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Steglińska A, Pielech-Przybylska K, Janas R, Grzesik M, Borowski S, Kręgiel D, Gutarowska B. Volatile Organic Compounds and Physiological Parameters as Markers of Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) Infection with Phytopathogens. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27123708. [PMID: 35744835 PMCID: PMC9230024 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The feasibility of early disease detection in potato seeds storage monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and plant physiological markers was evaluated using 10 fungal and bacterial pathogens of potato in laboratory-scale experiments. Data analysis of HS-SPME-GC-MS revealed 130 compounds released from infected potatoes, including sesquiterpenes, dimethyl disulfide, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 2,6,11-trimethyldodecane, benzothiazole, 3-octanol, and 2-butanol, which may have been associated with the activity of Fusarium sambucinum, Alternaria tenuissima and Pectobacterium carotovorum. In turn, acetic acid was detected in all infected samples. The criteria of selection for volatiles for possible use as incipient disease indicators were discussed in terms of potato physiology. The established physiological markers proved to demonstrate a negative effect of phytopathogens infecting seed potatoes not only on the kinetics of stem and root growth and the development of the entire root system, but also on gas exchange, chlorophyll content in leaves, and yield. The negative effect of phytopathogens on plant growth was dependent on the time of planting after infection. The research also showed different usefulness of VOCs and physiological markers as the indicators of the toxic effect of inoculated phytopathogens at different stages of plant development and their individual organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Steglińska
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-530 Łódź, Poland; (S.B.); (D.K.); (B.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Katarzyna Pielech-Przybylska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-530 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Regina Janas
- The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland; (R.J.); (M.G.)
| | - Mieczysław Grzesik
- The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland; (R.J.); (M.G.)
| | - Sebastian Borowski
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-530 Łódź, Poland; (S.B.); (D.K.); (B.G.)
| | - Dorota Kręgiel
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-530 Łódź, Poland; (S.B.); (D.K.); (B.G.)
| | - Beata Gutarowska
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-530 Łódź, Poland; (S.B.); (D.K.); (B.G.)
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Shu F, Han J, Ndayambaje JP, Jia Q, Sarsaiya S, Jain A, Huang M, Liu M, Chen J. Transcriptomic analysis of Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit T2 plus line provides insights in host responses resist Pectobacterium carotovorum infection. Bioengineered 2021; 12:1173-1188. [PMID: 33830860 PMCID: PMC8806331 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1905325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptome is used to determine the induction response of Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit T2 plus line (abbreviated as PT2P line) infected with Pectobacterium carotovorum. The main objective of the study was to deal with the transcriptome database of PT2P line resistance to soft rot pathogens to provide a new perspective for identifying the resistance-related genes and understanding the molecular mechanism. Results indicated that water soaking and tissue collapse started at 20 h after PT2P line was infected by P. carotovorum. A total of 1360 and 5768 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at 0 h and 20 h, respectively. After 20 h of infection, growth and development-related pathways were inhibited. Meanwhile, DEGs were promoted the colonization of P. carotovorum pathogens in specific cell wall modification processes at the early infected stage. A shift to a defensive response was triggered at 0 h. A large number of DEGs were mainly up-controlled at 20 h and were substantially used in the pathogen recognition and the introduction of signal transformation cascades, secondary metabolites biosynthesis, pathogenic proteins activation, transcription aspects and numerous transporters. Furthermore, our data provided novel insights into the transcript reprogramming of PT2P line in response to P. carotovorum infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxing Shu
- Bioresource Institute for Healthy Utilization, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Han
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jean Pierre Ndayambaje
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Jia
- Bioresource Institute for Healthy Utilization, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Surendra Sarsaiya
- Bioresource Institute for Healthy Utilization, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Archana Jain
- Bioresource Institute for Healthy Utilization, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Minglei Huang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Minghong Liu
- Zunyi Branch of Guizhou Tobacco Company, Zunyi, China
| | - Jishuang Chen
- Bioresource Institute for Healthy Utilization, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
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Ramu VS, Oh S, Lee HK, Nandety RS, Oh Y, Lee S, Nakashima J, Tang Y, Senthil-Kumar M, Mysore KS. A Novel Role of Salt- and Drought-Induced RING 1 Protein in Modulating Plant Defense Against Hemibiotrophic and Necrotrophic Pathogens. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2021; 34:297-308. [PMID: 33231502 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-20-0257-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many plant-encoded E3 ligases are known to be involved in plant defense. Here, we report a novel role of E3 ligase SALT- AND DROUGHT-INDUCED RING FINGER1 (SDIR1) in plant immunity. Even though SDIR1 is reasonably well-characterized, its role in biotic stress response is not known. The silencing of SDIR1 in Nicotiana benthamiana reduced the multiplication of the virulent bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci. The Arabidopsis sdir1 mutant is resistant to virulent pathogens, whereas SDIR1 overexpression lines are susceptible to both host and nonhost hemibiotrophic bacterial pathogens. However, sdir1 mutant and SDIR1 overexpression lines showed hypersusceptibility and resistance, respectively, against the necrotrophic pathogen Erwinia carotovora. The mutant of SDIR1 target protein, i.e., SDIR-interacting protein 1 (SDIR1P1), also showed resistance to host and nonhost pathogens. In SDIR1 overexpression plants, transcripts of NAC transcription factors were less accumulated and the levels of jasmonic acid (JA) and abscisic acid were increased. In the sdir1 mutant, JA signaling genes JAZ7 and JAZ8 were downregulated. These data suggest that SDIR1 is a susceptibility factor and its activation or overexpression enhances disease caused by P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 in Arabidopsis. Our results show a novel role of SDIR1 in modulating plant defense gene expression and plant immunity.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vemanna S Ramu
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, Regional Center for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Sunhee Oh
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
| | - Hee-Kyung Lee
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
| | | | - Youngjae Oh
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL 33598, U.S.A
| | - Seonghee Lee
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL 33598, U.S.A
| | - Jin Nakashima
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
| | - Yuhong Tang
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
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Sampietro DA, Bertini Sampietro MS, Vattuone MA. Efficacy of Argentinean propolis extracts on control of potato soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora subsp. J Sci Food Agric 2020; 100:4575-4582. [PMID: 32424855 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erwinia carotovora subsp. cause the potato soft rot, which is a major disease in agriculture. Antibacterial agents currently applied on potato soft rot often offer a restricted control and have several disadvantages. Propolis has shown a wide range of antimicrobial activity, although its effect has not been investigated on E. carotovora subsp. In this work, we tested extracts from propolis samples of Northwest Argentina against E. carotovora subsp. RESULTS Ethanolic propolis extracts (EPEs) from samples of Santiago del Estero province, particularly from sample 4 (EPE4), showed the highest antibacterial activity, which was associated with the highest content of flavonoids. 2',4'-Dihydroxychalcone, 2',4'-dihydroxy-3'-methoxychalcone, galangin, and pinocembrin were identified as antibacterial constituents of EPE4. 2',4'-Dihydroxychalcone showed an antibacterial activity (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC = 0.3-1.2 μg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) mL-1 ; minimum bactericidal concentration, MBC = 0.6-4.8 μg GAE mL-1 ) lower than that of bacterimycin (MIC = 2.4-9.6 μg mL-1 ; MBC = 19.2-38.4 μg GAE mL-1 ) and streptocycline (MIC = 19.2-38.4 μg mL-1 ; MBC = 38.4-76.8 μg mL-1 ). Preventive assays on unwounded and wounded potatoes showed that their immersion in EPE4 containing 87.5 μg GAE mL-1 or streptocycline containing 40 μg mL-1 was equally effective in controlling potato soft rot, reducing the disease incidence by 64.6-67.0% (unwounded tubers) and 88.0-86.0% (wounded tubers) and the disease severity by 49.8-49.8% (unwounded tubers) and 54.5-68.5% (wounded tubers). CONCLUSIONS Flavonoid-rich propolis extracts from Northwest Argentina efficiently reduced in vivo the incidence and severity of potato soft rot caused by E. carotovora subsp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Alejandro Sampietro
- Laboratorio de Biología de Agentes Bioactivos y Fitopatógenos (LABIFITO), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
- Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Maria Sofia Bertini Sampietro
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto "Miguel Lillo", Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Marta Amelia Vattuone
- Laboratorio de Biología de Agentes Bioactivos y Fitopatógenos (LABIFITO), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
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Hua D, Duan J, Ma M, Li Z, Li H. Reactive oxygen species induce cyanide-resistant respiration in potato infected by Erwinia carotovora subsp. Carotovora. J Plant Physiol 2020; 246-247:153132. [PMID: 32062292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that pathogenic bacteria infections induce the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants. Cyanide-resistant respiration, an energy-dissipating pathway in plants, has also been induced by a pathogenic bacteria infection. However, it is unknown whether the induction of cyanide-resistant respiration under the pathogenic bacteria infection was caused by ROS. In this study, two pathogenic Erwinia strains were used to infect potato tuber, and membrane lipid peroxidation levels and the cyanide-resistant respiration capacity were determined. In addition, StAOX expression and regulation by ROS in potato tuber were analyzed. Moreover, the role of the Ca2+ pathway in regulating cyanide-resistant respiration was determined. The results showed that ROS induced cyanide-resistant respiration in potato tuber infected by Erwinia. Cyanide-resistant respiration inhibited the production of H2O2. Intracellular Ca2+ regulated the expression of calcium-dependent protein kinase (StCDPK1, StCDPK4, and StCDPK5) in potato, which indirectly controlled intracellular ROS levels. These results indicate that Ca2+ metabolism is involved in ROS-induced cyanide-resistant respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hua
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Jiangong Duan
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Minzhi Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhongping Li
- Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources Research, Lanzhou Petroleum Resources Research Center, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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Fratianni F, Cozzolino A, De Feo V, Coppola R, Ombra MN, Nazzaro F. Polyphenols, Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Biofilm Inhibitory Activities of Peel and Pulp of Citrus medica L., Citrus bergamia, and Citrus medica cv. Salò Cultivated in Southern Italy. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244577. [PMID: 31847295 PMCID: PMC6943604 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to study the polyphenols of peel and pulp of three Citrus taxa—Citrus medica, Citrus bergamia, and Citrus medica cv. Salò—cultivated in the Cosenza province, Southern Italy, and to evaluate their antioxidant and antibacterial activity, performed against Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pectobacterium carotovorum. Furthermore, we assessed the inhibitory effect of the extracts on bacterial capacity to form biofilm, and on the metabolic activity of the cells present therein. The results indicated that such extracts could find new potential applications in the field of natural antioxidant and anti-bacterial agents in pharmaceutics, agriculture, and food fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florinda Fratianni
- Istituto di Scienze dell’Alimentazione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISA-CNR), via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy; (F.F.); (M.N.O.)
| | - Autilia Cozzolino
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, DiAAA-University of Molise, Via de Sanctis s.n.c., 83100 Campobasso, Italy; (A.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Vincenzo De Feo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy
- Correspondence: (V.D.F.); (F.N.); Tel.: +39-08-996-9751(V.D.F.); +39-08-2529-9102 (F.N.)
| | - Raffaele Coppola
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, DiAAA-University of Molise, Via de Sanctis s.n.c., 83100 Campobasso, Italy; (A.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Maria Neve Ombra
- Istituto di Scienze dell’Alimentazione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISA-CNR), via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy; (F.F.); (M.N.O.)
| | - Filomena Nazzaro
- Istituto di Scienze dell’Alimentazione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISA-CNR), via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy; (F.F.); (M.N.O.)
