focuses attention on the need for improvement of existing methods for the detection and differentiation of these phytopathogens. This research presents a whole genome-based approach to the selection of marker sequences unique to particular species of Pectobacterium. The quantitative real-time PCR assay developed is selective in the context of all tested Pectobacterium atrosepticum strains and is able to detect fewer than 102 copies of target DNA per reaction. The presence of plant DNA extract did not affect the sensitivity of the assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A. Lukianova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.L.); (P.V.E.); (A.A.S.); (S.K.Z.)
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Peter V. Evseev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.L.); (P.V.E.); (A.A.S.); (S.K.Z.)
| | - Alexander A. Stakheev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.L.); (P.V.E.); (A.A.S.); (S.K.Z.)
| | - Irina B. Kotova
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Sergey K. Zavriev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.L.); (P.V.E.); (A.A.S.); (S.K.Z.)
| | | | - Konstantin A. Miroshnikov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.L.); (P.V.E.); (A.A.S.); (S.K.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Ambrico A, Trupo M, Magarelli R, Balducchi R, Ferraro A, Hristoforou E, Marino T, Musmarra D, Casella P, Molino A. Effectiveness of Dunaliella salina Extracts against Bacillus subtilis and Bacterial Plant Pathogens. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9080613. [PMID: 32731345 PMCID: PMC7459613 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several bacteria pathogens are responsible for plant diseases causing significant economic losses. The antibacterial activity of Dunaliella salina microalgae extracts were investigated in vitro and in vivo. First, biomass composition was chemically characterized and subjected to extraction using polar/non-polar solvents. The highest extraction yield was obtained using chloroform:methanol (1:1 v/v) equal to 170 mg g−1 followed by ethanol (88 mg g−1) and hexane (61 mg g−1). In vitro examination of hexane extracts of Dunaliella salina demonstrated antibacterial activity against all tested bacteria. The hexane extract showed the highest amount of β-carotene with respect to the others, so it was selected for subsequent analyses. In vivo studies were also carried out using hexane extracts of D. salina against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum on young tomato plants and fruits of tomato and zucchini, respectively. The treated young tomato plants exhibited a reduction of 65.7% incidence and 77.0% severity of bacterial speck spot disease. Similarly, a reduction of soft rot symptoms was observed in treated tomato and zucchini fruits with a disease incidence of 5.3% and 12.6% with respect to 90.6% and 100%, respectively, for the positive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Ambrico
- Energy and Sustainable Economic Development Department of Sustainability, ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, R.C. Trisaia S.S. 106 Jonica, 75026 Rotondella, Italy; (A.A.); (M.T.); (R.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Mario Trupo
- Energy and Sustainable Economic Development Department of Sustainability, ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, R.C. Trisaia S.S. 106 Jonica, 75026 Rotondella, Italy; (A.A.); (M.T.); (R.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Rosaria Magarelli
- Energy and Sustainable Economic Development Department of Sustainability, ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, R.C. Trisaia S.S. 106 Jonica, 75026 Rotondella, Italy; (A.A.); (M.T.); (R.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Roberto Balducchi
- Energy and Sustainable Economic Development Department of Sustainability, ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, R.C. Trisaia S.S. 106 Jonica, 75026 Rotondella, Italy; (A.A.); (M.T.); (R.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Angelo Ferraro
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 9, IroonPolytechnioustr, 15780 Athens, Greece; (A.F.); (E.H.)
| | - Evangelos Hristoforou
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 9, IroonPolytechnioustr, 15780 Athens, Greece; (A.F.); (E.H.)
| | - Tiziana Marino
- Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Design and Environment, Università degli Studi della Campania “L.Vanvitelli”, Real Casa dell’Annunziata, Via Roma 9, 81031 Aversa, Italy; (T.M.); (D.M.)
| | - Dino Musmarra
- Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Design and Environment, Università degli Studi della Campania “L.Vanvitelli”, Real Casa dell’Annunziata, Via Roma 9, 81031 Aversa, Italy; (T.M.); (D.M.)
