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Rossi I, Mignogna C, Del Rio D, Mena P. Health effects of 100% fruit and vegetable juices: evidence from human subject intervention studies. Nutr Res Rev 2024; 37:194-238. [PMID: 37655747 DOI: 10.1017/s095442242300015x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The health effects of 100% fruit and vegetable juices (FVJ) represent a controversial topic. FVJ contain notable amounts of free sugars, but also vitamins, minerals, and secondary compounds with proven biological activities like (poly)phenols and carotenoids. The review aimed to shed light on the potential impact of 100% FVJ on human subject health, comprehensively assessing the role each type of juice may have in specific health outcomes for a particular target population, as reported in dietary interventions. The effects of a wide range of FVJ (orange, grapefruit, mandarin, lemon, apple, white, red, and Concord grapes, pomegranate, cranberry, chokeberry, blueberry, other minor berries, sweet and tart cherry, plum, tomato, carrot, beetroot, and watermelon, among others) were evaluated on a series of outcomes (anthropometric parameters, body composition, blood pressure and vascular function, lipid profile, glucose homeostasis, biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress, cognitive function, exercise performance, gut microbiota composition and bacterial infections), providing a thorough picture of the contribution of each FVJ to a health outcome. Some juices demonstrated their ability to exert potential preventive effects on some outcomes while others on other health outcomes, emphasising how the differential composition in bioactive compounds defines juice effects. Research gaps and future prospects were discussed. Although 100% FVJ appear to have beneficial effects on some cardiometabolic health outcomes, cognition and exercise performance, or neutral effects on anthropometric parameters and body composition, further efforts are needed to better understand the impact of 100% FVJ on human subject health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Rossi
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Cristiana Mignogna
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Daniele Del Rio
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Pedro Mena
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Norouzzadeh M, Hasan Rashedi M, Shahinfar H, Rahideh ST. Dose-dependent effect of tart cherry on selected cardiometabolic risk factors: A GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2024; 18:103026. [PMID: 38759306 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2024.103026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to clarify the effectiveness of tart cherries on anthropometric, lipid, and glycemic indices. We also aimed to clarify the appropriate dosage for this effect and suggest directions for future studies. METHODS PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched until May 2022. Twelve eligible trials were included. The pooled results were reported as weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). The Cochrane risk of bias and GRADE tools were used to assess the risk of bias and certainty of the evidence, respectively. RESULTS Tart cherry generally showed no significant effects on cardiometabolic risk factors. But subgroup analysis revealed that tart cherry significantly lowered total cholesterol (WMD: -0.33 mmol/l; 95 % CI: -0.55, -0.10), triglyceride (WMD: -0.19 mmol/l; 95 % CI: -0.26, -0.12), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (WMD: -0.36 mmol/l; 95 % CI: -0.58, -0.14), in unhealthy populations. Additionally, subgroup analysis indicated that the favorable effects of tart cherry were more pronounced in a single dose, longer duration, elderly, and obese individuals. Dose-response analysis revealed that 20 ml concentrate has the greatest effect in reducing total cholesterol (WMD: -0.40 mmol/l; 95 % CI: -0.61, -0.19), triglyceride (WMD: -0.23 mmol/l; 95 % CI: -0.33, -0.13), and elevating high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (WMD: 0.20 mmol/l; 95 % CI: 0.17, 0.22). CONCLUSIONS Tart cherry supplementation did not have significant effects on anthropometric and glycemic indices, but can improve lipid profile, especially in a single dose, longer duration, and in elderly, obese, and unhealthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Norouzzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Nutritional Sciences Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Minoo Hasan Rashedi
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Shahinfar
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Tayebeh Rahideh
- Nutritional Sciences Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Squires E, Walshe IH, Cheung W, Bowerbank SL, Dean JR, Wood J, McHugh MP, Plattner S, Howatson G. Plasma-Induced Changes in the Metabolome Following Vistula Tart Cherry Consumption. Nutrients 2024; 16:1023. [PMID: 38613057 PMCID: PMC11013268 DOI: 10.3390/nu16071023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that tart cherry (TC) supplementation has beneficial effects on health indices and recovery following strenuous exercise. However, little is known about the mechanisms and how TC might modulate the human metabolome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of an acute high- and low-dose of Vistula TC supplementation on the metabolomic profile in humans. In a randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled, cross-over design, 12 healthy participants (nine male and three female; mean ± SD age, stature, and mass were 29 ± 7 years old, 1.75 ± 0.1 m, and 77.3 ± 10.5 kg, respectively) visited the laboratory on three separate occasions (high dose; HI, low dose; LO, or placebo), separated by at least seven days. After an overnight fast, a baseline venous blood sample was taken, followed by consumption of a standardised breakfast and dose conditions (HI, LO, or placebo). Subsequent blood draws were taken 1, 2, 3, 5, and 8 h post consumption. Following sample preparation, an untargeted metabolomics approach was adopted, and the extracts analysed by LCMS/MS. When all time points were collated, a principal component analysis showed a significant difference between the conditions (p < 0.05), such that the placebo trial had homogeneity, and HI showed greater heterogeneity. In a sub-group analysis, cyanidine-3-O-glucoside (C3G), cyanidine-3-O-rutinoside (C3R), and vanillic acid (VA) were detected in plasma and showed significant differences (p < 0.05) following acute consumption of Vistula TC, compared to the placebo group. These results provide evidence that phenolics are bioavailable in plasma and induce shifts in the metabolome following acute Vistula TC consumption. These data could be used to inform future intervention studies where changes in physiological outcomes could be influenced by metabolomic shifts following acute supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Squires
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK; (E.S.); (I.H.W.); (W.C.); (S.L.B.); (J.R.D.); (J.W.); (M.P.M.)
| | - Ian H. Walshe
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK; (E.S.); (I.H.W.); (W.C.); (S.L.B.); (J.R.D.); (J.W.); (M.P.M.)
| | - William Cheung
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK; (E.S.); (I.H.W.); (W.C.); (S.L.B.); (J.R.D.); (J.W.); (M.P.M.)
| | - Samantha L. Bowerbank
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK; (E.S.); (I.H.W.); (W.C.); (S.L.B.); (J.R.D.); (J.W.); (M.P.M.)
| | - John R. Dean
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK; (E.S.); (I.H.W.); (W.C.); (S.L.B.); (J.R.D.); (J.W.); (M.P.M.)
| | - Jacob Wood
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK; (E.S.); (I.H.W.); (W.C.); (S.L.B.); (J.R.D.); (J.W.); (M.P.M.)
| | - Malachy P. McHugh
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK; (E.S.); (I.H.W.); (W.C.); (S.L.B.); (J.R.D.); (J.W.); (M.P.M.)
- Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma, Northwell Health, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Glyn Howatson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK; (E.S.); (I.H.W.); (W.C.); (S.L.B.); (J.R.D.); (J.W.); (M.P.M.)
- Water Research Group, North West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
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Wang C, Sun W, Dalbeth N, Wang Z, Wang X, Ji X, Xue X, Han L, Cui L, Li X, Liu Z, Ji A, He Y, Sun M, Li C. Efficacy and safety of tart cherry supplementary citrate mixture on gout patients: a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Arthritis Res Ther 2023; 25:164. [PMID: 37679816 PMCID: PMC10483724 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-023-03152-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low urine pH, which may be mediated by metabolic syndrome (MetS), is common in gout. Tart cherries are shown to improve MetS symptoms and possess anti-inflammatory properties. However, the efficacy of tart cherry supplements on urine pH has yet to be studied. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of tart cherry supplementary citrate (TaCCi) mixture on urine pH, serum urate (sUA), C-reactive protein (CRP), and gout flares in gout patients initiating urate-lowering therapy (ULT), in comparison to citrate mixture and sodium bicarbonate. METHODS A prospective, randomized (1:1:1), open-label, parallel-controlled trial was conducted among 282 men with gout and fasting urine pH ≤ 6, who were initiating ULT with febuxostat (initially 20 mg daily, escalating to 40 mg daily if serum urate ≥ 360 μmol/L). Participants were randomized to groups taking either sodium bicarbonate, citrate mixture, or TaCCi mixture. All participants were followed every 4 weeks until week 12. Urine pH and sUA were co-primary outcomes, with various biochemical and clinical secondary endpoints. RESULTS Urine pH increased to a similar extent in all three groups. SUA levels declined in all three groups as well, with no significant differences observed between the groups. At week 12, the TaCCi mixture group exhibited a greater reduction in the urine albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR) compared to the other two groups (p < 0.05). Participants taking TaCCi mixture or citrate mixture experienced fewer gout flares than those in the sodium bicarbonate group over the study period (p < 0.05). Additionally, the TaCCi mixture group had a lower CRP level at week 12 relative to the other two groups (p < 0.01). Adverse events were similar across all three groups. CONCLUSION The TaCCi mixture had similar efficacy and safety on urine alkalization and sUA-lowering as the citrate mixture and sodium bicarbonate in patients with gout. However, the TaCCi mixture resulted in greater improvements in UACR and CRP, which suggests that tart cherry supplements may provide additional benefits for renal protection and reduce inflammation in gout, particularly when starting ULT. TRIAL REGISTRATION This project was registered in ChiCTR ( www.chictr.org.cn ), with the registration number: ChiCTR2100050749.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenyan Sun
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Nicola Dalbeth
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zhongjun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaopeng Ji
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaomei Xue
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Qingdao, China
| | - Lin Han
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Qingdao, China
| | - Lingling Cui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinde Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Qingdao, China
| | - Aichang Ji
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuwei He
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingshu Sun
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Qingdao, China.
- Department of Rheumatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Changgui Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Qingdao, China.
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Ageing modifies acute resting blood pressure responses to incremental consumption of dietary nitrate: a randomised, cross-over clinical trial. Br J Nutr 2023; 129:442-453. [PMID: 35508923 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522001337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Beetroot (BR) is a rich source of nitrate (NO3-) that has been shown to reduce blood pressure (BP). Yet, no studies have examined the vascular benefits of BR in whole-food form and whether the effects are modified by age. This study was a four-arm, randomised, open-label, cross-over design in twenty-four healthy adults (young n 12, age 27 ± 4 years, old n 12, age 64 ± 5 years). Participants consumed whole-cooked BR at portions of (NO3- content in brackets) 100 g (272 mg), 200 g (544 mg) and 300 g (816 mg) and a 200-ml solution containing 1000 mg of potassium nitrate (KNO3) on four separate occasions over a 4-week period (≥7-d washout period). BP, plasma NO3- and nitrite (NO2-) concentrations, and post-occlusion reactive hyperaemia via laser Doppler, were measured pre- and up to 5-h post-intervention. Data were analysed by repeated-measures ANOVA. Plasma NO2- concentrations were higher in the young v. old at baseline and post-intervention (P < 0·05). All NO3- interventions decreased systolic and diastolic BP in young participants (P < 0·05), whereas only KNO3 (at 240-300 min post-intake) significantly decreased systolic (-4·8 mmHg, -3·5 %, P = 0·024) and diastolic (-5·4 mmHg, -6·5 %, P = 0·007) BP in older participants. In conclusion, incremental doses of dietary NO3- reduced systolic and diastolic BP in healthy young adults whereas in the older group a significant decrease was only observed with the highest dose. The lower plasma NO2- concentrations in older participants suggest that there may be mechanistic differences in the production of NO from dietary NO3- in young and older populations.
