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Leonurine Reduces Oxidative Stress and Provides Neuroprotection against Ischemic Injury via Modulating Oxidative and NO/NOS Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710188. [PMID: 36077582 PMCID: PMC9456230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leonurine (Leo) has been found to have neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemic injury. However, the exact molecular mechanism underlying its neuroprotective ability remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether Leo could provide protection through the nitric oxide (NO)/nitric oxide synthase (NOS) pathway. We firstly explored the effects of NO/NOS signaling on oxidative stress and apoptosis in in vivo and in vitro models of cerebral ischemia. Further, we evaluated the protective effects of Leo against oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in PC12 cells. We found that the rats showed anxiety-like behavior, and the morphology and number of neurons were changed in a model of photochemically induced cerebral ischemia. Both in vivo and in vitro results show that the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) contents were decreased after ischemia, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were increased, indicating that cerebral ischemia induced oxidative stress and neuronal damage. Moreover, the contents of NO, total NOS, constitutive NOS (cNOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS) were increased after ischemia in rat and PC12 cells. Treatment with L-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a nonselective NOS inhibitor, could reverse the change in NO/NOS expression and abolish these detrimental effects of ischemia. Leo treatment decreased ROS and MDA levels and increased the activity of SOD and GSH contents in PC12 cells exposed to OGD. Furthermore, Leo reduced NO/NOS production and cell apoptosis, decreased Bax expression and increased Bcl-2 levels in OGD-treated PC12 cells. All the data suggest that Leo protected against oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis in cerebral ischemia by inhibiting the NO/NOS system. Our findings indicate that Leo could be a potential agent for the intervention of ischemic stroke and highlighted the NO/NOS-mediated oxidative stress signaling.
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He M, Zhao Y, Li S, Luo A, Chen H. Effect of penehyclidine hydrochloride on inflammatory response and oxidative stress in rats with cardiopulmonary bypass related-lung injury. Acta Cir Bras 2022; 37:e370406. [PMID: 35766672 PMCID: PMC9239558 DOI: 10.1590/acb370406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the protective effect of penehyclidine hydrochloride (PHC) on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)-related lung injury in rats. METHODS Thirty-six rats were divided into control, CPB and PHC groups. The CPB model was established in CPB and PHC groups. In PHC group, 2-mg/kg PHC was added to the pre-filling solution for CPB modeling. At 30 min before CPB (T1), immediately after left hilar opening (T2) and end of experiment (T3), the hemodynamic indexes, blood gas indexes, serum inflammatory factors, lung wet-day ratio and water content and lung tissue oxidative stress indexes were determined. RESULTS At T2 and T3, compared with CPB group, in PHC group the heart rate and mean arterial pressure increased significantly, the oxygenation index increased significantly, the respiratory index decreased significantly, and the lung wet-day ratio and water content decreased significantly. At T3, compared with CPB group, in PHC groups the serum tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6 and interleukin 1β levels decreased significantly, the lung tissue superoxide dismutase level increased significantly, and the myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde levels decreased significantly. CONCLUSIONS PHC treatment can alleviate the CPB-related lung injury in rats. The mechanisms may be related to its reducing inflammatory response and resisting oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man He
- MD. Huazhong University of Science and Technology - Tongji Medical College - Tongji Hospital - Department of Anesthesiology - Wuhan, China
| | - Yilin Zhao
- MD. Huazhong University of Science and Technology - Tongji Medical College - Tongji Hospital - Department of Anesthesiology - Wuhan, China
| | - Shiyong Li
- MD. Huazhong University of Science and Technology - Tongji Medical College - Tongji Hospital - Department of Anesthesiology - Wuhan, China
| | - Ailin Luo
- MD. Huazhong University of Science and Technology - Tongji Medical College - Tongji Hospital - Department of Anesthesiology - Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Chen
- MD. Huazhong University of Science and Technology - Tongji Medical College - Tongji Hospital - Department of Anesthesiology - Wuhan, China