- Correspondence: (V.D.F.); (F.N.); Tel.: +39-08-996-9751(V.D.F.); +39-08-2529-9102 (F.N.)
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Liu P, Chen Y, Shao Z, Chen J, Wu J, Guo Q, Shi J, Wang H, Chu X. AhlX, an N-acylhomoserine Lactonase with Unique Properties. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17070387. [PMID: 31261836 PMCID: PMC6669651 DOI: 10.3390/md17070387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Acylhomoserine lactonase degrades the lactone ring of N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs) and has been widely suggested as a promising candidate for use in bacterial disease control. While a number of AHL lactonases have been characterized, none of them has been developed as a commercially available enzymatic product for in vitro AHL quenching due to their low stability. In this study, a highly stable AHL lactonase (AhlX) was identified and isolated from the marine bacterium Salinicola salaria MCCC1A01339. AhlX is encoded by a 768-bp gene and has a predicted molecular mass of 29 kDa. The enzyme retained approximately 97% activity after incubating at 25 °C for 12 days and ~100% activity after incubating at 60 °C for 2 h. Furthermore, AhlX exhibited a high salt tolerance, retaining approximately 60% of its activity observed in the presence of 25% NaCl. In addition, an AhlX powder made by an industrial spray-drying process attenuated Erwinia carotovora infection. These results suggest that AhlX has great potential for use as an in vitro preventive and therapeutic agent for bacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfu Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River DeltaRegion Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Yan Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River DeltaRegion Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
| | - Zongze Shao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, The Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Jianwei Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River DeltaRegion Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
| | - Jiequn Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River DeltaRegion Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
| | - Qian Guo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River DeltaRegion Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
| | - Jiping Shi
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Hong Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River DeltaRegion Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
| | - Xiaohe Chu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River DeltaRegion Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
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Muturi P, Yu J, Maina AN, Kariuki S, Mwaura FB, Wei H. Bacteriophages Isolated in China for the Control of Pectobacterium carotovorum Causing Potato Soft Rot in Kenya. Virol Sin 2019; 34:287-294. [PMID: 30868359 PMCID: PMC6599505 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft rot is an economically significant disease in potato and one of the major threats to sustainable potato production. This study aimed at isolating lytic bacteriophages and evaluating methods for and the efficacy of applying phages to control potato soft rot caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum. Eleven bacteriophages isolated from soil and water samples collected in Wuhan, China, were used to infect P. carotovorum host strains isolated from potato tubers showing soft rot symptoms in Nakuru county, Kenya. The efficacy of the phages in controlling soft rot disease was evaluated by applying individual phage strains or a phage cocktail on potato slices and tubers at different time points before or after inoculation with a P. carotovorum strain. The phages could lyse 20 strains of P. carotovorum, but not Pseudomonas fluorescens control strains. Among the 11 phages, Pectobacterium phage Wc5r, interestingly showed cross-activity against Pectobacterium atrosepticum and two phage-resistant P. carotovorum strains. Potato slice assays showed that the phage concentration and timing of application are crucial factors for effective soft rot control. Phage cocktail applied at a concentration of 1 × 109 plaque-forming units per milliliter before or within an hour after bacterial inoculation on potato slices, resulted in ≥ 90% reduction of soft rot symptoms. This study provides a basis for the development and application of phages to reduce the impact of potato soft rot disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Muturi
- Key Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Junping Yu
- Key Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Alice Nyambura Maina
- School of Biological and Life Sciences, Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Samuel Kariuki
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, 00202, Kenya
| | - Francis B Mwaura
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Hongping Wei
- Key Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Centre, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya.
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Mejía-Sánchez D, Aranda-Ocampo S, Nava-Díaz C, Teliz-Ortiz D, Livera-Muñoz M, De La Torre-Almaráz R, Ramírez-Alarcón S. Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense Causes Soft Rot and Death of Neobuxbaumia tetetzo in Zapotitlan Salinas Valley, Puebla, Mexico. Plant Dis 2019; 103:398-403. [PMID: 30629463 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-18-0370-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Neobuxbaumia tetetzo (Coulter) Backeberg (tetecho) is a columnar cactus endemic to Mexico. Tetecho plants, flowers, fruits, and seeds play an important role in the semiarid ecosystem, as they serve as a refuge and food for insects, bats, and birds, and are widely used by ethnic groups since pre-Hispanic times. Tetecho is affected by a soft rot that damages the whole plant and causes its fall and disintegration. Eight bacterial colonies of similar morphology were isolated from plants showing soft rot and inoculated in healthy tetecho plants, reproducing typical symptoms of soft rot 9 days after inoculation. Ten representative isolates were selected for phenotypic and genetic identification using 16s rDNA, IGS 16S-23S rDNA, and rpoS genes and for pathogenicity tests on several members of the cactus family and other plants. Based on the results, these bacterial isolates were identified as Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense. Inoculation of this bacteria caused soft rot in different cacti, fruits, leaves, and roots of other plants. This is the first report of the subspecies brasiliense of P. carotovorum causing soft rot and death in cacti in the world and the first report of this subspecies in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Samuel Ramírez-Alarcón
- 4 Departamento de Parasitología Agrícola, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Texcoco, México, 56230
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10
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Hong CY, Zheng JL, Chen TY, Chao HR, Lin YH. PFLP-Intensified Disease Resistance Against Bacterial Soft Rot Through the MAPK Pathway in PAMP-Triggered Immunity. Phytopathology 2018; 108:1467-1474. [PMID: 29975159 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-18-0100-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial soft rot is a devastating disease affecting a variety of vegetable crops worldwide. One strategy for controlling this disease could be the ectopic expression of the plant ferredoxin-like protein (pflp) gene. PFLP was previously shown to intensify pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), an immune response triggered, for example, by the flagellin epitope flg22. To gain further insight into how PFLP intensifies PTI, flg22 was used as an elicitor in Arabidopsis thaliana. First, PFLP was confirmed to intensify the rapid generation of H2O2, callose deposition, and the hypersensitive response when coinfiltrated with flg22. This response correlated with increased expression of the FLG22-induced receptor kinase 1 gene, which is part of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Although the increased response to flg22 alone did not depend on the MAPK pathway genes MEKK1, MKK5, and MPK6, the protective effect of PFLP decreased when plants mutated in these genes were inoculated with Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum. Furthermore, expression of PR1 and PDF1.2 also increased upon treatment with flg22 in the presence of PFLP. Taken together, these results suggest that activation of the MAPK pathway contributes to the increased resistance to bacterial soft rot observed in plants treated with PFLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Yu Hong
- First, second, third, and fifth authors: Department of Plant Medicine, and fourth author: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Lin Zheng
- First, second, third, and fifth authors: Department of Plant Medicine, and fourth author: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yi Chen
- First, second, third, and fifth authors: Department of Plant Medicine, and fourth author: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - How-Ran Chao
- First, second, third, and fifth authors: Department of Plant Medicine, and fourth author: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsien Lin
- First, second, third, and fifth authors: Department of Plant Medicine, and fourth author: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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11
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Wang C, Pu T, Lou W, Wang Y, Gao Z, Hu B, Fan J. Hfq, a RNA Chaperone, Contributes to Virulence by Regulating Plant Cell Wall-Degrading Enzyme Production, Type VI Secretion System Expression, Bacterial Competition, and Suppressing Host Defense Response in Pectobacterium carotovorum. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2018; 31:1166-1178. [PMID: 30198820 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-17-0303-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hfq is a RNA chaperone and participates in a wide range of cellular processes and pathways. In this study, mutation of hfq gene from Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum PccS1 led to significantly reduced virulence and plant cell wall-degrading enzyme (PCWDE) activities. In addition, the mutant exhibited decreased biofilm formation and motility and greatly attenuated carbapenem production as well as secretion of hemolysin coregulated protein (Hcp) as compared with wild-type strain PccS1. Moreover, a higher level of callose deposition was induced in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves when infiltrated with the mutant. A total of 26 small (s)RNA deletion mutants were obtained among a predicted 27 sRNAs, and three mutants exhibited reduced virulence in the host plant. These results suggest that hfq plays a key role in Pectobacterium virulence by positively impacting PCWDE production, secretion of the type VI secretion system, bacterial competition, and suppression of host plant responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunting Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tianxin Pu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wangying Lou
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zishu Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Baishi Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiaqin Fan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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12
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Shafikova TN, Omelichkina YV, Enikeev AG, Boyarkina SV, Gvildis DE, Semenov AA. Ortho-Phthalic Acid Esters Suppress the Phytopathogen Capability for Biofilm Formation. Dokl Biol Sci 2018; 480:107-109. [PMID: 30009352 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496618030092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This is the first study demonstrating that ortho-phthalic acid esters, dibutylphthalate (DBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl)-o-phthalate (DEHP), inhibit the ability to form biofilms of the biotrophic pathogen Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus and Pectobacterium carotovorum ssp. carotovorum necrotroph. Inhibition of biofilm formation depends on the DBP and DEHP concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Shafikova
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Science, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
| | - Y V Omelichkina
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Science, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia.