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Five Days of Tart Cherry Supplementation Improves Exercise Performance in Normobaric Hypoxia. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020388. [PMID: 36678258 PMCID: PMC9864878 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown tart cherry (TC) to improve exercise performance in normoxia. The effect of TC on hypoxic exercise performance is unknown. This study investigated the effects of 5 days of tart cherry (TC) or placebo (PL) supplementation on hypoxic exercise performance. Thirteen healthy participants completed an incremental cycle exercise test to exhaustion (TTE) under two conditions: (i) hypoxia (13% O2) with PL and (ii) hypoxia with TC (200 mg anthocyanin per day for 4 days and 100 mg on day 5). Pulmonary gas exchange variables, peripheral arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb), and tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy in the vastus lateralis muscle were measured at rest and during exercise. Urinary 8-hydro-2′ deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) excretion was evaluated pre-exercise and 1 and 5 h post-exercise. The TTE after TC (940 ± 84 s, mean ± standard deviation) was longer than after PL (912 ± 63 s, p < 0.05). During submaximal hypoxic exercise, HHb was lower and StO2 and SpO2 were higher after TC than PL. Moreover, a significant interaction (supplements × time) in urinary 8-OHdG excretion was found (p < 0.05), whereby 1 h post-exercise increases in urinary 8-OHdG excretion tended to be attenuated after TC. These findings indicate that short-term dietary TC supplementation improved hypoxic exercise tolerance, perhaps due to lower HHb and higher StO2 in the working muscles during submaximal exercise.
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Kimble R, Jones K, Howatson G. The effect of dietary anthocyanins on biochemical, physiological, and subjective exercise recovery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:1262-1276. [PMID: 34402657 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1963208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins (ACN), the sub-class of (poly)phenols responsible for the red-blue-purple pigmentation of fruit and vegetables, have gained considerable interest in sport and exercise research due to their potential to facilitate exercise recovery. A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus and CINAHL. Thirty nine studies were included and the standardized mean difference (Hedges g) for creatine kinase (CK), anti-oxidative and inflammatory markers, strength, power and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) indices were pooled in separate meta-analyses; meta-regression was also performed on reported ACN dose. Immediately post-exercise there was an increase in antioxidant capacity (g: 0.56) and reduced C reactive protein (g: -0.24) and tumor necrosis factor α (g: -40); p ≤ 0.02. Strength was improved with ACN at all time points (g: 0.45-0.67). DOMS (g: -0.23) was lower 24 hours post-exercise and power was improved 24 hours (g: 0.62) and 48 hours (g: 0.57) post exercise. The CK was lower 48 hours post-exercise (g: -0.31) and there was a trend for a positive association with ACN dose (p = 0.057). This systematic review provides new data showing ACN-rich foods promote functional and subjective recovery likely due to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of ACN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Kimble
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Water Research Group, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Polyphenols: a route from bioavailability to bioactivity addressing potential health benefits to tackle human chronic diseases. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:3-38. [PMID: 36260104 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03391-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pathologies or non-communicable diseases (NCDs) include cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, neurological diseases, respiratory disorders and cancer. They are the leading global cause of human mortality and morbidity. Given their chronic nature, NCDs represent a growing social and economic burden, hence urging the need for ameliorating the existing preventive strategies, and for finding novel tackling therapies. NCDs are highly correlated with unhealthy lifestyle habits (such as high-fat and high-glucose diet, or sedentary life). In general, lifestyle approaches that might improve these habits, including dietary consumption of fresh vegetables, fruits and fibers, may contrast NCD symptoms and prolong life expectancy of affected people. Polyphenols (PPLs) are plant-derived molecules with demonstrated biological activities in humans, which include: radical scavenging and anti-oxidant activities, capability to modulate inflammation, as well as human enzymes, and even to bind nuclear receptors. For these reasons, PPLs are currently tested, both preclinically and clinically, as dietary adjuvants for the prevention and treatment of NCDs. In this review, we describe the human metabolism and bioactivity of PPLs. Also, we report what is currently known about PPLs interaction with gastro-intestinal enzymes and gut microbiota, which allows their biotransformation in many different metabolites with several biological functions. The systemic bioactivity of PPLs and the newly available PPL-delivery nanosystems are also described in detail. Finally, the up-to-date clinical studies assessing both safety and efficacy of dietary PPLs in individuals with different NCDs are hereby reported. Overall, the clinical results support the notion that PPLs from fruits, vegetables, but also from leaves or seeds extracts, are safe and show significant positive results in ameliorating symptoms and improving the whole quality of life of people with NCDs.
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Moosavian SP, Maharat M, Chambari M, Moradi F, Rahimlou M. Effects of tart cherry juice consumption on cardio-metabolic risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. Complement Ther Med 2022; 71:102883. [PMID: 36038032 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2022.102883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tart cherries are rich in bioactive compounds, such as anthocyanins and other phytochemicals known to have antioxidant properties and exert cardiovascular protective effects. However, there is no definitive consensus on this context. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effect of tart cherry juice consumption on cardio-metabolic risk factors. METHODS A systematic search was conducted on electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar from inception up to December 2021 to identify eligible RCT studies. A random-effect model was utilized to estimate the weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence (95% CI). RESULTS Ten RCTs were included in the present meta-analysis. The pooled analysis revealed that tart cherry juice consumption led to a significant reduction in the fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels (WMD = -0.51 mg/dl [95% CI: -0.98, -0.06]). This lowering effect of FBS was robust in subgroups with cross-over studies, participants with age range ≥ 40, duration of follow-up ≤ 4 weeks, and baseline BMI ≥ 30. In contrast, tart cherry juice had no effect on total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), insulin, body mass index (BMI), fat mass, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. However, in the subgroup analysis, some significant effects were observed for insulin, TG, TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C. CONCLUSION In summary, this meta-analysis showed that tart cherry juice mostly had a favorable effect on FBG levels. However, further RCTs with long-term intervention with different doses of administration are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Parisa Moosavian
- Department of Community Nutrition Improvement, Vice-Chancellery for Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Maharat
- Department of Community Nutrition Improvement, Vice-Chancellery for Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahla Chambari
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Fateme Moradi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehran Rahimlou
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
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Hillman AR, Trickett O, Brodsky C, Chrismas B. Montmorency tart cherry supplementation does not impact sleep, body composition, cellular health, or blood pressure in healthy adults. Nutr Health 2022:2601060221111230. [PMID: 35790450 DOI: 10.1177/02601060221111230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Sleep disturbances are linked with cardiovascular and metabolic disease as well as poor body composition. Aim: To investigate the use of tart cherry supplements, which are high in antioxidants and may contain melatonin, on parameters of health such as sleep, body composition, cellular health, and blood pressure (BP). Methods: Forty-four participants had completed sleep record data and were included in this analysis. Participants consumed either two 240 ml bottles per day of Montmorency tart cherry (MTC) juice or placebo or two capsules per day of powdered MTC or placebo for 30 days. Participants tracked their sleep daily via questionnaire and completed body composition and BP assessments at baseline, 14 days, and 30 days after supplementation. Results: There were no significant differences in sleep time or quality between groups, though both increased over 30 days. The capsule groups had significantly lower body mass (BM) 14 days versus baseline for placebo group (p = 0.01, mean difference: 0.70 kg) and at 30 days versus 14 days in MTC group (p = 0.02, mean difference: 0.75 kg). No other differences in body composition or cellular health were found. BP was unaffected by MTC supplementation over 30 days. Despite the potential benefits of antioxidants and melatonin, we did not find improvements in sleep time or quality, cellular health or BP in participants consuming MTC for 30 days, though BM decreased in capsule groups. Conclusion: These results conflict with previous data on MTC and sleep and BP, therefore further investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Hillman
- School of Applied Health Science and Wellness, Division of Exercise Physiology, 1354Ohio University, Athens, OH USA
| | - Olivia Trickett
- School of Applied Health Science and Wellness, Division of Exercise Physiology, 1354Ohio University, Athens, OH USA
| | - Christopher Brodsky
- School of Applied Health Science and Wellness, Division of Exercise Physiology, 1354Ohio University, Athens, OH USA
| | - Bryna Chrismas
- College of Education, Department of Physical Education, 213495Qatar University, Qatar
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11
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Vendrame S, Adekeye TE, Klimis-Zacas D. The Role of Berry Consumption on Blood Pressure Regulation and Hypertension: An Overview of the Clinical Evidence. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132701. [PMID: 35807881 PMCID: PMC9268395 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of a relationship between the consumption of dietary berries and blood pressure reduction in humans has been repeatedly hypothesized and documented by an increasing body of epidemiological and clinical evidence that has accumulated in recent years. However, results are mixed and complicated by a number of potentially confounding factors. The objective of this article is to review and summarize the available clinical evidence examining the effects of berry consumption on blood pressure regulation as well as the prevention or treatment of hypertension in humans, providing an overview of the potential contribution of distinctive berry polyphenols (anthocyanins, condensed tannins and ellagic acid), and results of dietary interventions with blueberries, bilberries, cranberries, raspberries, strawberries, chokeberries, cherries, blackcurrants and açai berries. We conclude that, while there is insufficient evidence supporting the existence of a direct blood pressure lowering effect, there is stronger evidence for specific types of berries acting indirectly to normalize blood pressure in subjects that are already hypertensive.