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Kang Y, Li Y, Wen H, Zhu J, Zheng J, Feng Z. Prevention of renal ischemia and reperfusion injury by penehyclidine hydrochloride through autophagy activation. Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:2182-2192. [PMID: 32186764 PMCID: PMC7115187 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Penehyclidine hydrochloride (PHC) suppresses renal ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury (IRI); however, the underlying mechanism of action that achieves this function remains largely unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the potential role of autophagy in PHC‑induced suppression of renal IRI, as well as the involvement of cell proliferation and apoptosis. A rat IRI model and a cellular hypoxia/oxygenation (H/R) model were established; PHC, 3‑methyladenine (3‑MA) and rapamycin (Rapa) were administered to the IRI model rats prior to I/R induction and to H/R cells following reperfusion. Serum creatinine was measured using a biochemistry analyzer, whereas aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) expression levels were detected using ELISA kits. Renal tissue injury was evaluated by histological examination. In addition, microtubule‑associated protein light chain 3B (LC3B) expression, autophagosome formation, cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected in the cellular H/R model. The results demonstrated that I/R induced renal injury in IRI model rats, upregulated serum creatinine, ALAT and ASAT expression levels, and increased autophagic processes. In contrast, pretreatment with PHC or Rapa significantly prevented these I/R‑induced changes, whereas the administration of 3‑MA enhanced I/R‑induced injuries through suppressing autophagy. PHC and Rapa increased LC3B and Beclin‑1 expression levels, but decreased sequestome 1 (p62) expression in the cellular H/R model, whereas 3‑MA prevented these PHC‑induced changes. PHC and Rapa promoted proliferation and autophagy in the cellular H/R model; these effects were accompanied by increased expression levels of LC3B and Beclin‑1, and reduced p62 expression levels, whereas these levels were inhibited by 3‑MA. Furthermore, PHC and Rapa inhibited apoptosis in the cellular H/R model through increasing Bcl‑2 expression levels, and suppressing Bax and caspase‑3 expression levels; the opposite effect was induced by 3‑MA. In conclusion, PHC suppressed renal IRI through the induction of autophagy, which in turn promoted proliferation and suppressed apoptosis in renal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinshan Branch Hospital of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 201599, P.R. China
| | - Yuebing Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310005, P.R. China
| | - Heng Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310005, P.R. China
| | - Junfeng Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinshan Branch Hospital of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 201599, P.R. China
| | - Jiangbo Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinshan Branch Hospital of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 201599, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoming Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinshan Branch Hospital of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 201599, P.R. China
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Yu SY, Gao YX, Walline J, Lu X, Zhao LN, Huang YX, Tao J, Yu AY, Ta N, Xiao RJ, Li Y. Role of penehyclidine in acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning. World J Emerg Med 2020; 11:37-47. [PMID: 31893002 DOI: 10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Penehyclidine is a newly developed anticholinergic agent. We aimed to investigate the role of penehyclidine in acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning (OP) patients. METHODS We searched the Pubmed, Cochrane library, EMBASE, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese Biomedical literature (CBM) and Wanfang databases. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) recruiting acute OP patients were identified for meta-analysis. Main outcomes included cure rate, mortality rate, time to atropinization, time to 60% normal acetylcholinesterase (AchE) level, rate of intermediate syndrome (IMS) and rate of adverse drug reactions (ADR). RESULTS Sixteen RCTs involving 1,334 patients were identified. Compared with the atropine- or penehyclidine-alone groups, atropine combined with penehyclidine significantly increased the cure rate (penehyclidine+atropine vs. atropine, 0.97 vs. 0.86, RR 1.13, 95% CI [1.07-1.19]; penehyclidine+atropine vs. penehyclidine, 0.93 vs. 0.80, RR 1.08, 95% CI [1.01-1.15]) and reduced the mortality rate (penehyclidine+atropine vs. atropine, 0.015 vs. 0.11, RR 0.17, 95% CI [0.06-0.49]; penehyclidine+atropine vs. penehyclidine, 0.13 vs. 0.08, RR 0.23, 95% CI [0.04-1.28]). Atropine combined with penehyclidine in OP patients also helped reduce the time to atropinization and AchE recovery, the rate of IMS and the rate of ADR. Compared with a single dose of atropine, a single dose of penehyclidine also significantly elevated the cure rate, reduced times to atropinization, AchE recovery, and rate of IMS. CONCLUSION Atropine combined with penehyclidine benefits OP patients by enhancing the cure rate, mortality rate, time to atropinization, AchE recovery, IMS rate, total ADR and duration of hospitalization. Penehyclidine combined with atropine is likely a better initial therapy for OP patients than atropine alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yuan Yu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Xia Gao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Joseph Walline
- Accident and Emergency Medicine Academic Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Na Zhao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-Xu Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jishou University, Huaihua, China
| | - Jiang Tao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jishou University, Huaihua, China
| | - An-Yong Yu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Na Ta
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng, China
