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Post-exercise skimmed milk, but not a sucrose beverage decreases energy intake at the next meal compared to a placebo beverage in active males. Appetite 2023; 181:106400. [PMID: 36460119 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the appetite and energy intake effects of three post-exercise beverages at a subsequent post-exercise meal. On three occasions, ten active males: (mean ± sd) age 21.3 ± 1.2 y, V˙ O2peak 58 ± 5 mL/kg/min) performed 30-min cycling at ∼60% V˙ O2peak and five 4-min intervals at 85% V˙ O2peak. Post-exercise, placebo (PLA: 57 kJ), skimmed milk (MILK: 1002 kJ) or sucrose (CHO: 1000 kJ) beverages (615 mL) were consumed. Sixty min post-beverage, subjects consumed an ad-libitum pasta lunch in a 30 min eating period. Subjective appetite and plasma acylated ghrelin and plasma glucose were determined pre-exercise, post-exercise and pre-meal, with sensory characteristics of beverages rated. Ad-libitum energy intake in MILK (6746 ± 2035) kJ) was lower than CHO (7762 ± 1921) kJ) (P = 0.038; dz = 0.98; large effect) and tended to be lower than PLA (7672 (2005) kJ) (P = 0.078; dz = 0.76; medium effect). Including energy consumed in beverages, energy intake was greater in CHO than PLA (P = 0.010; dz = 1.24; large effect) or MILK (P = 0.026; dz = 0.98; large effect), with PLA and MILK not different (P = 0.960; dz = 0.02; trial effect). Plasma ghrelin, plasma glucose and appetite were not different between trials. MILK was perceived thicker than CHO (P = 0.020; dz = 1.11; large effect) and creamier than PLA (P = 0.026; dz = 1.06; large effect). These results suggest that when energy balance is important for an exerciser, post-exercise skimmed milk ingestion reduces energy intake compared to a sucrose beverage and might therefore help facilitate recovery/adaptation without affecting energy balance.
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Watkins JD, Koumanov F, Gonzalez JT. Protein- and Calcium-Mediated GLP-1 Secretion: A Narrative Review. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:2540-2552. [PMID: 34192748 PMCID: PMC8634310 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone produced in the intestine that is secreted in response to nutrient exposure. GLP-1 potentiates glucose-dependent insulin secretion from the pancreatic β cells and promotes satiety. These important actions on glucose metabolism and appetite have led to widespread interest in GLP-1 receptor agonism. Typically, this involves pharmacological GLP-1 mimetics or targeted inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV, the enzyme responsible for GLP-1 degradation. However, nutritional strategies provide a widely available, cost-effective alternative to pharmacological strategies for enhancing hormone release. Recent advances in nutritional research have implicated the combined ingestion of protein and calcium with enhanced endogenous GLP-1 release, which is likely due to activation of receptors with high affinity and/or sensitivity for amino acids and calcium. Specifically targeting these receptors could enhance gut hormone secretion, thus providing a new therapeutic option. This narrative review provides an overview of the latest research on protein- and calcium-mediated GLP-1 release with an emphasis on human data, and a perspective on potential mechanisms that link potent GLP-1 release to the co-ingestion of protein and calcium. In light of these recent findings, potential future research directions are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Watkins
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Françoise Koumanov
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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Igarashi A, Ogasawara S, Takagi R, Okada K, Ito YM, Hara H, Hira T. Acute Oral Calcium Suppresses Food Intake Through Enhanced Peptide-YY Secretion Mediated by the Calcium-Sensing Receptor in Rats. J Nutr 2021; 151:1320-1328. [PMID: 33693689 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary calcium has been proposed to reduce appetite in human studies. Postprandial satiety is mainly controlled by gut hormones. However, the effect of calcium on appetite and the role of gut hormones remain unclear. OBJECTIVES We examined whether oral administration of calcium