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A MLR-Based Approach to Analyze Regulators of T Lymphocyte Activation In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105337. [PMID: 35628145 PMCID: PMC9140849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Depending on the context, robust and durable T lymphocyte activation is either desirable, as in the case of anti-tumor responses, or unwanted, in cases of autoimmunity when chronic stimulation leads to self-tissue damage. Therefore, reliable in vivo models are of great importance to identify and validate regulatory pathways of T lymphocyte activation. Here, we describe an in vivo mixed-lymphocyte-reaction (MLR) approach, which is based on the so-called parent-into-F1 (P → F1) mouse model in combination with the congenic marker CD45.1/2 and cell proliferation dye-labeling. This setup allows us to track adoptively transferred allogenic CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and analyze their phenotype as well as the proliferation by flow cytometry in the blood and spleen. We could show hypo-reactive responses of T lymphocytes isolated from knockout mice with a known defect in T lymphocyte activation. Thus, this MLR-based in vivo model provides the opportunity to analyze positive regulators of T cell responses under physiological conditions of polyclonal T lymphocyte activation in vivo.
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Soskic B, Jeffery LE, Kennedy A, Gardner DH, Hou TZ, Halliday N, Williams C, Janman D, Rowshanravan B, Hirschfield GM, Sansom DM. CD80 on Human T Cells Is Associated With FoxP3 Expression and Supports Treg Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2021; 11:577655. [PMID: 33488578 PMCID: PMC7820758 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.577655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CD80 and CD86 are expressed on antigen presenting cells (APCs) and their role in providing costimulation to T cells is well established. However, it has been shown that these molecules can also be expressed by T cells, but the significance of this observation remains unknown. We have investigated stimuli that control CD80 and CD86 expression on T cells and show that in APC-free conditions around 40% of activated, proliferating CD4+ T cells express either CD80, CD86 or both. Expression of CD80 and CD86 was strongly dependent upon provision of CD28 costimulation as ligands were not expressed following TCR stimulation alone. Furthermore, we observed that CD80+ T cells possessed the hallmarks of induced regulatory T cells (iTreg), expressing Foxp3 and high levels of CTLA-4 whilst proliferating less extensively. In contrast, CD86 was preferentially expressed on INF-γ producing cells, which proliferated more extensively and had characteristics of effector T cells. Finally, we demonstrated that CD80 expressed on T cells inhibits CTLA-4 function and facilitates the growth of iTreg. Together these data establish endogenous expression of CD80 and CD86 by activated T cells is not due to ligand capture by transendocytosis and highlight clear differences in their expression patterns and associated functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blagoje Soskic
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Louisa E Jeffery
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Kennedy
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - David H Gardner
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tie Zheng Hou
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Halliday
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cayman Williams
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Janman
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Behzad Rowshanravan
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - David M Sansom
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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B cell depletion in murine lupus using cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vivo: Feasibility and benefit. Cell Immunol 2020; 353:104117. [PMID: 32408197 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Given the promising results in human lupus with B cell depletion, we tested whether in vivo cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) could eliminate autoreactive B cells in the setting of murine lupus. Using the parent-into-F1 (P → F1) model to generate CTL that eliminate B cells, we found that transfer ofNZB parental splenocytes into lupus-prone female NZB/W F1 mice resulted in profound B cell reduction whereas NZW → F1 mice exhibited defective B cell elimination. Using pre-disease or early disease B/W mice as hosts, NZB → F1 mice exhibited B cell depletion and improved proteinuria but no improvement in survival whereas NZW → F1 mice had significantly reduced proteinuria and prolonged survival. Thus, despite the defective IL-2 environment in B/W F1 mice, generation of CTL and B cell depletion is feasible in NZB → F1 mice. The surprising increase in survival for NZW → F1 mice despite defective B cell elimination suggests that NZW splenocytes may contain a beneficial down regulatory cell.