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12
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Sinclair J, Bottoms L, Dillon S, Allan R, Shadwell G, Butters B. Effects of Montmorency Tart Cherry and Blueberry Juice on Cardiometabolic and Other Health-Related Outcomes: A Three-Arm Placebo Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095317. [PMID: 35564709 PMCID: PMC9103925 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate the influence of tart cherry and blueberry juices on cardiometabolic and other health indices following a 20-day supplementation period. Forty-five adults were randomly assigned to receive tart cherry, blueberry, or a placebo, of which they drank 60 mL per day for 20 days. The primary outcome, which was systolic blood pressure, and secondary measures, including anthropometric, energy expenditure, substrate oxidation, hematological, diastolic blood pressure/resting heart rate, psychological wellbeing, and sleep efficacy, were measured before and after the intervention. There were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) for systolic blood pressure; however, total and LDL cholesterol were significantly improved with blueberry intake (pre: total cholesterol = 4.36 mmol/L and LDL cholesterol = 2.71 mmol/L; post: total cholesterol = 3.79 mmol/L and LDL cholesterol = 2.23 mmol/L) compared to placebo (pre: total cholesterol = 4.01 mmol/L and LDL cholesterol = 2.45 mmol/L; post: total cholesterol = 4.34 mmol/L and LDL cholesterol = 2.67 mmol/L). Furthermore, psychological wellbeing indices measured using the Beck Depression Inventory, State Trait Anxiety Inventory, and COOP WONCA improved statistically in the blueberry arm compared to placebo. Given the clear association between lipid concentrations and the risk of cardiovascular disease as well as the importance of psychological wellbeing to health-related quality of life, this investigation indicates that it could be an effective approach to assist in managing cardiometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Sinclair
- Research Centre for Applied Sport, Physical Activity and Performance, School of Sport & Health Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK; (S.D.); (R.A.); (G.S.); (B.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lindsay Bottoms
- Centre for Research in Psychology and Sport Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK;
| | - Stephanie Dillon
- Research Centre for Applied Sport, Physical Activity and Performance, School of Sport & Health Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK; (S.D.); (R.A.); (G.S.); (B.B.)
| | - Robert Allan
- Research Centre for Applied Sport, Physical Activity and Performance, School of Sport & Health Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK; (S.D.); (R.A.); (G.S.); (B.B.)
| | - Gareth Shadwell
- Research Centre for Applied Sport, Physical Activity and Performance, School of Sport & Health Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK; (S.D.); (R.A.); (G.S.); (B.B.)
| | - Bobbie Butters
- Research Centre for Applied Sport, Physical Activity and Performance, School of Sport & Health Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK; (S.D.); (R.A.); (G.S.); (B.B.)
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13
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Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Tart Cherry Consumption in the Heart of Obese Rats. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050646. [PMID: 35625374 PMCID: PMC9138407 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, frequently related to oxidative stress and inflammation. Dietary antioxidant compounds improve heart health. Here, we estimate the oxidative grade and inflammation in the heart of dietary-induced obese (DIO) rats after exposure to a high-fat diet compared to a standard diet. The effects of tart cherry seed powder and seed powder plus tart cherries juice were explored. Morphological analysis and protein expressions were performed in the heart. The oxidative status was assessed by the measurement of protein oxidation and 4-hydroxynonenal in samples. Immunochemical and Western blot assays were performed to elucidate the involved inflammatory markers as proinflammatory cytokines and cellular adhesion molecules. In the obese rats, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy was accompanied by an increase in oxidative state proteins and lipid peroxidation. However, the intake of tart cherries significantly changed these parameters. An anti-inflammatory effect was raised from tart cherry consumption, as shown by the downregulation of analyzed endothelial cell adhesion molecules and cytokines compared to controls. Tart cherry intake should be recommended as a dietary supplement to prevent or counteract heart injury in obese conditions.
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14
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Changes in the quality of fruits of four sweet cherry cultivars grown under rain-shelter cultivation during storage at room temperature. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-022-01363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Tan R, Wylie LJ, Wilkerson DP, Vanhatalo A, Jones AM. Effects of dietary nitrate on the O 2 cost of submaximal exercise: Accounting for "noise" in pulmonary gas exchange measurements. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1149-1157. [PMID: 35301929 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2052471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dietary nitrate (NO3-) supplementation can reduce the oxygen cost of submaximal exercise, but this has not been reported consistently. We hypothesised that the number of step transitions to moderate-intensity exercise, and corresponding effects on the signal-to-noise ratio for pulmonary V˙ O2, may be important in this regard. Twelve recreationally active participants were assigned in a randomised, double-blind, crossover design to supplement for 4 days in three conditions: 1) control (CON; water); 2); PL (NO3--depleted beetroot juice); and 3) BR (NO3--rich beetroot juice). On days 3 and 4, participants completed two 6-min step transitions to moderate-intensity cycle exercise. Breath-by-breath V˙ O2 data were collected and V˙ O2 kinetic responses were determined for a single transition and when the responses to 2, 3 and 4 transitions were ensemble-averaged. Steady-state V˙ O2 was not different between PL and BR when the V˙ O2 response to one-, two- or three-step transition was compared but was significantly lower in BR compared to PL when four-step transitions was considered (PL: 1.33 ± 0.34 vs. BR: 1.31 ± 0.34 L·min-1, P < 0.05). There were no differences in pulmonary V˙ O2 responses between CON and PL (P > 0.05). Multiple step transitions may be required to detect the influence of NO3- supplementation on steady-state V˙ O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tan
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Lee J Wylie
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Daryl P Wilkerson
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Anni Vanhatalo
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Andrew M Jones
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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16
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Physiological Effects of Red-Colored Food-Derived Bioactive Compounds on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12041786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major global cause of disease and mortality. CVDs are a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels and include coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, heart failure, and other conditions. The most important behavioral risk factors for heart disease and stroke are diet, physical activity, smoking, and drinking. Increased intake of fruits and vegetables is associated with reducing the risk of metabolic syndrome and CVDs. Red-colored foods align with cardiovascular health by protecting the heart and blood vessels. Red fruits and vegetables include tomatoes, strawberries, raspberries, cranberries, cherries, red apples, beets, and pomegranate. In vitro and in vivo studies, as well as clinical trials, show that the components of red foods demonstrate various potential health benefits against disease. In conclusion, there are many advantages to eating vegetable foods, especially red fruits and vegetables.
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17
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Kimble R, Keane KM, Lodge JK, Cheung W, Haskell-Ramsay CF, Howatson G. Polyphenol-rich tart cherries ( Prunus Cerasus, cv Montmorency) improve sustained attention, feelings of alertness and mental fatigue and influence the plasma metabolome in middle-aged adults: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2022; 128:1-12. [PMID: 35109960 PMCID: PMC9723490 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522000460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tart Montmorency cherries (MC) are a particularly rich source of anthocyanins and other polyphenols that have been shown to elicit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and vasomodulatory actions. The current study aimed to determine the influence of chronic MC supplementation on cognitive function and mood. In a 3-month double-blinded, placebo-controlled parallel study, middle-aged adults (mean ± sd: 48 ± 6 years) were randomly assigned to either 30 ml twice daily of MC (n 25) or the same amount of an isoenergetic placebo (n 25). Cognitive function and mood were assessed before and after supplementation using a computerised cognitive task battery and visual analogue scales. Cerebral blood flow was also monitored by near-infrared spectroscopy during the task battery, and questionnaires were administered to determine subjective sleep and health status and plasma metabolomics were analysed before and after supplementation. After 3 months, the MC resulted in higher accuracy in digit vigilance (mean difference: 3·3, 95 % CI: 0·2, 6·4 %) with lower number of false alarms (mean difference: -1·2, 95 % CI: -2·0, -0·4) compared with the placebo. There was also a treatment effect for higher alertness (mean difference: 5·9, 95 % CI: 1·3, 10·5 %) and lower mental fatigue ratings (mean difference -9·5, 95 % CI: -16·5, -2·5 %) with MC. Plasma metabolomics revealed an increase in a number of amino acids in response to MC intake, but not placebo. These data suggest an anti-fatiguing effect of MC supplementation as well as the ability to improve sustained attention during times of high cognitive demand, this could be related to changes in amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Kimble
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Karen M. Keane
- School of Science and Computing, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland
| | - John K. Lodge
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - William Cheung
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | | | - Glyn Howatson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
- Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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18
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Eslami O, Khorramrouz F, Ghavami A, Hajebi Khaniki S, Shidfar F. Effect of cherry consumption on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2022; 16:102409. [PMID: 35108661 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to summarize the findings of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effect of tart and sweet cherries on systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP). METHODS PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science were searched to acquire the RCTs up to December 2020. RESULTS Seven RCTs comprising 201 participants were included. The meta-analysis showed that cherry supplementation does not lead to a significant decrease in SBP or DBP. CONCLUSIONS Incorporating cherries into the diet has no significant effect on blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Eslami
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Khorramrouz
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abed Ghavami
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Hajebi Khaniki
- Student Research Committee, Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farzad Shidfar
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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19
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Curtis PJ, Berends L, van der Velpen V, Jennings A, Haag L, Chandra P, Kay CD, Rimm EB, Cassidy A. Blueberry anthocyanin intake attenuates the postprandial cardiometabolic effect of an energy-dense food challenge: Results from a double blind, randomized controlled trial in metabolic syndrome participants. Clin Nutr 2021; 41:165-176. [PMID: 34883305 PMCID: PMC8757535 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background & aims Whilst the cardioprotective effects of blueberry intake have been shown in prospective studies and short-term randomized controlled trials (RCTs), it is unknown whether anthocyanin-rich blueberries can attenuate the postprandial, cardiometabolic dysfunction which follows energy-dense food intakes; especially in at-risk populations. We therefore examined whether adding blueberries to a high-fat/high-sugar meal affected the postprandial cardiometabolic response over 24 h. Methods A parallel, double-blind RCT (n = 45; age 63.4 ± 7.4 years; 64% male; BMI 31.4 ± 3.1 kg/m2) was conducted in participants with metabolic syndrome. After baseline assessments, an energy-dense drink (969 Kcals, 64.5 g fat, 84.5 g carbohydrate, 17.9 g protein) was consumed with either 26 g (freeze-dried) blueberries (equivalent to 1 cup/150 g fresh blueberries) or 26 g isocaloric matched placebo. Repeat blood samples (30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 360 min and 24 h), a 24 h urine collection and vascular measures (at 3, 6, and 24 h) were performed. Insulin and glucose, lipoprotein levels, endothelial function (flow mediated dilatation (FMD)), aortic and systemic arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity (PWV), Augmentation Index (AIx) respectively), blood pressure (BP), and anthocyanin metabolism (serum and 24 h urine) were assessed. Results Blueberries favorably affected postprandial (0–24 h) concentrations of glucose (p < 0.001), insulin (p < 0.01), total cholesterol (p = 0.04), HDL-C, large HDL particles (L-HDL-P) (both p < 0.01), extra-large HDL particles (XL-HDL-P; p = 0.04) and Apo-A1 (p = 0.01), but not LDL-C, TG, or Apo-B. After a transient higher peak glucose concentration at 1 h after blueberry intake ([8.2 mmol/L, 95%CI: 7.7, 8.8] vs placebo [6.9 mmol/L, 95%CI: 6.4, 7.4]; p = 0.001), blueberries significantly attenuated 3 h glucose ([4.3 mmol/L, 95%CI: 3.8, 4.8] vs placebo [5.1 mmol/L, 95%CI: 4.6, 5.6]; p = 0.03) and insulin concentrations (blueberry: [23.4 pmol/L, 95%CI: 15.4, 31.3] vs placebo [52.9 pmol/L, 95%CI: 41.0, 64.8]; p = 0.0001). Blueberries also improved HDL-C ([1.12 mmol/L, 95%CI: 1.06, 1.19] vs placebo [1.08 mmol/L, 95%CI: 1.02, 1.14]; p = 0.04) at 90 min and XL-HDLP levels ([0.38 × 10-6, 95%CI: 0.35, 0.42] vs placebo [0.35 × 10-6, 95%CI: 0.32, 0.39]; p = 0.02) at 3 h. Likewise, significant improvements were observed 6 h after blueberries for HDL-C ([1.17 mmol/L, 95%CI: 1.11, 1.24] vs placebo [1.10 mmol/L, 95%CI: 1.03, 1.16]; p < 0.001), Apo-A1 ([1.37 mmol/L, 95%CI: 1.32, 1.41] vs placebo [1.31 mmol/L, 95%CI: 1.27, 1.35]; p = 0.003), L-HDLP ([0.70 × 10-6, 95%CI: 0.60, 0.81] vs placebo [0.59 × 10-6, 95%CI: 0.50, 0.68]; p = 0.003) and XL-HDLP ([0.44 × 10-6, 95%CI: 0.40, 0.48] vs placebo [0.40 × 10-6, 95%CI: 0.36, 0.44]; p < 0.001). Similarly, total cholesterol levels were significantly lower 24 h after blueberries ([4.9 mmol/L, 95%CI: 4.6, 5.1] vs placebo [5.0 mmol/L, 95%CI: 4.8, 5.3]; p = 0.04). Conversely, no effects were observed for FMD, PWV, AIx and BP. As anticipated, total anthocyanin-derived phenolic acid metabolite concentrations significantly increased in the 24 h after blueberry intake; especially hippuric acid (6-7-fold serum increase, 10-fold urinary increase). In exploratory analysis, a range of serum/urine metabolites were associated with favorable changes in total cholesterol, HDL-C, XL-HDLP and Apo-A1 (R = 0.43 to 0.50). Conclusions For the first time, in an at-risk population, we show that single-exposure to the equivalent of 1 cup blueberries (provided as freeze-dried powder) attenuates the deleterious postprandial effects of consuming an energy-dense high-fat/high-sugar meal over 24 h; reducing insulinaemia and glucose levels, lowering cholesterol, and improving HDL-C, fractions of HDL-P and Apo-A1. Consequently, intake of anthocyanin-rich blueberries may reduce the acute cardiometabolic burden of energy-dense meals. Clinical trial registry NCT02035592 at www.clinicaltrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Curtis
- Nutrition & Preventive Medicine Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR47UQ, UK
| | - Lindsey Berends
- Nutrition & Preventive Medicine Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR47UQ, UK
| | - Vera van der Velpen
- Nutrition & Preventive Medicine Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR47UQ, UK
| | - Amy Jennings
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 5DL, Ireland
| | - Laura Haag
- Nutrition & Preventive Medicine Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR47UQ, UK
| | - Preeti Chandra
- Food Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Colin D Kay
- Food Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Eric B Rimm
- Departments of Epidemiology & Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aedín Cassidy
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 5DL, Ireland.