| | - Ren-Ju Xiao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Xingyi People's Hospital, Xingyi, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Wang Y, Gao Y, Ma J. Pleiotropic effects and pharmacological properties of penehyclidine hydrochloride. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:3289-3299. [PMID: 30323561 PMCID: PMC6181090 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s177435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Penehyclidine hydrochloride (PHC) is an anticholinergic drug manufactured in China. It is used widely in clinics as a reversal agent in cases of organic phosphorus poisoning and as a preanesthetic medication. Compared with other anticholinergic agents, PHC confers substantial advantages. Here, in this review, we focus on its important clinical effects for organic phosphorus poisoning, preanesthetic medication, and the protective effects on certain visceral organs. Materials and methods Our bibliographic sources include the PubMed and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases, updated in March 2018. To assess the data in detail, we used the search terms “penehyclidine hydrochloride,” “preanesthetic medication,” and “organic phosphorus.” Papers were restricted to those published in the English and Chinese languages, and to “paper” and “review” as the document type. Results PHC can effectively antagonize the symptoms of central and peripheral poisoning caused by organophosphorus poisoning. As a preanesthetic medication, it can not only effectively reduce mucus secretion and vascular infiltration but can also relax airway smooth muscles, dilate bronchioles in pulmonary conditions such as bronchiectasis, and increase pulmonary dynamic compliance. It can also prevent reflexive actions of the vagus nerve caused by excessive acetylcholine release such as abnormal airway contraction. Furthermore, it can strengthen sedation, bidirectionally regulate heart rate, and effectively inhibit respiratory secretions. In recent studies, PHC was shown to also have protective effects on various organs, such as the heart, lungs, brain, kidneys, intestines, and liver. Conclusion PHC has beneficial pharmacological properties used in the treatment of organophosphorus poisoning and as a preanesthetic medication for its few side effects. It also has protective effects on multiple organs, suggesting that PHC has extensive clinical application value which is worth further research. This review should be of help to those intending to research these topics further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaguang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University-Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yafen Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University-Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China,
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University-Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China,
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Protective effects of scopolamine and penehyclidine hydrochloride on acute cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury after cardiopulmonary resuscitation and effects on cytokines. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:2027-2031. [PMID: 29434800 PMCID: PMC5776622 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the protective effects of scopolamine and penehyclidine hydrochloride on acute cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury after cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and the effect on cytokine levels. Eighty patients with cardiac arrest admitted to our hospital from June 2011 to December 2015 were recruited and randomly divided into two groups (n=40 each). Following cardiopulmonary resuscitation, scopolamine was administered in the control group, whereas penehyclidine hydrochloride was administered in the observation group. After intervention, the following medical indicators were compared between the groups: Intracranial pressure, cerebral oxygen partial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, assessment of the balance of cerebral oxygen supply and demand, levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and blood lactic acid, levels of oxidative stress markers, and levels of inflammatory-related factors. Additionally, the areas of brain tissue edema and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores before and after intervention were compared. Rescue success rates of the groups were recorded. After intervention, the following indicators were lower in the observation group than in the control group: Intracranial pressure (p<0.05), levels of NSE (p<0.05), levels of blood lactic acid (p<0.05), levels of malondialdehyde (p<0.05), and levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1, and hs-CRP (p<0.05). However, the following indicators were higher in the observation group than in the control group: Cerebral oxygen partial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure (p<0.05), levels of CaO2, CjvO2, and CERO2 (p>0.05), and levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (p<0.05). Additionally, the areas of brain tissue edema after intervention were smaller in the observation group than those before intervention and those after intervention in the control group (p<0.05). Similarly, the NIHSS scores after intervention in the observation group were lower than those before intervention and those after intervention in the control group (p<0.05). Rescue success rate was significantly higher in observation group than in control group (p<0.05). In conclusion, administration of penehyclidine following cardiopulmonary resuscitation can effectively improve cerebral perfusion pressure, lower intracranial pressure, reduce brain tissue edema and inflammation, and improve neurological function.