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Soloviova K, Puliaiev M, Puliaev R, Puliaeva I, Via CS. Both perforin and FasL are required for optimal CD8 T cell control of autoreactive B cells and autoantibody production in parent-into-F1 lupus mice. Clin Immunol 2018; 194:34-42. [PMID: 29940333 PMCID: PMC6089648 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To test the relative roles of perforin (pfp) vs. FasL in CTL control of autoreactive B cell expansion, we used the parent-into-F1 model of murine graft-vs.-host disease in which donor CD8 CTL prevent lupus like disease by eliminating activated autoreactive B cells. F1 mice receiving either pfp or FasL defective donor T cells exhibited an intermediate short-term phenotype. Pairing of purified normal CD4 T cells with either pfp or FasL defective CD8 T cell subsets resulted in impaired host B cell elimination and mild lupus like disease that was roughly equivalent in the two experimental groups. Thus, in addition to major roles in tumor and intracellular pathogen control, pfp mediated CD8 CTL killing plays a significant role in controlling autoreactive B cell expansion and lupus downregulation that is comparable to that mediated by FasL killing. Importantly, both pathways are required for optimal elimination of activated autoreactive B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Soloviova
- Pathology Department, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20815, United States
| | - Maksym Puliaiev
- Pathology Department, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20815, United States
| | - Roman Puliaev
- Pathology Department, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20815, United States
| | - Irina Puliaeva
- Pathology Department, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20815, United States
| | - Charles S Via
- Pathology Department, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20815, United States.
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5
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Soloviova K, Puliaiev M, Haas M, Dalgard CL, Schaefer BC, Via CS. Intrinsic Differences in Donor CD4 T Cell IL-2 Production Influence Severity of Parent-into-F1 Murine Lupus by Skewing the Immune Response Either toward Help for B Cells and a Sustained Autoantibody Response or toward Help for CD8 T Cells and a Downregulatory Th1 Response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:2985-3000. [PMID: 26320249 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Using the parent-into-F1 model of induced lupus and (C57BL/6 × DBA2) F1 mice as hosts, we compared the inherent lupus-inducing properties of the two parental strain CD4 T cells. To control for donor CD4 recognition of alloantigen, we used H-2(d) identical DBA/2 and B10.D2 donor T cells. We demonstrate that these two normal, nonlupus-prone parental strains exhibit two different T cell activation pathways in vivo. B10.D2 CD4 T cells induce a strong Th1/CMI pathway that is characterized by IL-2/IFN-γ expression, help for CD8 CTLs, and skewing of dendritic cell (DC) subsets toward CD8a DCs, coupled with reduced CD4 T follicular helper cells and transient B cell help. In contrast, DBA/2 CD4 T cells exhibit a reciprocal, lupus-inducing pathway that is characterized by poor IL-2/IFN-γ expression, poor help for CD8 CTLs, and skewing of DC subsets toward plasmacytoid DCs, coupled with greater CD4 T follicular helper cells, prolonged B cell activation, autoantibody formation, and lupus-like renal disease. Additionally, two distinct in vivo splenic gene-expression signatures were induced. In vitro analysis of TCR signaling revealed defective DBA CD4 T cell induction of NF-κB, reduced degradation of IκBα, and increased expression of the NF-κB regulator A20. Thus, attenuated NF-κB signaling may lead to diminished IL-2 production by DBA CD4 T cells. These results indicate that intrinsic differences in donor CD4 IL-2 production and subsequent immune skewing could contribute to lupus susceptibility in humans. Therapeutic efforts to skew immune function away from excessive help for B cells and toward help for CTLs may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Soloviova
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Maksym Puliaiev
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Mark Haas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Clifton L Dalgard
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814; and
| | - Brian C Schaefer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Charles S Via
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814;
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Li H, Shi B. Tolerogenic dendritic cells and their applications in transplantation. Cell Mol Immunol 2014; 12:24-30. [PMID: 25109681 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In transplantation immunology, the ultimate goal is always to successfully and specifically induce immune tolerance of allografts. Tolerogenic dendritic cells (tol-DCs) with immunoregulatory functions have attracted much attention as they play important roles in inducing and maintaining immune tolerance. Here, we focused on tol-DCs that have the potential to promote immune tolerance after solid-organ transplantation. We focus on their development and interactions with other regulatory cells, and we also explore various tol-DC engineering protocols. Harnessing tol-DCs represents a promising cellular therapy for promoting long-term graft functional survival in transplant recipients that will most likely be achieved in the future.