reduces food intake in rats and investigated the underlying mechanism. METHODS Male Sprague Dawley rats (8-12 wk old) were used after an overnight fastifffng. In a series of 2 trials with 1-wk interval between challenges, food intake was measured 0.5-24 h after oral gavage of a vehicle (saline containing 1.5% carboxymethyl cellulose) as the control treatment, or the vehicle containing various calcium compounds [calcium chloride (CaCl2), calcium carbonate, calcium lactate, in a random order] at 150 mg calcium/kg dose. A conditional taste aversion test was conducted. In separate experiments, plasma calcium and gut hormone concentrations were measured 15 or 30 min after oral administration of the calcium compounds. In anesthetized rats, portal peptide-YY (PYY) concentrations were measured after intraluminal administration of a liquid meal with or without additional calcium. RESULTS Oral CaCl2 reduced food intake acutely (30 min, ∼20%, P < 0.05) compared with control rats, without taste aversion. Plasma PYY concentration was higher (100%, P < 0.05) in CaCl2-preloaded rats than in control rats, 15 min after administration. In anesthetized rats, luminal meal + CaCl2 induced a 4-fold higher increase in plasma PYY than the control treatment did. Oral administration of a calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) agonist suppressed food intake (∼30%, P < 0.05), but CaCl2 and CaSR agonist did not suppress food intake under treatment with a PYY receptor antagonist. Furthermore, the CaSR antagonist attenuated the effect of CaCl2 on food intake. CONCLUSIONS CaCl2 suppresses food intake partly by increasing CaSR-mediated PYY secretion in rats. Our findings could at least partially explain the satiating effect of calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiho Igarashi
- School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shono Ogasawara
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryo Takagi
- Biostatistics Division, Clinical Research and Medical Innovation Center, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Okada
- Biostatistics Division, Clinical Research and Medical Innovation Center, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoichi M Ito
- Biostatistics Division, Clinical Research and Medical Innovation Center, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hara
- Faculty of Human Life Science, Fuji Women's University, Ishikari, Japan
| | - Tohru Hira
- School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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CAFEROGLU Z, AYTEKIN SAHIN G. The effects of kefir in mixed meals on appetite and food intake: a randomized cross-over trial. REV NUTR 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-9865202134e190174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective The natural probiotic kefir is fermented milk, and may have effects on satiety and voluntary energy intake. This randomized crossover trial aimed to determine whether kefir, consumed with low- or high-glycemic index meals, affects appetite and subsequent food intake. Methods Twenty four healthy females aged 21-24 years, were recruited from Erciyes University and the surrounding community. The participants were submitted to three different breakfasts: a low glycemic index accompanied by milk, a low glycemic index with kefir, and a high glycemic index with kefir, with a 1-week washout period between meals. At 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 minutes after the meal, appetite ratings were measured by the visual analog scale, and then ad libitum lunch was served. Results No differences in appetite scores and voluntary energy intake were detected between the test meals. Furthermore, palatability ratings were similar between test meals, except for the higher score of high glycemic index kefir for overall palatability. Conclusion This study demonstrated that adding kefir to a high glycemic index meal may prevent increases in appetite and food intake, resulting in postprandial responses similar to those of a low glycemic index meal. These findings might enable the development of novel dietary strategies based on appetite regulation to treat or prevent obesity, particularly for Western societies. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under the process NCT03636217.
