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Soloviova K, Via CS. Sex differences in donor T cell targeting of host splenocyte subpopulations in acute and chronic murine graft-vs.-host disease: implications for lupus-like autoimmunity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.07.595177. [PMID: 38915570 PMCID: PMC11195085 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.07.595177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
This study sought to compare in vivo sex differences in either a Th1-dominant CTL response or a Tfh-mediated lupus-like antibody response using the parent-into F1 murine model of acute or chronic GVHD respectively. In acute GVHD we observed no significant sex differences in the hierarchy of donor CD8 CTL elimination of splenocyte subsets. B cells were the most sensitive to elimination in both sexes; however, the male response was significantly stronger. Sex differences in chronic GVHD were more widespread; females exhibited significantly greater numbers of total splenocytes and host CD4 Tfh cells, B cells and CD8 T cells consistent with reports of greater female autoantibody production in this model. The more potent male CTL response in acute GVHD conflicts with reports of greater female CTL responses following infections or vaccines and may reflect the absence of exogenous innate immune stimuli in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Soloviova
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda MD 20814
| | - Charles S Via
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda MD 20814
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Xin Y, Zhang B, Zhao J, Liu Q, Yin H, Lu Q. Animal models of systemic lupus erythematosus and their applications in drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:489-500. [PMID: 35287523 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2050691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disease with substantial phenotypic heterogeneity. Currently, our understanding of the pathogenesis is still limited, and as a result, specific and efficacious therapies are lacking. Various mouse models have been established to serve as powerful tools that will promote a better understanding of the disease and the ability to test novel drugs before clinical application. AREAS COVERED The authors review the existing mouse models of SLE in terms of pathogenesis and manifestations, as well as their applications in drug discovery and development. The areas of focus include promising novel therapeutics that could benefit patients in the future and the contribution of mouse models used in preclinical studies. EXPERT OPINION Given the diversity of SLE mouse models with different characteristics, researchers must select a suitable model based on the mechanism involved. The use of multiple models is needed for drug testing studies to evaluate drug efficacy on different genetic backgrounds and other mechanisms to provide a reference for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xin
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junpeng Zhao
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qianmei Liu
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haoyuan Yin
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Shen L, Zhu Y, Han L, Wang Y, Yan T, Kong Y, Zou S, Qiu Y, Xu Y. A novel monoclonal antibody against human B7-1 protects against chronic graft-vs.-host disease in a murine lupus nephritis model. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:14. [PMID: 32934679 PMCID: PMC7471967 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is the most common complication that causes mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. The B7-1/B7-2 and CD28/cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 co-stimulatory pathway serves a key role in autoimmune disease and organ transplantation. The aim of the present study was to generate and characterize a monoclonal antibody (mAb; clone 4E5) against human B7-1 and to investigate its potential use for the treatment of LN. The results demonstrated that the 4E5 mAb was successfully generated and able to recognize both human and mouse B7-1. After injection of this mAb into a mouse model with chronic graft-vs.-host disease (cGVHD)-induced lupus-like disease, the expression of CD21, CD23, CD80 and CD86 on B220+ B-cells in the spleen, and the concentrations of serum autoantibodies and urine protein, were decreased. Direct immunofluorescence analysis of the kidneys revealed that immunofluorescence of immune complex deposits was weaker in the 4E5-treated mice and electron microscopy analyses of renal tissues indicated that pathological injury of the kidneys of 4E5-treated mice was decreased compared with that in the model control mice. The results of the present study demonstrated that inhibition of the B7-1/CD28 co-stimulatory signaling pathway with the 4E5 mAb may represent a promising strategy to decelerate the progression of LN that is induced by cGVHD with potential for use in the treatment of other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Shen