| | - Patrizia Casella
- Energy and Sustainable Economic Development Department of Sustainability, ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, R.C. Portici, Piazzale Enrico Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Antonio Molino
- Energy and Sustainable Economic Development Department of Sustainability, ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, R.C. Portici, Piazzale Enrico Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-772-3276
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19
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Zrelovs N, Dislers A, Kazaks A. Novel Erwinia persicina Infecting Phage Midgardsormr38 Within the Context of Temperate Erwinia Phages. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1245. [PMID: 32636815 PMCID: PMC7317114 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prophages or prophage remnants are found in chromosomes of many bacterial strains and might increase the environmental fitness and/or virulence of their hosts. Up to this date, complete genome sequences of only seven temperate bacteriophages infecting bacteria from genus Erwinia, comprising of mostly phytopathogenic bacteria, are available publicly. No attempts to analyze the global diversity of temperate Erwinia phages and establish relationships between cultured temperate Erwinia phages and prophages were yet made. In this study, we have isolated, sequenced, and described novel Erwinia persicina infecting bacteriophage "Midgardsormr38" and placed it in the context of previously described Erwinia sp. temperate phages and putative prophages derived from chromosomes of publicly available complete genomes of Erwinia sp. to broaden and investigate diversity of temperate Erwinia phages based on their genomic contents. The study revealed more than 50 prophage or prophage remnant regions in the genomes of different Erwinia species. At least 5 of them seemed to be intact and might represent novel inducible Erwinia phages. Given the enormous bacteriophage diversity, attempts to establish evolutionary relationships between temperate Erwinia phages revealed at least five different clusters of temperate phages sharing higher degree of similarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Zrelovs
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Andris Dislers
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Andris Kazaks
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
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20
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Development of PCR-Based Detection System for Soft Rot Pectobacteriaceae Pathogens Using Molecular Signatures. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8030358. [PMID: 32131497 PMCID: PMC7143467 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectobacterium and Dickeya species, usually referred to as soft rot Enterobacteriaceae, are phytopathogenic genera of bacteria that cause soft rot and blackleg diseases and are responsible for significant yield losses in many crops across the globe. Diagnosis of soft rot disease is difficult through visual disease symptoms. Pathogen detection and identification methods based on cultural and morphological identification are time-consuming and not always reliable. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based detection method with the species-specific primers is fast and reliable for detecting soft rot pathogens. We have developed a specific and sensitive detection system for some species of soft rot Pectobacteriaceae pathogens in the Pectobacterium and Dickeya genera based on the use of species-specific primers to amplify unique genomic segments. The specificities of primers were verified by PCR analysis of genomic DNA from 14 strains of Pectobacterium, 8 strains of Dickeya, and 6 strains of non-soft rot bacteria. This PCR assay provides a quick, simple, powerful, and reliable method for detection of soft rot bacteria.
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21
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Cui W, He P, Munir S, He P, He Y, Li X, Yang L, Wang B, Wu Y, He P. Biocontrol of Soft Rot of Chinese Cabbage Using an Endophytic Bacterial Strain. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1471. [PMID: 31333608 PMCID: PMC6616379 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft rot caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc) is a major constraint in the production of Chinese cabbage. The objective of this study was to demonstrate that the causative agent Pcc may be successfully managed by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens KC-1, both in vitro and in vivo. Chinese cabbage seedlings were cultivated in organic substrate termed bio-organic substrate using a floating-seedling system with B. amyloliquefaciens KC-1. This approach was applied in a greenhouse to evaluate the management of soft rot. The results showed that the extent of soft rot, as well as the transmission of Pcc to the stem progeny and its survival in the rhizosphere, was reduced following inoculation with B. amyloliquefaciens KC-1. In contrast, the population diversity of B. amyloliquefaciens KC-1 persisted in the Chinese cabbage stems after germination. These findings revealed that B. amyloliquefaciens KC-1 was able to survive and suppress the growth of Pcc in Chinese cabbage and its rhizosphere, protecting the host from the pathogen. The use of B. amyloliquefaciens KC-1 throughout the growth period of plants may be an effective strategy for the prevention of soft rot in Chinese cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Cui
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China.,Faculty of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Pengjie He
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China.,Faculty of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Shahzad Munir
- Faculty of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Pengbo He
- Faculty of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yueqiu He
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Screening and Application of Microbial Strains, Kunming, China.,Faculty of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Xingyu Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Screening and Application of Microbial Strains, Kunming, China.,Faculty of Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Lijuan Yang
- Faculty of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Biao Wang
- Faculty of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yixin Wu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Screening and Application of Microbial Strains, Kunming, China.,Faculty of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Pengfei He
- Faculty of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China.,National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Screening and Application of Microbial Strains, Kunming, China
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22
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Suárez DF, Monteiro APF, Ferreira DC, Brandão FD, Krambrock K, Modolo LV, Cortés ME, Sinisterra RD. Efficient antibacterial nanosponges based on ZnO nanoparticles and doxycycline. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 177:85-94. [PMID: 29107206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial soft rot is responsible for the loss of about 25% of worldwide production in vegetables and fruits. Efforts have been made to develop an effective nanosponge with the capacity to load and release antibacterial drugs to protect plants. Based on the potential of the ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) to achieve this goal, this study synthesized NP via the sol-gel and hydrothermal methods by controlling native defects, such as oxygen vacancies, using thermal treatments and reduced atmospheres. To characterize the ZnO NPs, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), optical spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), Zeta Potential measurements and surface area with the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method were used. The photophysical and photochemical properties via spin trapping method aligned with EPR using UVA light showed a greater formation of electron-hole pairs and hydroxyl radicals for the reduced ZnO NPs when compared with the oxidized ones. Additionally, we found that reduced ZnO-NPs have high effectively against Escherichia coli, Erwinia carotovora and Pantoea sp. bacteria using the photocatalytic effect in the UV range. Moreover, ZnO-NPs loaded with DOX release profile enables the release of DOX within 46days, where 25% was released during the first 10h followed by a second delivery phase with an interesting short-term efficacy (<1day) against E. carotovora and Pantoea sp. Bacteria. For the first time, it was demonstrated that ZnO-NPs and ZnO-NPs loaded with DOX have efficient UV photocatalytic activities against bacterial soft rot infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego F Suárez
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP: 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Ana P F Monteiro
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP: 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Daniele C Ferreira
- Physics Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP: 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Frederico D Brandão
- Physics Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP: 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Klaus Krambrock
- Physics Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP: 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Luzia V Modolo
- Department of Botany, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP: 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Maria E Cortés
- Restorative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP: 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rubén D Sinisterra
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP: 31270-901, Brazil.
