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Lin W, Li Q, Liu L, Wang Q, Zhang D, Wang F, Xu R, Fan Y, Xing M, Zhou C, Yuan Q. Early infiltrating NKT lymphocytes attenuate bone regeneration through secretion of CXCL2. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl6343. [PMID: 38758783 PMCID: PMC11100573 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl6343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Trauma rapidly mobilizes the immune response of surrounding tissues and activates regeneration program. Manipulating immune response to promote tissue regeneration shows a broad application prospect. However, the understanding of bone healing dynamics at cellular level remains limited. Here, we characterize the landscape of immune cells after alveolar bone injury and reveal a pivotal role of infiltrating natural killer T (NKT) cells. We observe a rapid increase in NKT cells after injury, which inhibit osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and impair alveolar bone healing. Cxcl2 is up-regulated in NKT cells after injury. Systemic administration of CXCL2-neutralizing antibody or genetic deletion of Cxcl2 improves the bone healing process. In addition, we fabricate a gelatin-based porous hydrogel to deliver NK1.1 depletion antibody, which successfully promotes alveolar bone healing. In summary, our study highlights the importance of NKT cells in the early stage of bone healing and provides a potential therapeutic strategy for accelerating bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Linfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Danting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Feiyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ruoshi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Malcolm Xing
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Chenchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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2
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Moriyama T, Yoritate M, Kato N, Saika A, Kusuhara W, Ono S, Nagatake T, Koshino H, Kiya N, Moritsuka N, Tanabe R, Hidaka Y, Usui K, Chiba S, Kudo N, Nakahashi R, Igawa K, Matoba H, Tomooka K, Ishikawa E, Takahashi S, Kunisawa J, Yamasaki S, Hirai G. Linkage-Editing Pseudo-Glycans: A Reductive α-Fluorovinyl- C-Glycosylation Strategy to Create Glycan Analogs with Altered Biological Activities. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2237-2247. [PMID: 38196121 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The acetal (O-glycoside) bonds of glycans and glycoconjugates are chemically and biologically vulnerable, and therefore C-glycosides are of interest as more stable analogs. We hypothesized that, if the O-glycoside linkage plays a vital role in glycan function, the biological activities of C-glycoside analogs would vary depending on their substituents. Based on this idea, we adopted a "linkage-editing strategy" for the creation of glycan analogs (pseudo-glycans). We designed three types of pseudo-glycans with CH2 and CHF linkages, which resemble the O-glycoside linkage in terms of bond lengths, angles, and bulkiness, and synthesized them efficiently by means of fluorovinyl C-glycosylation and selective hydrogenation reactions. Application of this strategy to isomaltose (IM), an inducer of amylase expression, and α-GalCer, which activates iNKT cells, resulted in the discovery of CH2-IM, which shows increased amylase production ability, and CHF-α-GalCer, which shows activity opposite that of native α-GalCer, serving as an antagonist of iNKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Moriyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Makoto Yoritate
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Naoki Kato
- Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Azusa Saika
- Microbial Research Center for Health and Medicine, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Asagi-Saito, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 11 Biopolis Way, Helios, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Wakana Kusuhara
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ono
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nagatake
- Microbial Research Center for Health and Medicine, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Asagi-Saito, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koshino
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Noriaki Kiya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Natsuho Moritsuka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Riko Tanabe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yu Hidaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuteru Usui
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Suzuka Chiba
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Noyuri Kudo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Rintaro Nakahashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Igawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, IRCCS, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Matoba
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Tomooka
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, IRCCS, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Eri Ishikawa
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shunji Takahashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- Microbial Research Center for Health and Medicine, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Asagi-Saito, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Go Hirai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Rotolo A, Whelan EC, Atherton MJ, Kulikovskaya I, Jarocha D, Fraietta JA, Kim MM, Diffenderfer ES, Cengel KA, Piviani M, Radaelli E, Duran-Struuck R, Mason NJ. Unedited allogeneic iNKT cells show extended persistence in MHC-mismatched canine recipients. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101241. [PMID: 37852175 PMCID: PMC10591065 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Allogeneic invariant natural killer T cells (allo-iNKTs) induce clinical remission in patients with otherwise incurable cancers and COVID-19-related acute respiratory failure. However, their functionality is inconsistent among individuals, and they become rapidly undetectable after infusion, raising concerns over rejection and limited therapeutic potential. We validate a strategy to promote allo-iNKT persistence in dogs, an established large-animal model for novel cellular therapies. We identify donor-specific iNKT biomarkers of survival and sustained functionality, conserved in dogs and humans and retained upon chimeric antigen receptor engineering. We reason that infusing optimal allo-iNKTs enriched in these biomarkers will prolong their persistence without requiring MHC ablation, high-intensity chemotherapy, or cytokine supplementation. Optimal allo-iNKTs transferred into MHC-mismatched dogs remain detectable for at least 78 days, exhibiting sustained immunomodulatory effects. Our canine model will accelerate biomarker discovery of optimal allo-iNKT products, furthering application of MHC-unedited allo-iNKTs as a readily accessible universal platform to treat incurable conditions worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Rotolo
