1
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Lee F, Nguyen D, Hentenaar I, Morrison-Porter A, Solano D, Haddad N, Castrillon C, Lamothe P, Andrews J, Roberts D, Lonial S, Sanz I. The Majority of SARS-CoV-2 Plasma Cells are Excluded from the Bone Marrow Long-Lived Compartment 33 Months after mRNA Vaccination. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3979237. [PMID: 38559048 PMCID: PMC10980156 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3979237/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The goal of any vaccine is to induce long-lived plasma cells (LLPC) to provide life-long protection. Natural infection by influenza, measles, or mumps viruses generates bone marrow (BM) LLPC similar to tetanus vaccination which affords safeguards for decades. Although the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines protect from severe disease, the serologic half-life is short-lived even though SARS-CoV-2-specific plasma cells can be found in the BM. To better understand this paradox, we enrolled 19 healthy adults at 1.5-33 months after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine and measured influenza-, tetanus-, or SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody secreting cells (ASC) in LLPC (CD19-) and non-LLPC (CD19+) subsets within the BM. All individuals had IgG ASC specific for influenza, tetanus, and SARS-CoV-2 in at least one BM ASC compartment. However, only influenza- and tetanus-specific ASC were readily detected in the LLPC whereas SARS-CoV-2 specificities were mostly excluded. The ratios of non-LLPC:LLPC for influenza, tetanus, and SARS-CoV-2 were 0.61, 0.44, and 29.07, respectively. Even in five patients with known PCR-proven history of infection and vaccination, SARS-CoV-2-specific ASC were mostly excluded from the LLPC. These specificities were further validated by using multiplex bead binding assays of secreted antibodies in the supernatants of cultured ASC. Similarly, the IgG ratios of non-LLPC:LLPC for influenza, tetanus, and SARS-CoV-2 were 0.66, 0.44, and 23.26, respectively. In all, our studies demonstrate that rapid waning of serum antibodies is accounted for by the inability of mRNA vaccines to induce BM LLPC.
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2
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Nguyen DC, Hentenaar IT, Morrison-Porter A, Solano D, Haddad NS, Castrillon C, Lamothe PA, Andrews J, Roberts D, Lonial S, Sanz I, Lee FEH. The Majority of SARS-CoV-2 Plasma Cells are Excluded from the Bone Marrow Long-Lived Compartment 33 Months after mRNA Vaccination. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.03.02.24303242. [PMID: 38496525 PMCID: PMC10942531 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.02.24303242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The goal of any vaccine is to induce long-lived plasma cells (LLPC) to provide life-long protection. Natural infection by influenza, measles, or mumps viruses generates bone marrow (BM) LLPC similar to tetanus vaccination which affords safeguards for decades. Although the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines protect from severe disease, the serologic half-life is short-lived even though SARS-CoV-2-specific plasma cells can be found in the BM. To better understand this paradox, we enrolled 19 healthy adults at 1.5-33 months after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine and measured influenza-, tetanus-, or SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody secreting cells (ASC) in LLPC (CD19 - ) and non-LLPC (CD19 + ) subsets within the BM. All individuals had IgG ASC specific for influenza, tetanus, and SARS-CoV-2 in at least one BM ASC compartment. However, only influenza- and tetanus-specific ASC were readily detected in the LLPC whereas SARS-CoV-2 specificities were mostly excluded. The ratios of non-LLPC:LLPC for influenza, tetanus, and SARS-CoV-2 were 0.61, 0.44, and 29.07, respectively. Even in five patients with known PCR-proven history of infection and vaccination, SARS-CoV-2-specific ASC were mostly excluded from the LLPC. These specificities were further validated by using multiplex bead binding assays of secreted antibodies in the supernatants of cultured ASC. Similarly, the IgG ratios of non-LLPC:LLPC for influenza, tetanus, and SARS-CoV-2 were 0.66, 0.44, and 23.26, respectively. In all, our studies demonstrate that rapid waning of serum antibodies is accounted for by the inability of mRNA vaccines to induce BM LLPC.