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Gonzalez JT, Dirks ML, Holwerda AM, Kouw IWK, van Loon LJC. Intermittent versus continuous enteral nutrition attenuates increases in insulin and leptin during short-term bed rest. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2083-2094. [PMID: 32651634 PMCID: PMC7419443 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04431-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare endocrine responses to intermittent vs continuous enteral nutrition provision during short-term bed rest. METHODS Twenty healthy men underwent 7 days of bed rest, during which they were randomized to receive enteral nutrition (47%E as carbohydrate, 34%E as fat, 16%E as protein and 3%E as fibre) in a continuous (CONTINUOUS; n = 10; 24 h day-1 at a constant rate) or intermittent (INTERMITTENT; n = 10; as 4 meals per day separated by 5 h) pattern. Daily plasma samples were taken every morning to assess metabolite/hormone concentrations. RESULTS During bed rest, plasma leptin concentrations were elevated to a lesser extent with INTERMITTENT vs CONTINUOUS (iAUC: 0.42 ± 0.38 vs 0.95 ± 0.48 nmol L-1, respectively; P = 0.014) as were insulin concentrations (interaction effect, P < 0.001) which reached a peak of 369 ± 225 pmol L-1 in CONTINUOUS, compared to 94 ± 38 pmol L-1 in INTERMITTENT (P = 0.001). Changes in glucose infusion rate were positively correlated with changes in fasting plasma GLP-1 concentrations (r = 0.44, P = 0.049). CONCLUSION Intermittent enteral nutrition attenuates the progressive rise in plasma leptin and insulinemia seen with continuous feeding during bed rest, suggesting that continuous feeding increases insulin requirements to maintain euglycemia. This raises the possibility that hepatic insulin sensitivity is impaired to a greater extent with continuous versus intermittent feeding during bed rest. To attenuate endocrine and metabolic changes with enteral feeding, an intermittent feeding strategy may, therefore, be preferable to continuous provision of nutrition. This trial was registered on clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02521025.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marlou L Dirks
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew M Holwerda
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Imre W K Kouw
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Allerton DM, West DJ, Stevenson EJ. Whey protein consumption following fasted exercise reduces early postprandial glycaemia in centrally obese males: a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:999-1011. [PMID: 32572617 PMCID: PMC7900064 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02304-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Acute submaximal exercise and whey protein supplementation have been reported to improve postprandial metabolic and appetite responses to a subsequent meal independently. We aimed to examine the combination of these strategies on postprandial responses to a carbohydrate-rich breakfast. Methods Twelve centrally obese males (age 41 ± 3 years, waist circumference 123.4 ± 2.9 cm), completed three trials in a single-blind, crossover design. Participants rested for 30 min (CON) or completed 30 min low–moderate-intensity treadmill walking (51 ± 1% \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\dot{V}O}}_{\text{2peak}}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak) followed immediately by ingestion of 20 g whey protein (EX + PRO) or placebo (EX). After 15 min, a standardised breakfast was consumed and blood, expired gas and subjective appetite were sampled postprandially. After 240 min, an ad libitum lunch meal was provided to assess energy intake. Results During EX + PRO, post-breakfast peak blood glucose was reduced when compared with EX and CON (EX + PRO: 7.6 ± 0.4 vs EX: 8.4 ± 0.3; CON: 8.3 ± 0.3 mmol l−1, p ≤ 0.04). Early postprandial glucose AUC0–60 min was significantly lower under EX + PRO than EX (p = 0.011), but not CON (p = 0.12). Over the full postprandial period, AUC0–240 min during EX + PRO did not differ from other trials (p > 0.05). Peak plasma insulin concentrations and AUC0–240 min were higher during EX + PRO than CON, but similar to EX. Plasma triglyceride concentrations, substrate oxidation and subjective appetite responses were similar across trials and ad libitum energy intake was not influenced by prior fasted exercise, nor its combination with whey protein supplementation (p > 0.05). Conclusion Following fasted low–moderate-intensity exercise, consuming whey protein before breakfast may improve postprandial glucose excursions, without influencing appetite or subsequent energy intake, in centrally obese males. Trial registration number NCT02714309.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean M Allerton
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Daniel J West
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Emma J Stevenson