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Lianhua Han
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Yuyu Wang
- Department of Immunology, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Tianming Yan
- Department of Immunology, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Yong Kong
- Department of Immunology, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Shitao Zou
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215001, P.R. China
| | - Yuhua Qiu
- Department of Immunology, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Yan Xu
- Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215001, P.R. China
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Soloviova K, Puliaiev M, Puliaev R, Puliaeva I, Via CS. Both perforin and FasL are required for optimal CD8 T cell control of autoreactive B cells and autoantibody production in parent-into-F1 lupus mice. Clin Immunol 2018; 194:34-42. [PMID: 29940333 PMCID: PMC6089648 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To test the relative roles of perforin (pfp) vs. FasL in CTL control of autoreactive B cell expansion, we used the parent-into-F1 model of murine graft-vs.-host disease in which donor CD8 CTL prevent lupus like disease by eliminating activated autoreactive B cells. F1 mice receiving either pfp or FasL defective donor T cells exhibited an intermediate short-term phenotype. Pairing of purified normal CD4 T cells with either pfp or FasL defective CD8 T cell subsets resulted in impaired host B cell elimination and mild lupus like disease that was roughly equivalent in the two experimental groups. Thus, in addition to major roles in tumor and intracellular pathogen control, pfp mediated CD8 CTL killing plays a significant role in controlling autoreactive B cell expansion and lupus downregulation that is comparable to that mediated by FasL killing. Importantly, both pathways are required for optimal elimination of activated autoreactive B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Soloviova
- Pathology Department, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20815, United States
| | - Maksym Puliaiev
- Pathology Department, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20815, United States
| | - Roman Puliaev
- Pathology Department, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20815, United States
| | - Irina Puliaeva
- Pathology Department, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20815, United States
| | - Charles S Via
- Pathology Department, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20815, United States.
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Muscle fatigue: general understanding and treatment. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e384. [PMID: 28983090 PMCID: PMC5668469 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle fatigue is a common complaint in clinical practice. In humans, muscle fatigue can be defined as exercise-induced decrease in the ability to produce force. Here, to provide a general understanding and describe potential therapies for muscle fatigue, we summarize studies on muscle fatigue, including topics such as the sequence of events observed during force production, in vivo fatigue-site evaluation techniques, diagnostic markers and non-specific but effective treatments.
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Via CS, Soloviova K, Puliaiev M, Puliav R, Puliaeva I, Morris SC, Finkelman FD. In vivo IL-4 prevents allo-antigen driven CD8 + CTL development. Clin Immunol 2017; 180:11-24. [PMID: 28359782 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
IL-4 has been shown to suppress acute graft vs. host disease (GVHD) in irradiated hosts. Here we evaluated whether IL-4 suppresses acute GVHD in the un-irradiated parent-into-F1 GVHD model with relevance to renal allograft rejection. IL-4 completely suppressed CD8 CTL when administered with donor cells however this effect was lost if its administration was delayed 3days. IL-4 did not inhibit donor CD8+ T cell homing to the host spleen but rather prevented donor CD8+ T cell differentiation into CTLs. Studies with IL-4Rα-deficient donor cells or recipient mice demonstrated that IL-4 effects on the host, rather than, or in addition to IL-4 effects on donor cells, were critical for suppression of CTL. Because IL-4 decreased all splenic dendritic cell populations and increased neutrophil and CD8+ T cells, IL-4 may suppress donor CD8+ CTL by decreasing Ag presentation and/or increasing host myeloid and CD8+ T cell suppression of donor T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Via
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States.
