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Bokthier Rahman M, Hussain M, Probha Kabiraz M, Nordin N, Anusha Siddiqui S, Bhowmik S, Begum M. An update on formaldehyde adulteration in food: sources, detection, mechanisms, and risk assessment. Food Chem 2023; 427:136761. [PMID: 37406446 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde is added illegally to food to extend its shelf life due to its antiseptic and preservation properties. Several research has been conducted to examine the consequences of adulteration with formaldehyde in food items. These findings suggest that adding formaldehyde to food is considered harmful as it accumulates in the body with long-term consumption. In this review includes study findings on food adulteration with formaldehyde and their assessment of food safety based on the analytical method applied to various geographical regions, food matrix types, and their sources in food items. Additionally, this review sought to assess the risk of formaldehyde-tainted food and the understanding of its development in food and its impacts on food safety in light of the widespread formaldehyde adulteration. Finally, the study would be useful as a manual for implementing adequate and successful risk assessment to increase food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Bokthier Rahman
- Department of Fisheries Technology, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali-8602, Bangladesh
| | - Monayem Hussain
- Department of Fish Biology and Genetics, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Meera Probha Kabiraz
- Department of Biotechnology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Noordiana Nordin
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shahida Anusha Siddiqui
- Technical University of Munich Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Essigberg 3, 94315 Straubing, Germany; German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Prof.-von-Klitzing-Str. 7, 49610, Quakenbrück, Germany.
| | - Shuva Bhowmik
- Centre for Bioengineering and Nanomedicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh.
| | - Mohajira Begum
- BCSIR Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Rajshahi-6204, Bangladesh
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Khan MA, Hossain ME, Islam MS, Rahman MS, Sudhakaran PO, Dey MM. A systematic review of fish adulteration and contamination in Bangladesh: A way forward to food safety. REVIEWS IN AQUACULTURE 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/raq.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
AbstractFor decades, the world has been plagued by widespread food adulteration, and Bangladesh is no exception. Dishonest business people and fish farmers unlawfully utilize various preservatives to avoid rotting and extend the shelf life of fish. Although previous research has examined the level of formalin use in fish bodies, no studies focusing on all aspects of fish adulteration and contamination in Bangladesh have been carried out. In this context, the aim of this review is to explore the extent and magnitude of illegal fish adulteration and contamination in Bangladesh. Among the 37 reviewed studies, 11 of them highlighted formalin adulteration in fish samples and fish feed. The extent of formalin use varied between local and imported fish, and between large and small fish. Imported and large fish were substantially more formalin‐contaminated. Several investigations have discovered that antibiotic levels in farm water and fish feed exceed the permitted level. Farmers have used growth promoters incautiously. This study also identifies that certain metal substances, such as chromium, lead, arsenic, cadmium, iron, mercury and cobalt, have been frequently found in fish bodies and feed samples. Furthermore, a distinct type of fish adulteration caused by aromatic compounds has emerged recently. The findings and their ramifications are extremely concerning for human lives. However, since each study employed a different testing kit, the results were quite distinct. Thus, the adoption of a precise and sensitive kit is strongly recommended. The government should make it a top priority to solve the problem of fish adulteration by implementing appropriate food safety laws and policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Akhtaruzzaman Khan
- Department of Agricultural Finance and Banking Bangladesh Agricultural University Mymensingh Bangladesh
| | - Md. Emran Hossain
- Department of Agricultural Finance and Banking Bangladesh Agricultural University Mymensingh Bangladesh
| | - Md. Sayemul Islam
- Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology Bangladesh Agricultural University Mymensingh Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Saidur Rahman
- Department of Agricultural Economics Bangladesh Agricultural University Mymensingh Bangladesh
| | | | - Madan Mohan Dey
- Department of Agricultural Sciences Texas State University San Marcos Texas USA
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Jinadasa B, Elliott C, Jayasinghe G. A review of the presence of formaldehyde in fish and seafood. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.108882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Hasan I, Pervin M, Kobir MA, Sagor SH, Karim MR. Effect of formaldehyde and urea contaminated feed exposure into the liver of young and adult pigeons ( Columba livia). Vet World 2021; 14:769-776. [PMID: 33935426 PMCID: PMC8076463 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.769-776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Nowadays, toxic chemical contaminants in food are a major food safety problem in Bangladesh. Among toxic food contaminants, formalin is used to preserve fruit, vegetables, and fish, where urea is used for the whitening of rice and puffed rice. The purpose of this study was to determine the biochemical and histopathological effects on the liver of young and adult pigeons after exposure to formalin and urea contaminated feed. Materials and Methods: A total of 15 young and 15 adult pigeons were divided into control group, formaldehyde exposed group (2.5 mL formalin/kg feed), and urea exposed (1 g/kg feed) group. Each group consisted of five pigeons. After the experimentation procedures, the blood samples were collected for biochemical study, and the liver tissue was collected for histomorphological study. The statistical analysis was performed using the Student’s t-test, and p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The aspartate transaminase serum hepatic enzyme was significantly increased in both formalin and urea exposed young and adult pigeons than the control pigeons. In control pigeons, parenchymal hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells are regularly arranged. However, histological observation of the liver of formalin and urea exposed young, and adult pigeons showed coagulation necrosis with infiltration of many inflammatory cells around the central and portal veins. The necrotic areas are more extensive with massive infiltration of inflammatory cells in the liver of formalin-treated pigeons than the urea treated pigeons. Conclusion: The present study results show that low concentrations of formalin and urea in feed induced liver lesions in pigeons in different extents and indicate that exposure to toxic chemicals may affect homeostasis of the liver and cause liver injury or act as a co-factor for liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imam Hasan