| | - A G Enikeev
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Science, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
| | - S V Boyarkina
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Science, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
| | - D E Gvildis
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Science, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
| | - A A Semenov
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Science, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
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13
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George AS, Cox CE, Desai P, Porwollik S, Chu W, de Moraes MH, McClelland M, Brandl MT, Teplitski M. Interactions of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium and Pectobacterium carotovorum within a Tomato Soft Rot. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e01913-17. [PMID: 29247060 PMCID: PMC5812938 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01913-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. are remarkably adaptable pathogens, and this adaptability allows these bacteria to thrive in a variety of environments and hosts. The mechanisms with which these pathogens establish within a niche amid the native microbiota remain poorly understood. Here, we aimed to uncover the mechanisms that enable Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain ATCC 14028 to benefit from the degradation of plant tissue by a soft rot plant pathogen, Pectobacterium carotovorum The hypothesis that in the soft rot, the liberation of starch (not utilized by P. carotovorum) makes this polymer available to Salmonella spp., thus allowing it to colonize soft rots, was tested first and proven null. To identify the functions involved in Salmonella soft rot colonization, we carried out transposon insertion sequencing coupled with the phenotypic characterization of the mutants. The data indicate that Salmonella spp. experience a metabolic shift in response to the changes in the environment brought on by Pectobacterium spp. and likely coordinated by the csrBC small regulatory RNA. While csrBC and flhD appear to be of importance in the soft rot, the global two-component system encoded by barA sirA (which controls csrBC and flhDC under laboratory conditions) does not appear to be necessary for the observed phenotype. Motility and the synthesis of nucleotides and amino acids play critical roles in the growth of Salmonella spp. in the soft rot.IMPORTANCE Outbreaks of produce-associated illness continue to be a food safety concern. Earlier studies demonstrated that the presence of phytopathogens on produce was a significant risk factor associated with increased Salmonella carriage on fruits and vegetables. Here, we genetically characterize some of the requirements for interactions between Salmonella and phytobacteria that allow Salmonella spp. to establish a niche within an alternate host (tomato). Pathways necessary for nucleotide synthesis, amino acid synthesis, and motility are identified as contributors to the persistence of Salmonella spp. in soft rots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrée S George
- Soil and Water Science Department, Genetics Institute, University of Florida-IFAS, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Clayton E Cox
- Soil and Water Science Department, Genetics Institute, University of Florida-IFAS, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Prerak Desai
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Steffen Porwollik
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Weiping Chu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Marcos H de Moraes
- Soil and Water Science Department, Genetics Institute, University of Florida-IFAS, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michael McClelland
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Maria T Brandl
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, USA
| | - Max Teplitski
- Soil and Water Science Department, Genetics Institute, University of Florida-IFAS, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Zhou R, Zhu Y, Zhao J, Fang Z, Wang S, Yin J, Chu Z, Ma D. Transcriptome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Potato Circular RNAs in Response to Pectobacterium carotovorum Subspecies brasiliense Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:E71. [PMID: 29280973 PMCID: PMC5796021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Little information about the roles of circular RNAs (circRNAs) during potato-Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense (Pcb) interaction is currently available. In this study, we conducted the systematic identification of circRNAs from time series samples of potato cultivars Valor (susceptible) and BP1 (disease tolerant) infected by Pcb. A total of 2098 circRNAs were detected and about half (931, 44.38%) were intergenic circRNAs. And differential expression analysis detected 429 significantly regulated circRNAs. circRNAs play roles by regulating parental genes and sponging miRNAs. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment of parental genes and miRNAs targeted mRNAs revealed that these differentially expressed (DE) circRNAs were involved in defense response (GO:0006952), cell wall (GO:0005199), ADP binding (GO:0043531), phosphorylation (GO:0016310), and kinase activity (GO:0016301), suggesting the roles of circRNAs in regulating potato immune response. Furthermore, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) found that circRNAs were closely related with coding-genes and long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs). And together they were cultivar-specifically regulated to strengthen immune response of potato to Pcb infection, implying the roles of circRNAs in reprogramming disease responsive transcriptome. Our results will provide new insights into the potato-Pcb interaction and may lead to novel disease control strategy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhou
- College of Agriculture/College of Horticulture and Gardening/Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China.
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yongxing Zhu
- College of Agriculture/College of Horticulture and Gardening/Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China.
| | - Jiao Zhao
- College of Agriculture/College of Horticulture and Gardening/Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China.
| | - Zhengwu Fang
- College of Agriculture/College of Horticulture and Gardening/Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China.
| | - Shuping Wang
- College of Agriculture/College of Horticulture and Gardening/Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China.
| | - Junliang Yin
- College of Agriculture/College of Horticulture and Gardening/Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China.
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Zhaohui Chu
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Dongfang Ma
- College of Agriculture/College of Horticulture and Gardening/Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China.
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15
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Turskaya AL, Ul’danova AA, Stepanov AV, Bukin YS, Verkhoturov VV, Gaida BK, Markova YA. [Formation of Pectobacterium carotovorum biofilms depending of the carbon source]. Mikrobiologiia 2017; 86:47-53. [PMID: 30207142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microbial biofilms are a basic form of existence of bacteria in the environment, as well as in the animal and plant organisms. The patterns of biofilm formation depending on cultivation conditions is presently insufficiently studied. This paper presents experimental results on the effect of carbon sources on biofilm formation and movement on the swarming type in a phytopathogenic bacterium Pectobacterium carotovorum. A polyol inositol was shown to cause a significant activation of these processes.
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16
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Hu N, Li C, Wang Q, Shao J, Liu Y, Zhao L, Ma R, Xie H. [Identification of soft rot pathogens on Chinese cabbage [Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis (L.) Makino var. communis Tsen et Lee] in Beijing]. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2015; 55:1253-1263. [PMID: 26939453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify soft rot pathogens of Chinese cabbage [Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis (L.) Makino var. communis Tsen et Lee] in Beijing. METHODS The 40 strains isolated from Tongzhou and Daxing districts in Beijing were characterized by morphological, biological, biochemical and physiological methods, 16S rRNA sequence as well as 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer (IGS) region analysis. RESULTS The strains belonged to two different Pectobacterium carotovorum subspecies: 13 strains of them belonged to Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc) and the other 27 strains belonged to Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliensis (Pcb). The results of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis) pathogenicity test showed that the strains in the same subspecies, origins and 16S rRNA gene sequences had significant differences in pathogenicity. CONCLUSION Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliensis were the soft rot pathogens on Chinese cabbage [ Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis(L.) Makino var. communis Tsen et Lee] in Beijing. It was the first report that Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliensis (Pcb) caused soft rot disease on cabbage in China.
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Piisilä M, Keceli MA, Brader G, Jakobson L, Jõesaar I, Sipari N, Kollist H, Palva ET, Kariola T. The F-box protein MAX2 contributes to resistance to bacterial phytopathogens in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC Plant Biol 2015; 15:53. [PMID: 25849639 PMCID: PMC4340836 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0434-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Arabidopsis thaliana F-box protein MORE AXILLARY GROWTH2 (MAX2) has previously been characterized for its role in plant development. MAX2 appears essential for the perception of the newly characterized phytohormone strigolactone, a negative regulator of polar auxin transport in Arabidopsis. RESULTS A reverse genetic screen for F-box protein mutants altered in their stress responses identified MAX2 as a component of plant defense. Here we show that MAX2 contributes to plant resistance against pathogenic bacteria. Interestingly, max2 mutant plants showed increased susceptibility to the bacterial necrotroph Pectobacterium carotovorum as well as to the hemi-biotroph Pseudomonas syringae but not to the fungal necrotroph Botrytis cinerea. max2 mutant phenotype was associated with constitutively increased stomatal conductance and decreased tolerance to apoplastic ROS but also with alterations in hormonal balance. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that MAX2 previously characterized for its role in regulation of polar auxin transport in Arabidopsis, and thus plant development also significantly influences plant disease resistance. We conclude that the increased susceptibility to P. syringae and P. carotovorum is due to increased stomatal conductance in max2 mutants promoting pathogen entry into the plant apoplast. Additional factors contributing to pathogen susceptibility in max2 plants include decreased tolerance to pathogen-triggered apoplastic ROS and alterations in hormonal signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Piisilä
- />Division of Genetics, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FIN-00014 Finland
| | - Mehmet A Keceli
- />Division of Genetics, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FIN-00014 Finland
| | - Günter Brader
- />Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Bioresources, Health and Environment Department, Tulln an der Donau, 3430 Austria
| | - Liina Jakobson
- />Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu, 50411 Estonia
| | - Indrek Jõesaar
- />Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu, 50411 Estonia
| | - Nina Sipari
- />Division of Genetics, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FIN-00014 Finland
- />Viikki Metabolomics Unit, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FIN-00014 Finland
| | - Hannes Kollist
- />Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu, 50411 Estonia
| | - E Tapio Palva
- />Division of Genetics, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FIN-00014 Finland
| | - Tarja Kariola
- />Division of Genetics, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FIN-00014 Finland
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Machado L, Castro A, Hamberg M, Bannenberg G, Gaggero C, Castresana C, de León IP. The Physcomitrella patens unique alpha-dioxygenase participates in both developmental processes and defense responses. BMC Plant Biol 2015; 15:45. [PMID: 25848849 PMCID: PMC4334559 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0439-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant α-dioxygenases catalyze the incorporation of molecular oxygen into polyunsaturated fatty acids leading to the formation of oxylipins. In flowering plants, two main groups of α-DOXs have been described. While the α-DOX1 isoforms are mainly involved in defense responses against microbial infection and herbivores, the α-DOX2 isoforms are mostly related to development. To gain insight into the roles played by these enzymes during land plant evolution, we performed biochemical, genetic and molecular analyses to examine the function of the single copy moss Physcomitrella patens α-DOX (Ppα-DOX) in development and defense against pathogens. RESULTS Recombinant Ppα-DOX protein catalyzed the conversion of fatty acids into 2-hydroperoxy derivatives with a substrate preference for α-linolenic, linoleic and palmitic acids. Ppα-DOX is expressed during development in tips of young protonemal filaments with maximum expression levels in mitotically active undifferentiated apical cells. In leafy gametophores, Ppα-DOX is expressed in auxin producing tissues, including rhizoid and axillary hairs. Ppα-DOX transcript levels and Ppα-DOX activity increased in moss tissues infected with Botrytis cinerea or treated with Pectobacterium carotovorum elicitors. In B. cinerea infected leaves, Ppα-DOX-GUS proteins accumulated in cells surrounding infected cells, suggesting a protective mechanism. Targeted disruption of Ppα-DOX did not cause a visible developmental alteration and did not compromise the defense response. However, overexpressing Ppα-DOX, or incubating wild-type tissues with Ppα-DOX-derived oxylipins, principally the aldehyde heptadecatrienal, resulted in smaller moss colonies with less protonemal tissues, due to a reduction of caulonemal filament growth and a reduction of chloronemal cell size compared with normal tissues. In addition, Ppα-DOX overexpression and treatments with Ppα-DOX-derived oxylipins reduced cellular damage caused by elicitors of P. carotovorum. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that the unique α-DOX of the primitive land plant P. patens, although apparently not crucial, participates both in development and in the defense response against pathogens, suggesting that α-DOXs from flowering plants could have originated by duplication and successive functional diversification after the divergence from bryophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucina Machado