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3
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Woodruff MC, Faliti CE, Sanz I. Systems biology of B cells in COVID-19. Semin Immunol 2024; 72:101875. [PMID: 38489999 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2024.101875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The integration of multi-'omic datasets into complex systems-wide assessments has become a mainstay in immunologic investigation. This focus on high-dimensional data collection and analysis was on full display in the investigation of COVID-19, the respiratory illness resulting from infection by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Particularly in the area of B cell biology, tremendous efforts in both cellular and serologic investigation have resulted in an increasingly detailed mapping of the coordinated effector, memory, and antibody secreting cell responses that underpin the development of humoral immunity in response to primary viral infection. Further, the rapid development and deployment of effective vaccines has allowed for the assessment of developing memory responses across a wide variety of immune contexts, including in patients with compromised immune function. The result has been a period of rapid gains in the understanding of B cell biology unrestricted to the study of COVID-19. Here, we outline the systems-level technologies that have been routinely implemented in these investigations throughout the pandemic, and discuss how their use has led to clear and applicable gains in pursuance of the amelioration of human infectious disease and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Woodruff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Emory Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Caterina E Faliti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Emory Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Emory Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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4
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Woodruff MC, Bonham KS, Anam FA, Walker TA, Faliti CE, Ishii Y, Kaminski CY, Ruunstrom MC, Cooper KR, Truong AD, Dixit AN, Han JE, Ramonell RP, Haddad NS, Rudolph ME, Yalavarthi S, Betin V, Natoli T, Navaz S, Jenks SA, Zuo Y, Knight JS, Khosroshahi A, Lee FEH, Sanz I. Chronic inflammation, neutrophil activity, and autoreactivity splits long COVID. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4201. [PMID: 37452024 PMCID: PMC10349085 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
While immunologic correlates of COVID-19 have been widely reported, their associations with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) remain less clear. Due to the wide array of PASC presentations, understanding if specific disease features associate with discrete immune processes and therapeutic opportunities is important. Here we profile patients in the recovery phase of COVID-19 via proteomics screening and machine learning to find signatures of ongoing antiviral B cell development, immune-mediated fibrosis, and markers of cell death in PASC patients but not in controls with uncomplicated recovery. Plasma and immune cell profiling further allow the stratification of PASC into inflammatory and non-inflammatory types. Inflammatory PASC, identifiable through a refined set of 12 blood markers, displays evidence of ongoing neutrophil activity, B cell memory alterations, and building autoreactivity more than a year post COVID-19. Our work thus helps refine PASC categorization to aid in both therapeutic targeting and epidemiological investigation of PASC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Woodruff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Kevin S Bonham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA
| | - Fabliha A Anam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tiffany A Walker
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Caterina E Faliti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yusho Ishii
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Martin C Ruunstrom
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kelly Rose Cooper
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexander D Truong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Adviteeya N Dixit
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jenny E Han
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard P Ramonell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sherwin Navaz
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Scott A Jenks
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yu Zuo
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jason S Knight
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Arezou Khosroshahi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - F Eun-Hyung Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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5