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Ruiz P, Maldonado P, Hidalgo Y, Gleisner A, Sauma D, Silva C, Saez JJ, Nuñez S, Rosemblatt M, Bono MR. Transplant tolerance: new insights and strategies for long-term allograft acceptance. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:210506. [PMID: 23762087 PMCID: PMC3665173 DOI: 10.1155/2013/210506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
One of the greatest advances in medicine during the past century is the introduction of organ transplantation. This therapeutic strategy designed to treat organ failure and organ dysfunction allows to prolong the survival of many patients that are faced with no other treatment option. Today, organ transplantation between genetically dissimilar individuals (allogeneic grafting) is a procedure widely used as a therapeutic alternative in cases of organ failure, hematological disease treatment, and some malignancies. Despite the potential of organ transplantation, the administration of immunosuppressive drugs required for allograft acceptance induces severe immunosuppression in transplanted patients, which leads to serious side effects such as infection with opportunistic pathogens and the occurrence of neoplasias, in addition to the known intrinsic toxicity of these drugs. To solve this setback in allotransplantation, researchers have focused on manipulating the immune response in order to create a state of tolerance rather than unspecific immunosuppression. Here, we describe the different treatments and some of the novel immunotherapeutic strategies undertaken to induce transplantation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Ruiz
- Departamento de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 7800024 Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Ciencias Biomedicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula Maldonado
- Departamento de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 7800024 Santiago, Chile
| | - Yessia Hidalgo
- Departamento de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 7800024 Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Gleisner
- Departamento de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 7800024 Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Sauma
- Departamento de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 7800024 Santiago, Chile
- Fundacion Ciencia y Vida, 7780272 Santiago, Chile
| | - Cinthia Silva
- Departamento de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 7800024 Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Jose Saez
- Departamento de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 7800024 Santiago, Chile
| | - Sarah Nuñez
- Departamento de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 7800024 Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Rosemblatt
- Departamento de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 7800024 Santiago, Chile
- Fundacion Ciencia y Vida, 7780272 Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370146 Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria Rosa Bono
- Departamento de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 7800024 Santiago, Chile
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Soloviova K, Puliaiev M, Haas M, Via CS. In vivo maturation of allo-specific CD8 CTL and prevention of lupus-like graft-versus-host disease is critically dependent on T cell signaling through the TNF p75 receptor but not the TNF p55 receptor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:4562-72. [PMID: 23526821 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A third signal is required for maturation of effector CD8 CTL in addition to TCR and CD28 engagement. Inflammatory cytokines can provide a third signal; however, in nonpathogen settings (i.e., antitumor responses), the identity of the third signal is not clear. A useful model for in vivo CD8 CTL in the absence of exogenous pathogens is the alloantigen-driven parent-into F1 model of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) characterized by a strong TNF-dependent donor antihost CD8 CTL T cell response. To determine whether TNF acts directly on donor T cells in a signal 3 manner, F1 mice received TNFR 1 (p55) knockout (KO) and/or TNFR 2 (p75) KO donor T cells. Donor p75 KO but not p55KO donor T cells failed to induce acute GVHD phenotype and instead induced a lupus-like chronic GVHD both short and long term because of quantitative and qualitative donor T cell defects, that is, reduced perforin, IFN-γ, and TNF production. Transfer of mixed or matched purified CD4 and CD8 T cells from wild type or p75KO donors demonstrated that optimal CTL maturation required p75 signaling in both CD4 and CD8 T cells. Despite defective p75KO CD4 help for CD8 CTL, p75KO CD4 help for B cells and autoimmunity was intact. These results provide a mechanism by which impaired CD8 CTL could contribute to reduced antiviral and antitumor responses and autoimmunity reported in patients receiving TNF blockers. Our results support the idea that selective p55 blockade may be beneficial by reducing inflammation without compromising CD8 CTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Soloviova
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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Eisenberg RA, Via CS. T cells, murine chronic graft-versus-host disease and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2012; 39:240-7. [PMID: 22704961 PMCID: PMC3578438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) in mice is characterized by the production of autoantibodies and immunopathology characteristic of systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus). The basic pathogenesis involves the cognate recognition of foreign MHC class II of host B cells by alloreactive CD4 T cells from the donor. CD4 T cells of the host are also necessary for the full maturation of host B cells before the transfer of donor T cells. CD8 T cells play critical roles as well. Donor CD8 T cells that are highly cytotoxic can ablate or prevent the lupus syndrome, in part by killing recipient B cells. Host CD8 T cells can reciprocally downregulate donor CD8 T cells, and thus prevent them from suppressing the autoimmune process. Thus, when the donor inoculum contains both CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells, the resultant syndrome depends on the balance of activities of these various cell populations. For example, in one cGVHD model (DBA/2(C57BL/6xDBA/2)F1, the disease is more severe in females, as it is in several of the spontaneous mouse models of lupus, as well as in human disease. The mechanism of this female skewing of disease appears to depend on the relative inability of CD8 cells of the female host to downregulate the donor CD4 T cells that drive the autoantibody response. In general, then, the abnormal CD4 T cell help and the modulating roles of CD8 T cells seen in cGVHD parallel the participation of T cells in genetic lupus in mice and human lupus, although these spontaneous syndromes are presumably not driven by overt alloreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Eisenberg
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 756 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA.