- />Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alexandra Castro
- />Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
- />Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, CP 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mats Hamberg
- />Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerard Bannenberg
- />Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carina Gaggero
- />Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carmen Castresana
- />Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Ponce de León
- />Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
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Hirakawa Y, Nomura T, Hasezawa S, Higaki T. Simplification of vacuole structure during plant cell death triggered by culture filtrates of Erwinia carotovora. J Integr Plant Biol 2015; 57:127-35. [PMID: 25359592 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Vacuoles are suggested to play crucial roles in plant defense-related cell death. During programmed cell death, previous live cell imaging studies have observed vacuoles to become simpler in structure and have implicated this simplification as a prelude to the vacuole's rupture and consequent lysis of the plasma membrane. Here, we examined dynamics of the vacuole in cell cycle-synchronized tobacco BY-2 (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Bright Yellow 2) cells during cell death induced by application of culture filtrates of Erwinia carotovora. The filtrate induced death in about 90% of the cells by 24 h. Prior to cell death, vacuole shape simplified and endoplasmic actin filaments disassembled; however, the vacuoles did not rupture until after plasma membrane integrity was lost. Instead of facilitating rupture, the simplification of vacuole structure might play a role in the retrieval of membrane components needed for defense-related cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Hirakawa
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
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Ger MJ, Louh GY, Lin YH, Feng TY, Huang HE. Ectopically expressed sweet pepper ferredoxin PFLP enhances disease resistance to Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum affected by harpin and protease-mediated hypersensitive response in Arabidopsis. Mol Plant Pathol 2014; 15:892-906. [PMID: 24796566 PMCID: PMC6638834 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant ferredoxin-like protein (PFLP) is a photosynthesis-type ferredoxin (Fd) found in sweet pepper. It contains an iron-sulphur cluster that receives and delivers electrons between enzymes involved in many fundamental metabolic processes. It has been demonstrated that transgenic plants overexpressing PFLP show a high resistance to many bacterial pathogens, although the mechanism remains unclear. In this investigation, the PFLP gene was transferred into Arabidopsis and its defective derivatives, such as npr1 (nonexpresser of pathogenesis-related gene 1) and eds1 (enhanced disease susceptibility 1) mutants and NAHG-transgenic plants. These transgenic plants were then infected with the soft-rot bacterial pathogen Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora, ECC) to investigate the mechanism behind PFLP-mediated resistance. The results revealed that, instead of showing soft-rot symptoms, ECC activated hypersensitive response (HR)-associated events, such as the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), electrical conductivity leakage and expression of the HR marker genes (ATHSR2 and ATHSR3) in PFLP-transgenic Arabidopsis. This PFLP-mediated resistance could be abolished by inhibitors, such as diphenylene iodonium (DPI), 1-l-trans-epoxysuccinyl-leucylamido-(4-guanidino)-butane (E64) and benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone (z-VAD-fmk), but not by myriocin and fumonisin. The PFLP-transgenic plants were resistant to ECC, but not to its harpin mutant strain ECCAC5082. In the npr1 mutant and NAHG-transgenic Arabidopsis, but not in the eds1 mutant, overexpression of the PFLP gene increased resistance to ECC. Based on these results, we suggest that transgenic Arabidopsis contains high levels of ectopic PFLP; this may lead to the recognition of the harpin and to the activation of the HR and other resistance mechanisms, and is dependent on the protease-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mang-Jye Ger
- Department of Life Science, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, 811, Taiwan
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Lipsky A, Cohen A, Ion A, Yedidia I. Genetic transformation of Ornithogalum via particle bombardment and generation of Pectobacterium carotovorum-resistant plants. Plant Sci 2014; 228:150-158. [PMID: 25438795 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial soft rot caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc) is one of the most devastating diseases of Ornithogalum species. No effective control measures are currently available to use against this pathogen; thus, introduction of resistant genes via genetic transformation into this crop is a promising approach. Tachyplesin I, an antimicrobial peptide, has been shown to effectively control numerous pathogenic bacteria, including Pcc. In this study, liquid-grown cell clusters of Ornithogalum dubium and Ornithogalum thyrsoides were bombarded with a pCAMBIA2301 vector containing a celI leader sequence fused to a gene encoding tachyplesin I, a neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII) gene that served as a selectable marker and a β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene that served as a reporter. Selection was carried out in the dark in liquid medium containing 80mg/L kanamycin. Regeneration was executed in the light after 6-14 months depending on the cultivar. Hundreds of transgenic plantlets were produced and their identity was confirmed through GUS activity assays. PCR and RT-PCR were used to confirm the presence of the target, reporter and selection genes in the divergent lines of plantlets. The resistance of the O. dubium plants to Pcc was evaluated in vitro, following infection with a highly virulent isolate from calla lily. Although control plantlets were completely macerated within a week, 87 putative transgenic subclones displayed varying levels of disease resistance. During three growing seasons in the greenhouse, the transgenic O. dubium lines grew poorly, whereas the transgenic O. thyrsoides plants grew similarly to non-transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lipsky
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, ARO, The Volcani Center, Derech Hamacabim 20, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Avner Cohen
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, ARO, The Volcani Center, Derech Hamacabim 20, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Aurel Ion
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, ARO, The Volcani Center, Derech Hamacabim 20, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Iris Yedidia
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, ARO, The Volcani Center, Derech Hamacabim 20, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
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Kim HS, Park YH, Nam H, Lee YM, Song K, Choi C, Ahn I, Park SR, Lee YH, Hwang DJ. Overexpression of the Brassica rapa transcription factor WRKY12 results in reduced soft rot symptoms caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum in Arabidopsis and Chinese cabbage. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2014; 16:973-981. [PMID: 24552622 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis), an important vegetable crop, can succumb to diseases such as bacterial soft rot, resulting in significant loss of crop productivity and quality. Pectobacterium carotovorum ssp. carotovorum (Pcc) causes soft rot disease in various plants, including Chinese cabbage. To overcome crop loss caused by bacterial soft rot, a gene from Chinese cabbage was isolated and characterised in this study. We isolated the BrWRKY12 gene from Chinese cabbage, which is a group II member of the WRKY transcription factor superfamily. The 645-bp coding sequence of BrWRKY12 translates to a protein with a molecular mass of approximately 24.4 kDa, and BrWRKY12 was exclusively localised in the nucleus. Transcripts of BrWRKY12 were induced by Pcc infection in Brassica. Heterologous expression of BrWRKY12 resulted in reduced susceptibility to Pcc but not to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in Arabidopsis. Defence-associated genes, such as AtPDF1.2 and AtPGIP2, were constitutively expressed in transgenic lines overexpressing BrWRKY12. The expression of AtWKRY12, which is the closest orthologue of BrWRKY12, was down-regulated by Pcc in Arabidopsis. However, the Atwrky12-2 mutants did not show any difference in response to Pcc, pointing to a difference in function of WRKY12 in Brassica and Arabidopsis. Furthermore, BrWRKY12 in Chinese cabbage also exhibited enhanced resistance to bacterial soft rot and increased the expression of defence-associated genes. In summary, BrWRKY12 confers enhanced resistance to Pcc through transcriptional activation of defence-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Kim
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, South Korea
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Chen PJ, Senthilkumar R, Jane WN, He Y, Tian Z, Yeh KW. Transplastomic Nicotiana benthamiana plants expressing multiple defence genes encoding protease inhibitors and chitinase display broad-spectrum resistance against insects, pathogens and abiotic stresses. Plant Biotechnol J 2014; 12:503-15. [PMID: 24479648 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plastid engineering provides several advantages for the next generation of transgenic technology, including the convenient use of transgene stacking and the generation of high expression levels of foreign proteins. With the goal of generating transplastomic plants with multiresistance against both phytopathogens and insects, a construct containing a monocistronic patterned gene stack was transformed into Nicotiana benthamiana plastids harbouring sweet potato sporamin, taro cystatin and chitinase from Paecilomyces javanicus. Transplastomic lines were screened and characterized by Southern/Northern/Western blot analysis for the confirmation of transgene integration and respective expression level. Immunogold localization analyses confirmed the high level of accumulation proteins that were specifically expressed in leaf and root plastids. Subsequent functional bioassays confirmed that the gene stacks conferred a high level of resistance against both insects and phytopathogens. Specifically, larva of Spodoptera litura and Spodoptera exigua either died or exhibited growth retardation after ingesting transplastomic plant leaves. In addition, the inhibitory effects on both leaf spot diseases caused by Alternaria alternata and soft rot disease caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum were markedly observed. Moreover, tolerance to abiotic stresses such as salt/osmotic stress was highly enhanced. The results confirmed that the simultaneous expression of sporamin, cystatin and chitinase conferred a broad spectrum of resistance. Conversely, the expression of single transgenes was not capable of conferring such resistance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate an efficacious stacked combination of plastid-expressed defence genes which resulted in an engineered tolerance to various abiotic and biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Jen Chen
- Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Luzzatto-Knaan T, Kerem Z, Doron-Faigenboim A, Yedidia I. Priming of protein expression in the defence response of Zantedeschia aethiopica to Pectobacterium carotovorum. Mol Plant Pathol 2014; 15:364-78. [PMID: 24822269 PMCID: PMC6638884 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The defence response of Zantedeschia aethiopica, a natural rhizomatous host of the soft rot bacterium Pectobacterium carotovorum, was studied following the activation of common induced resistance pathways—systemic acquired resistance and induced systemic resistance. Proteomic tools were used, together with in vitro quantification and in situ localization of selected oxidizing enzymes. In total, 527 proteins were analysed by label-free mass spectrometry (MS) and annotated against the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) nonredundant (nr) protein database of rice (Oryza sativa). Of these, the fore most differentially expressed group comprised 215 proteins that were primed following application of methyl jasmonate (MJ) and subsequent infection with the pathogen. Sixty-five proteins were down-regulated following MJ treatments. The application of benzothiadiazole (BTH) increased the expression of 23 proteins; however, subsequent infection with the pathogen repressed their expression and did not induce priming. The sorting of primed proteins by Gene Ontology protein function category revealed that the primed proteins included nucleic acid-binding proteins, cofactor-binding proteins, ion-binding proteins, transferases, hydrolases and oxidoreductases. In line with the highlighted involvement of oxidoreductases in the defence response, we determined their activities, priming pattern and localization in planta. Increased activities were confined to the area surrounding the pathogen penetration site, associating these enzymes with the induced systemic resistance afforded by the jasmonic acid signalling pathway. The results presented here demonstrate the concerted priming of protein expression following MJ treatment, making it a prominent part of the defence response of Z. aethiopica to P. carotovorum.