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Chen YC, Smith HA, Hengist A, Chrzanowski-Smith OJ, Mikkelsen UR, Carroll HA, Betts JA, Thompson D, Saunders J, Gonzalez JT. Co-ingestion of whey protein hydrolysate with milk minerals rich in calcium potently stimulates glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion: an RCT in healthy adults. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:2449-2462. [PMID: 31531707 PMCID: PMC7413905 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-02092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To examine whether calcium type and co-ingestion with protein alter gut hormone availability. Methods Healthy adults aged 26 ± 7 years (mean ± SD) completed three randomized, double-blind, crossover studies. In all studies, arterialized blood was sampled postprandially over 120 min to determine GLP-1, GIP and PYY responses, alongside appetite ratings, energy expenditure and blood pressure. In study 1 (n = 20), three treatments matched for total calcium content (1058 mg) were compared: calcium citrate (CALCITR); milk minerals rich in calcium (MILK MINERALS); and milk minerals rich in calcium plus co-ingestion of 50 g whey protein hydrolysate (MILK MINERALS + PROTEIN). In study 2 (n = 6), 50 g whey protein hydrolysate (PROTEIN) was compared to MILK MINERALS + PROTEIN. In study 3 (n = 6), MILK MINERALS was compared to the vehicle of ingestion (water plus sucralose; CONTROL). Results MILK MINERALS + PROTEIN increased GLP-1 incremental area under the curve (iAUC) by ~ ninefold (43.7 ± 11.1 pmol L−1 120 min; p < 0.001) versus both CALCITR and MILK MINERALS, with no difference detected between CALCITR (6.6 ± 3.7 pmol L−1 120 min) and MILK MINERALS (5.3 ± 3.5 pmol L−1 120 min; p > 0.999). MILK MINERALS + PROTEIN produced a GLP-1 iAUC ~ 25% greater than PROTEIN (p = 0.024; mean difference: 9.1 ± 6.9 pmol L−1 120 min), whereas the difference between MILK MINERALS versus CONTROL was small and non-significant (p = 0.098; mean difference: 4.2 ± 5.1 pmol L−1 120 min). Conclusions When ingested alone, milk minerals rich in calcium do not increase GLP-1 secretion compared to calcium citrate. Co-ingesting high-dose whey protein hydrolysate with milk minerals rich in calcium increases postprandial GLP-1 concentrations to some of the highest physiological levels ever reported. Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03232034, NCT03370484, NCT03370497. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00394-019-02092-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chih Chen
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Harry A Smith
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Aaron Hengist
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | | | | | - Harriet A Carroll
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - James A Betts
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Dylan Thompson
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - John Saunders
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, Bath, UK
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8
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A critical review of the role of milk and other dairy products in the development of obesity in children and adolescents. Nutr Res Rev 2018; 32:106-127. [PMID: 30477600 PMCID: PMC6536827 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422418000227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Existing reviews suggest that milk and other dairy products do not play a role in the development of obesity in childhood, but they do make an important contribution to children’s nutrient intake. It is thus curious that public health advice on the consumption of dairy products for children is often perceived as unclear. The present review aimed to provide an overview of the totality of the evidence on the association between milk and other dairy products, and obesity and indicators of adiposity, in children. Our search identified forty-three cross-sectional studies, thirty-one longitudinal cohort studies and twenty randomised controlled trials. We found that milk and other dairy products are consistently found to be not associated, or inversely associated, with obesity and indicators of adiposity in children. Adjustment for energy intake tended to change inverse associations to neutral. Also, we found little evidence to suggest that the relationship varied by type of milk or dairy product, or age of the children, although there was a dearth of evidence for young children. Only nine of the ninety-four studies found a positive association between milk and other dairy products and body fatness. There may be some plausible mechanisms underlying the effect of milk and other dairy products on adiposity that influence energy and fat balance, possibly through fat absorption, appetite or metabolic activity of gut microbiota. In conclusion, there is little evidence to support a concern to limit the consumption of milk and other dairy products for children on the grounds that they may promote obesity.