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20
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Capper TE, Siervo M, Clifford T, Taylor G, Iqbal W, West D, Stevenson EJ. Pharmacokinetic Profile of Incremental Oral Doses of Dietary Nitrate in Young and Older Adults: A Crossover Randomized Clinical Trial. J Nutr 2021; 152:130-139. [PMID: 34718635 PMCID: PMC8754575 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary nitrate consumption can increase concentrations of nitrate and nitrite in blood, saliva, and urine. Whether the change in concentrations is influenced by age is currently unknown. OBJECTIVES We aimed to measure changes in nitrate and nitrite concentrations in plasma, urine, and saliva and exhaled NO concentrations after single incremental doses of dietary nitrate in young and older healthy adults. METHODS Twelve young (18-35 y old) and 12 older (60-75 y old) healthy, nonsmoking participants consumed single doses of 100 g, 200 g, 300 g whole beetroot (BR) and 1000 mg potassium nitrate (positive control) ≥7 d apart in a crossover, randomized clinical trial. Plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and exhaled NO concentrations were measured over a 5-h period. Salivary nitrate and nitrite concentrations were measured over a 12-h period and urinary nitrate over a 24-h period. Time, intervention, age, and interaction effects were measured with repeated-measures ANOVAs. RESULTS Dose-dependent increases were seen in plasma, salivary, and urinary nitrate after BR ingestion (all P ≤ 0.002) but there were no differences between age groups at baseline (all P ≥ 0.56) or postintervention (all P ≥ 0.12). Plasma nitrite concentrations were higher in young than older participants at baseline (P = 0.04) and after consumption of 200 g (P = 0.04; +25.7 nmol/L; 95% CI: 0.97, 50.3 nmol/L) and 300 g BR (P = 0.02; +50.3 nmol/L; 95% CI: 8.57, 92.1 nmol/L). Baseline fractional exhaled NO (FeNO) concentrations were higher in the younger group [P = 0.03; +8.60 parts per billion (ppb); 95% CI: 0.80, 16.3 ppb], and rose significantly over the 5-h period, peaking 5 h after KNO3 consumption (39.4 ± 4.5 ppb; P < 0.001); however, changes in FeNO were not influenced by age (P = 0.276). CONCLUSIONS BR is a source of bioavailable dietary nitrate in both young and older adults and can effectively raise nitrite and nitrate concentrations. Lower plasma nitrite and FeNO concentrations were found in older subjects, confirming the impact of ageing on NO bioavailability across different systems.This trial was registered at www.isrctn.com as ISRCTN86706442.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tom Clifford
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom,School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Guy Taylor
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Wasim Iqbal
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel West
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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21
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Cao Y, Xie L, Liu K, Liang Y, Dai X, Wang X, Lu J, Zhang X, Li X. The antihypertensive potential of flavonoids from Chinese Herbal Medicine: A review. Pharmacol Res 2021; 174:105919. [PMID: 34601080 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
With the coming of the era of the aging population, hypertension has become a global health burden to be dealt with. Although there are multiple drugs and procedures to control the symptoms of hypertension, the management of it is still a long-term process, and the side effects of conventional drugs pose a burden on patients. Flavonoids, common compounds found in fruits and vegetables as secondary metabolites, are active components in Chinese Herbal Medicine. The flavonoids are proved to have cardiovascular benefits based on a plethora of animal experiments over the last decade. Thus, the flavonoids or flavonoid-rich plant extracts endowed with anti-hypertension activities and probable mechanisms were reviewed. It has been found that flavonoids may affect blood pressure in various ways. Moreover, despite the substantial evidence of the potential for flavonoids in the control of hypertension, it is not sufficient to support the clinical application of flavonoids as an adjuvant or core drug. So the synergistic effects of flavonoids with other drugs, pharmacokinetic studies, clinical trials and the safety of flavonoids are also incorporated in the discussion. It is believed that more breakthrough studies are needed. Overall, this review may shed some new light on the explicit recognition of the mechanisms of anti-hypertension actions of flavonoids, pointing out the limitations of relevant research at the current stage and the aspects that should be strengthened in future researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Long Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Kai Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Youdan Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Xian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Jing Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Xumin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China.
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Sinclair J, Shadwell G, Dillon S, Allan R, Butters B, Bottoms L. Effects of Montmorency Tart Cherry and Blueberry Juice on Cardiometabolic Outcomes in Healthy Individuals: Protocol for a 3-Arm Placebo Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189759. [PMID: 34574679 PMCID: PMC8466255 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiometabolic disease is recognized as the predominant cause of global mortality and healthcare expenditure. Whilst pharmaceutical interventions are effective in the short term, their long-term efficacy remain equivocal and their associated side-effects are concerning. Owing to their high levels of anthocyanins, Montmorency tart cherries and blueberries have been cited as potentially important natural treatment/preventative modalities for cardiometabolic disease. This study proposed a randomized controlled trial, aims to test the effects of consumption of Montmorency tart cherry and blueberry juice on cardiometabolic outcomes compared to placebo. This 20-day, parallel, single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial will recruit 45 individuals, who will be assigned to receive 60 mL per day of either Montmorency tart cherry juice, blueberry juice or a cherry/blueberry flavoured placebo. The primary study outcome is the between-group difference in systolic blood pressure from baseline to post-intervention. Secondary outcome measures will be between-group differences in anthropometric, energy expenditure and substrate oxidation (during rest and physical activity), haematological, blood pressure/resting heart rate, psychological wellbeing and sleep efficacy indices. Statistical analysis will be conducted on an intention-to-treat basis. This study has been granted ethical approval by the University of Central Lancashire, Health Research Ethics Committee (ref: HEALTH 0016) and formally registered as a trial. Dissemination of the study findings from this investigation will be through publication in a leading peer-reviewed journal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Sinclair
- Research Centre for Applied Sport, Physical Activity and Performance, School of Sport & Health Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK; (G.S.); (S.D.); (R.A.); (B.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Gareth Shadwell
- Research Centre for Applied Sport, Physical Activity and Performance, School of Sport & Health Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK; (G.S.); (S.D.); (R.A.); (B.B.)
| | - Stephanie Dillon
- Research Centre for Applied Sport, Physical Activity and Performance, School of Sport & Health Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK; (G.S.); (S.D.); (R.A.); (B.B.)
| | - Robert Allan
- Research Centre for Applied Sport, Physical Activity and Performance, School of Sport & Health Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK; (G.S.); (S.D.); (R.A.); (B.B.)
| | - Bobbie Butters
- Research Centre for Applied Sport, Physical Activity and Performance, School of Sport & Health Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK; (G.S.); (S.D.); (R.A.); (B.B.)