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
| | - Munmun Pervin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Alamgir Kobir
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
| | - Sakib Hossain Sagor
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Rabiul Karim
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
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Devaraj P, Babu V, Cengiz EI. Qualitative detection of formaldehyde and ammonia in fish and other seafoods obtained from Chennai's (India) fish markets. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:78. [PMID: 33474598 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-08871-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Illegal usage of formaldehyde and ammonia by fishermen and fish sellers for longer preservation of fish and other seafoods during sales and transportation has recently become a problem. Therefore, the present study was conducted to verify the presence or absence of formaldehyde and ammonia in fish and other seafoods that are commercially important for India, which are obtained from fish markets in Chennai. The present investigation results reveal contamination with formaldehyde and ammonia of commercially important fish and other seafoods collected from fish markets in Chennai. Formaldehyde was detected in 100% of samples in N4 Beach fish market, 93.33% of samples in Chintadripet fish market, 80.77% of samples in Vanagaram fish market, 68% of samples in Pattinapakkam fish market, and 58.33% of samples in Kasimedu fish market. Ammonia was detected in 100% of fish samples in N4 Beach, Chintadripet, Pattinapakkam, and Kasimedu fish market. Since formaldehyde and ammonia are harmful to human health, there is a need to develop a more suitable technology to extend the shelf life of the fish and other seafoods during transport and storage for longer preservation. Strict regulations should be made to control the usage of these harmful chemical substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parameshwari Devaraj
- Department of Zoology, P. G and Research and Biotechnology, Sir Theagaraya College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Velmurugan Babu
- Department of Zoology, P. G and Research and Biotechnology, Sir Theagaraya College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Elif Ipek Cengiz
- Faculty Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Basic Sciences, Dicle University, TR-21280, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
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Kundu A, Dey P, Bera R, Sarkar R, Kim B, Kacew S, Lee BM, Karmakar S, Kim HS. Adverse health risk from prolonged consumption of formaldehyde-preserved carps in eastern region of Indian population. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:16415-16425. [PMID: 32124294 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07993-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Presence of formaldehyde as a preservative in commonly available fishes (Labeo rohita, Catla catla, Anabas testudineus and Clarias gariepinus) has become a serious health concern in the public health of eastern region of India. Formaldehyde content was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results showed high formaldehyde content in frozen carp (19.66 and 23.3 mg/kg in Labeo rohita and Catla catla, respectively); however, the amount of formaldehyde was significantly reduced in boiled and fried fish (80 °C and 100 °C for 5 min) in mustard, coconut, and sesame oils. However, formaldehyde contents in non-carp fishes (Anabas testudineus and Clarias gariepinus) were almost negligible, compared to those in L. rohita and C. catla. In vivo toxicity studies showed a time-dependent increase in blood formaldehyde levels in rats after they were fed formaldehyde-contaminated fish (23.3 mg/kg) for 7 days. Histopathological analysis of the stomach of rats fed contaminated fish showed destruction and granulation of the protective mucus layer and detachment from the secretory layer. Taken together, our results indicated that continuous consumption of formaldehyde-contaminated carps commonly available in the eastern region of India may be associated with adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kundu
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Prasanta Dey
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Rammohan Bera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Ratul Sarkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Boomin Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Sam Kacew
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Byung Mu Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanmoy Karmakar
- Bio-Equivalence Study Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India.
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea.
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Risk Assessment of Kumasi Metropolis Population in Ghana through Consumption of Fish Contaminated with Formaldehyde. J Toxicol 2018; 2018:4785031. [PMID: 30515208 PMCID: PMC6236555 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4785031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates the exposure of the Ghanaian population of the Kumasi Metropolis of Ghana to formaldehyde through the consumption of fish using 3-Methyl-2-Benzothiazoline Hydrazone method, with trichloroacetic acid as an extracting agent. A total of sixty (60) fish species comprising both local and imported fish were bought from cold stores and fish ponds were analysed. Formaldehyde was found in all the species analysed with concentration ranging from 0.174 to 3.710 μgg−1. However, the levels were still lower than 5 mg/kg, which is the maximum limit established by the Malaysian Food Act and Regulation for formaldehyde in fish. The estimated daily intake values for formaldehyde in the fish species analysed ranged between 4.233 × 10−4 and 3.661 × 10−3 mg/kg BW/day and this was less than the acceptable daily intake of 0.15 and 0.2 mg/kg BW/day suggested by World Health Organization and the United States Environmental Protection Agency for formaldehyde intake, respectively. The results for the hazard quotient calculated for all the species were less than one suggesting that the amount of formaldehyde in the fish is not likely to pose any potential adverse health effects to consumers. Thus, wet fish from Kumasi may be considered safe for consumption because of low formaldehyde content.
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