| | - Kateryna Soloviova
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Maksym Puliaiev
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Roman Puliav
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Irina Puliaeva
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Suzanne C Morris
- Division of Immunology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States; Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States; Department of Medicine, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220, United States
| | - Fred D Finkelman
- Division of Immunology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States; Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States; Department of Medicine, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220, United States
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Li W, Li H, Zhang M, Wang M, Zhong Y, Wu H, Yang Y, Morel L, Wei Q. Quercitrin ameliorates the development of systemic lupus erythematosus-like disease in a chronic graft-versus-host murine model. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F217-26. [PMID: 26911849 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00249.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a serious disorder of immune regulation characterized by overproduction of autoantibodies, lupus nephritis, CD4+ T cell aberrant activation, and immune complex-mediated inflammation. The chronic graft vs. host disease (cGVHD) mouse model is a well-established model of SLE. Quercitrin is a natural compound found in Tartary buckwheat with a potential anti-inflammatory effect that is used to treat heart and vascular conditions. In our previous study, we determined that quercitrin is an immunosuppressant with beneficial effects in mouse models of immune diseases. We hypothesized that quercitrin could prevent lupus nephritis in the cGVHD mouse model by decreasing the production of autoantibodies and inflammatory cytokines, and reducing immune cell activation. cGVHD was induced by injecting DBA/2 spleen cells into the tail vein of BDF1 mice. The cGVHD mice exhibited significant proteinuria, which is a marker of nephritis. Quercitrin decreased the number of serum antibodies, CD4+ T cell activation, as well as the expression levels of T-bet, GATA-3, and selected cytokines. Moreover, quercitrin treatment decreased the expression of inflammatory genes and cytokines in the kidney, as well as in peritoneal macrophages. In addition, quercitrin inhibited LPS-induced cytokines as well as the phosphorylation of ERK, p38 MAPK, and JNK in Raw264.7 cells. Overall, quercitrin ameliorated the symptoms of lupus nephritis in the cGVHD mouse model, which may be due to the inhibition of CD4 T cell activation and anti-inflammatory effects on macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering and Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hu Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering and Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Mu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering and Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering and Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Youxiu Zhong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering and Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hezhen Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Yanfang Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Laurence Morel
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Qun Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering and Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China;
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Soloviova K, Puliaiev M, Haas M, Dalgard CL, Schaefer BC, Via CS. Intrinsic Differences in Donor CD4 T Cell IL-2 Production Influence Severity of Parent-into-F1 Murine Lupus by Skewing the Immune Response Either toward Help for B Cells and a Sustained Autoantibody Response or toward Help for CD8 T Cells and a Downregulatory Th1 Response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:2985-3000. [PMID: 26320249 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Using the parent-into-F1 model of induced lupus and (C57BL/6 × DBA2) F1 mice as hosts, we compared the inherent lupus-inducing properties of the two parental strain CD4 T cells. To control for donor CD4 recognition of alloantigen, we used H-2(d) identical DBA/2 and B10.D2 donor T cells. We demonstrate that these two normal, nonlupus-prone parental strains exhibit two different T cell activation pathways in vivo. B10.D2 CD4 T cells induce a strong Th1/CMI pathway that is characterized by IL-2/IFN-γ expression, help for CD8 CTLs, and skewing of dendritic cell (DC) subsets toward CD8a DCs, coupled with reduced CD4 T follicular helper cells and transient B cell help. In contrast, DBA/2 CD4 T cells exhibit a reciprocal, lupus-inducing pathway that is characterized by poor IL-2/IFN-γ expression, poor help for CD8 CTLs, and skewing of DC subsets toward plasmacytoid DCs, coupled with greater CD4 T follicular helper cells, prolonged B cell activation, autoantibody formation, and lupus-like renal disease. Additionally, two distinct in vivo splenic gene-expression signatures were induced. In vitro analysis of TCR signaling revealed defective DBA CD4 T cell induction of NF-κB, reduced degradation of IκBα, and increased expression of the NF-κB regulator A20. Thus, attenuated NF-κB signaling may lead to diminished IL-2 production by DBA CD4 T cells. These results indicate that intrinsic differences in donor CD4 IL-2 production and subsequent immune skewing could contribute to lupus susceptibility in humans. Therapeutic efforts to skew immune function away from excessive help for B cells and toward help for CTLs may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Soloviova
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Maksym Puliaiev
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Mark Haas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Clifton L Dalgard
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814; and
| | - Brian C Schaefer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Charles S Via
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814;