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Eoin C Whelan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew J Atherton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Irina Kulikovskaya
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Danuta Jarocha
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joseph A Fraietta
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michele M Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eric S Diffenderfer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Keith A Cengel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Martina Piviani
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Enrico Radaelli
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Raimon Duran-Struuck
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicola J Mason
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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4
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Hadiloo K, Tahmasebi S, Esmaeilzadeh A. CAR-NKT cell therapy: a new promising paradigm of cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:86. [PMID: 37158883 PMCID: PMC10165596 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02923-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Today, cancer treatment is one of the fundamental problems facing clinicians and researchers worldwide. Efforts to find an excellent way to treat this illness continue, and new therapeutic strategies are developed quickly. Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) is a practical approach that has been emerged to improve clinical outcomes in cancer patients. In the ACT, one of the best ways to arm the immune cells against tumors is by employing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) via genetic engineering. CAR equips cells to target specific antigens on tumor cells and selectively eradicate them. Researchers have achieved promising preclinical and clinical outcomes with different cells by using CARs. One of the potent immune cells that seems to be a good candidate for CAR-immune cell therapy is the Natural Killer-T (NKT) cell. NKT cells have multiple features that make them potent cells against tumors and would be a powerful replacement for T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. NKT cells are cytotoxic immune cells with various capabilities and no notable side effects on normal cells. The current study aimed to comprehensively provide the latest advances in CAR-NKT cell therapy for cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Hadiloo
- Student Research Committee, Department of immunology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Safa Tahmasebi
- Student Research Committee, Department of immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abdolreza Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center (CGRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
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5
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Barchi JJ. Glycoconjugate Nanoparticle-Based Systems in Cancer Immunotherapy: Novel Designs and Recent Updates. Front Immunol 2022; 13:852147. [PMID: 35432351 PMCID: PMC9006936 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.852147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
For many years, cell-surface glycans (in particular, Tumor-Associated Carbohydrate Antigens, TACAs) have been the target of both passive and active anticancer immunotherapeutic design. Recent advances in immunotherapy as a treatment for a variety of malignancies has revolutionized anti-tumor treatment regimens. Checkpoint inhibitors, Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cells, Oncolytic virus therapy, monoclonal antibodies and vaccines have been developed and many approvals have led to remarkable outcomes in a subset of patients. However, many of these therapies are very selective for specific patient populations and hence the search for improved therapeutics and refinement of techniques for delivery are ongoing and fervent research areas. Most of these agents are directed at protein/peptide epitopes, but glycans–based targets are gaining in popularity, and a handful of approved immunotherapies owe their activity to oligosaccharide targets. In addition, nanotechnology and nanoparticle-derived systems can help improve the delivery of these agents to specific organs and cell types based on tumor-selective approaches. This review will first outline some of the historical beginnings of this research area and subsequently concentrate on the last 5 years of work. Based on the progress in therapeutic design, predictions can be made as to what the future holds for increasing the percentage of positive patient outcomes for optimized systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Barchi
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
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6
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Nelson A, Lukacs JD, Johnston B. The Current Landscape of NKT Cell Immunotherapy and the Hills Ahead. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205174. [PMID: 34680322 PMCID: PMC8533824 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a subset of lipid-reactive T cells that enhance anti-tumor immunity. While preclinical studies have shown NKT cell immunotherapy to be safe and effective, clinical studies lack predictable therapeutic efficacy and no approved treatments exist. In this review, we outline the current strategies, challenges, and outlook for NKT cell immunotherapy. Abstract NKT cells are a specialized subset of lipid-reactive T lymphocytes that play direct and indirect roles in immunosurveillance and anti-tumor immunity. Preclinical studies have shown that NKT cell activation via delivery of exogenous glycolipids elicits a significant anti-tumor immune response. Furthermore, infiltration of NKT cells is associated with a good prognosis in several cancers. In this review, we aim to summarize the role of NKT cells in cancer as well as the current strategies and status of NKT cell immunotherapy. This review also examines challenges and future directions for improving the therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (A.N.); (J.D.L.)