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Faliti CE, Anam FA, Cheedarla N, Woodruff MC, Usman SY, Runnstrom MC, Van TT, Kyu S, Ahmed H, Morrison-Porter A, Quehl H, Haddad NS, Chen W, Cheedarla S, Neish AS, Roback JD, Antia R, Khosroshahi A, Lee FEH, Sanz I. Poor immunogenicity upon SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinations in autoimmune SLE patients is associated with pronounced EF-mediated responses and anti-BAFF/Belimumab treatment. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.06.08.23291159. [PMID: 37398319 PMCID: PMC10312827 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.08.23291159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Novel mRNA vaccines have resulted in a reduced number of SARS-CoV-2 infections and hospitalizations. Yet, there is a paucity of studies regarding their effectiveness on immunocompromised autoimmune subjects. In this study, we enrolled subjects naïve to SARS-CoV-2 infections from two cohorts of healthy donors (HD, n=56) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, n=69). Serological assessments of their circulating antibodies revealed a significant reduction of potency and breadth of neutralization in the SLE group, only partially rescued by a 3rd booster dose. Immunological memory responses in the SLE cohort were characterized by a reduced magnitude of spike-reactive B and T cell responses that were strongly associated with poor seroconversion. Vaccinated SLE subjects were defined by a distinct expansion and persistence of a DN2 spike-reactive memory B cell pool and a contraction of spike-specific memory cTfh cells, contrasting with the sustained germinal center (GC)-driven activity mediated by mRNA vaccination in the healthy population. Among the SLE-associated factors that dampened the vaccine responses, treatment with the monoclonal antibody anti-BAFF/Belimumab (a lupus FDA-approved B cell targeting agent) profoundly affected the vaccine responsiveness by restricting the de novo B cell responses and promoting stronger extra-follicular (EF)-mediated responses that were associated with poor immunogenicity and impaired immunological memory. In summary, this study interrogates antigen-specific responses and characterized the immune cell landscape associated with mRNA vaccination in SLE. The identification of factors associated with reduced vaccine efficacy illustrates the impact of SLE B cell biology on mRNA vaccine responses and provides guidance for the management of boosters and recall vaccinations in SLE patients according to their disease endotype and modality of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina E. Faliti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Fabliha A. Anam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Narayanaiah Cheedarla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Matthew C. Woodruff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sabeena Y. Usman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Martin C. Runnstrom
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Trinh T.P. Van
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shuya Kyu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hasan Ahmed
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Andrea Morrison-Porter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hannah Quehl
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Natalie S. Haddad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- MicroB-plex, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Suneethamma Cheedarla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Andrew S. Neish
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - John D. Roback
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Rustom Antia
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Arezou Khosroshahi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - F. Eun-Hyung Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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6
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Dysregulated naïve B cells and de novo autoreactivity in severe COVID-19. Nature 2022; 611:139-147. [PMID: 36044993 PMCID: PMC9630115 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Severe SARS-CoV-2 infection1 has been associated with highly inflammatory immune activation since the earliest days of the COVID-19 pandemic2–5. More recently, these responses have been associated with the emergence of self-reactive antibodies with pathologic potential6–10, although their origins and resolution have remained unclear11. Previously, we and others have identified extrafollicular B cell activation, a pathway associated with the formation of new autoreactive antibodies in chronic autoimmunity12,13, as a dominant feature of severe and critical COVID-19 (refs. 14–18). Here, using single-cell B cell repertoire analysis of patients with mild and severe disease, we identify the expansion of a naive-derived, low-mutation IgG1 population of antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) reflecting features of low selective pressure. These features correlate with progressive, broad, clinically relevant autoreactivity, particularly directed against nuclear antigens and carbamylated proteins, emerging 10–15 days after the onset of symptoms. Detailed analysis of the low-selection compartment shows a high frequency of clonotypes specific for both SARS-CoV-2 and autoantigens, including pathogenic autoantibodies against the glomerular basement membrane. We further identify the contraction of this pathway on recovery, re-establishment of tolerance standards and concomitant loss of acute-derived ASCs irrespective of antigen specificity. However, serological autoreactivity persists in a subset of patients with postacute sequelae, raising important questions as to the contribution of emerging autoreactivity to continuing symptomology on recovery. In summary, this study demonstrates the origins, breadth and resolution of autoreactivity in severe COVID-19, with implications for early intervention and the treatment of patients with post-COVID sequelae. Single-cell B cell repertoire analysis identifies the expansion of a naive-derived population of antibody-secreting cells contributing to de novo autoreactivity in patients with severe COVID-19 and those with post-COVID symptoms.