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Song GC, Ryu SY, Kim YS, Lee JY, Choi JS, Ryu CM. Elicitation of induced resistance against Pectobacterium carotovorum and Pseudomonas syringae by specific individual compounds derived from native Korean plant species. Molecules 2013; 18:12877-95. [PMID: 24135942 PMCID: PMC6269703 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181012877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have developed general and specific defense mechanisms for protection against various enemies. Among the general defenses, induced resistance has distinct characteristics, such as broad-spectrum resistance and long-lasting effectiveness. This study evaluated over 500 specific chemical compounds derived from native Korean plant species to determine whether they triggered induced resistance against Pectobacterium carotovorum supsp. carotovorum (Pcc) in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) in Arabidopsis thaliana. To select target compound(s) with direct and indirect (volatile) effects, a new Petri-dish-based in vitro disease assay system with four compartments was developed. The screening assay showed that capsaicin, fisetin hydrate, jaceosidin, and farnesiferol A reduced the disease severity significantly in tobacco. Of these four compounds, capsaicin and jaceosidin induced resistance against Pcc and Pst, which depended on both salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling, using Arabidopsis transgenic and mutant lines, including npr1 and NahG for SA signaling and jar1 for JA signaling. The upregulation of the PR2 and PDF1.2 genes after Pst challenge with capsaicin pre-treatment indicated that SA and JA signaling were primed. These results demonstrate that capsaicin and jaceosidin can be effective triggers of strong induced resistance against both necrotrophic and biotrophic plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun Cheol Song
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Superbacteria Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Korea; E-Mail:
- Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, School of Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-333, Korea
| | - Shi Yong Ryu
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, P.O. Bos 107, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-600, Korea; E-Mails: (S.Y.R.); (Y.S.K.); (J.Y.L.); (J.S.C.)
| | - Young Sup Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, P.O. Bos 107, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-600, Korea; E-Mails: (S.Y.R.); (Y.S.K.); (J.Y.L.); (J.S.C.)
| | - Ji Young Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, P.O. Bos 107, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-600, Korea; E-Mails: (S.Y.R.); (Y.S.K.); (J.Y.L.); (J.S.C.)
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Jung Sup Choi
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, P.O. Bos 107, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-600, Korea; E-Mails: (S.Y.R.); (Y.S.K.); (J.Y.L.); (J.S.C.)
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Superbacteria Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Korea; E-Mail:
- Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, School of Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-333, Korea
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Curlango-Rivera G, Huskey DA, Mostafa A, Kessler JO, Xiong Z, Hawes MC. Intraspecies variation in cotton border cell production: rhizosphere microbiome implications. Am J Bot 2013; 100:1706-1712. [PMID: 23942085 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Border cells, which separate from the root cap, can comprise >90% of carbon-based exudates released into the rhizosphere, but may not provide a general source of nutrients for soil microorganisms. Instead, this population of specialized cells appears to function in defense of the root tip by an extracellular trapping process similar to that of mammalian white blood cells. Border cell production is tightly regulated, and direct tests of their impact on crop production have been hindered by lack of intraspecies variation. • METHODS Border cell number, viability, and clumping were compared among 22 cotton cultivars. Slime layer "extracellular trap" production by border cells in response to copper chloride, an elicitor of plant defenses, was compared in two cultivars with divergent border cell production. Trapping of bacteria by border cells in these lines also was measured. • KEY RESULTS Emerging roots of some cultivars produced more than 20000 border cells per root, a 100% increase over previously reported values for this species. No differences in border cell morphology, viability, or clumping were found. Copper chloride-induced extracellular trap formation by border cells from a cultivar that produced 27921 ± 2111 cells per root was similar to that of cells from a cultivar with 10002 ± 614 cells, but bacterial trapping was reduced. • CONCLUSIONS Intraspecific variation in border cell production provides a tool to measure their impact on plant development in the laboratory, greenhouse, and field. Further research is needed to determine the basis for this variation, and its impact on rhizosphere community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Curlango-Rivera
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, 429 Shantz Building #38, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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Kwon KC, Verma D, Jin S, Singh ND, Daniell H. Release of proteins from intact chloroplasts induced by reactive oxygen species during biotic and abiotic stress. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67106. [PMID: 23799142 PMCID: PMC3682959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastids sustain life on this planet by providing food, feed, essential biomolecules and oxygen. Such diverse metabolic and biosynthetic functions require efficient communication between plastids and the nucleus. However, specific factors, especially large molecules, released from plastids that regulate nuclear genes have not yet been fully elucidated. When tobacco and lettuce transplastomic plants expressing GFP within chloroplasts, were challenged with Erwinia carotovora (biotic stress) or paraquat (abiotic stress), GFP was released into the cytoplasm. During this process GFP moves gradually towards the envelope, creating a central red zone of chlorophyll fluorescence. GFP was then gradually released from intact chloroplasts into the cytoplasm with an intact vacuole and no other visible cellular damage. Different stages of GFP release were observed inside the same cell with a few chloroplasts completely releasing GFP with detection of only red chlorophyll fluorescence or with no reduction in GFP fluorescence or transitional steps between these two phases. Time lapse imaging by confocal microscopy clearly identified sequence of these events. Intactness of chloroplasts during this process was evident from chlorophyll fluorescence emanated from thylakoid membranes and in vivo Chla fluorescence measurements (maximum quantum yield of photosystem II) made before or after infection with pathogens to evaluate their photosynthetic competence. Hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion serve as signal molecules for generation of reactive oxygen species and Tiron, scavenger of superoxide anion, blocked release of GFP from chloroplasts. Significant increase in ion leakage in the presence of paraquat and light suggests changes in the chloroplast envelope to facilitate protein release. Release of GFP-RC101 (an antimicrobial peptide), which was triggered by Erwinia infection, ceased after conferring protection, further confirming this export phenomenon. These results suggest a novel signaling mechanism, especially for participation of chloroplast proteins (e.g. transcription factors) in retrograde signaling, thereby offering new opportunities to regulate pathways outside chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Chul Kwon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
- Departments of Biochemistry and Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Dheeraj Verma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Shuangxia Jin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Nameirakpam D. Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Henry Daniell
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
- Departments of Biochemistry and Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Abstract
Within soft rots, Salmonella spp. reach population densities 10- to 100-fold higher than within intact plants. The hypothesis that Salmonella spp. exchange AI-2 signals with Pectobacterium carotovorum to increase its competitive fitness was tested using mutants involved in AI-2 production (luxS) or perception (lsrACDBF or lsrG). Co-infections of a wild-type Salmonella sp. and its AI-2 mutants (at ≈3 to 10(4)) were established in green or red tomato ('FL 47' or 'Campari' for 3 or 5 days) as well as tomato co-infected with Pectobacterium (at 10(9)) or its luxS mutant. There were no significant differences in the competitive fitness of Salmonella, indicating that AI-2 signaling is not a major input in the interactions between these organisms under the tested conditions. A Salmonella lsrG::tnpR-lacZ resolvase in vivo expression technology (RIVET) reporter, constructed to monitor AI-2-related gene expression, responded strongly to the luxS deletion but only weakly to external sources of AI-2. Growth in soft rots generally decreased RIVET resolution; however, the effect was not correlated to the luxS genotype of the Pectobacterium sp. The results of this study show that AI-2 signaling offers no significant benefit to Salmonella spp. in this model of colonization of tomato or soft rots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton E Cox
- Department of Soil and Water Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Mongae A, Kubheka GC, Moleleki N, Moleleki LN. The use of fluorescent reporter protein tagging to study the interaction between Root-Knot Nematodes and Soft Rot Enterobacteriaceae. Lett Appl Microbiol 2013; 56:258-63. [PMID: 23347004 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The study of plant parasitic nematodes such as Meloidogyne spp. and their interactions with phytopathogenic bacteria remains underexplored. One of the challenges towards establishing such interactions is the dependence on symptom development as a measure of interaction. In this study, mCherry was employed as a reporter protein to investigate the interaction between the soft rot Enterobacteriaceae (SRE) Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliensis (Pcb) and root-knot nematode (M. incognita). Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliensis was transformed with pMP7604 generating Pcb_mCherry strain. This strain was shown to attach to the surface coat of M.incognita J2 at the optimum temperature of 28°C. This suggests that RKN juveniles may play a role in disseminating Pcb in soils that are heavily infested with Pcb. The presence of RKN juveniles was shown to play a role in introducing Pcb_mCherry into potato tubers potentially acting as a source of latent tuber infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mongae