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23
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Ahmed FA, Arif M, Alvarez AM. Antibacterial Effect of Potassium Tetraborate Tetrahydrate against Soft Rot Disease Agent Pectobacterium carotovorum in Tomato. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1728. [PMID: 28955313 PMCID: PMC5601058 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft rot caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum is one of most common bacterial diseases occurring in fruits and vegetables worldwide, yet consumer-acceptable options for post-harvest disease management are still insufficient. We evaluated the effect of potassium tetraborate tetrahydrate (B4K2O7.4H2O) (PTB) on the growth of P. carotovorum using strain BA17 as a representative of high virulence. Complete inhibition of bacterial growth was achieved by treatment with PTB at 100 mM both at pH 9.2 and after adjustment to pH 7.0. Bactericidal activity was quantified and validated by counting fluorescently labeled live and dead bacterial cells using flow cytometry, and reconfirmed using qPCR with high-affinity photoreactive DNA binding dye propidium monoazide (PMA). The results of flow cytometry, qPCR, and culturing confirmed that bacterial cells were killed following exposure to PTB at 100 mM. Bacterial cell membranes were damaged following a 5-min treatment and extrusion of cytoplasmic material from bacterial cells was observed using electronic transmission microscopy. Soft rot incidence on inoculated tomato fruit was significantly reduced by dipping infected fruits in PTB at 100 mM for 5 min and no lesions developed following a 10-min treatment. PTB does not pose a hazard to human health and is an effective alternative to other bactericides and antibiotics for controlling soft rot disease of tomato caused by P. carotovorum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anne M. Alvarez
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, HonoluluHI, United States
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24
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Chandrasekaran M, Chun SC. Expression of PR-protein genes and induction of defense-related enzymes by Bacillus subtilis CBR05 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants challenged with Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:2277-2283. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1206811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The present study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a biocontrol agent Bacillus subtilis CBR05 for control of soft rot disease (Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora) in tomato, and the possible mechanisms of its resistance induction have been investigated under pot conditions. Results showed that plants inoculated with B. subtilis CBR05 had lower disease incidence (36%). A significant increase in superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activities was observed in plants inoculated with B. subtilis between 48 and 72 hpi. Also, the transcript profiles of Glu and Phenyl ammonia lyase (PAL) showed a significant up-regulation following inoculation. The most significant up-regulation was observed in transcript profile of PAL that showed 0.49 Fold Expression, at 72 hpi as compared to its expression at 12 hpi. These results suggest that systemic induction of defense-related genes expression and antioxidant enzyme activity by B. subtilis could play a pivotal role in disease resistance against soft rot disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Se Chul Chun
- Department of Bioresource and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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25
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Jeong RD, Chu EH, Park DH, Park HJ. Control of Postharvest Bacterial Soft Rot by Gamma Irradiation and its Potential Modes of Action. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 32:157-61. [PMID: 27147935 PMCID: PMC4853105 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.nt.08.2015.0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Gamma irradiation was evaluated for its in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity against a postharvest bacterial pathogen, Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Ecc). Gamma irradiation in a bacteria cell suspension resulted in a dramatic reduction of the viable counts as well as an increase in the amounts of DNA and protein released from the cells. Gamma irradiation showed complete inactivation of Ecc, especially at a dose of 0.6 kGy. In addition, scanning electron microscopy of irradiated cells revealed severe damage on the surface of most bacterial cells. Along with the morphological changes of cells by gamma irradiation, it also affected the membrane integrity in a dose-dependent manner. The mechanisms by which the gamma irradiation decreased the bacterial soft rot can be directly associated with the disruption of the cell membrane of the bacterial pathogen, along with DNA fragmentation, results in dose-dependent cell inactivation. These findings suggest that gamma irradiation has potential as an antibacterial approach to reduce the severity of the soft rot of paprika.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rae-Dong Jeong
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 580-185,
Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Chu
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 580-185,
Korea
| | - Duck Hwan Park
- Applied Biology Program, Division of Bioresource Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701,
Korea
| | - Hae-Jun Park
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 580-185,
Korea