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jordan D. Lukacs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (A.N.); (J.D.L.)
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Brent Johnston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (A.N.); (J.D.L.)
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Correspondence:
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7
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Marcella S, Afoullouss S, Thomas OP, Allcock AL, Murphy PV, Loffredo S. Immunomodulatory properties of characellide A on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:1201-1210. [PMID: 34241784 PMCID: PMC8298336 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00836-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Marine sponges and their associated microbiota are multicellular animals known to produce metabolites with interesting pharmacological properties playing a pivotal role against a plethora of pathologic disorders such as inflammation, cancer and infections. Characellide A and B belong to a novel class of glycolipopeptides isolated from the deep sea marine sponge Characella pachastrelloides. In this study, we have evaluated the effects of characellide A and B on cytokine and chemokine release from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Characellide A induces a concentration- and time-dependent CXCL8, IL-6 and TNF-α release from PBMC. This production is mediated by the induction of gene transcription. Moreover, cytokine/chemokine release induced by characellide A from PBMC is CD1d-dependent because a CD1d antagonist, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane [DPPE]-polyethylene glycolmonomethylether [PEG], specifically inhibits characellide A-induced activation of PBMC. In conclusion, characellide A is a novel modulator of adaptative/innate immune responses. Further studies are needed to understand its potential pharmacological application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Marcella
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), WAO Center of Excellence, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Sam Afoullouss
- Marine Biodiscovery, School of Chemistry, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), University Road, Galway, H91TK33, Ireland
- Zoology Department, School of Natural Sciences, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), University Road, Galway, H91TK33, Ireland
| | - Olivier P Thomas
- Marine Biodiscovery, School of Chemistry, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), University Road, Galway, H91TK33, Ireland
| | - A Louise Allcock
- Zoology Department, School of Natural Sciences, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), University Road, Galway, H91TK33, Ireland
| | - Paul V Murphy
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Stefania Loffredo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), WAO Center of Excellence, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore", National Research Council, Naples, Italy.
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8
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Trujillo-Ocampo A, Cho HW, Clowers M, Pareek S, Ruiz-Vazquez W, Lee SE, Im JS. IL-7 During Antigenic Stimulation Using Allogeneic Dendritic Cells Promotes Expansion of CD45RA -CD62L +CD4 + Invariant NKT Cells With Th-2 Biased Cytokine Production Profile. Front Immunol 2020; 11:567406. [PMID: 33329531 PMCID: PMC7728799 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.567406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate-like T lymphocytes cells that recognize glycolipid antigens associated with CD1d, non-classical antigen presenting proteins. They can drive either pro-inflammatory (Th-1) or anti-inflammatory (Th-2) immune microenvironment through the production of both Th-1 and Th-2 type cytokines upon activation, thus play a vital role in cancer, infection, and autoimmune diseases. Adoptive cell therapy using ex vivo expanded iNKT cells is a promising approach to enhance anti-tumor immunity or immunosuppression. However, overcoming phenotypic and functional heterogeneity and promoting in vivo persistency of iNKT cells remains to be a challenge. Here, we compared various methods for ex vivo expansion of human iNKT cells and assessed the quality of expansion, phenotype, and cytokine production profile of expanded iNKT cells. While a direct stimulation of iNKT cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells with agonist glycolipid led to the expansion of iNKT cells in varying degrees, stimulation of enriched iNKT cells by irradiated autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells or allogeneic dendritic cells resulted in consistent expansion of highly pure iNKT cells. Interestingly, the mode of antigenic stimulation influenced the dominant subtype of expanded iNKT cells. Further, we evaluated whether additional IL-7 or IL-15 during antigenic stimulation with allogeneic dendritic cells can improve the phenotypic heterogeneity and modify cytokine production profile of iNKT cells expanded from 18 consecutive donors. The presence of IL-7 or IL-15 during antigenic stimulation did not affect the fold of expansion or purity of expanded iNKT cells. However, IL-7, but not IL-15, led to a better expansion of CD4+ iNKT cells, enhanced Th-2 type cytokine production of CD4+ iNKT cells, and maintained the expansion of central memory (CD45RA-CD62L+) CD4+ iNKT cells. Our results suggest the addition of IL-7 during antigenic stimulation with allogeneic dendritic cells can promote the expansion of CD62L+Th-2+CD4+ human iNKT cells that can be used as novel immunotherapeutic to control excessive inflammation to treat various autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Trujillo-Ocampo