| | - Lindsay Bottoms
- Centre for Research in Psychology and Sport Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK;
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Kimble R, Murray L, Keane KM, Haggerty K, Howatson G, Lodge JK. The influence of tart cherries ( Prunus Cerasus) on vascular function and the urinary metabolome: a randomised placebo-controlled pilot study. J Nutr Sci 2021; 10:e73. [PMID: 34589205 PMCID: PMC8453453 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2021.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Montmorency tart cherries (MC) have been found to modulate indices of vascular function with interventions of varying duration. The objective of this preliminary study was to identify the chronic effects of MC supplementation on vascular function and the potential for urinary metabolomics to provide mechanistic evidence. We performed a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised study on 23 healthy individuals (18M, 7F) that consumed 30 ml MC or a placebo twice daily for 28 days. Whole body measures of vascular function and spot urine collections were taken at baseline and after supplementation. There were no significant changes to vascular function including blood pressure and arterial stiffness. Urinary metabolite profiling highlighted significant changes (P < 0⋅001) with putative discriminatory metabolites related to tryptophan and histidine metabolism. Overall, MC supplementation for 28 days does not improve indices of vascular function but changes to the urinary metabolome could be suggestive of potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Kimble
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Lucy Murray
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Karen M. Keane
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Karen Haggerty
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - John K. Lodge
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
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Ockermann P, Headley L, Lizio R, Hansmann J. A Review of the Properties of Anthocyanins and Their Influence on Factors Affecting Cardiometabolic and Cognitive Health. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082831. [PMID: 34444991 PMCID: PMC8399873 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases has increased over the last decades and is an important cause of death worldwide. An upcoming ingredient on the nutraceutical market are anthocyanins, a flavonoid subgroup, abundant mostly in berries and fruits. Epidemiological studies have suggested an association between anthocyanin intake and improved cardiovascular risk, type 2 diabetes and myocardial infarct. Clinical studies using anthocyanins have shown a significant decrease in inflammation markers and oxidative stress, a beneficial effect on vascular function and hyperlipidemia by decreasing low-density lipoprotein and increasing high-density lipoprotein. They have also shown a potential effect on glucose homeostasis and cognitive decline. This review summarizes the effects of anthocyanins in in-vitro, animal and human studies to give an overview of their application in medical prevention or as a dietary supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Ockermann
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Roentgenring 11, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | | | | | - Jan Hansmann
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Roentgenring 11, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany;
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Richter CK, Skulas-Ray AC, Gaugler TL, Meily S, Petersen KS, Kris-Etherton PM. Effects of Cranberry Juice Supplementation on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Adults with Elevated Blood Pressure: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082618. [PMID: 34444779 PMCID: PMC8398037 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, including central vascular function and HDL efflux, may be modifiable with food-based interventions such as cranberry juice. A randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial was conducted in middle-aged adults with overweight/obesity (n = 40; mean BMI: 28.7 ± 0.8 kg/m2; mean age: 47 ± 2 years) and elevated brachial blood pressure (mean systolic/diastolic BP: 124 ± 2/81 ± 1 mm Hg). Study participants consumed 500 mL/d of cranberry juice (~16 fl oz; 27% cranberry juice) or a matched placebo juice in a randomized order (8-week supplementation periods; 8-week compliance break), with blood samples and vascular measurements obtained at study entry and following each supplementation period. There was no significant treatment effect of cranberry juice supplementation on the primary endpoint of central systolic blood pressure or central or brachial diastolic pressure. Cranberry juice significantly reduced 24-h diastolic ambulatory BP by ~2 mm Hg compared to the placebo (p = 0.05) during daytime hours. Cranberry juice supplementation did not alter LDL-C but significantly changed the composition of the lipoprotein profile compared to the placebo, increasing the concentration of large LDL-C particles (+29.5 vs. −6.7 nmol/L; p = 0.02) and LDL size (+0.073 vs. −0.068 nm; p = 0.001). There was no effect of treatment on ex vivo HDL efflux in the total population, but exploratory subgroup analyses identified an interaction between BMI and global HDL efflux (p = 0.02), with greater effect of cranberry juice in participants who were overweight. Exploratory analyses indicate that baseline C-reactive protein (CRP) values may moderate treatment effects. In this population of adults with elevated blood pressure, cranberry juice supplementation had no significant effect on central systolic blood pressure but did have modest effects on 24-h diastolic ambulatory BP and the lipoprotein profile. Future studies are needed to verify these findings and the results of our exploratory analyses related to baseline health moderators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chesney K. Richter
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85716, USA; (C.K.R.); (A.C.S.-R.)
| | - Ann C. Skulas-Ray
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85716, USA; (C.K.R.); (A.C.S.-R.)
| | - Trent L. Gaugler
- Department of Mathematics, Lafayette College, Easton, PA 18042, USA;
| | - Stacey Meily
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (S.M.); (K.S.P.)
| | - Kristina S. Petersen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (S.M.); (K.S.P.)
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Penny M. Kris-Etherton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (S.M.); (K.S.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Ku SK, Lim JM, Cho HR, Bashir KMI, Kim YS, Choi JS. Tart Cherry (Fruit of Prunus cerasus) Concentrated Powder (TCcp) Ameliorates Glucocorticoid-Induced Muscular Atrophy in Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57050485. [PMID: 34066110 PMCID: PMC8151970 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57050485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The present study investigated the beneficial effects of tart cherry (fruit of Prunus cerasus) concentrated powder (TCcp) on glucocorticoid (GLU)-induced catabolic muscular atrophy in the skeletal muscle of mice. Furthermore, its potential mechanism was also studied. Materials and Methods: Changes in calf thickness, calf muscle weight, calf muscle strength, body weight, gastrocnemius muscle histology, immunohistochemistry, serum creatinine, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and antioxidant defense systems were measured. Malondialdehyde, reactive oxygen species, glutathione content, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities in the gastrocnemius muscle, and muscle-specific mRNA expressions were evaluated. Results: After 24 days, GLU control mice showed muscular atrophy at all criteria of indexes. The muscular atrophy symptoms were significantly inhibited by oral treatment with 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of TCcp through antioxidative and anti-inflammatory modulated expression of genes involved in muscle protein degradation (myostatin, atrogin-1, SIRT1, and MuRF1) and synthesis (A1R, Akt1, TRPV4, and PI3K). Conclusions: This study shows that the TCcp (500 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg) could improve muscular atrophies caused by various etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae-Kwang Ku
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, 1, Hanuidae-ro, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Korea;
| | - Jong-Min Lim
- Glucan Corporation, 25-15, Worasan-ro 950beon-gil, Munsan-eup, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 52840, Korea; (J.-M.L.); (H.-R.C.)
| | - Hyung-Rae Cho
- Glucan Corporation, 25-15, Worasan-ro 950beon-gil, Munsan-eup, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 52840, Korea; (J.-M.L.); (H.-R.C.)
| | - Khawaja Muhammad Imran Bashir
- German Engineering Research and Development Center for Life Science Technologies in Medicine and Environment, 31, Gwahaksandan 1-ro, 60 bean-gil, Gangseo-gu, Busan 46742, Korea;
| | - Young Suk Kim
- Glucan Corporation, 25-15, Worasan-ro 950beon-gil, Munsan-eup, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 52840, Korea; (J.-M.L.); (H.-R.C.)
- Correspondence: (Y.S.K.); (J.-S.C.); Tel.: +82-55-762-0275 (Y.S.K.); +82-51-999-5647 (J.-S.C.)
| | - Jae-Suk Choi
- Department of Food Biotechnology, College of Medical and Life Sciences, Silla University, 140, Baegyang-daero 700beon-gil, Sasang-gu, Busan 46958, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.S.K.); (J.-S.C.); Tel.: +82-55-762-0275 (Y.S.K.); +82-51-999-5647 (J.-S.C.)
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27
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Kimble R, Keane KM, Lodge JK, Howatson G. The Influence of Tart Cherry ( Prunus cerasus, cv Montmorency) Concentrate Supplementation for 3 Months on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Middle-Aged Adults: A Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:1417. [PMID: 33922493 PMCID: PMC8145763 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tart Montmorency cherries (MC) have been shown to be rich in anthocyanins and other phytochemicals known to have anti-inflammatory properties and influence pathways that might improve cardiometabolic health. However, there is limited evidence for the longer-term use of tart cherries on these indices. The aim of the current study was to investigate the influence of MC concentrate on cardiometabolic health indices following a 3-month supplementation period. METHODS Fifty middle-aged adults (34 males and 16 females; mean ± SD age: 48 ± 6 years and BMI: 27.6 ± 3.7 kg/m2) completed a randomised, placebo-controlled parallel study in which they either received MC or an isocaloric placebo. Participants drank 30 mL of their allocated treatment twice per day for 3 months. Vascular function (blood pressure [BP], heart rate [HR], pulse wave velocity and analysis [PWV/A], and flow mediated dilation [FMD]) as well as indices of metabolic health (insulin, glucose, lipid profiles, and high sensitivity C reactive protein) were measured following an overnight fast before and after the 3 months. RESULTS No effect of the intervention between the groups was observed for vascular function or metabolic health variables following the intervention (p > 0.05). However, MC concentrate was shown to be safe and well-tolerated and, importantly, did not have any deleterious effects on these outcomes. In conclusion, MC has no influence on cardiometabolic indices in middle-aged adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Kimble
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, UK; (R.K.); (J.K.L.)
| | - Karen M. Keane
- Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, School of Science and Computing, H91 T8NW Galway, Ireland;
| | - John K. Lodge
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, UK; (R.K.); (J.K.L.)
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, UK; (R.K.); (J.K.L.)
- Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
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28
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Sabou VR, O'Leary MF, Liu Y, Brown PN, Murch S, Bowtell JL. Review of Analytical Methods and Reporting of the Polyphenol Content of Tart Cherry Supplements in Human Supplementation Studies Investigating Health and Exercise Performance Effects: Recommendations for Good Practice. Front Nutr 2021; 8:652094. [PMID: 33842524 PMCID: PMC8032894 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.652094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tart cherries (TC) are a rich source of polyphenols that elicit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. As a consequence, the effects of TC derived supplements on markers of human health, exercise performance and sleep have been investigated. Supplementation protocols have been highly variable across studies and the dose of bioactive compounds used has often been poorly characterized. Specific and non-specific analytical methods were employed for measuring the total polyphenol and anthocyanin content in TC supplements. This review critically analyses the supplementation protocols and the analytical methods used for the characterization of TC supplements, culminating in recommendations for good practice in the analysis and reporting of the polyphenol content and profile of TC products. A literature search was conducted using PubMed/Medline and Web of Science up to May 4th, 2020, including studies published in all years prior. Only articles written in English that provided a TC dietary supplement as opposed to fresh whole TC were included in this review. Forty-three studies were identified as eligible and included for analysis in this review. The studies investigated the effects of TC supplementation on various aspects of human health, exercise recovery and performance and sleep. Twenty studies conducted an analysis of TC supplement and reported total polyphenol/anthocyanin content. Six studies did not report the polyphenol content of the TC supplement used. Seventeen studies reported the TC supplement polyphenol content but this was derived from previously published studies and presumably different supplement batches. The duration of the supplementation protocol ranged from acute supplementation to 84 days, meanwhile the total polyphenol and anthocyanin dose ranged from 143 to 2,140 mg/day and 15 to 547 mg/day, respectively. Due to the variety of specific and non-specific analytical methods used, the relative efficacy of different doses and polyphenol blends cannot reliably be extrapolated from critical analysis of the literature. Future studies should conduct an analysis of the study supplement batch. In addition to analysis and reporting of total polyphenol content, specific analytical methods such as HPLC UV/MS should be used to quantify total and individual anthocyanin contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad R Sabou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sport and Health Sciences, Exeter University, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Mary F O'Leary
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sport and Health Sciences, Exeter University, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Ying Liu
- Natural Health and Food Products Research Groups, BC Institute of Technology, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Paula N Brown
- Natural Health and Food Products Research Groups, BC Institute of Technology, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Susan Murch
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Joanna L Bowtell
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sport and Health Sciences, Exeter University, Exeter, United Kingdom
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29
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Association between overall fruit and vegetable intake, and fruit and vegetable sub-types and blood pressure: the PRIME study (Prospective Epidemiological Study of Myocardial Infarction). Br J Nutr 2021; 125:557-567. [PMID: 32364085 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520001518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Increased fruit and vegetable (FV) intake is associated with reduced blood pressure (BP). However, it is not clear whether the effect of FV on BP depends on the type of FV consumed. Furthermore, there is limited research regarding the comparative effect of juices or whole FV on BP. Baseline data from a prospective cohort study of 10 660 men aged 50-59 years examined not only the cross-sectional association between total FV intake but also specific types of FV and BP in France and Northern Ireland. BP was measured, and dietary intake assessed using FFQ. After adjusting for confounders, both systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were significantly inversely associated with total fruit, vegetable and fruit juice intake; however, when examined according to fruit or vegetable sub-type (citrus fruit, other fruit, fruit juices, cooked vegetables and raw vegetables), only the other fruit and raw vegetable categories were consistently associated with reduced SBP and DBP. In relation to the risk of hypertension based on SBP >140 mmHg, the OR for total fruit, vegetable and fruit juice intake (per fourth) was 0·95 (95 % CI 0·91, 1·00), with the same estimates being 0·98 (95 % CI 0·94, 1·02) for citrus fruit (per fourth), 1·02 (95 % CI 0·98, 1·06) for fruit juice (per fourth), 0·93 (95 % CI 0·89, 0·98) for other fruit (per fourth), 1·05 (95 % CI 0·99, 1·10) for cooked vegetable (per fourth) and 0·86 (95 % CI 0·80, 0·91) for raw vegetable intakes (per fourth). Similar results were obtained for DBP. In conclusion, a high overall intake of fruit, vegetables and fruit juice was inversely associated with SBP, DBP and risk of hypertension, but this differed by FV sub-type, suggesting that the strength of the association between FV sub-types and BP might be related to the type consumed, or to processing or cooking-related factors.