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7
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Nguyen DC, Lamothe PA, Woodruff MC, Saini AS, Faliti CE, Sanz I, Lee FE. COVID-19 and plasma cells: Is there long-lived protection? Immunol Rev 2022; 309:40-63. [PMID: 35801537 PMCID: PMC9350162 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Infection with SARS-CoV-2, the etiology of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, has resulted in over 450 million cases with more than 6 million deaths worldwide, causing global disruptions since early 2020. Memory B cells and durable antibody protection from long-lived plasma cells (LLPC) are the mainstay of most effective vaccines. However, ending the pandemic has been hampered by the lack of long-lived immunity after infection or vaccination. Although immunizations offer protection from severe disease and hospitalization, breakthrough infections still occur, most likely due to new mutant viruses and the overall decline of neutralizing antibodies after 6 months. Here, we review the current knowledge of B cells, from extrafollicular to memory populations, with a focus on distinct plasma cell subsets, such as early-minted blood antibody-secreting cells and the bone marrow LLPC, and how these humoral compartments contribute to protection after SARS-CoV-2 infection and immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doan C. Nguyen
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Pedro A. Lamothe
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Matthew C. Woodruff
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of ExcellenceEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Ankur S. Saini
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of ExcellenceEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Caterina E. Faliti
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of ExcellenceEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Frances Eun‐Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
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8
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The Serological Sciences Network (SeroNet) for COVID-19: Depth and Breadth of Serology Assays and Plans for Assay Harmonization. mSphere 2022; 7:e0019322. [PMID: 35703544 PMCID: PMC9429934 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00193-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In October 2020, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Serological Sciences Network (SeroNet) was established to study the immune response to COVID-19, and “to develop, validate, improve, and implement serological testing and associated technologies” (https://www.cancer.gov/research/key-initiatives/covid-19/coronavirus-research-initiatives/serological-sciences-network). SeroNet is comprised of 25 participating research institutions partnering with the Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR) and the SeroNet Coordinating Center. Since its inception, SeroNet has supported collaborative development and sharing of COVID-19 serological assay procedures and has set forth plans for assay harmonization. To facilitate collaboration and procedure sharing, a detailed survey was sent to collate comprehensive assay details and performance metrics on COVID-19 serological assays within SeroNet. In addition, FNLCR established a protocol to calibrate SeroNet serological assays to reference standards, such as the U.S. severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) serology standard reference material and first WHO international standard (IS) for anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin (20/136), to facilitate harmonization of assay reporting units and cross-comparison of study data. SeroNet institutions reported development of a total of 27 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods, 13 multiplex assays, and 9 neutralization assays and use of 12 different commercial serological methods. FNLCR developed a standardized protocol for SeroNet institutions to calibrate these diverse serological assays to reference standards. In conclusion, SeroNet institutions have established a diverse array of COVID-19 serological assays to study the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and vaccines. Calibration of SeroNet serological assays to harmonize results reporting will facilitate future pooled data analyses and study cross-comparisons. IMPORTANCE SeroNet institutions have developed or implemented 61 diverse COVID-19 serological assays and are collaboratively working to harmonize these assays using reference materials to establish standardized reporting units. This will facilitate clinical interpretation of serology results and cross-comparison of research data.
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9
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Runnstrom MC, Morrison-Porter A, Ravindran M, Quehl H, Ramonell RP, Woodruff M, Patel R, Kim C, Haddad NS, Lee FEH. Reduced COVID-19 Vaccine Response in Patients Treated with Biologic Therapies for Asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 205:1243-1245. [PMID: 35180044 PMCID: PMC9872804 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202111-2496le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - F. Eun-Hyung Lee
- Emory UniversityAtlanta, Georgia,Corresponding author: (e-mail: )
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10
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Hagemann K, Riecken K, Jung J, Hildebrandt H, Menzel S, Bunders M, Fehse B, Koch-Nolte F, Heinrich F, Peine S, Schulze Zur Wiesch J, Brehm TT, Addo MM, Lütgehetmann M, Altfeld M. Natural killer cell-mediated ADCC in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals and vaccine recipients. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1297-1307. [PMID: 35416291 PMCID: PMC9087393 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