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hyun-Woo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michael Clowers
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sumedha Pareek
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Wilfredo Ruiz-Vazquez
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sung-Eun Lee
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Hematology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin S Im
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Hematology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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9
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Li J, Burgess DJ. Nanomedicine-based drug delivery towards tumor biological and immunological microenvironment. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:2110-2124. [PMID: 33304781 PMCID: PMC7714990 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex tumor microenvironment is a most important factor in cancer development. The biological microenvironment is composed of a variety of barriers including the extracellular matrix and associated cells such as endothelia cells, pericytes, and cancer-associated fibroblasts. Different strategies can be utilized to enhance nanoparticle-based drug delivery and distribution into tumor tissues addressing the extracellular matrix or cellular components. In addition to the biological microenvironment, the immunological conditions around the tumor tissue can be very complicated and cancer cells have various ways of evading immune surveillance. Nanoparticle drug delivery systems can enhance cancer immunotherapy by tuning the immunological response and memory of various immune cells such as T cells, B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. In this review, the main components in the tumor biological and immunological environment are discussed. The focus is on recent advances in nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems towards targets within the tumor microenvironment to improve cancer chemotherapy and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, USA
| | - Diane J. Burgess
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, USA
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10
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Ban Y, Dong W, Zhang L, Zhou T, Altiti AS, Ali K, Mootoo DR, Blaho VA, Hla T, Ren Y, Ma X. Abrogation of Endogenous Glycolipid Antigen Presentation on Myelin-Laden Macrophages by D-Sphingosine Ameliorates the Pathogenesis of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:404. [PMID: 30941120 PMCID: PMC6433838 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Although myelin is composed of mostly lipids, the pathological role of myelin lipids in demyelinating diseases remains elusive. The principal lipid of the myelin sheath is β-galactosylceramide (β-Galcer). Its α-anomer (α-Galcer) has been demonstrated to be antigenically presented by macrophages via CD1d, a MHC class I-like molecule. Myelin, which is mostly composed of β-Galcer, has been long considered as an immunologically-inert neuron insulator, because the antigen-binding cleft of CD1d is highly α-form-restricted. Results: Here, we report that CD1d-mediated antigenic presentation of myelin-derived galactosylceramide (Mye-GalCer) by macrophages contributed significantly to the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Surprisingly, this presentation was recognizable by α-Galcer:CD1d-specific antibody (clone L363), but incapable of triggering expansion of iNKT cells and production of iNKT signature cytokines (IFNγ and IL-4). Likewise, a synthesized analog of Mye-Galcer, fluorinated α-C-GalCer (AA2), while being efficiently presented via CD1d on macrophages, failed to stimulate production of IFNγ and IL-4. However, AA2 significantly exacerbated EAE progression. Further analyses revealed that the antigenic presentations of both Mye-GalCer and its analog (AA2) in α-form via CD1d promoted IL-17 production from T cells, leading to elevated levels of IL-17 in EAE spinal cords and sera. The IL-17 neutralizing antibody significantly reduced the severity of EAE symptoms in AA2-treated mice. Furthermore, D-sphingosine, a lipid possessing the same hydrophobic base as ceramide but without a carbohydrate residue, efficiently blocked this glycolipid antigen presentation both in vitro and in spinal cords of EAE mice, and significantly decreased IL-17 and ameliorated the pathological symptoms. Conclusion: Our findings reveal a novel pathway from the presentation of Mye-GalCer to IL-17 production, and highlight the promising therapeutic potential of D-sphingosine for the human disorder of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ban
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Wenjuan Dong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lixing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States.,Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ahmad S Altiti
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Khaleel Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - David R Mootoo
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Victoria A Blaho