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Tan H, Chen L, Ma J. Penehyclidine hydrochloride post-conditioning reduces ischemia/reperfusion-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis in rats. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:4272-4278. [PMID: 29104640 PMCID: PMC5658749 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease is a major cause of mortality and disability worldwide. Timely reperfusion is currently the most effective method of treating ischemic heart disease; however, abrupt reperfusion may cause ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Apoptosis serves an important role in the progression of myocardial I/R injury and it has been demonstrated that the mitochondria are the center of regulation for apoptosis. Penehyclidine hydrochloride (PHC) is used during surgery and has recently been identified as a new type of anticholinergic drug. It has been demonstrated in vivo that pretreatment with PHC reduces myocardial apoptosis in rat hearts. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of PHC post-conditioning on myocardial cell apoptosis in a rat model of myocardial I/R and to determine whether the mitochondria-induced pathway was activated. Male Wistar rats were evenly and randomly categorized into 4 experimental groups as follows: i) Sham group; ii) I/R group; iii) PHC+sham group; and iv) PHC+I/R group. A PHC (1 mg/kg) post-conditioning approach (5 min before reperfusion) was used in addition to I/R in the PHC-treated groups. Following 3 h reperfusion, flow cytometry and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining were performed to measure myocardial cell apoptosis. A JC-1 staining method was performed to measure the mitochondrial membrane potential of myocardial cells. The expression of Bax, Bcl-2, voltage dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 (VDAC1), cytosol cytochrome c (cyt-c) and cleaved caspase-3 was analyzed using western blotting. PHC post-conditioning significantly reduced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes, significantly downregulated the expression of Bax, VDAC1, cytosol cytochrome c and cleaved caspase-3 but significantly upregulated the expression of Bcl-2. PHC post-conditioning also restored the mitochondrial membrane potential. Thus, the present study demonstrated that PHC post-conditioning protects cardiomyocytes against apoptosis in the rat model of myocardial I/R by inhibiting the mitochondria-induced intrinsic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbao Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second People's Hospital of Hunan, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
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Sun ZG, Chen LP, Wang FW, Xu CY, Geng M. Protective effects of ginsenoside Rg1 against hydrogen peroxide-induced injury in human neuroblastoma cells. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:1159-64. [PMID: 27630703 PMCID: PMC4994462 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.187057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The active ingredient of ginseng, ginsenosides Rg1, has been shown to scavenge free radicals and improve antioxidant capacity. This study hypothesized that ginsenosides Rg1 has a protective role in human neuroblastoma cells injured by H2O2. Ginsenosides Rg1 at different concentrations (50 and 100 μM) was used to treat H2O2 (150 μM)-injured SH-SY5Y cells. Results demonstrated that ginsenoside Rg1 elevated the survival rate of SH-SY5Y cells injured by H2O2, diminished the amount of leaked lactate dehydrogenase, and increased superoxide dismutase activity. Ginsenoside Rg1 effectively suppressed caspase-3 immunoreactivity, and contributed to heat shock protein 70 gene expression, in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that ginsenoside Rg1 has protective effects on SH-SY5Y cells injured by H2O2 and that its mechanism of action is associated with anti-oxidation and the inhibition of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-gao Sun
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hainan Branch Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Sanya, Hainan Province, China
| | - Li-ping Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fa-wei Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng-yong Xu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hainan Branch Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Sanya, Hainan Province, China
| | - Miao Geng
- Institute of Gerontology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Lin D, Ma J, Xue Y, Wang Z. Penehyclidine Hydrochloride Preconditioning Provides Cardioprotection in a Rat Model of Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138051. [PMID: 26632817 PMCID: PMC4668996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the impacts and related mechanisms of penehyclidine hydrochloride (PHC) on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced myocardial injury. A rat model of myocardial I/R injury was established by the ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min followed by 3 h perfusion. Before I/R, the rats were pretreated with or without PHC. Cardiac function was measured by echocardiography. The activities/levels of myocardial enzymes, oxidants and antioxidant enzymes were detected. Evans blue/TTC double staining was performed to assess infarct size. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL assay. The release of inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators was detected by ELISA. Western blot was performed to analyze the expression of COX-2, IκB, p-IκB and NF-κB. Meanwhile, the rats were given a single injection of H-PHC before I/R. The effects of PHC on myocardial infarct and cardiac function were investigated after 7 days post-reperfusion. We found that PHC remarkably improved cardiac function, alleviated myocardial injury by decreasing myocardial enzyme levels and attenuated oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, PHC preconditioning significantly reduced infarct size and the apoptotic rate of cardiomyocytes. Administration of PHC significantly decreased serum TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and PGE2 levels and myocardium COX-2 level. Meanwhile, the expression levels of p-IκB and NF-κB were downregulated, while IκB expression was upregulated. H-PHC also exerted long-term cardioprotection in a rat model of I/R injury by decreasing infarct size and improving cardiac function. These results suggest that PHC can efficiently protect the rats against I/R-induced myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duomao Lin
- Center for Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jun Ma
- Center for Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Yanyan Xue
- Center for Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoqi Wang
- Center for Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
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