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Song GC, Ryu SY, Kim YS, Lee JY, Choi JS, Ryu CM. Elicitation of induced resistance against Pectobacterium carotovorum and Pseudomonas syringae by specific individual compounds derived from native Korean plant species. Molecules 2013; 18:12877-95. [PMID: 24135942 PMCID: PMC6269703 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181012877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have developed general and specific defense mechanisms for protection against various enemies. Among the general defenses, induced resistance has distinct characteristics, such as broad-spectrum resistance and long-lasting effectiveness. This study evaluated over 500 specific chemical compounds derived from native Korean plant species to determine whether they triggered induced resistance against Pectobacterium carotovorum supsp. carotovorum (Pcc) in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) in Arabidopsis thaliana. To select target compound(s) with direct and indirect (volatile) effects, a new Petri-dish-based in vitro disease assay system with four compartments was developed. The screening assay showed that capsaicin, fisetin hydrate, jaceosidin, and farnesiferol A reduced the disease severity significantly in tobacco. Of these four compounds, capsaicin and jaceosidin induced resistance against Pcc and Pst, which depended on both salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling, using Arabidopsis transgenic and mutant lines, including npr1 and NahG for SA signaling and jar1 for JA signaling. The upregulation of the PR2 and PDF1.2 genes after Pst challenge with capsaicin pre-treatment indicated that SA and JA signaling were primed. These results demonstrate that capsaicin and jaceosidin can be effective triggers of strong induced resistance against both necrotrophic and biotrophic plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun Cheol Song
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Superbacteria Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Korea; E-Mail:
- Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, School of Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-333, Korea
| | - Shi Yong Ryu
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, P.O. Bos 107, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-600, Korea; E-Mails: (S.Y.R.); (Y.S.K.); (J.Y.L.); (J.S.C.)
| | - Young Sup Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, P.O. Bos 107, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-600, Korea; E-Mails: (S.Y.R.); (Y.S.K.); (J.Y.L.); (J.S.C.)
| | - Ji Young Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, P.O. Bos 107, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-600, Korea; E-Mails: (S.Y.R.); (Y.S.K.); (J.Y.L.); (J.S.C.)
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Jung Sup Choi
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, P.O. Bos 107, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-600, Korea; E-Mails: (S.Y.R.); (Y.S.K.); (J.Y.L.); (J.S.C.)
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Superbacteria Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Korea; E-Mail:
- Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, School of Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-333, Korea
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Control of postharvest soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora of vegetables by a strain of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and its potential modes of action. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 29:411-20. [PMID: 23117674 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-012-1193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Ecc), the causal agent of bacterial soft rot, is one of the destructive pathogens of postharvest vegetables. In this study, a bacterial isolate (BGP20) from the vegetable farm soil showed strong antagonistic activity against Ecc in vitro, and its twofold cell-free culture filtrate showed excellent biocontrol effect in controlling the postharvest bacterial soft rot of potatoes at 25 °C. The anti-Ecc metabolites produced by the isolate BGP20 had a high resistance to high temperature, UV-light and protease K. Based on the colonial morphology, cellular morphology, sporulation, and partial nucleotide sequences of 16S rRNA and gyrB gene, the isolate BGP20 was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum. Further in vivo assays showed that the BGP20 cell culture was more effective in controlling the postharvest bacterial soft rot of green peppers and Chinese cabbages than its twofold cell-free culture filtrate. In contrast, the biocontrol effect and safety of the BGP20 cell culture were very poor on potatoes. In the wounds of potatoes treated with both the antagonist BGP20 and the pathogen Ecc, the viable count of Ecc was 31,746 times that of BGP20 at 48 h of incubation at 25 °C. But in the wounds of green peppers, the viable count of BGP20 increased 182.3 times within 48 h, and that of Ecc increased only 51.3 %. In addition, the treatment with both BGP20 and Ecc induced higher activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) than others in potatoes. But the same treatment did not induce an increase of PAL activity in green peppers. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that the isolate BGP20 is a promising candidate in biological control of postharvest bacterial soft rot of vegetables, but its main mode of action is different among various vegetables.
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Olayemi F, Adegbola J, Bamishaiye E, Awagu E. Assessment of Post Harvest Losses of Some Selected Crops in Eight Local Government Areas of Rivers State, Nigeria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/ajrd.2012.13.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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