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Soloviova K, Puliaiev M, Foster A, Via CS. The parent-into-F1 murine model in the study of lupus-like autoimmunity and CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte function. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 900:253-70. [PMID: 22933073 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-720-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The transfer of homozygous C57Bl/6 (B6) or DBA/2 (DBA) parental strain T cells into normal B6D2F1 mice in the parent-into-F1 (p → F1) model results in a graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD) that takes one of the following two forms: (a) acute GVHD seen with B6 → F1 mice and mediated by donor CD8 cytotoxic T cells that eliminate host lymphocytes and (b) a chronic lupus-like GVHD seen with DBA → F1 mice and mediated by donor CD4 T cell cognate help to autoreactive B cells resulting in autoantibody production and renal disease similar to human lupus. Importantly, these two phenotypes can be distinguished by flow cytometry as early as 2 weeks after donor cell transfer. The p → F1 model can be used to screen for agents that alter lupus development. Additionally, the model is useful for preclinical screening of biologic agents with immunomodulatory potential. Agents that selectively inhibit CD8 T cell function will convert acute GVHD to chronic GVHD in B6 → F1 mice. Conversely, agents that promote CD8 CTL function will convert chronic GVHD to acute GVHD in DBA → F1 mice. Agents that completely suppress T cell function will block both phenotypes. The model is also useful for examining the effects of T cell mutations by transferring mutant T cells into wild-type hosts and assessing the effects on disease phenotype. Differences observed from wild-type T cells → F1 can be directly ascribed to alterations in mutant T cell function. Because of the early 2-week phenotype development, the p → F1 model is well suited to screening of potential immunomodulatory therapeutic compounds and the assessment of T cell mutations on in vivo function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Soloviova
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Pre-clinical screening of immunomodulatory compounds using the parent-into-F1 model. Clin Immunol 2011; 140:212-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Foster AD, Soloviova K, Puliaeva I, Puliaiev M, Puliaev R, Finkelman F, Via CS. Donor CD8 T cells and IFN-gamma are critical for sex-based differences in donor CD4 T cell engraftment and lupus-like phenotype in short-term chronic graft-versus-host disease mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:6238-54. [PMID: 21531893 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The transfer of unfractionated DBA/2J (DBA) splenocytes into B6D2F(1) (DBA → F(1)) mice results in greater donor CD4 T cell engraftment in females at day 14 that persists long-term and mediates greater female lupus-like renal disease. Although donor CD8 T cells have no demonstrated role in lupus pathogenesis in this model, we recently observed that depletion of donor CD8 T cells prior to transfer eliminates sex-based differences in renal disease long-term. In this study, we demonstrate that greater day 14 female donor CD4 engraftment is also critically dependent on donor CD8 T cells. Male DBA → F(1) mice exhibit stronger CD8-dependent day 8-10 graft-versus-host (GVH) and counter-regulatory host-versus-graft (HVG) responses, followed by stronger homeostatic contraction (days 10-12). The weaker day 10-12 GVH and HVG in females are followed by persistent donor T cell activation and increasing proliferation, expansion, and cytokine production from days 12 to 14. Lastly, greater female day 14 donor T cell engraftment, activation, and cytokine production were lost with in vivo IFN-γ neutralization from days 6 to 14. We conclude the following: 1) donor CD8 T cells enhance day 10 proliferation of donor CD4 T cells in both sexes; and 2) a weaker GVH/HVG in females allows prolonged survival of donor CD4 and CD8 T cells, allowing persistent activation. These results support the novel conclusion that sex-based differences in suboptimal donor CD8 CTL activation are critical for shaping sex-based differences in donor CD4 T cell engraftment at 2 wk and lupus-like disease long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Foster
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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