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Effects of tart cherry and its metabolites on aging and inflammatory conditions: Efficacy and possible mechanisms. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 66:101254. [PMID: 33434683 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is an underlying cause of or a contributing factor to a number of chronic conditions, including hypertension, insulin resistance, arthritis, and cognitive disorders. A chronic inflammatory state is also associated with aging. Tart cherry (TC) has been extensively studied for its ability to prevent or treat inflammatory diseases and their associated risk factors. TC contains active compounds, including polyphenols that may contribute to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Inflammatory signaling pathways regulate the recruitment of inflammatory cells important for the pathogenesis of disease. Whole TC, individual compounds, and their metabolites may be viable treatment options because they can target molecules involved in inflammatory pathways. In this review, the effectiveness of TC in reducing inflammatory markers associated with chronic diseases and the effects of the active compounds in TC and their metabolites on inflammatory pathways are discussed. The main polyphenols present in TC include cyanidins, kaempferol, quercetin, melatonin, neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, and 3-coumaroylquinic acid. Evidence supports an association between TC intake and reduced risk for inflammatory disease, which may be due to the effects of active compounds in TC on inflammatory pathways, such as NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase.
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U.S. Montmorency Tart Cherry Juice Decreases Bone Resorption in Women Aged 65-80 Years. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020544. [PMID: 33562341 PMCID: PMC7914470 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-clinical studies have demonstrated that tart cherries, rich in hydroxycinnamic acids and anthocyanins, protect against age-related and inflammation-induced bone loss. This study examined how daily consumption of Montmorency tart cherry juice (TC) alters biomarkers of bone metabolism in older women. Healthy women, aged 65–80 years (n = 27), were randomly assigned to consume ~240 mL (8 fl. oz.) of juice once (TC1X) or twice (TC2X) per day for 90 d. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans were performed to determine bone density at baseline, and pre- and post-treatment serum biomarkers of bone formation and resorption, vitamin D, inflammation, and oxidative stress were assessed. Irrespective of osteoporosis risk, the bone resorption marker, tartrate resistant acid phosphatase type 5b, was significantly reduced with the TC2X dose compared to baseline, but not with the TC1X dose. In terms of indicators of bone formation and turnover, neither serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase nor osteocalcin were altered. No changes in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances or high sensitivity C-reactive protein were observed in response to either TC1X or TC2X. We conclude that short-term supplementation with the higher dose of tart cherry juice decreased bone resorption from baseline without altering bone formation and turnover biomarkers in this cohort.
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Johnson SA, Navaei N, Pourafshar S, Jaime SJ, Akhavan NS, Alvarez-Alvarado S, Proaño GV, Litwin NS, Clark EA, Foley EM, George KS, Elam ML, Payton ME, Arjmandi BH, Figueroa A. Effects of Montmorency Tart Cherry Juice Consumption on Cardiometabolic Biomarkers in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial. J Med Food 2020; 23:1238-1247. [PMID: 32429737 PMCID: PMC7757578 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Greater than one-third of adults in the United States have metabolic syndrome (MetS), a cluster of risk factors highly associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases. Premature vascular dysfunction in MetS may lead to accelerated age-related atherogenesis and arterial stiffening, thereby increasing cardiovascular risk. Montmorency tart cherries (Prunus cerasus L.) are rich in bioactive compounds, such as anthocyanins, known to exert cardiovascular protective effects. Previous research suggests that tart cherry juice consumption may improve cardiovascular health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of daily consumption of tart cherry juice on hemodynamics, arterial stiffness, and blood biomarkers of cardiovascular and metabolic health in men and women with MetS. In a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm pilot clinical trial, 19 men and women 20 to 60 years of age with MetS consumed 240 mL of tart cherry juice (Tart Cherry; n = 5 males, 4 females) or an isocaloric placebo-control drink (Control; n = 5 males, 5 females) twice daily for 12 weeks. Arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity), brachial and aortic blood pressures, wave reflection (augmentation index), and blood biomarkers of cardiovascular and metabolic health were assessed at baseline and 6 and 12 weeks. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 were significantly lower (P = .047 and P = .036, respectively) in Tart Cherry than Control at 12 weeks, but were not significantly lower than baseline values. There was a trend for total cholesterol to be lower (P = .08) in Tart Cherry than Control at 12 weeks. No significant changes were observed in hemodynamics, arterial stiffness, or other blood biomarkers assessed. These results suggest that daily tart cherry consumption may attenuate processes involved in accelerated atherogenesis without affecting hemodynamics or arterial stiffness parameters in this population. The pilot nature of this study warrants interpreting these findings with caution, and future clinical trials with a larger sample size are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Johnson
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Negin Navaei
- Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Life University, Marietta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shirin Pourafshar
- Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Salvador J. Jaime
- Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin, La Crosse, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Neda S. Akhavan
- Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Stacey Alvarez-Alvarado
- Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Gabriela V. Proaño
- Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
- Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nicole S. Litwin
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Clark
- Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Foley
- Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Kelli S. George
- Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Marcus L. Elam
- Department of Human Nutrition and Food Science, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Mark E. Payton
- Department of Statistics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Bahram H. Arjmandi
- Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
- Center for Advancing Exercise & Nutrition Research on Aging, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Arturo Figueroa
- Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
- Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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Yüksekkaya Ş, Başyiğit B, Sağlam H, Pekmez H, Cansu Ü, Karaaslan A, Karaaslan M. Valorization of fruit processing by-products: free, esterified, and insoluble bound phytochemical extraction from cherry (Prunus avium) tissues and their biological activities. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-020-00698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ellwood L, Torun G, Bahar Z, Fernandez R. Effects of flavonoid-rich fruits on hypertension in adults: a systematic review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 17:2075-2105. [PMID: 31464854 DOI: 10.11124/jbisrir-d-19-00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review was to synthesize the best available research evidence on the effectiveness of flavonoid-rich fruits in the treatment of hypertension. INTRODUCTION Hypertension is a serious public health concern as it contributes to a significant burden of disease, leading to millions of deaths globally. Complementary therapies including flavonoids have generated interest in assisting the treatment of hypertension. Flavonoids are a type of polyphenol abundant in fruits and a growing body of evidence suggests antihypertensive effects of the flavonoids due to their antioxidant properties. To date, no systematic review has been performed to collate the evidence on the effects of flavonoid-rich fruits on hypertension in adults. INCLUSION CRITERIA This systematic review included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the administration of any type of flavonoid-rich fruit or equivalent supplement with a placebo or other intervention in adults with hypertension. Trials that measured blood pressure using objective outcome measures such as a manual mercury sphygmomanometer were included. Studies that did not specify the flavonoid component of the fruit or fruit supplement were excluded from the review. Secondary outcomes, including change in weight, blood glucose level, triglycerides and total blood cholesterol levels, were also assessed. METHODS A three-step search was undertaken, including a comprehensive search of the MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Trials (CENTRAL) and CINAHL databases, in September 2018. We also searched Dissertation Abstracts International, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, MedNar and ClinicalTrials.gov to identify unpublished studies. The title and abstracts of the studies were reviewed by two independent reviewers against the inclusion/exclusion criteria. The methodological quality of the potential studies for inclusion were assessed using the critical appraisal checklist for randomized controlled trials as recommended by JBI. Data were pooled in a statistical meta-analysis model. Subgroup-analysis according to type of intervention and length of intervention period was performed. Where statistical pooling was not possible, the findings have been presented in a narrative form. RESULTS Fifteen randomized controlled trials involving 572 participants were included in the review. The subclasses of flavonoids assessed included: anthocyanins, naringin, narirutin and flavan-3-ols. The overall methodological quality of the trials was high. Six trials investigated the effect of the flavonoid intervention on blood pressure within four weeks. Meta-analysis of four of the trials demonstrated no effect of flavonoids on systolic or diastolic blood pressure when compared to placebo (systolic mean difference = -1.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] -3.12, 1.07; p = 0.34, I = 0%; diastolic mean difference = -0.90, 95% CI -2.10, 0.31; p = 0.15, I = 0%). Similarly, pooled results from two crossover RCTs with two-timed dosed interventions in a 24-hour period demonstrated no effect on a reduction in diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.38) but did reveal evidence of a reduction in systolic blood pressure (p = 0). Six trials assessed blood pressure following the flavonoid intervention at more than four weeks follow-up. Meta-analysis of five of the trials demonstrated evidence of no effect on either systolic blood pressure (mean difference = -0.95, 95%CI -3.58, 1.68; p = 0.478, I = 0%) or diastolic blood pressure (mean difference = 0.86, 95%CI -1.11, 2.82; p = 0.393, I = 0%). CONCLUSIONS The findings of this systematic review should be interpreted with caution, given that the results are obtained from single-center trials with small sample sizes. Flavonoids have no effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Further robust RCTs using sample sizes based on power calculations are needed to provide evidence for the use of flavonoid-rich fruits for the management of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ellwood
- Centre for Evidence Based Initiatives in Health Care: a Joanna Briggs Centre of Excellence.,Centre for Research in Nursing and Health, St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gizemnur Torun
- Koç University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.,School of Nursing, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Bahar
- School of Nursing, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ritin Fernandez
- Centre for Evidence Based Initiatives in Health Care: a Joanna Briggs Centre of Excellence.,Centre for Research in Nursing and Health, St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,School of Nursing, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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BAYRAM HM, ÖZTÜRKCAN A. Antosiyanince Zengin Kiraz Grubu Meyvelerin İnsan Sağlığı Üzerine Etkilerini İnceleyen Klinik Çalışmalara Bir Bakış. İSTANBUL GELIŞIM ÜNIVERSITESI SAĞLIK BILIMLERI DERGISI 2020. [DOI: 10.38079/igusabder.748640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Effects of short-term continuous Montmorency tart cherry juice supplementation in participants with metabolic syndrome. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:1587-1603. [PMID: 32789528 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02355-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) augments the incidence of cardiovascular disease by two-fold and type II diabetes mellitus by five-fold. Montmorency tart cherries are rich in phytochemicals shown to improve biomarkers related to cardio-metabolic health in humans. This study aimed to examine cardio-metabolic responses after 7-days Montmorency tart cherry juice (MTCJ) supplementation and also acute on short-term supplementation responses to a single bolus, in humans with MetS. METHODS In a randomised, single-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial, 12 participants with MetS (50 ± 10 years; 6M/6F), consumed MTCJ or placebo (PLA) for 7 days. Blood-based and functional cardio-metabolic biomarkers were measured pre- and post-supplementation, and acute responses measured pre-bolus and up to 5 h post-bolus on the 7th day. RESULTS 24-h ambulatory systolic (P = 0.016), diastolic (P = 0.009) blood pressure and mean arterial pressure (P = 0.041) were significantly lower after 7-days MTCJ supplementation compared to PLA. Glucose (P = 0.038), total cholesterol (P = 0.036), LDL (P = 0.023) concentrations, total cholesterol:HDL ratio (P = 0.004) and respiratory exchange ratio values (P = 0.009) were significantly lower after 6-days MTCJ consumption compared to PLA. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed for the first time in humans that MTCJ significantly improved 24-h BP, fasting glucose, total cholesterol and total cholesterol:HDL ratio, and also lowered resting respiratory exchange ratio compared to a control group. Responses demonstrated clinically relevant improvements on aspects of cardio-metabolic function, emphasising the potential efficacy of MTCJ in preventing further cardio-metabolic dysregulation in participants with MetS. Registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03619941).