COVID‐19, caused by SARS‐CoV‐2, has emerged as a global pandemic. While immune responses of the adaptive immune system have been in the focus of research, the role of NK cells in COVID‐19 remains less well understood. Here, we characterized NK cell‐mediated SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against SARS‐CoV‐2 spike‐1 (S1) and nucleocapsid (NC) protein. Serum samples from SARS‐CoV‐2 resolvers induced significant CD107a‐expression by NK cells in response to S1 and NC, while serum samples from SARS‐CoV‐2‐negative individuals did not. Furthermore, serum samples from individuals that received the BNT162b2 vaccine induced strong CD107a expression by NK cells that increased with the second vaccination and was significantly higher than observed in infected individuals. As expected, vaccine‐induced responses were only directed against S1 and not against NC protein. S1‐specific CD107a responses by NK cells were significantly correlated to NK cell‐mediated killing of S1‐expressing cells. Interestingly, screening of serum samples collected prior to the COVID‐19 pandemic identified two individuals with cross‐reactive antibodies against SARS‐CoV‐2 S1, which also induced degranulation of NK cells. Taken together, these data demonstrate that antibodies induced by SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines can trigger significant NK cell‐mediated ADCC activity, and identify some cross‐reactive ADCC‐activity against SARS‐CoV‐2 by endemic coronavirus‐specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri Hagemann
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Department of Virus Immunology, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - Kristoffer Riecken
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Johannes Jung
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Department of Virus Immunology, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - Heike Hildebrandt
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Department of Virus Immunology, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - Stephan Menzel
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institute of Immunology, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Madeleine Bunders
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Boris Fehse
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany.,German Center for Infection Disease (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institute of Immunology, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Fabian Heinrich
- Center for Diagnostics, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany.,Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Sven Peine
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Julian Schulze Zur Wiesch
- German Center for Infection Disease (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany.,Division of Infectious Diseases, I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Thomas T Brehm
- German Center for Infection Disease (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany.,Division of Infectious Diseases, I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Marylyn M Addo
- German Center for Infection Disease (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany.,Division of Infectious Diseases, I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany.,Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, 20359, Germany
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- Center for Diagnostics, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Department of Virus Immunology, Hamburg, 20251, Germany.,German Center for Infection Disease (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
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11
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Woodruff MC, Nguyen DC, Faliti CE, Saini AS, Lee FEH, Sanz I. Response under pressure: deploying emerging technologies to understand B-cell-mediated immunity in COVID-19. Nat Methods 2022; 19:387-391. [PMID: 35396475 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-022-01450-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Woodruff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Emory Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Doan C Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Caterina E Faliti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Emory Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ankur Singh Saini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Emory Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - F Eun-Hyung Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Emory Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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12
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Karger AB, Brien JD, Christen JM, Dhakal S, Kemp TJ, Klein SL, Pinto LA, Premkumar L, Roback JD, Binder RA, Boehme KW, Boppana S, Cordon-Cardo C, Crawford JM, Daiss JL, Dupuis AP, Espino AM, Firpo-Betancourt A, Forconi C, Forrest JC, Girardin RC, Granger DA, Granger SW, Haddad NS, Heaney CD, Hunt DT, Kennedy JL, King CL, Krammer F, Kruczynski K, LaBaer J, Lee FEH, Lee WT, Liu SL, Lozanski G, Lucas T, Mendu DR, Moormann AM, Murugan V, Okoye NC, Pantoja P, Payne AF, Park J, Pinninti S, Pinto AK, Pisanic N, Qiu J, Sariol CA, Simon V, Song L, Steffen TL, Stone ET, Styer LM, Suthar MS, Thomas SN, Thyagarajan B, Wajnberg A, Yates JL, Sobhani K. The Serological Sciences Network (SeroNet) for COVID-19: Depth and Breadth of Serology Assays and Plans for Assay Harmonization. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022:2022.02.27.22271399. [PMID: 35262095 PMCID: PMC8902887 DOI: 10.1101/2022.02.27.22271399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background In October 2020, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Serological Sciences Network (SeroNet) was established to study the immune response to COVID-19, and "to develop, validate, improve, and implement serological testing and associated technologies." SeroNet is comprised of 25 participating research institutions partnering with the Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR) and the SeroNet Coordinating Center. Since its inception, SeroNet has supported collaborative development and sharing of COVID-19 serological assay procedures and has set forth plans for assay harmonization. Methods To facilitate collaboration and procedure sharing, a detailed survey was sent to collate comprehensive assay details and performance metrics on COVID-19 serological assays within SeroNet. In addition, FNLCR established a protocol to calibrate SeroNet serological assays to reference standards, such as the U.S. SARS-CoV-2 serology standard reference material and First WHO International Standard (IS) for anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin (20/136), to facilitate harmonization of assay reporting units and cross-comparison of study data. Results SeroNet institutions reported development of a total of 27 ELISA methods, 13 multiplex assays, 9 neutralization assays, and use of 12 different commercial serological methods. FNLCR developed a standardized protocol for SeroNet institutions to calibrate these diverse serological assays to reference standards. Conclusions SeroNet institutions have established a diverse array of COVID-19 serological assays to study the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 virus and vaccines. Calibration of SeroNet serological assays to harmonize results reporting will facilitate future pooled data analyses and study cross-comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy B. Karger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - James D. Brien