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9
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James LJ, Stevenson EJ, Rumbold PLS, Hulston CJ. Cow's milk as a post-exercise recovery drink: implications for performance and health. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 19:40-48. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1534989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis J. James
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Emma J. Stevenson
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Penny L. S. Rumbold
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Carl J. Hulston
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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10
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Stanhope KL, Goran MI, Bosy-Westphal A, King JC, Schmidt LA, Schwarz JM, Stice E, Sylvetsky AC, Turnbaugh PJ, Bray GA, Gardner CD, Havel PJ, Malik V, Mason AE, Ravussin E, Rosenbaum M, Welsh JA, Allister-Price C, Sigala DM, Greenwood MRC, Astrup A, Krauss RM. Pathways and mechanisms linking dietary components to cardiometabolic disease: thinking beyond calories. Obes Rev 2018; 19:1205-1235. [PMID: 29761610 PMCID: PMC6530989 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Calories from any food have the potential to increase risk for obesity and cardiometabolic disease because all calories can directly contribute to positive energy balance and fat gain. However, various dietary components or patterns may promote obesity and cardiometabolic disease by additional mechanisms that are not mediated solely by caloric content. Researchers explored this topic at the 2017 CrossFit Foundation Academic Conference 'Diet and Cardiometabolic Health - Beyond Calories', and this paper summarizes the presentations and follow-up discussions. Regarding the health effects of dietary fat, sugar and non-nutritive sweeteners, it is concluded that food-specific saturated fatty acids and sugar-sweetened beverages promote cardiometabolic diseases by mechanisms that are additional to their contribution of calories to positive energy balance and that aspartame does not promote weight gain. The challenges involved in conducting and interpreting clinical nutritional research, which preclude more extensive conclusions, are detailed. Emerging research is presented exploring the possibility that responses to certain dietary components/patterns are influenced by the metabolic status, developmental period or genotype of the individual; by the responsiveness of brain regions associated with reward to food cues; or by the microbiome. More research regarding these potential 'beyond calories' mechanisms may lead to new strategies for attenuating the obesity crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Stanhope
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - M I Goran
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A Bosy-Westphal
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - J C King
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - L A Schmidt
- Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,California Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Anthropology, History, and Social Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J-M Schwarz
- Touro University, Vallejo, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - E Stice
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - A C Sylvetsky
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - P J Turnbaugh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, G.W. Hooper Research Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - G A Bray
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - C D Gardner
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - P J Havel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - V Malik
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A E Mason
- Department of Psychiatry, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - E Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - M Rosenbaum
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - J A Welsh
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Wellness Department, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Nutrition and Health Sciences Doctoral Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - C Allister-Price
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - D M Sigala
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - M R C Greenwood
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - A Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R M Krauss
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
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Chen YC, Edinburgh RM, Hengist A, Smith HA, Walhin JP, Betts JA, Thompson D, Gonzalez JT. Venous blood provides lower glucagon-like peptide-1 concentrations than arterialized blood in the postprandial but not the fasted state: Consequences of sampling methods. Exp Physiol 2018; 103:1200-1205. [DOI: 10.1113/ep087118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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12
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Impact of a non-restrictive satiating diet on anthropometrics, satiety responsiveness and eating behaviour traits in obese men displaying a high or a low satiety phenotype. Br J Nutr 2017; 118:750-760. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517002549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a non-restrictive satiating diet in men displaying various degrees of satiety efficiency. In all, sixty-nine obese men aged 41·5 (sd5·7) years were randomly assigned to a control (10–15, 55–60 and 30 % energy as protein, carbohydrate and lipid, respectively;n34) or satiating (20–25, 45–50 and 30–35 % energy as protein, carbohydrate and lipid, respectively;n35) diet for 16 weeks, and were classified as having a low (LSP) or high (HSP) satiety phenotype. Both diets were consumedad libitum. Changes in body weight, BMI, percent fat mass, waist circumference, satiety responsiveness and eating behaviour traits were assessed following the intervention. Dropout rates were higher in the control diet (44·1 %) compared with the satiating diet (8·6 %). Decreases in body weight, BMI and waist circumference were significant in both groups, yet HSP individuals lost more body weight than LSP individuals (P=0·048). Decreases in % fat mass were greater in the satiating diet (LSP: −2·1 (sd2·1) %;P<0·01 and HSP: −3·0 (sd2·5) %;P<0·001) compared with the control diet (LSP: −1·1 (sd2·5) % and HSP: −1·3 (sd2·6) %) (P=0·034). Satiety responsiveness was markedly improved in the satiating diet, whereas no significant changes were observed in the control group. Changes in dietary restraint (+3·3 (sd2·9) to +7·2 (sd5·5)), flexible control (+0·9 (sd1·4) to +2·3 (sd2·7)), rigid control (+2·2 (sd1·5) to +2·5 (sd2·8)), disinhibition (−2·8 (sd3·7) to −3·2 (sd2·6)) and susceptibility to hunger (−2·7 (sd4·1) to −4·6 (sd3·9)) were similar between the diets. Compared with the control diet, the satiating diet favoured adherence, decreased % fat mass and improved satiety responsiveness in both HSP and LSP individuals.