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Vascular Biology, Weill Medical Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Sanford Burnham Prepys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Timothy Hla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Vascular Biology, Weill Medical Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Godfrey DI, Le Nours J, Andrews DM, Uldrich AP, Rossjohn J. Unconventional T Cell Targets for Cancer Immunotherapy. Immunity 2018; 48:453-473. [PMID: 29562195 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Most studies on the immunotherapeutic potential of T cells have focused on CD8 and CD4 T cells that recognize peptide antigens (Ag) presented by polymorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and MHC class II molecules, respectively. However, unconventional T cells, which interact with MHC class Ib and MHC-I like molecules, are also implicated in tumor immunity, although their role therein is unclear. These include unconventional T cells targeting MHC class Ib molecules such as HLA-E and its murine ortholog Qa-1b, natural killer T (NKT) cells, mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, and γδ T cells. Here, we review the current understanding of the roles of these unconventional T cells in tumor immunity and discuss why further studies into the immunotherapeutic potential of these cells is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Daniel M Andrews
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam P Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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12
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Differing roles of CD1d2 and CD1d1 proteins in type I natural killer T cell development and function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E1204-E1213. [PMID: 29351991 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1716669115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
MHC class I-like CD1 molecules have evolved to present lipid-based antigens to T cells. Differences in the antigen-binding clefts of the CD1 family members determine the conformation and size of the lipids that are presented, although the factors that shape CD1 diversity remain unclear. In mice, two homologous genes, CD1D1 and CD1D2, encode the CD1d protein, which is essential to the development and function of natural killer T (NKT) cells. However, it remains unclear whether both CD1d isoforms are equivalent in their antigen presentation capacity and functions. Here, we report that CD1d2 molecules are expressed in the thymus of some mouse strains, where they select functional type I NKT cells. Intriguingly, the T cell antigen receptor repertoire and phenotype of CD1d2-selected type I NKT cells in CD1D1-/- mice differed from CD1d1-selected type I NKT cells. The structures of CD1d2 in complex with endogenous lipids and a truncated acyl-chain analog of α-galactosylceramide revealed that its A'-pocket was restricted in size compared with CD1d1. Accordingly, CD1d2 molecules could not present glycolipid antigens with long acyl chains efficiently, favoring the presentation of short acyl chain antigens. These results indicate that the two CD1d molecules present different sets of self-antigen(s) in the mouse thymus, thereby impacting the development of invariant NKT cells.
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13
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Zhang L, Donda A. Alpha-Galactosylceramide/CD1d-Antibody Fusion Proteins Redirect Invariant Natural Killer T Cell Immunity to Solid Tumors and Promote Prolonged Therapeutic Responses. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1417. [PMID: 29163493 PMCID: PMC5672503 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Major progress in cancer immunotherapies have been obtained by the use of tumor targeting strategies, in particular with the development of bi-functional fusion proteins such as ImmTacs or BiTes, which engage effector T cells for targeted elimination of tumor cells. Given the significance of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells in bridging innate and adaptive immunity, we have developed a bi-functional protein composed of the extracellular part of CD1d molecule that was genetically fused to an scFv fragment from high affinity antibodies against HER2 or CEA. Systemic treatments with the CD1d-antitumor fusion proteins loaded with the agonist alpha-galactosylceramide (αGalCer) led to specific iNKT cell activation, resulting in a sustained growth inhibition of established tumors expressing HER2 or CEA, while treatment with the free αGalCer was ineffective. Importantly, we discovered that αGalCer/CD1d-antitumor fusion proteins were able to maintain iNKT cells reactive to multiple re-stimulations in contrast to their anergic state induced after a single injection of free αGalCer. We further demonstrated that the antitumor effects by αGalCer/CD1d-antitumor fusion proteins were largely dependent on the iNKT cell-mediated transactivation of NK cells. Moreover, prolonged antitumor effects could be obtained when combining the CD1d-antitumor fusion protein treatment with a therapeutic peptide/CpG cancer vaccine, which favored the capacity of iNKT cells to transactivate cross-presenting DCs for efficient priming of tumor-specific CD8 T cells. We will also summarize these pre-clinical results with a special focus on the cellular mechanisms underlying iNKT cell unresponsiveness to antigen re-challenge. Finally, we will discuss the perspectives regarding iNKT cell-mediated tumor targeting strategy in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianjun Zhang
- Translational Tumor Immunology Group, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alena Donda
- Translational Tumor Immunology Group, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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14