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Jayne M. Christen
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Troy J. Kemp
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Sabra L. Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ligia A. Pinto
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Lakshmanane Premkumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - John D. Roback
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Raquel A. Binder
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Karl W. Boehme
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Suresh Boppana
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Carlos Cordon-Cardo
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - James M. Crawford
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York
| | | | - Alan P. Dupuis
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
| | - Ana M. Espino
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Catherine Forconi
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - J. Craig Forrest
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Roxie C. Girardin
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
| | | | | | - Natalie S. Haddad
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Christopher D. Heaney
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Danielle T. Hunt
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
| | - Joshua L. Kennedy
- Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Christopher L. King
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Kate Kruczynski
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joshua LaBaer
- Virginia G Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona
| | - F. Eun-Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - William T. Lee
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gerard Lozanski
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Todd Lucas
- Division of Public Health and Department of Epidemiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Damodara Rao Mendu
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ann M. Moormann
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Vel Murugan
- Virginia G Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Nkemakonam C. Okoye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York
| | - Petraleigh Pantoja
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Anne F. Payne
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
| | - Jin Park
- Virginia G Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Swetha Pinninti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Amelia K. Pinto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Nora Pisanic
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ji Qiu
- Virginia G Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Carlos A. Sariol
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Lusheng Song
- Virginia G Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Tara L. Steffen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - E. Taylor Stone
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Linda M. Styer
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York
| | - Mehul S. Suthar
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children’s Healthcare Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stefani N. Thomas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Bharat Thyagarajan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ania Wajnberg
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jennifer L. Yates
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York
| | - Kimia Sobhani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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13
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Eddins DJ, Bassit LC, Chandler JD, Haddad NS, Musall KL, Yang J, Kosters A, Dobosh BS, Hernández MR, Ramonell RP, Tirouvanziam RM, Lee FEH, Zandi K, Schinazi RF, Ghosn EEB. Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Patient Samples for Contemporary Immunology and Metabolomics Studies. Immunohorizons 2022; 6:144-155. [PMID: 35173021 PMCID: PMC9164212 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2200005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the severity of COVID-19 disease, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and World Health Organization recommend that manipulation of active viral cultures of SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory secretions from COVID-19 patients be performed in biosafety level (BSL)3 laboratories. Therefore, it is imperative to develop viral inactivation procedures that permit samples to be transferred to lower containment levels (BSL2), while maintaining the fidelity of complex downstream assays to expedite the development of medical countermeasures. In this study, we demonstrate optimal conditions for complete viral inactivation following fixation of infected cells with commonly used reagents for flow cytometry, UVC inactivation in sera and respiratory secretions for protein and Ab detection, heat inactivation following cDNA amplification for droplet-based single-cell mRNA sequencing, and extraction with an organic solvent for metabolomic studies. Thus, we provide a suite of viral inactivation protocols for downstream contemporary assays that facilitate sample transfer to BSL2, providing a conceptual framework for rapid initiation of high-fidelity research as the COVID-19 pandemic continues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon J Eddins
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Leda C Bassit
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
| | - Joshua D Chandler
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Disease Research, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and
| | - Natalie S Haddad
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Kathryn L Musall
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
| | - Junkai Yang