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry Agriculture and Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Po-Wen C, Singh P, Zimmerli L. Priming of the Arabidopsis pattern-triggered immunity response upon infection by necrotrophic Pectobacterium carotovorum bacteria. Mol Plant Pathol 2013; 14:58-70. [PMID: 22947164 PMCID: PMC6638802 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2012.00827.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Boosted responsiveness of plant cells to stress at the onset of pathogen- or chemically induced resistance is called priming. The chemical β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) enhances Arabidopsis thaliana resistance to hemibiotrophic bacteria through the priming of the salicylic acid (SA) defence response. Whether BABA increases Arabidopsis resistance to the necrotrophic bacterium Pectobacterium carotovorum ssp. carotovorum (Pcc) is not clear. In this work, we show that treatment with BABA protects Arabidopsis against the soft-rot pathogen Pcc. BABA did not prime the expression of the jasmonate/ethylene-responsive gene PLANT DEFENSIN 1.2 (PDF1.2), the up-regulation of which is usually associated with resistance to necrotrophic pathogens. Expression of the SA marker gene PATHOGENESIS RELATED 1 (PR1) on Pcc infection was primed by BABA treatment, but SA-defective mutants demonstrated a wild-type level of BABA-induced resistance against Pcc. BABA primed the expression of the pattern-triggered immunity (PTI)-responsive genes FLG22-INDUCED RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 1 (FRK1), ARABIDOPSIS NON-RACE SPECIFIC DISEASE RESISTANCE GENE (NDR1)/HAIRPIN-INDUCED GENE (HIN1)-LIKE 10 (NHL10) and CYTOCHROME P450, FAMILY 81 (CYP81F2) after inoculation with Pcc or after treatment with purified bacterial microbe-associated molecular patterns, such as flg22 or elf26. PTI-mediated callose deposition was also potentiated in BABA-treated Arabidopsis, and BABA boosted Arabidopsis stomatal immunity to Pcc. BABA treatment primed the PTI response in the SA-defective mutants SA induction deficient 2-1 (sid2-1) and phytoalexin deficient 4-1 (pad4-1). In addition, BABA priming was associated with open chromatin configurations in the promoter region of PTI marker genes. Our data indicate that BABA primes the PTI response upon necrotrophic bacterial infection and suggest a role for the PTI response in BABA-induced resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Po-Wen
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Rm 1150, Life Science Building, no. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
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Lee HJ, Kim JS, Yoo SJ, Kang EY, Han SH, Yang KY, Kim YC, McSpadden Gardener B, Kang H. Different roles of glycine-rich RNA-binding protein7 in plant defense against Pectobacterium carotovorum, Botrytis cinerea, and tobacco mosaic viruses. Plant Physiol Biochem 2012; 60:46-52. [PMID: 22902796 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycine-rich RNA-binding protein7 (AtGRP7) has previously been demonstrated to confer plant defense against Pseudomonas syringae DC3000. Here, we show that AtGRP7 can play different roles in plant defense against diverse pathogens. AtGRP7 enhances resistance against a necrotrophic bacterium Pectobacterium carotovorum SCC1 or a biotrophic virus tobacco mosaic virus. By contrast, AtGRP7 plays a negative role in defense against a necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. These results provide evidence that AtGRP7 is a potent regulator in plant defense response to diverse pathogens, and suggest that the regulation of RNA metabolism by RNA-binding proteins is important for plant innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Jung Lee
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Kumho Life Science Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 300 Yongbong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
In addition to its essential metabolic functions, biotin has been suggested to play a critical role in regulating gene expression. The first committed enzyme in biotin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis, 7-keto-8-aminopelargonic acid synthase, is encoded by At5g04620 (BIO4). We isolated a T-DNA insertion mutant of BIO4 (bio4-1) with a spontaneous cell death phenotype, which was rescued both by exogenous biotin and genetic complementation. The bio4-1 plants exhibited massive accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and constitutive up-regulation of a number of genes that are diagnostic for defense and reactive oxygen species signaling. The cell-death phenotype was independent of salicylic acid and jasmonate signaling. Interestingly, the observed increase in defense gene expression was not accompanied by enhanced resistance to bacterial pathogens, which may be explained by uncoupling of defense gene transcription from accumulation of the corresponding protein. Characterization of biotinylated protein profiles showed a substantial reduction of both chloroplastic biotinylated proteins and a nuclear biotinylated polypeptide in the mutant. Our results suggest that biotin deficiency results in light-dependent spontaneous cell death and modulates defense gene expression. The isolation and molecular characterization of the bio4-1 mutant provides a valuable tool for elucidating new functions of biotin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Biocenter, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Park JY, Han SH, Lee JH, Han YS, Lee YS, Rong X, McSpadden Gardener BB, Park HS, Kim YC. Draft genome sequence of the biocontrol bacterium Pseudomonas putida B001, an oligotrophic bacterium that induces systemic resistance to plant diseases. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:6795-6. [PMID: 22072649 PMCID: PMC3232894 DOI: 10.1128/jb.06217-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas putida B001 is a rhizobacterium that was isolated on the basis of its abilities to grow under low-nutrient conditions and induce systemic resistance against bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases of plants. Here we report the draft genome sequence and automatic annotation of strain B001. Comparison of this sequence to the sequenced genome of P. putida KT2440 points to a subset of gene functions that may be related to the defense-inducing functions of B001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Yeon Park
- Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Hee Han
- Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Hoon Lee
- Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Soo Han
- Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Seok Lee
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine and UHRC, Inje University, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaoqing Rong
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agriculture Research and Development Center (OARDC), Wooster, Ohio
| | - Brian B. McSpadden Gardener
- Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agriculture Research and Development Center (OARDC), Wooster, Ohio
| | - Hong-Seog Park
- Genome Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Cheol Kim
- Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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Ivanitsa TV, Tovkach FI. [Detection of bacteriophages of siphoviridae family in Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora]. Mikrobiol Z 2011; 73:57-63. [PMID: 22308753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
It was established that the polylysogenic phage system of culture Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora 91P includes: a) defective bacteriophages of Myoviridae family, which are displayed as macromolecular carotovoricins b) valuable highly unstable temperate phage, which can be attributed to the family Myoviridae, and which, perhaps, is an analogue of phage ZF40 [6], and c) resistant to osmotic shock temperate phage of family Siphoviridae. This phage, called TIRI, consists of isometric head 50 nm in diameter and a rigid tail structure 203 nm long. A characteristic feature of the phage tail is an evident transverse striation, which is also indicative for the tail-like particle of the defective temperate phage of the strain 48A-7/4b. In general, the phage system of E carotovora subsp. carotovora is similar to Pseudomonas aeruginosa with its R- and F-bacteriocins, and phages of the families Myoviridae and Siphoviridae.
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Vutto NL, Gapeeva TA, Pundik AN, Tret'iakova TG, Volotovskiĭ ID. [Transgenic Belarussian-bred potato plants expressing genes for antimicrobial peptides of the cecropin-melittin type]. Genetika 2010; 46:1626-1634. [PMID: 21434415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Binary vectors for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation were constructed to express the genes for antimicrobial peptides (APs) of the cectropin-melittin type under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA promoter in plants. It was shown with Escherichia coli and Agrobacterium tumefaciens cells that the cassettes could be cloned in pB1121-based vectors with deletion of the 3-D-glycuronidase gene only in the orientation opposite to that of the original vector. Transgenic potato plants were obtained using the Belarussian varieties Odyssey, Vetraz, and Scarb. Their cells expressed the MsrA1 or CEMA peptides of the cecropin-melittin type. The expression was shown to confer higher resistance to bacterial (Erwinia carotovora) infection and extremely high resistance to fungal (Phytophtora infestans and Alternarla solani) infections.
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Mole B, Habibi S, Dangl JL, Grant SR. Gluconate metabolism is required for virulence of the soft-rot pathogen Pectobacterium carotovorum. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2010; 23:1335-44. [PMID: 20636105 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-10-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Pectobacterium carotovorum is a ubiquitous soft rot pathogen that uses global virulence regulators to coordinate pathogenesis in response to undefined environmental conditions. We characterize an operon in P. carotovorum required for gluconate metabolism and virulence. The operon contains four genes that are highly conserved among proteobacteria (initially annotated ygbJKLM), one of which was misassigned as a type III secreted effector, (ygbK, originally known as hopAN1). A mutant with a deletion-insertion within this operon is unable to metabolize gluconate, a precursor for the pentose phosphate pathway. The mutant exhibits attenuated growth on the leaves of its host of isolation, potato, and those of Arabidopsis thaliana. Notably, the mutant hypermacerates potato tubers and is deficient in motility. Global virulence regulators that are responsive to cell wall pectin breakdown products and other undefined environmental signals, KdgR and FlhD, respectively, are misregulated in the mutant. The alteration of virulence mediated via changes in transcription of known global virulence regulators in our ygbJ-M operon mutant suggests a role for host-derived catabolic intermediates in P. carotovorum pathogenesis. Thus, we rename this operon in P. carotovorum vguABCD for virulence and gluconate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Mole
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599, USA
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Chatterjee A, Cui Y, Chakrabarty P, Chatterjee AK. Regulation of motility in Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora: quorum-sensing signal controls FlhDC, the global regulator of flagellar and exoprotein genes, by modulating the production of RsmA, an RNA-binding protein. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2010; 23:1316-1323. [PMID: 20831410 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-10-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora causes soft-rotting (tissue-macerating) disease in many plants and plant organs. Although pectinases are the primary determinants of virulence, several ancillary factors that augment bacterial virulence have also been identified. One such factor is bacterial motility. Flagellum formation and bacterial movement are regulated in many enterobacteria, including E. carotovora subsp. carotovora, by FlhDC, the master regulator of flagellar genes and FliA, a flagellum-specific σ factor. We document here that motility of E. carotovora subsp. carotovora is positively regulated by the quorum-sensing signal, N-acylhomoserine lactone (AHL), and negatively regulated by RsmA, a post-transcriptional regulator. RsmA, an RNA-binding protein, causes translational repression and promotes RNA decay. Our data show that RsmA negatively regulates flhDC and fliA expression. Moreover, the chemical stabilities of transcripts of these genes are greater in an RsmA- mutant than in RsmA+ bacteria. These observations contrast with positive regulation of flhDC and motility by CsrA (=RsmA) in Escherichia coli. In the absence of AHL, the AHL receptors ExpR1/ExpR2 (=AhlR) in Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora negatively regulate motility and expression of flhDC and fliA by activating RsmA production. In the presence of AHL, regulatory effects of ExpR1/ExpR2 are neutralized, resulting in reduced levels of rsmA expression and enhanced motility.
