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Pan C, Duan H, Wu Y, Zhu C, Yi C, Duan Y, Lu D, Guo C, Wu D, Wang Y, Fu X, Xu J, Chen Y, Luo M, Tian W, Pan T, Xu W, Zhang S, Huang J. Inhibition of DNA‑PK by gefitinib causes synergism between gefitinib and cisplatin in NSCLC. Int J Oncol 2020; 57:939-955. [PMID: 32945394 PMCID: PMC7473755 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer has the highest incidence and mortality rates among the malignant tumor types worldwide. Platinum‑based chemotherapy is the main treatment for advanced non‑small‑cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and epidermal growth factor receptor‑tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR‑TKIs) have greatly improved the survival of patients with EGFR‑sensitive mutations. However, there is no standard therapy for treating patients who are EGFR‑TKI resistant. Combining EGFR‑TKIs and platinum‑based chemotherapy is the most popular strategy in the clinical practice. However, the synergistic mechanism between EGFR‑TKIs and platinum remains unknown. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the synergistic mechanism of gefitinib (an EGFR‑TKI) and cisplatin (a main platinum‑based drug). MTT assay, apoptosis analysis, tumorsphere formation and an orthotropic xenograft mouse model were used to examine the combination effects of gefitinib and cisplatin on NSCLC. Co‑immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence were used to identify the underlying mechanism. It was found that gefitinib could selectively inhibit EGFR from entering the nucleus, decrease DNA‑PK activity and enhance the cytotoxicity of cisplatin on NSCLC. Collectively, the results suggested that inhibition of DNA‑dependent protein kinase by gefitinib may be due to the synergistic mechanism between gefitinib and cisplatin. Thus, the present study provides a novel insight into potential biomarkers for the selection of combination therapy of gefitinib and cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Pan
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Huijie Duan
- Cancer Institute (National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Yinan Wu
- Cancer Institute (National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Chunpeng Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Chenghao Yi
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yin Duan
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Demin Lu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Guo
- Cancer Institute (National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Deqi Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Xianhua Fu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Jing Xu
- Cancer Institute (National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Yiding Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Meng Luo
- Cancer Institute (National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Wei Tian
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Tao Pan
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Wenhong Xu
- Cancer Institute (National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Suzhan Zhang
- Cancer Institute (National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Jianjin Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
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Kulkarni S, Solomon M, Pankaj D, Carnelio S, Chandrashekar C, Shetty N. Elucidating the role of excision repair cross-complement group 1 in oral epithelial dysplasia and early invasive squamous cell carcinoma: An immunohistochemical study. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2020; 24:20-25. [PMID: 32508443 PMCID: PMC7269280 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_60_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) is characterized by cellular alterations which have the proclivity of progressing to squamous cell carcinoma. Excision repair cross-complement group 1 (ERCC1) is one of the key proteins involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway. The expression of ERCC1 has been studied in colorectal, esophageal, ovarian and oral squamous cell carcinoma; but, very few studies have been done to apprehend the expression of ERCC1 in OED and early invasive squamous cell carcinoma (EISCC). The goal of this study is to evaluate the role of ERCC1 in OED and EISCC. Materials and Methods: Histopathologically diagnosed cases of moderate dysplasia (n = 10), severe dysplasia (n = 10) and EISCC (n = 10) were retrieved. 4 μ thick sections were cut from the formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks. The sections were immunohistochemically stained for ERCC1 following standard protocols. The expression of ERCC1 was evaluated semiquantitatively. Statistical analysis was carried out using Fischer's exact t-test. Results: The expression of ERCC1 was found to be strong (+3) in EISCC, moderate (+2) in severe dysplasia and mild (+1) in moderate dysplasia. Thus, the results were statistically significant between the three groups (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Disruption in the mechanisms that regulate cell cycle checkpoints and DNA repair mechanism results in genomic instability; these alterations might contribute to carcinoma. ERCC1 is essential to repair the DNA damage induced by various carcinogens. The present study shows significant difference in the expression of ERCC1 between EISCC and OED, which suggests ERCC1 could be used as one of the predictive markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spoorti Kulkarni
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Manipal College of Dental Science's, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Monica Solomon
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Manipal College of Dental Science's, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Deepthi Pankaj
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Manipal College of Dental Science's, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sunitha Carnelio
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Manipal College of Dental Science's, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Chetana Chandrashekar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Manipal College of Dental Science's, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Nisha Shetty
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Manipal College of Dental Science's, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Guha N, Baladandayuthapani V, Mallick BK. Quantile Graphical Models: Bayesian Approaches. JOURNAL OF MACHINE LEARNING RESEARCH : JMLR 2020; 21:1-47. [PMID: 34305477 PMCID: PMC8297664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Graphical models are ubiquitous tools to describe the interdependence between variables measured simultaneously such as large-scale gene or protein expression data. Gaussian graphical models (GGMs) are well-established tools for probabilistic exploration of dependence structures using precision matrices and they are generated under a multivariate normal joint distribution. However, they suffer from several shortcomings since they are based on Gaussian distribution assumptions. In this article, we propose a Bayesian quantile based approach for sparse estimation of graphs. We demonstrate that the resulting graph estimation is robust to outliers and applicable under general distributional assumptions. Furthermore, we develop efficient variational Bayes approximations to scale the methods for large data sets. Our methods are applied to a novel cancer proteomics data dataset where-in multiple proteomic antibodies are simultaneously assessed on tumor samples using reverse-phase protein arrays (RPPA) technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilabja Guha