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Zhang L, Carthy CM, Zhu X. Synthesis of a glucosylated α-S-galactosylceramide as potential immunostimulant. Carbohydr Res 2017; 448:43-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Clancy-Thompson E, Chen GZ, Tyler PM, Servos MM, Barisa M, Brennan PJ, Ploegh HL, Dougan SK. Monoclonal Invariant NKT (iNKT) Cell Mice Reveal a Role for Both Tissue of Origin and the TCR in Development of iNKT Functional Subsets. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:159-171. [PMID: 28576977 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cell functional subsets are defined by key transcription factors and output of cytokines, such as IL-4, IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-10. To examine how TCR specificity determines iNKT function, we used somatic cell nuclear transfer to generate three lines of mice cloned from iNKT nuclei. Each line uses the invariant Vα14Jα18 TCRα paired with unique Vβ7 or Vβ8.2 subunits. We examined tissue homing, expression of PLZF, T-bet, and RORγt, and cytokine profiles and found that, although monoclonal iNKT cells differentiated into all functional subsets, the NKT17 lineage was reduced or expanded depending on the TCR expressed. We examined iNKT thymic development in limited-dilution bone marrow chimeras and show that higher TCR avidity correlates with higher PLZF and reduced T-bet expression. iNKT functional subsets showed distinct tissue distribution patterns. Although each individual monoclonal TCR showed an inherent subset distribution preference that was evident across all tissues examined, the iNKT cytokine profile differed more by tissue of origin than by TCR specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Clancy-Thompson
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Gui Zhen Chen
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Paul M Tyler
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Mariah M Servos
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Marta Barisa
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02242; and
| | - Patrick J Brennan
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02242; and
| | - Stephanie K Dougan
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215; .,Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02242; and
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Xin-Shan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38; Beijing 100191 China
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17
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Altiti AS, Ma X, Zhang L, Ban Y, Franck RW, Mootoo DR. Synthesis and biological activities of C-glycosides of KRN 7000 with novel ceramide residues. Carbohydr Res 2017; 443-444:73-77. [PMID: 28365448 PMCID: PMC5499692 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The identification of immunoactive agents for clinical and mechanistic applications is a very active area of research. In this vein, analogues of the potent immunostimulant KRN 7000 with diverse cytokine profiles have attracted considerable attention. These compounds have been shown to activate iNKT cells via presentation by CD1d. Herein, we report on the synthesis and activity for four new C-glycosides of KRN 7000, 11-phenylundecanoyl and 11-p-fluorophenylundecanoyl derivatives of C-KRN 7000, 2,3-bis-epi-C-KRN 7000 and the reverse amide of C-KRN 7000. In mice, compared to C-KRN 7000, 2,3-bis-epi-C-KRN 7000 stimulated higher release of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 and lower release of the inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and IL-12. The phenyl terminated alkanoyl and reverse amide analogues were inactive. These data suggest that structure activity effects for KRN 7000 are not necessarily additive and their use in the design of new analogues will require an improved understanding of how subtle structural changes impact on cytokine activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad S Altiti
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA; The Graduate Center, CUNY, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Lixing Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yi Ban
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Richard W Franck
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA; The Graduate Center, CUNY, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - David R Mootoo
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA; The Graduate Center, CUNY, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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18
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Hung JT, Sawant RC, Wang SH, Huang JR, Huang CL, Yang SA, Shelke GB, Yu J, Yu AL, Luo SY. Structure-Based Design of NH-modified α-Galactosyl Ceramide (KRN7000) Analogues and Their Biological Activities. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Tung Hung
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou; Taoyuan 333 Taiwan
| | - Ratnnadeep C. Sawant
- Chemistry Research Laboratory; Dr. Ambedkar College, Deeksha Bhoomi; Nagpur- 440010, Maharashtra State India
| | - Sheng-Hung Wang
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou; Taoyuan 333 Taiwan
| | - Jing-Rong Huang
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou; Taoyuan 333 Taiwan
| | - Chung-Li Huang
- Department of Chemistry; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung 402 Taiwan
| | - Shih-An Yang
- Department of Chemistry; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung 402 Taiwan
| | - Ganesh B. Shelke
- Department of Chemistry; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung 402 Taiwan
| | - John Yu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou; Taoyuan 333 Taiwan
| | - Alice L. Yu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou; Taoyuan 333 Taiwan
| | - Shun-Yuan Luo