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Astrid Kosters
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Brian S Dobosh
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Disease Research, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and
| | - Mindy R Hernández
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Richard P Ramonell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Rabindra M Tirouvanziam
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Disease Research, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and
| | - F Eun-Hyung Lee
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Keivan Zandi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
| | - Eliver E B Ghosn
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA;
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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14
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de la Monte SM, Long C, Szczepanski N, Griffin C, Fitzgerald A, Chapin K. Heterogeneous Longitudinal Antibody Responses to Covid-19 mRNA Vaccination. CLINICAL PATHOLOGY 2021; 14:2632010X211049255. [PMID: 34647020 PMCID: PMC8504644 DOI: 10.1177/2632010x211049255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Public health measures to stem the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic are challenged by social, economic, health status, and cultural disparities that facilitate disease transmission and amplify its severity. Prior pre-clinical biomedical technologic advances in nucleic acid-based vaccination enabled unprecedented speed of conceptualization, development, production, and widespread distribution of mRNA vaccines that target SARS-CoV-2's Spike (S) protein. Design Twenty-five female and male volunteer fulltime employees at the Providence VA Medical Center participated in this study to examine longitudinal antibody responses to the Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine. IgM-S and IgG-S were measured in serum using the Abbott IgM-S-Qualitative and IgG2-S-Quantitative chemiluminescent assays. Results Peak IgM responses after Vaccine Dose #1 were delayed in 6 (24%) and absent in 7 (28%) participants. IgG2-S peak responses primarily occurred 40 to 44 days after Vaccine Dose #1, which was also 11 to 14 days after Vaccine Dose #2. However, subgroups exhibited Strong (n = 6; 24%), Normal (n = 13; 52%), or Weak (n = 6; 24%) peak level responses that differed significantly from each other (P < .005 or better). The post-peak IgG2-S levels declined progressively, and within 6 months reached the mean level measured 1 month after Vaccine Dose #1. Weak responders exhibited persistently low levels of IgG2-S. Variability in vaccine responsiveness was unrelated to age or gender. Conclusion Host responses to SARS-CoV-2-Spike mRNA vaccines vary in magnitude, duration and occurrence. This study raises concern about the lack of vaccine protection in as many as 8% of otherwise normal people, and the need for open dialog about future re-boosting requirements to ensure long-lasting immunity via mRNA vaccination versus natural infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M de la Monte
- Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Service, Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA.,The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Christine Long
- Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Service, Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Nicole Szczepanski
- Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Service, Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Christopher Griffin
- Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Service, Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Amanda Fitzgerald
- Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Service, Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kimberle Chapin
- Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Service, Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA.,The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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15
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Klose AM, Daiss JL, Ho L, Beck CA, Striemer CC, Muthukrishnan G, Miller BL. StaphAIR: A Label-Free Antigen Microarray Approach to Detecting Anti- Staphylococcus aureus Antibody Responses in Orthopedic Infections. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13580-13588. [PMID: 34596381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Arrayed imaging reflectometry (AIR) is an optical biosensor platform for simple, multiplex measurement of antigen-specific antibody responses in patient blood samples. Here, we report the development of StaphAIR, an 8-plex Staphylococcus aureus antigen array on the AIR platform for profiling antigen-specific anti-S. aureus humoral immune responses. Initial validation experiments with mouse and humanized monoclonal antibodies against the S. aureus autolysin glucosaminidase (Gmd) domain, and subsequent testing with dilution series of pooled positive human serum confirmed analytically robust behavior of the array, with all antigens displaying Langmuir-type dose-response curves. Testing a cohort of 82 patients with S. aureus musculoskeletal infections (MSKI) and 30 healthy individuals enabled discrimination of individual patient responses to different S. aureus antigens, with statistical significance between osteomyelitis patients and controls obtained overall for four individual antigens (IsdA, IsdB, Gmd, and SCIN). Multivariate analyses of the antibody titers obtained from StaphAIR revealed its utility as a potential diagnostic tool for detecting S. aureus MSKI (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) > 0.85). We conclude that StaphAIR has utility as a high-throughput immunoassay for studying and diagnosing osteomyelitis in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna M Klose
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - John L Daiss
- Department of Orthopaedics, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Lananh Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Christopher A Beck
- Department of Orthopaedics, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States.,Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | | | - Gowrishankar Muthukrishnan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Benjamin L Miller
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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16