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Okamoto T, Hashimoto Y, Kobayashi R, Nakazato K, Willems MET. Effects of blackcurrant extract on arterial functions in older adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Clin Exp Hypertens 2020; 42:640-647. [PMID: 32396017 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2020.1764015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Blackcurrant extract mainly contains anthocyanins. Several reports suggest that anthocyanins have beneficial effect for cardiovascular functions. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of 7-day intake of New Zealand blackcurrant (NZBC) extract on arterial functions, e.g. arterial stiffness, and serum lipids. METHODS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design study with a washout period of 28 days was conducted. Fourteen older adults participated in this study (age 73.3 ± 1.7 years). Participants took either a 7-day course of placebo or two capsules of NZBC extract (each 300 mg capsule contains 35% blackcurrant extract). Participants took one of the two trials first and then took the other after a washout period. Carotid-femoral pulse-wave velocity, an index of central arterial stiffness, and central blood pressure were measured at baseline and again at the end of the 7-day study period. RESULTS Compared to baseline, carotid-femoral pulse-wave velocity (P = .03) and central blood pressure (P = .02) decreased significantly after the 7-day study period with NZBC intake. In addition, carotid-femoral pulse-wave velocity (P = .04) and central blood pressure (P = .001) in the NZBC intake trial decreased significantly more than in the placebo intake trial. No effects were observed on serum lipids. CONCLUSION These results suggest that short-term NZBC intake reduces central arterial stiffness and central blood pressure in older adults. Therefore, anthocyanin-rich blackcurrants might be beneficial for maintaining or improving cardiovascular health as an alternative to pharmaceutical medications. ABBREVIATIONS Aix: augmentation index; BP: blood pressure; cfPWV: carotid-femoral pulse-wave velocity; CVD: cardiovascular diseases; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; faPWV: femoral-ankle pulse-wave velocity; FG: fasting glucose; HDL: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MBP: mean blood pressure; NZBC: New Zealand blackcurrant; PP: pulse pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TG: triglycerides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanobu Okamoto
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Nippon Sport Science University , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuto Hashimoto
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Nippon Sport Science University , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Kobayashi
- Center for Fundamental Education, Teikyo University of Science , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakazato
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Nippon Sport Science University , Tokyo, Japan
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Montmorency tart cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) acts as a calorie restriction mimetic that increases intestinal fat and lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Santos HO, Genario R, Gomes GK, Schoenfeld BJ. Cherry intake as a dietary strategy in sport and diseases: a review of clinical applicability and mechanisms of action. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:417-430. [PMID: 32126807 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1734912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cherries are fruits rich in phytochemical compounds, particularly anthocyanins. Thus, consumption of cherries has gained attention in both clinical and sport-related fields for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Mechanistically, anthocyanins from the intake of cherries may help to attenuate pain and decrease blood concentrations of biomarkers linked to skeletal muscle degradation, which in turn may provide ergogenic effects. In addition, the ability of anthocyanins to balance the redox state represents a conceivable target for rheumatic disorders (e.g. gout and arthritis). Moreover, cherry anthocyanins are emerging as a potential non-pharmacological remedy for cardiometabolic diseases (hypertension and dyslipidemia). Herein, we summarize the effects of cherry intake in sport and diseases, and discuss their purported mechanisms of action to provide insights into practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heitor O Santos
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafael Genario
- School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gederson K Gomes
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Beconcini D, Felice F, Fabiano A, Sarmento B, Zambito Y, Di Stefano R. Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Cherry Extract: Nanosystems-Based Strategies to Improve Endothelial Function and Intestinal Absorption. Foods 2020; 9:foods9020207. [PMID: 32079234 PMCID: PMC7074069 DOI: 10.3390/foods9020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cherry fruit has a high content in flavonoids. These are important diet components protecting against oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction, which are all involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, which is the major cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Since the seasonal availability of fresh fruit is limited, research has been focused on cherry extract (CE), which also possesses a high nutraceutical potential. Many clinical studies have demonstrated the nutraceutical efficacy of fresh cherries, but only a few studies on CE antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities have been carried out. Here, the results concerning the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of CE are reviewed. These were obtained by an in vitro model based on Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC). To clarify the CE mechanism of action, cells were stressed to induce inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Considering that antioxidants' polyphenol compounds are easily degraded in the gastrointestinal tract, recent strategies to reduce the degradation and improve the bioavailability of CE are also presented and discussed. In particular, we report on results obtained with nanoparticles (NP) based on chitosan derivatives (Ch-der), which improved the mucoadhesive properties of the chitosan polymers, as well as their positive charge, to favor high cellular interaction and polyphenols intestinal absorption, compared with a non-mucoadhesive negative surface charged poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid NP. The advantages and safety of different nanosystems loaded with natural CE or other nutraceuticals are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Beconcini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Medical, Molecular, and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, via Paradisa 2, 56100 Pisa, Italy;
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 33, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (A.F.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: (D.B.); (R.D.S.)
| | - Francesca Felice
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Medical, Molecular, and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, via Paradisa 2, 56100 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Angela Fabiano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 33, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (A.F.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-153 Porto, Portugal;
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Ylenia Zambito
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 33, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (A.F.); (Y.Z.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, via Borghetto 80, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Rossella Di Stefano
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Medical, Molecular, and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, via Paradisa 2, 56100 Pisa, Italy;
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, via Borghetto 80, 56100 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.B.); (R.D.S.)
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Gao R, Chilibeck PD. Effect of Tart Cherry Concentrate on Endurance Exercise Performance: A Meta-analysis. J Am Coll Nutr 2020; 39:657-664. [PMID: 31986108 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2020.1713246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Tart cherry concentrate has been shown to improve muscle function, and reduce muscle damage, oxidative stress/inflammation, and muscle soreness in athletes; however, evidence for acute endurance performance benefits is scarce. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the effect of tart cherry juice on endurance exercise performance with a meta-analysis.Method: Data sources included Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Eligibility criteria were randomized controlled trials with endurance exercise performance tests. Participants were healthy individuals. Interventions included tart cherry supplementation and placebo ingested before, and/or on the day of exercise. Ten studies were included (totaling 127 males and 20 females). Standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each study and pooled effects were assessed.Results: Tart cherry concentrate in juice or powdered form, ingested for 7 days to 1.5 hours before exercise performance testing significantly improved endurance exercise performance (SMD: 0.36; 95% CI: 0.07 to 0.64; p = 0.01; I2 = 0%) upon pooling of the ten studies.Conclusions: Tart cherry concentrate has a significant benefit for endurance exercise performance. Key teaching pointsTart cherry concentrate has a significant benefit for endurance exercise performance.Tart cherry concentrate may enhance endurance exercise performance via its low glycemic index, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative capacity, and blood flow enhancing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Gao
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Cook MD, Sandu BSc Hons AK, Joyce PhD JP. Effect of New Zealand Blackcurrant on Blood Pressure, Cognitive Function and Functional Performance in Older Adults. J Nutr Gerontol Geriatr 2020; 39:99-113. [PMID: 31902311 DOI: 10.1080/21551197.2019.1707740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
New Zealand blackcurrant (NZBC) can increase exercise performance in young adults, potentially by anthocyanin-induced cardiovascular function alterations and increased blood flow, however, effects upon blood pressure, functional exercise performance and cognitive function in older adults is unknown. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design, 14 older adults (age: 69 ± 4 years, height: 172 ± 9 cm, body mass: 85 ± 12) ingested NZBC extract (600 mg·day-1 CurraNZ™) or placebo (PL, 600 mg microcrystalline cellulose) for 7-days (7-day washout between conditions). On day-7, 2-hours following consumption of the capsules, resting blood pressure, cognitive function (Cambridge neuropsychological test automated battery) and 6-minute walk test performance and were measured. Intake of NZBC caused a decrease (p < 0.05) in systolic (PL: 136 ± 14; NZBC: 130 ± 12 mmHg) and diastolic (PL: 84 ± 11; NZBC 78 ± 6 mmHg) blood pressure. There was no effect on 6-minute walk performance or cognitive function variables. Future research should address optimization of intake and examine cardiovascular responses during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew David Cook
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom
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Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Cherry Extract Loaded in Polymeric Nanoparticles: Relevance of Particle Internalization in Endothelial Cells. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11100500. [PMID: 31569594 PMCID: PMC6835553 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11100500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at evaluating the anti-inflammatory effect of natural cherry extract (CE), either free or encapsulated in nanoparticles (NPs) based on chitosan derivatives (Ch-der) or poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). CE from Prunus avium L. was characterized for total polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins content. CE and CE-loaded NP cytotoxicity and protective effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stressed HUVEC were tested by water-soluble tetrazolium salt (WST-1) assay. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, and PGE2) released by HUVEC were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All NP types were internalized into HUVEC after 2 h incubation and promoted the anti-inflammatory effect of free CE at the concentration of 2 µg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/mL. CE-loaded Ch-der NPs showed the highest in vitro uptake and anti-inflammatory activity, blunting the secretion of IL-6, TNF-α, and PGE2 cytokines. Moreover, all NPs reduced the production of nitric oxide and NLRP3 inflammasome, and had a stronger anti-inflammatory effect than the major corticosteroid dexamethasone. In particular, the results demonstrate that natural CE protects endothelial cells from inflammatory stress when encapsulated in NPs based on quaternary ammonium chitosan. The CE beneficial effects were directly related with in vitro internalization of CE-loaded NPs.