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | | | - Bani K Mallick
- Department of Statistics, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Piljić Burazer M, Mladinov S, Matana A, Kuret S, Bezić J, Glavina Durdov M. Low ERCC1 expression is a good predictive marker in lung adenocarcinoma patients receiving chemotherapy based on platinum in all TNM stages - a single-center study. Diagn Pathol 2019; 14:105. [PMID: 31521181 PMCID: PMC6745063 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-019-0885-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High ERCC1 expression is thought to be related with resistance to chemotherapy based on platinum. The aim of this study was to present our institutional observations regarding to the association of ERCC1 and overall survival (OS) of the lung adenocarcinoma patients who received chemotherapy based on platinum. MATERIAL/METHODS A total of 253 lung adenocarcinoma patients in all TNM stages were retrospectively investigated. The diagnosis was based on small biopsy samples obtained during bronchoscopy. Depending on the TNM stage of the disease and clinical condition, patients received only the chemotherapy based on platinum, or in combination with radiotherapy or surgery. Tissue sample for ERCC1 immunohistochemical analysis was sufficient in 129 patients. Low from high ERCC1 expression was separated by the semi-quantitative H-score median. RESULTS High ERCC1 expression was found in 47.3% patients, and was correlated with higher TNM (p = 0.021), tumor enlargement (p = 0.002), positive lymph nodes (p = 0.001), positive distant metastasis (p = 0.005), and higher relative risk of death (p < 0.001). Furthermore, significance association was observed for low ERCC1 expression and better performance status (ECOG) (p = 0.023). Longer OS was strongly associated with a low ERCC1 expression, not only in the group of patients in TNM stage I-III, who were treated with combination of chemotherapy with surgery or radiotherapy (p = 0.002), but also in the group of patients in TNM stage IV who received only chemotherapy based on platinum (p < 0.001), compared with the patients in the same TNM stage and high ERCC1 expression. CONCLUSIONS ERCC1 expression in lung adenocarcinoma is a useful prognostic marker and moreover, a useful predictive marker in patients receiving chemotherapy based on platinum in all stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Piljić Burazer
- Institutet of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Cytology, Clinical Hospital Center Split, Spinčićeva 1, 21000, Split, Croatia.
| | - Suzana Mladinov
- Department of Pulmonology, Clinical Hospital Center Split, Spinčićeva 1, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Antonela Matana
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Split, School of Medicine, Šoltanska 2, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Sendi Kuret
- Institutet of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Cytology, Clinical Hospital Center Split, Spinčićeva 1, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Joško Bezić
- Institutet of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Cytology, Clinical Hospital Center Split, Spinčićeva 1, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Merica Glavina Durdov
- Institutet of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Cytology, Clinical Hospital Center Split, Spinčićeva 1, 21000, Split, Croatia
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Piljić Burazer M, Mladinov S, Ćapkun V, Kuret S, Glavina Durdov M. The Utility of Thyroid Transcription Factor 1 (TTF-1), Napsin A, Excision Repair Cross-Complementing 1 (ERCC1), Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) and the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Expression in Small Biopsy in Prognosis of Patients with Lung Adenocarcinoma - A Retrograde Single-Center Study from Croatia. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:489-497. [PMID: 28128193 PMCID: PMC5292985 DOI: 10.12659/msm.899378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study was carried out in order to evaluate our institutional experience with small biopsy in diagnosis and molecular testing of lung adenocarcinoma. Few specific and predictive markers have been evaluated and correlated with clinicopathologic characteristics and survival in patients with lung adenocarcinoma who received platinum-based chemotherapy. There have not been such reports from Croatia. Material/Methods A total of 142 cases of lung adenocarcinoma were retrospectively investigated in small biopsies for the immunohistochemical expression of TTF-1, napsin A, ERCC1, ALK, and the EGFR mutation by real-time polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR). Results TTF-1, napsin A, and ERCC1 expression was found in 81%, 78%, and 69% of patients, respectively, and the expressions were not significantly associated with subtype. Expression of ALK was found in 4% and EGFR mutation in 10% of patients. Exon 19 deletions were the most common. Longer survival was significantly associated with TTF-1 positivity (p=0.007) and napsin A positivity (p=0.026). Higher relative risk of death significantly correlated with positive expression of ERCC1 (p=0.041). Conclusions Positive TTF-1 and napsin A expressions in lung adenocarcinoma tissues were useful diagnostic and favorable prognostic parameters. Positive ERCC1 expression was identified as a negative prognostic marker in patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. The percentages of EGFR and ALK mutations corresponded to those in previously published reports for Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Piljić Burazer
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Cytology, Clinical Hospital Center Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Suzana Mladinov
- Department of Pulmonology, Clinical Hospital Center Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Vesna Ćapkun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clinical Hospital Center Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Sendi Kuret
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Cytology, Clinical Hospital Center Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Merica Glavina Durdov
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Cytology, Clinical Hospital Center Split, Split, Croatia