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Narasimhan M, Mahimainathan L, Noh J, Muthukumar A. Silent SARS-CoV-2 Infections, Waning Immunity, Serology Testing, and COVID-19 Vaccination: A Perspective. Front Immunol 2021; 12:730404. [PMID: 34621274 PMCID: PMC8490796 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.730404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus causes a spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from asymptomatic to mild, moderate, or severe illness with multi-organ failure and death. Using a new machine learning algorithm developed by us, we have reported a significantly higher number of predicted COVID-19 cases than the documented counts across the world. The sole reliance on confirmed symptomatic cases overlooking the symptomless COVID-19 infections and the dynamics of waning immunity may not provide 'true' spectrum of infection proportion, a key element for an effective planning and implementation of protection and prevention strategies. We and others have previously shown that strategic orthogonal testing and leveraging systematic data-driven modeling approach to account for asymptomatics and waning cases may situationally have a compelling role in informing efficient vaccination strategies beyond prevalence reporting. However, currently Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) does not recommend serological testing either before or after vaccination to assess immune status. Given the 27% occurrence of breakthrough infections in fully vaccinated (FV) group with many being asymptomatics and still a larger fraction of the general mass remaining unvaccinated, the relaxed mask mandate and distancing by CDC can drive resurgence. Thus, we believe it is a key time to focus on asymptomatics (no symptoms) and oligosymptomatics (so mild that the symptoms remain unrecognized) as they can be silent reservoirs to propagate the infection. This perspective thus highlights the need for proactive efforts to reevaluate the current variables/strategies in accounting for symptomless and waning fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusudhanan Narasimhan
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Lenin Mahimainathan
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Jungsik Noh
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Alagarraju Muthukumar
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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17
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Nguyen DC, Duan M, Ali M, Ley A, Sanz I, Lee FEH. Plasma cell survival: The intrinsic drivers, migratory signals, and extrinsic regulators. Immunol Rev 2021; 303:138-153. [PMID: 34337772 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-secreting cells (ASC) are the effectors of protective humoral immunity and the only cell type that produces antibodies or immunoglobulins in mammals. In addition to their formidable capacity to secrete massive quantities of proteins, ASC are terminally differentiated and have unique features to become long-lived plasma cells (LLPC). Upon antigen encounter, B cells are activated through a complex multistep process to undergo fundamental morphological, subcellular, and molecular transformation to become an efficient protein factory with lifelong potential. The ASC survival potential is determined by factors at the time of induction, capacity to migration from induction to survival sites, and ability to mature in the specialized bone marrow microenvironments. In the past decade, considerable progress has been made in identifying factors regulating ASC longevity. Here, we review the intrinsic drivers, trafficking signals, and extrinsic regulators with particular focus on how they impact the survival potential to become a LLPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doan C Nguyen
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Meixue Duan
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mohammad Ali
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ariel Ley
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - F Eun-Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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18
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Woodruff MC, Ramonell RP, Saini AS, Haddad NS, Anam FA, Rudolph ME, Bugrovsky R, Hom J, Cashman KS, Nguyen DC, Kyu S, Piazza M, Tipton CM, Jenks SA, Lee FEH, Sanz I. Relaxed peripheral tolerance drives broad de novo autoreactivity in severe COVID-19. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [PMID: 33106819 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.21.20216192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An emerging feature of COVID-19 is the identification of autoreactivity in patients with severe disease that may contribute to disease pathology, however the origin and resolution of these responses remain unclear. Previously, we identified strong extrafollicular B cell activation as a shared immune response feature between both severe COVID-19 and patients with advanced rheumatic disease. In autoimmune settings, this pathway is associated with relaxed peripheral tolerance in the antibody secreting cell compartment and the generation of de novo autoreactive responses. Investigating these responses in COVID-19, we performed single-cell repertoire analysis on 7 patients with severe disease. In these patients, we identify the expansion of a low-mutation IgG1 fraction of the antibody secreting cell compartment that are not memory derived, display low levels of selective pressure, and are enriched for autoreactivity-prone IGHV4-34 expression. Within this compartment, we identify B cell lineages that display specificity to both SARS-CoV-2 and autoantigens, including pathogenic autoantibodies against glomerular basement membrane, and describe progressive, broad, clinically relevant autoreactivity within these patients correlated with disease severity. Importantly, we identify anti-carbamylated protein responses as a common hallmark and candidate biomarker of broken peripheral tolerance in severe COVID-19. Finally, we identify the contraction of this pathway upon recovery, and re-establishment of tolerance standards coupled with a concomitant loss of acute-derived ASCs irrespective of antigen specificity. In total, this study reveals the origins, breadth, and resolution of acute-phase autoreactivity in severe COVID-19, with significant implications in both early interventions and potential treatment of patients with post-COVID sequelae.
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