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Abstract
Extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (eATP) is emerging as an important plant signalling compound capable of mobilising intracellular second messengers such as Ca(2+), nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen species. However, the downstream molecular targets and the spectrum of physiological processes that eATP regulates are largely unknown. We used exogenous ATP and a non-hydrolysable analogue as probes to identify the molecular and physiological effects of eATP-mediated signalling in tobacco. 2-DE coupled with MS/MS analysis revealed differential protein expression in response to perturbation of eATP signalling. These proteins are in several functional classes that included photosynthesis, mitochondrial ATP synthesis, and defence against oxidative stress, but the biggest response was in the pathogen defence-related proteins. Consistent with this, impairment of eATP signalling induced resistance against the bacterial pathogen Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora. In addition, disease resistance activated by a fungal pathogen elicitor (xylanase from Trichoderma viride) was concomitant with eATP depletion. These results reveal several previously unknown putative molecular targets of eATP signalling, which pinpoint eATP as an important hub at which regulatory signals of some major primary metabolic pathways and defence responses are integrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Chivasa
- Creative Gene Technology Ltd., The Integrative Cell Biology Laboratory, Durham, UK
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Truchado P, Gil-Izquierdo A, Tomás-Barberán F, Allende A. Inhibition by chestnut honey of N-Acyl-L-homoserine lactones and biofilm formation in Erwinia carotovora, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Aeromonas hydrophila. J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57:11186-11193. [PMID: 19950997 DOI: 10.1021/jf9029139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria are able to communicate and coordinate certain processes using small secreted signaling molecules called autoinducers. This phenomenon, known as "quorum sensing" (QS), may be essential for the synchronization of virulence factors as well as biofilm development. The interruption of bacterial QS is acknowledged to attenuate virulence and considered to be a potential new therapy to treat infections caused by pathogenic bacteria. N-Acyl-L-homoserine lactones (AHLs) have been identified as the main bacterial signaling molecules in Gram-negative bacteria. This study evaluates the capacity of chestnut honey and its aqueous and methanolic extracts to inhibit bacterial AHL-controlled processes in Erwinia carotovora , Yersinia enterocolitica , and Aeromonas hydrophila . This study is the first in applying liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry to determine the QS inhibitory activity of honey against pathogenic bacteria. The tandem mass spectrometry analysis of culture supernatants confirmed the presence of three main AHLs: N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (3-oxo-C6-HSL) and N-hexanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (C6-HSL) in E. carotovora and Y. enterocolitica and N-butanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL) in A. hydrophila. The effect of chestnut honey and its aqueous and methanolic extracts (0.2 g/mL) on AHL concentration and biofilm formation in bacterial cultures was determined. The obtained results revealed their potential use as QS inhibitors or regulators of the degradation of QS signals, with the methanolic extract showing less inhibitory capacity. Thus, the QS inhibitory activity of chestnut honey seems to be related to the aqueous phase, suggesting that the carbohydrate fraction contains an antipathogenic substance responsible for the inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Truchado
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain
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Ban H, Chai X, Lin Y, Zhou Y, Peng D, Zhou Y, Zou Y, Yu Z, Sun M. Transgenic Amorphophallus konjac expressing synthesized acyl-homoserine lactonase (aiiA) gene exhibit enhanced resistance to soft rot disease. Plant Cell Rep 2009; 28:1847-1855. [PMID: 19898849 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-009-0788-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Amorphophallus konjac is an important economic crop widely used in health products and biomaterials. However, this monocotyledonous plant's production is seriously restricted by soft rot disease. Some Bacillus thuringiensis strains generate an endocellular acyl homoserine lactonase (AiiA), which has inhibitory effect on soft rot pathogen through disrupting the signal molecules (N-acylhomoserine lactones, AHL) of their Quorum Sensing system. The aim of our study is to obtain transgenic A. konjac expressing AiiA protein and exhibiting resistance to soft rot. But till now, there is not any report about exogenous gene transformation in A. konjac. In this research, an Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation system was constructed. An aiiA gene was synthesized according to the codon usage in A. konjac. Embryogenic callus was infected with the A. tumefaciens strain EHA105 harboring the plant transformation plasmid pU1301 plus synthesized aiiA gene. After antibiotics screening, 34 plants were obtained. PCR analysis showed that positive amplified fragments were present in 21 out of these 34 lines. Southern blot analysis indicated that aiiA gene had integrated into the genome of A. konjac. Western blotting demonstrated that the target protein of interest was reactive with the antibody against AiiA. Further disease resistance detection revealed that all of the tested transgenic A. konjac lines exhibited high resistance to soft rot bacteria Erwinia carotovora subsp. Carotovora (Ecc) SCG1. The protocol is useful for the quality improvement of A. konjac through genetic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Ban
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
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Park MR, Kim YC, Lee S, Kim IS. Identification of an ISR-related metabolite produced by rhizobacterium Klebsiella oxytoca C1036 active against soft-rot disease pathogen in tobacco. Pest Manag Sci 2009; 65:1114-7. [PMID: 19504536 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Klebsiella oxytoca C1036 (C1036) causes induced systemic resistance (ISR) activity against the soft-rot pathogen Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum SCC1 (SCC1). However, microbial metabolites from C1036 involved in ISR activity remain unknown. The present study was performed to identify an ISR-related metabolite produced by C1036. RESULTS The supernatants of C1036 cultures grown on Luria-Bertani medium were subjected to solvent extraction, repeated column chromatography and preparative liquid chromatography for isolation of an ISR-related metabolite. High-resolution mass spectrometer analysis of the isolated metabolite indicated a C9H15O3N compound with a mass of 185.11. Low-resolution mass spectrometer analysis of the metabolite showed a molecular ion peak at 185 and its fragment ions at 84 and 56. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer analyses characterised all protons and carbons of the isolated metabolite. Based on the data, the isolated metabolite was determined to be butyl 2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylate (BPC). BPC at 12 mM significantly suppressed the disease symptoms in ISR bioassays against SCC1. CONCLUSION This is the first report identifying BPC as an ISR-related metabolite produced by C1036. C1036 may play a role in promoting plant growth because it produces ISR-related metabolites against the plant pathogen SCC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Ryeol Park
- Division of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Environmentally Friendly Agriculture Research Centre, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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Poiatti VAD, Dalmas FR, Astarita LV. Defense mechanisms of Solanum tuberosum L. in response to attack by plant-pathogenic bacteria. Biol Res 2009; 42:205-215. [PMID: 19746266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The natural resistance of plants to disease is based not only on preformed mechanisms, but also on induced mechanisms. The defense mechanisms present in resistant plants may also be found in susceptible ones. This study attempted to analyze the metabolic alterations in plants of the potato Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Agata that were inoculated with the incompatible plant-pathogenic bacteria X. axonopodis and R. solanacearum, and the compatible bacterium E. carotovora. Levels of total phenolic compounds, including the flavonoid group, and the activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POX) were evaluated. Bacteria compatibility was evaluated by means of infiltration of tubers. The defense response was evaluated in the leaves of the potato plants. Leaves were inoculated depending on their number and location on the stem. Multiple-leaf inoculation was carried out on basal, intermediate, and apical leaves, and single inoculations on intermediate leaves. Leaves inoculated with X. axonopodis and with R. solanacearum showed hypersensitive responses within 24 hours post-inoculation, whereas leaves inoculated with E. carotovora showed disease symptoms. Therefore, the R. solanacearum isolate used in the experiments did not exhibit virulence to this potato cultivar. Regardless of the bacterial treatments, the basal leaves showed higher PPO and POX activities and lower levels of total phenolic compounds and flavonoids, compared to the apical leaves. However, basal and intermediate leaves inoculated with R. solanacearum and X. axonopodis showed increases in total phenolic compounds and flavonoid levels. In general, multiple-leaf inoculation showed the highest levels of total phenolics and flavonoids, whereas the single inoculations resulted in the highest increase in PPO activity. The POX activity showed no significant difference between single- and multiple-leaf inoculations. Plants inoculated with E. carotovora showed no significant increase in defense mechanisms such as enzyme activity and phenolic compounds. Therefore, resistance or susceptibility in S. tuberosum cv. Agata might depend on leaf age, type of inoculation performed (single or multiple), and the interaction between plant and pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera A D Poiatti
- Laboratório de Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Biología Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Gogolev IV, Gorshkov VI, Petrova OE, Mukhametshina NE, Ageeva MV. [Identification and characterization of non-cultivated forms of enterobacteria Erwinia carotovora in continuously incubated cultures]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2009:77-80. [PMID: 19715209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM To determine overall number as well as number of viable cells in continuously incubated cultures of E. carotovora by methods of confocal microscopy and quantitative PCR-analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Strain E. carotovora atroseptica SCRI1043 was grown on LB medium to density 2x10(9) CFU/ml. Cells were aggregated by centrifugation and transferred on fresh LB medium, containing alkyloxybenzol, or on the AB medium, which was deficient on phosphorus and carbon. BacLight LIVE/ DEAD kit in combination with confocal laser microscopy as well as quantitative PCR were used for the determination of the number of viable cells. RESULTS Total number and number of viable cells in cultures on AB medium was high (10() - 10(9) and 10(7) - 10(8) cells/ml respectively) up to 3 - 5 months of cultivation. Though, number of cultivated cells significantly decreased in all variants of the experiment. Number of viable cells in such cultures was several orders greater than genomic copies detected by PCR. Efficacy of DNA amplification increased after dialysis and deproteinization of samples. CONCLUSION Loss of cultivation ability when number of viable bacteria is high points to possible switch of E. carotovora cells in non-cultivated state under unfavourable conditions. We assume that it is accompanied by formation of low-molecular components and DNA-bound proteins in cells, which inhibit PCR.