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Kim B, Kim KW, Lee S, Jo C, Lee K, Ham I, Choi HY. Endothelium-Dependent Vasorelaxant Effect of Prunus Persica Branch on Isolated Rat Thoracic Aorta. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081816. [PMID: 31390819 PMCID: PMC6723590 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) is a popular fruit consumed by people worldwide, owing to its pleasant flavor and high mineral nutrient content. A few plants from the genus Prunus, such as Prunus yedoensis, Prunus cerasus, and Prunus serotina have shown vasorelaxant and vasodilatory effects, to date, no study has investigated the vasorelaxation effects of the P. persica branch extract (PPE). The vasorelaxant effect of PPE was endothelium-dependent, and it was related to the NO-sGC-cGMP, vascular prostacyclin, and muscarinic receptor transduction pathway. K+ channels, such as the BKCa, KV, and KATP channels, were partially associated with PPE-induced vasorelaxation. PPE was effective in relaxing serotonin (5-HT)- or angiotensin II-induced contraction; furthermore, PPE attenuated Ca2+-induced vasoconstriction by IP3 receptors in the SR membrane, but its vasorelaxant effect was not associated with the influx of extracellular Ca2+ via receptor-operative Ca2+ channels or voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. Recognizing the rising use of functional foods for hypertension treatment, our findings imply that PPE may be a natural antihypertensive agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bumjung Kim
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Kwang-Woo Kim
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Somin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Cheolmin Jo
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Kyungjin Lee
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Inhye Ham
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Ho-Young Choi
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
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Vendrame S, Klimis-Zacas D. Potential Factors Influencing the Effects of Anthocyanins on Blood Pressure Regulation in Humans: A Review. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061431. [PMID: 31242638 PMCID: PMC6628116 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary intake of anthocyanins (ACNs) is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular and coronary heart disease. While the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and lipid-lowering effects of ACN consumption have been consistently reported, their effect(s) on blood pressure regulation is less consistent and results from human studies are mixed. The objective of this review is attempting to identify potential patterns which may explain the variability in results related to blood pressure. To do so, we review 66 human intervention trials testing the effects on blood pressure of purified ACN or ACN-rich extracts, or whole berries, berry juices, powders, purees and whole phenolic extracts, from berries that are rich in ACN and have ACNs as predominant bioactives. Several factors appear to be involved on the mixed results reported. In particular, the baseline characteristics of the population in terms of blood pressure and total flavonoid intake, the dose and duration of the intervention, the differential effects of individual ACN and their synergistic effects with other phytochemicals, the ACN content and bioavailability from the food matrix, and individual differences in ACN absorption and metabolism related to genotype and microbiota enterotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Vendrame
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
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Desai T, Roberts M, Bottoms L. Effects of Montmorency tart cherry supplementation on cardio-metabolic markers in metabolic syndrome participants: A pilot study. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Kupusarevic J, McShane K, Clifford T. Cherry Gel Supplementation Does Not Attenuate Subjective Muscle Soreness or Alter Wellbeing Following a Match in a Team of Professional Rugby Union players: A Pilot Study. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7040084. [PMID: 30959854 PMCID: PMC6524362 DOI: 10.3390/sports7040084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of sour tart cherry juice (TC) on muscle soreness (MS) and wellbeing following a rugby union match in professional players. In a crossover design, 10 players from a senior squad in the top tier of England consumed either 2 × 30 mL servings of TC or an isocaloric cherry-flavoured control gel (CON) two days before, the day of, and two days following an 80 min match. Subjective wellbeing and MS were measured before the match (Pre), and for three days following the match (M+1, M+2, and M+3, respectively). MS was elevated from Pre at M+1 (CON, 111 ± 37 mm vs. TC 94 ± 41 mm) and M+2 (CON, 81 ± 35 mm vs. TC 72 ± 36 mm) (time effect; p = 0.0001; ηp2 = 0.821) but there were no differences between TC and CON at either time point post-exercise (p = 0.807; ηp2 = 0.035). Wellness scores were ~15% lower at M+1 (p = 0.023; ηp2 = 0.638) but there were no differences between the two conditions at any time point (p = 0.647; ηp2 = 0.160). In conclusion, tart cherry juice did not attenuate soreness or alter wellbeing in a team of professional rugby union players following a competitive match.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Kupusarevic
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Kevin McShane
- Newcastle Falcons R.F.C., Kingston Park, Newcastle NE13 8AF, UK.
| | - Tom Clifford
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE2 4HH, UK.
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Davis GR, Bellar D. Montmorency cherry supplement does not affect aerobic exercise performance in healthy men. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2019; 90:403-410. [PMID: 30932750 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aim: To determine the effects of short-term Montmorency cherry (MC) supplementation upon exercise performance, total blood nitrate levels, muscle oxygenation, and slow-component [Formula: see text]O2 kinetics. Methods: Twelve healthy male participants ingested a MC or placebo (PL) supplement in a randomized cross-over fashion over a six day period then cycled at a power output achieved at 70% of [Formula: see text]O2 peak for a maximum of 30 minutes or until exhaustion. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy sensors were used to determine muscle oxygenation. Blood was collected one hour post-supplement consumption on day one, day six, and one hour post-exercise. Results: All results are presented as mean ± SEM. Blood nitrate (μM/L) levels were not different one hour post-ingestion (MC = 8.30 ± 2.15, PL = 8.18 ± 1.86), following six days of supplementation (MC = 9.14 ± 1.89, PL = 7.24 ± 1.75) or one hour post-exercise (MC = 9.63 ± 1.61, PL = 7.97 ± 1.92) for treatment F = 0.26, p = 0.62; for time F = 0.45, p = 0.64; or treatment by time interaction F = 2.28, p = 0.13. Muscle oxygenation was not different between treatments for the right or left vastus lateralis, F = 0.68, p = 0.81 nor was time to respiratory compensation point (minutes) (MC = 18.40 ± 1.48, PL = 17.16 ± 1.78) F = 0.52, p = 0.60. MC supplement ingestion does not alter blood nitrate levels. Conclusion: Short-term MC ingestion does not increase muscle oxygenation during cycling exercise nor does it change slow-component [Formula: see text]O2 kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Bellar
- University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA
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Polley KR, Oswell NJ, Pegg RB, Cooper JA. Tart cherry consumption with or without prior exercise increases antioxidant capacity and decreases triglyceride levels following a high-fat meal. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:1209-1218. [PMID: 30917287 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exercise and high-phytonutrient foods may lower oxidative stress and increase antioxidant levels, which could combat the negative effects associated with a high-fat (HF) meal. The objective of this study is to test the effects of Montmorency tart cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) consumption, with or without aerobic exercise, on antioxidant responses to an HF meal. Twelve normal-weight men (aged 22 ± 3 years), participated in a randomized crossover design comprising 4 trials: (i) HF meal with Montmorency tart cherry consumption (MC), (ii) HF meal with placebo (P), (iii) exercise prior to HF meal with MC (E+MC), and (iv) exercise prior to HF meal with P (E+P). The HF meal contained 60 g of fat and was consumed with MC or P. For exercise trials, a 30-min bout of submaximal treadmill exercise was performed the afternoon prior to HF meal consumption. Antioxidant capacity and triglycerides (TG) levels were measured at baseline and at 1, 2, and 3 h postprandially. Postprandial antioxidant capacity as assessed by oxygen radical absorbance capacity was significantly higher after MC and E+MC compared with E+P (incremental area under the curve (iAUC): 2.95 ± 2.19 and 4.87 ± 1.45 vs. -1.02 ± 1.72 mmol Trolox equivalents/L for MC and E+MC vs. E+P, respectively; p < 0.01). Postprandial TG levels were significantly lower after E+MC compared with P (iAUC: 58.99 ± 19.46 vs. 107.46 ± 22.66 mmol Trolox equivalents/L for E+MC vs. P, respectively; p < 0.05). These results indicate that MC consumption alone, and in combination with prior exercise, leads to greater antioxidant capacity following an HF meal compared with prior exercise with placebo. Further, MC consumption with prior exercise led to more favorable postprandial TG levels compared with placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine R Polley
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Natalie J Oswell
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ronald B Pegg
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jamie A Cooper
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Chai SC, Davis K, Zhang Z, Zha L, Kirschner KF. Effects of Tart Cherry Juice on Biomarkers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Older Adults. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020228. [PMID: 30678193 PMCID: PMC6413159 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress are important factors in the development of cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. The findings of our previous study suggest that 12 weeks consumption of tart cherry juice lowers the levels of systolic blood pressure (BP) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in older adults. The present study investigated the effects of tart cherry juice on blood biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress. In this randomized-controlled clinical trial, a total of 37 men and women between the ages of 65–80 were randomly assigned to consume 480 mL of tart cherry juice or control drink daily for 12 weeks. Several blood biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks intervention. After the 12 weeks intervention, tart cherry juice significantly increased the plasma levels of DNA repair activity of 8-oxoguanine glycosylase (p < 0.0001) and lowered (p = 0.03) the mean c-reactive protein (CRP) level compared to the control group. There was a significant group effect observed for plasma CRP (p = 0.03) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (p = 0.03), and a borderline significant group effect observed for plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) (p = 0.07). Within group analysis showed that the plasma levels of CRP, MDA, and OxLDL decreased numerically by 25%, 3%, and 11%, respectively after 12 weeks of tart cherry juice consumption compared with corresponding baseline values. The present study suggests that the ability of tart cherry juice to reduce systolic BP and LDL cholesterol, in part, may be due to its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Larger and longer follow-up studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheau C Chai
- Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Kristina Davis
- Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Zugui Zhang
- Value Institute, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE 19718, USA.
| | - Longying Zha
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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