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Gonzalez JT, Frampton J, Deighton K. Postprandial suppression of appetite is more reproducible at a group than an individual level: Implications for assessing inter-individual variability. Appetite 2017; 108:375-382. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Metabolic, endocrine and appetite-related responses to acute and daily milk snack consumption in healthy, adolescent males. Appetite 2017; 108:93-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Conceição EPS, Moura EG, Manhães AC, Carvalho JC, Nobre JL, Oliveira E, Lisboa PC. Calcium reduces vitamin D and glucocorticoid receptors in the visceral fat of obese male rats. J Endocrinol 2016; 230:263-74. [PMID: 27325245 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Rats overfed during lactation show higher visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass and metabolic dysfunctions at adulthood. As both vitamin D and glucocorticoids change adipogenesis, parameters related to metabolism and action of these hormones in the adipocyte can be altered in rats raised in small litters (SL). We also studied the antiobesity effects of high calcium diet since it decreases visceral fat in obesity models. On postnatal day (PN) 3, litter size was adjusted to 3pups/dam (SL) to induce overfeeding. Control litters (NL) remained with 10pups/dam until weaning. From PN120 to PN180, half of the SL rats were fed standard chow (SL) and the other half was fed a calcium-supplemented chow (SL-Ca, 10g CaCO3/kg). Both SL groups were heavier and hyperphagic when compared with the NL group; however, SL-Ca rats ate less than SL. SL-Ca rats had decreased VAT mass and adipocyte size, associated with lower hypothalamic NPY content, VAT fat acid synthase content and leptinemia. At PN120, SL rats had increased plasma 25(OH)D3, Cyp27b1 mRNA and glucocorticoid receptor (GR-α) in the VAT, but lower vitamin D receptor (Vdr) mRNA. At PN180, Cyp27b1 and GR-α remained higher, while Vdr normalized in SL rats. SL-Ca rats had normal VAT Cyp27b1 and GR-α, but lower Vdr Thus, higher body mass and glucocorticoid receptors in the VAT of SL rats are normalized by calcium-enriched diet, and Vdr expression in this tissue is reduced, suggesting a possible role of glucocorticoids and vitamin D in calcium action in the adipocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P S Conceição
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyDepartment of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E G Moura
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyDepartment of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A C Manhães
- Laboratory of NeurophysiologyDepartment of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J C Carvalho
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyDepartment of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J L Nobre
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyDepartment of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E Oliveira
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyDepartment of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - P C Lisboa
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyDepartment of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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The Effect of a Dairy-Based Recovery Beverage on Post-Exercise Appetite and Energy Intake in Active Females. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8060355. [PMID: 27338460 PMCID: PMC4924196 DOI: 10.3390/nu8060355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to assess the effect of a dairy-based recovery beverage on post-exercise appetite and energy intake in active females. Thirteen active females completed three trials in a crossover design. Participants completed 60 min of cycling at 65% V̇O2peak, before a 120 min recovery period. On completion of cycling, participants consumed a commercially available dairy-based beverage (DBB), a commercially available carbohydrate beverage (CHO), or a water control (H₂O). Non-esterified fatty acids, glucose, and appetite-related peptides alongside measures of subjective appetite were sampled at baseline and at 30 min intervals during recovery. At 120 min, energy intake was assessed in the laboratory by ad libitum assessment, and in the free-living environment by weighed food record for the remainder of the study day. Energy intake at the ad libitum lunch was lower after DBB compared to H₂O (4.43 ± 0.20, 5.58 ± 0.41 MJ, respectively; p = 0.046; (95% CI: -2.28, -0.20 MJ)), but was not different to CHO (5.21 ± 0.46 MJ), with no difference between trials thereafter. Insulin and GLP-17-36 were higher following DBB compared to H₂O (p = 0.015 and p = 0.001, respectively) but not to CHO (p = 1.00 and p = 0.146, respectively). In addition, glucagon was higher following DBB compared to CHO (p = 0.008) but not to H₂O (p = 0.074). The results demonstrate that where DBB consumption may manifest in accelerated recovery, this may be possible without significantly affecting total energy intake and subsequent appetite-related responses relative to a CHO beverage.
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