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Papadodima O, Moulos P, Koryllou A, Piroti G, Kolisis F, Chatziioannou A, Pletsa V. Modulation of Pathways Underlying Distinct Cell Death Mechanisms in Two Human Lung Cancer Cell Lines in Response to SN1 Methylating Agents Treatment. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160248. [PMID: 27467507 PMCID: PMC4965087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Papadodima
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Moulos
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Biomedical Sciences Research Centre ‘Alexander Fleming’, 16672 Vari, Greece
| | - Aggeliki Koryllou
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Piroti
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Fragiskos Kolisis
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Aristotelis Chatziioannou
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
- Enios Applications Private Company, 25 Al.Pantou str., 17671 Athens, Greece
- * E-mail: (AC); (VP)
| | - Vasiliki Pletsa
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
- * E-mail: (AC); (VP)
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Lippi G, Plebani M. Improving accuracy of diagnostic studies in a world with limited resources: a road ahead. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 4:43. [PMID: 26904565 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.11.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lippi
- 1 Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy ; 2 Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mario Plebani
- 1 Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy ; 2 Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Li W, Qu J, Xu Z. Clinical features and mutation status of EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, EML4-ALK and ROS1 between surgical resection samples and non surgical resection samples in lung cancer. J Thorac Dis 2015; 7:875-80. [PMID: 26101643 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.04.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Target therapy is the first-line treatment in lung cancer. The testing of driver gene mutations is crucial for decision of treatment. Many lung cancer patients are in advanced grade, and lose the chance of operation. METHODS The tissue used to perform mutation testing is only from biopsy. In order to analysis the difference between surgical resection samples (SRSs) and non-surgical resection samples (NSRSs), 1,357 surgical tissues and 145 biopsy samples histopathologically diagnosed with lung cancer were collected to detect the mutation status of EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, EML4-ALK and ROS1 in this study. RESULTS There were no significant differences of age, gender, and histological type between the two group patients we collected; however, the significant difference was present in grade. More early stage patients were in the surgical group, but more advanced stage lung cancer patients were in non surgical group. In the mutation analysis, we also found no significant differences in all driver genes we detected between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Both surgical resection samples and biopsy samples could be used to perform the testing the driver gene mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Li
- 1 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai pulmonary hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China ; 2 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Second Military University, Shanghai 200061, China
| | - Jichen Qu
- 1 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai pulmonary hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China ; 2 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Second Military University, Shanghai 200061, China
| | - Zhifei Xu
- 1 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai pulmonary hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China ; 2 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Second Military University, Shanghai 200061, China
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Gan J, Zhang Y, Ke X, Tan C, Ren H, Dong H, Jiang J, Chen S, Zhuang Y, Zhang H. Dysregulation of PAK1 Is Associated with DNA Damage and Is of Prognostic Importance in Primary Esophageal Small Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:12035-50. [PMID: 26023713 PMCID: PMC4490427 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160612035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary esophageal small cell carcinoma (PESCC) is a rare, but fatal subtype of esophageal carcinoma. No effective therapeutic regimen for it. P21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) is known to function as an integrator and an indispensable node of major growth factor signaling and the molecular therapy targeting PAK1 has been clinical in pipeline. We thus set to examine the expression and clinical impact of PAK1 in PESCC. The expression of PAK1 was detected in a semi-quantitative manner by performing immunohistochemistry. PAK1 was overexpressed in 22 of 34 PESCC tumors, but in only 2 of 18 adjacent non-cancerous tissues. Overexpression of PAK1 was significantly associated with tumor location (p = 0.011), lymph node metastasis (p = 0.026) and patient survival (p = 0.032). We also investigated the association of PAK1 with DNA damage, a driven cause for malignancy progression. γH2AX, a DNA damage marker, was detectable in 18 of 24 (75.0%) cases, and PAK1 expression was associated with γH2AX (p = 0.027). Together, PAK1 is important in metastasis and progression of PESCC. The contribution of PAK1 to clinical outcomes may be involved in its regulating DNA damage pathway. Further studies are worth determining the potentials of PAK1 as prognostic indicator and therapeutic target for PESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Gan
- Cancer Research Centre, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515063, China.
| | - Yuling Zhang
- Department of Information, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China.
| | - Xiurong Ke
- Cancer Research Centre, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515063, China.
- Department of Biotherapy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China.
| | - Chong Tan
- Department of General Surgery, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China.
| | - Hongzheng Ren
- Department of Pathology, Central Hospital of Kaifeng, Kaifeng 475000, China.
| | - Hongmei Dong
- Cancer Research Centre, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515063, China.
| | - Jiali Jiang
- Cancer Research Centre, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515063, China.
- Department of Biotherapy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China.
| | - Shaobin Chen
- Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China.
| | - Yixuan Zhuang
- Tumor Tissue Bank, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- Cancer Research Centre, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515063, China.
- Department of Biotherapy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China.
- Tumor Tissue Bank, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China.
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