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Soloviova K, Puliaiev M, Haas M, Via CS. In vivo maturation of allo-specific CD8 CTL and prevention of lupus-like graft-versus-host disease is critically dependent on T cell signaling through the TNF p75 receptor but not the TNF p55 receptor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:4562-72. [PMID: 23526821 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A third signal is required for maturation of effector CD8 CTL in addition to TCR and CD28 engagement. Inflammatory cytokines can provide a third signal; however, in nonpathogen settings (i.e., antitumor responses), the identity of the third signal is not clear. A useful model for in vivo CD8 CTL in the absence of exogenous pathogens is the alloantigen-driven parent-into F1 model of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) characterized by a strong TNF-dependent donor antihost CD8 CTL T cell response. To determine whether TNF acts directly on donor T cells in a signal 3 manner, F1 mice received TNFR 1 (p55) knockout (KO) and/or TNFR 2 (p75) KO donor T cells. Donor p75 KO but not p55KO donor T cells failed to induce acute GVHD phenotype and instead induced a lupus-like chronic GVHD both short and long term because of quantitative and qualitative donor T cell defects, that is, reduced perforin, IFN-γ, and TNF production. Transfer of mixed or matched purified CD4 and CD8 T cells from wild type or p75KO donors demonstrated that optimal CTL maturation required p75 signaling in both CD4 and CD8 T cells. Despite defective p75KO CD4 help for CD8 CTL, p75KO CD4 help for B cells and autoimmunity was intact. These results provide a mechanism by which impaired CD8 CTL could contribute to reduced antiviral and antitumor responses and autoimmunity reported in patients receiving TNF blockers. Our results support the idea that selective p55 blockade may be beneficial by reducing inflammation without compromising CD8 CTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Soloviova
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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Finsterer J. Biomarkers of peripheral muscle fatigue during exercise. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2012; 13:218. [PMID: 23136874 PMCID: PMC3534479 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-13-218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomarkers of peripheral muscle fatigue (BPMFs) are used to offer insights into mechanisms of exhaustion during exercise in order to detect abnormal fatigue or to detect defective metabolic pathways. This review aims at describing recent advances and future perspectives concerning the most important biomarkers of muscle fatigue during exercise. RESULTS BPMFs are classified according to the mechanism of fatigue related to adenosine-triphosphate-metabolism, acidosis, or oxidative-metabolism. Muscle fatigue is also related to an immunological response. impaired calcium handling, disturbances in bioenergetic pathways, and genetic responses. The immunological and genetic response may make the muscle susceptible to fatigue but may not directly cause muscle fatigue. Production of BPMFs is predominantly dependent on the type of exercise. BPMFs need to change as a function of the process being monitored, be stable without appreciable diurnal variations, correlate well with exercise intensity, and be present in detectable amounts in easily accessible biological fluids. The most well-known BPMFs are serum lactate and interleukin-6. The most widely applied clinical application is screening for defective oxidative metabolism in mitochondrial disorders by means of the lactate stress test. The clinical relevance of most other BPMFs, however, is under debate, since they often depend on age, gender, physical fitness, the energy supply during exercise, the type of exercise needed to produce the BPMF, and whether healthy or diseased subjects are investigated. CONCLUSIONS Though the role of BPMFs during fatigue is poorly understood, measuring BPMFs under specific, standardised conditions appears to be helpful for assessing biological states or processes during exercise and fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Finsterer
- Krankenanstalt Rudolfstiftung, Postfach 20, 1180, Vienna, Austria.
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Eisenberg RA, Via CS. T cells, murine chronic graft-versus-host disease and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2012; 39:240-7. [PMID: 22704961 PMCID: PMC3578438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) in mice is characterized by the production of autoantibodies and immunopathology characteristic of systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus). The basic pathogenesis involves the cognate recognition of foreign MHC class II of host B cells by alloreactive CD4 T cells from the donor. CD4 T cells of the host are also necessary for the full maturation of host B cells before the transfer of donor T cells. CD8 T cells play critical roles as well. Donor CD8 T cells that are highly cytotoxic can ablate or prevent the lupus syndrome, in part by killing recipient B cells. Host CD8 T cells can reciprocally downregulate donor CD8 T cells, and thus prevent them from suppressing the autoimmune process. Thus, when the donor inoculum contains both CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells, the resultant syndrome depends on the balance of activities of these various cell populations. For example, in one cGVHD model (DBA/2(C57BL/6xDBA/2)F1, the disease is more severe in females, as it is in several of the spontaneous mouse models of lupus, as well as in human disease. The mechanism of this female skewing of disease appears to depend on the relative inability of CD8 cells of the female host to downregulate the donor CD4 T cells that drive the autoantibody response. In general, then, the abnormal CD4 T cell help and the modulating roles of CD8 T cells seen in cGVHD parallel the participation of T cells in genetic lupus in mice and human lupus, although these spontaneous syndromes are presumably not driven by overt alloreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Eisenberg
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 756 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA.
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Pre-clinical screening of immunomodulatory compounds using the parent-into-F1 model. Clin Immunol 2011; 140:212-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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