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Sjöblom S, Harjunpää H, Brader G, Palva ET. A novel plant ferredoxin-like protein and the regulator Hor are quorum-sensing targets in the plant pathogen Erwinia carotovora. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2008; 21:967-978. [PMID: 18533837 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-21-7-0967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS), a population-density-sensing mechanism, controls the production of the main virulence determinants, the plant cell-wall-degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) of the soft-rot phytopathogen Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora. In this study, we used random transposon mutagenesis with a gusA reporter construct to identify two new QS-controlled genes encoding the regulator Hor and a plant ferredoxin-like protein, FerE. The QS control of the identified genes was executed by the QS regulators ExpR1 and ExpR2 and mediated by the global repressor RsmA. Hor was shown to contribute to bacterial virulence at least partly through its control of PCWDE production. Our results showed that FerE contributes to oxidative stress tolerance and in planta fitness of the bacteria and suggest that QS could be central to control of oxidative stress tolerance. The presence of the FerE protein appears to be rather unique in heterotrophic bacteria and suggests an acquisition of the corresponding gene from plant host by horizontal gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solveig Sjöblom
- Viikki Biocenter, Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Division of Genetics, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 56, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
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Pajerowska-Mukhtar KM, Mukhtar MS, Guex N, Halim VA, Rosahl S, Somssich IE, Gebhardt C. Natural variation of potato allene oxide synthase 2 causes differential levels of jasmonates and pathogen resistance in Arabidopsis. Planta 2008; 228:293-306. [PMID: 18431595 PMCID: PMC2440949 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-008-0737-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Natural variation of plant pathogen resistance is often quantitative. This type of resistance can be genetically dissected in quantitative resistance loci (QRL). To unravel the molecular basis of QRL in potato (Solanum tuberosum), we employed the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana for functional analysis of natural variants of potato allene oxide synthase 2 (StAOS2). StAOS2 is a candidate gene for QRL on potato chromosome XI against the oömycete Phytophthora infestans causing late blight, and the bacterium Erwinia carotovora ssp. atroseptica causing stem black leg and tuber soft rot, both devastating diseases in potato cultivation. StAOS2 encodes a cytochrome P450 enzyme that is essential for biosynthesis of the defense signaling molecule jasmonic acid. Allele non-specific dsRNAi-mediated silencing of StAOS2 in potato drastically reduced jasmonic acid production and compromised quantitative late blight resistance. Five natural StAOS2 alleles were expressed in the null Arabidopsis aos mutant under control of the Arabidopsis AOS promoter and tested for differential complementation phenotypes. The aos mutant phenotypes evaluated were lack of jasmonates, male sterility and susceptibility to Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora. StAOS2 alleles that were associated with increased disease resistance in potato complemented all aos mutant phenotypes better than StAOS2 alleles associated with increased susceptibility. First structure models of 'quantitative resistant' versus 'quantitative susceptible' StAOS2 alleles suggested potential mechanisms for their differential activity. Our results demonstrate how a candidate gene approach in combination with using the homologous Arabidopsis mutant as functional reporter can help to dissect the molecular basis of complex traits in non model crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina M. Pajerowska-Mukhtar
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- Present Address: Department of Biology, Duke University, 4204 FFSC Bldg, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - M. Shahid Mukhtar
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- Present Address: Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 3280, 108 Coker Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Nicolas Guex
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge, Bâtiment Genopode, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincentius A. Halim
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Present Address: Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sabine Rosahl
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Imre E. Somssich
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christiane Gebhardt
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
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Han SH, Kim CH, Lee JH, Park JY, Cho SM, Park SK, Kim KY, Krishnan HB, Kim YC. Inactivation of pqq genes of Enterobacter intermedium 60-2G reduces antifungal activity and induction of systemic resistance. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008; 282:140-6. [PMID: 18355275 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterobacter intermedium 60-2G, a phosphate solubilizing bacterium, has the ability to induce systemic resistance in plants against soft rot pathogen Erwinia carotovora. Glucose dehydrogenase, an enzyme that utilizes pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) as a cofactor, is required for the synthesis of gluconic acid by E. intermedium 60-2G. Here, we report that the pqqA and pqqB genes are required for phosphate solubilization and induced systemic resistance against a soft rot pathogen in tobacco. Mutations in either the pqqA or pqqB gene abolished the production of 2-ketogluconic acid and eliminated the ability of E. intermedium to solubilize hydroxyapatite. Addition of gluconic acid to the growth media restored the ability of the pqqA mutant to produce 2-ketogluconic acid. Interestingly, both pqqA and pqqB mutants of E. intermedium lost their ability to inhibit the growth of the rice pathogen Magnaporthe grisea KI-409. Additionally, induced systemic resistance against the soft rot pathogen was attenuated in the pqq mutants. These functions were restored by complementation with the wild-type pqq gene cluster. Our findings suggest that PQQ plays an important function in beneficial traits including phosphate solubilization, antifungal activity, and induced systemic resistance of E. intermedium, possibly by acting as a cofactor for several enzymes including glucose dehydrogenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Hee Han
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Biotechnology Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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Ponce de León I, Oliver JP, Castro A, Gaggero C, Bentancor M, Vidal S. Erwinia carotovora elicitors and Botrytis cinerea activate defense responses in Physcomitrella patens. BMC Plant Biol 2007; 7:52. [PMID: 17922917 PMCID: PMC2174466 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-7-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/08/2007] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular plants respond to pathogens by activating a diverse array of defense mechanisms. Studies with these plants have provided a wealth of information on pathogen recognition, signal transduction and the activation of defense responses. However, very little is known about the infection and defense responses of the bryophyte, Physcomitrella patens, to well-studied phytopathogens. The purpose of this study was to determine: i) whether two representative broad host range pathogens, Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora (E.c. carotovora) and Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea), could infect Physcomitrella, and ii) whether B. cinerea, elicitors of a harpin (HrpN) producing E.c. carotovora strain (SCC1) or a HrpN-negative strain (SCC3193), could cause disease symptoms and induce defense responses in Physcomitrella. RESULTS B. cinerea and E.c. carotovora were found to readily infect Physcomitrella gametophytic tissues and cause disease symptoms. Treatments with B. cinerea spores or cell-free culture filtrates from E.c. carotovoraSCC1 (CF(SCC1)), resulted in disease development with severe maceration of Physcomitrella tissues, while CF(SCC3193) produced only mild maceration. Although increased cell death was observed with either the CFs or B. cinerea, the occurrence of cytoplasmic shrinkage was only visible in Evans blue stained protonemal cells treated with CF(SCC1) or inoculated with B. cinerea. Most cells showing cytoplasmic shrinkage accumulated autofluorescent compounds and brown chloroplasts were evident in a high proportion of these cells. CF treatments and B. cinerea inoculation induced the expression of the defense-related genes: PR-1, PAL, CHS and LOX. CONCLUSION B. cinerea and E.c. carotovora elicitors induce a defense response in Physcomitrella, as evidenced by enhanced expression of conserved plant defense-related genes. Since cytoplasmic shrinkage is the most common morphological change observed in plant PCD, and that harpins and B. cinerea induce this type of cell death in vascular plants, our results suggest that E.c. carotovora CFSCC1 containing HrpN and B. cinerea could also induce this type of cell death in Physcomitrella. Our studies thus establish Physcomitrella as an experimental host for investigation of plant-pathogen interactions and B. cinerea and elicitors of E.c. carotovora as promising tools for understanding the mechanisms involved in defense responses and in pathogen-mediated cell death in this simple land plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Ponce de León
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Juan Pablo Oliver
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alexandra Castro
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carina Gaggero
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marcel Bentancor
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, CP 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sabina Vidal
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, CP 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Karim S, Holmström KO, Mandal A, Dahl P, Hohmann S, Brader G, Palva ET, Pirhonen M. AtPTR3, a wound-induced peptide transporter needed for defence against virulent bacterial pathogens in Arabidopsis. Planta 2007; 225:1431-45. [PMID: 17143616 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-006-0451-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 11/08/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Mutation in the wound-induced peptide transporter gene AtPTR3 (At5g46050) of Arabidopsis thaliana has been shown to affect germination on media containing a high salt concentration. The heterologous expression in yeast was utilized to verify that the AtPTR3 protein transports di-and tripeptides. The T-DNA insert in the Atptr3-1 mutant in the Arabidopsis ecotype C24 revealed two T-DNA copies, the whole vector sequence, and the gus marker gene inserted in the second intron of the AtPTR3 gene. An almost identical insertion site was found in the Atptr3-2 mutant of the Col-0 ecotype. The AtPTR3 expression was shown to be regulated by several signalling compounds, most clearly by salicylic acid (SA), but also methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and abscisic acid. Real-time PCR experiments suggested that the wound-induction of the AtPTR3 gene was abolished in the SA and JA signalling mutants. The Atptr3 mutant plants had increased susceptibility to virulent pathogenic bacteria Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, and produced more reactive oxygen species when grown on media containing paraquat or rose bengal. Public microarray data suggest that the AtPTR3 expression was induced by Pseudomonas elicitors and by avirulent P. syringae pathovars and type III secretion mutants. This was verified experimentally for the hrpA mutant with real-time PCR. These results suggest that AtPTR3 is one of the defence-related genes whose expression is reduced by virulent bacterium by type III dependent fashion. Our results suggest that AtPTR3 protects the plant against biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sazzad Karim
- School of Life Sciences, University of Skövde, 54128, Skövde, Sweden
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Zhang L, Ruan L, Hu C, Wu H, Chen S, Yu Z, Sun M. Fusion of the genes for AHL-lactonase and S-layer protein in Bacillus thuringiensis increases its ability to inhibit soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 74:667-75. [PMID: 17216466 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0696-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2006] [Revised: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 09/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Two genes, ctc and ctc2, responsible for surface layer (S-layer) protein synthesis in Bacillus thuringiensis CTC, were mutated and resulted in B. thuringiensis Tr5. To synthesize and express the N-acyl-homoserine lactonase (AHL-lactonase) in the extracellular space of B. thuringiensis, the aiiA ( 4Q7 ) gene (an AHL-lactonase gene from B. thuringiensis 4Q7), which confers the ability to inhibit plant soft rot disease in B. thuringiensis 4Q7, was fused with the upstream sequence of the ctc gene, which in turn is essential for S-layer protein secretion and anchoring on the cell surface. The resulting fusion gene, slh-aiiA, was expressed in B. thuringiensis Tr5 to avoid competition for the extracellular space with the native S-layer protein. Our results indicate that B. thuringiensis Tr5 containing the fusion gene slh-aiiA displayed high extracellular AHL-degrading activity. When compared with wild-type B. thuringiensis strains, the ability of the constructed strain to inhibit soft rot disease caused by Erwinia carotovora SCG1 was markedly increased. These findings provide evidence for a significant advance in our ability to inhibit soft rot disease caused by E. carotovora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Kariola T, Brader G, Helenius E, Li J, Heino P, Palva ET. EARLY RESPONSIVE TO DEHYDRATION 15, a negative regulator of abscisic acid responses in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 2006; 142:1559-73. [PMID: 17056758 PMCID: PMC1676049 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.086223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2006] [Accepted: 10/12/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
EARLY RESPONSIVE TO DEHYDRATION 15 (ERD15) is rapidly induced in response to various abiotic and biotic stress stimuli in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Modulation of ERD15 levels by overexpression or RNAi silencing altered the responsiveness of the transgenic plants to the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA). Overexpression of ERD15 reduced the ABA sensitivity of Arabidopsis manifested in decreased drought tolerance and in impaired ability of the plants to increase their freezing tolerance in response to this hormone. In contrast, RNAi silencing of ERD15 resulted in plants that were hypersensitive to ABA and showed improved tolerance to both drought and freezing, as well as impaired seed germination in the presence of ABA. The modulation of ERD15 levels not only affected abiotic stress tolerance but also disease resistance: ERD15 overexpression plants showed improved resistance to the bacterial necrotroph Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora accompanied with enhanced induction of marker genes for systemic acquired resistance. We propose that ERD15 is a novel mediator of stress-related ABA signaling in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarja Kariola
- Viikki Biocenter, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Division of Genetics, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
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