- Department of Chemistry; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung 402 Taiwan
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19
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Altiti AS, Bachan S, Mootoo DR. The Crotylation Way to Glycosphingolipids: Synthesis of Analogues of KRN7000. Org Lett 2016; 18:4654-7. [PMID: 27560147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A synthesis of glycosphingolipids that centers on the reaction of O- and C-glycosyl crotylstannanes and relatively simple lipid aldehydes is described. The modularity of this strategy and versatility of the crotylation products make this an attractive approach to diverse, highly substituted libraries. The methodology is applied to analogues of the potent imunostimulatory glycolipid KRN7000, including O-, methylene-, and fluoromethine-linked isosteres with diastereomeric ceramide segments and 2-amido substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad S Altiti
- Hunter College, The City University of New York (CUNY) , 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10021, United States.,The Graduate Center, CUNY , 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Stewart Bachan
- Hunter College, The City University of New York (CUNY) , 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10021, United States.,The Graduate Center, CUNY , 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - David R Mootoo
- Hunter College, The City University of New York (CUNY) , 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10021, United States.,The Graduate Center, CUNY , 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
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20
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Zajonc DM. The CD1 family: serving lipid antigens to T cells since the Mesozoic era. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:561-76. [PMID: 27368414 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0931-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Class I-like CD1 molecules are in a family of antigen-presenting molecules that bind lipids and lipopeptides, rather than peptides for immune surveillance by T cells. Since CD1 lacks the high degree of polymorphism found in their major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, different species express different numbers of CD1 isotypes, likely to be able to present structurally diverse classes of lipid antigens. In this review, we will present a historical overview of the structures of the different human CD1 isotypes and also discuss species-specific adaptations of the lipid-binding groove. We will discuss how single amino acid changes alter the shape and volume of the CD1 binding groove, how these minor changes can give rise to different numbers of binding pockets, and how these pockets affect the lipid repertoire that can be presented by any given CD1 protein. We will compare the structures of various lipid antigens and finally, we will discuss recognition of CD1-presented lipid antigens by antigen receptors on T cells (TCRs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk M Zajonc
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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21
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Birkholz AM, Kronenberg M. Antigen specificity of invariant natural killer T-cells. Biomed J 2016; 38:470-83. [PMID: 27013447 PMCID: PMC6138764 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T-cells, with an invariant T-cell antigen receptor α-chain (iNKT cells), are unique and conserved subset of lymphocytes capable of altering the immune system through their rapid and potent cytokine responses. They are reactive to lipid antigens presented by the CD1d molecule, an antigen-presenting molecule that is not highly polymorphic. iNKT cell responses frequently involve mixtures of cytokines that work against each other, and therefore attempts are underway to develop synthetic antigens that elicit only strong interferon-gamma (IFNγ) or only strong interleukin-4 responses but not both. Strong IFNγ responses may correlate with tighter binding to CD1d and prolonged stimulation of iNKT cells, and this may be useful for vaccine adjuvants and for stimulating anti-tumor responses. iNKT cells are self-reactive although the structure of the endogenous antigen is controversial. By contrast, bacterial and fungal lipids that engage the T-cell receptor and activate IFNγ from iNKT cells have been identified from both pathogenic and commensal organisms and the responses are in some cases highly protective from pathogens in mice. It is possible that the expanding knowledge of iNKT cell antigens and iNKT cell activation will provide the basis for therapies for patients suffering from infectious and immune diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysia M Birkholz
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
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22
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Chang YJ, Hsuan YC, Lai ACY, Han YC, Hou DR. Synthesis of α-C-Galactosylceramide via Diastereoselective Aziridination: The New Immunostimulant 4'-epi-C-Glycoside of KRN7000. Org Lett 2016; 18:808-11. [PMID: 26844691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new immunostimulant, the 4'-epimer of α-C-GalCer, was synthesized from a C2-symmetric dienediol and α-C-allyl galactoside. The intramolecular aziridination and the following reductive ring opening provided the core of the aliphatic amino alcohol with excellent regio- and stereocontrol. The new immunostimulants 3d and 3e gave a better polarized Th1-type cytokine response in murine NKT cells than the benchmarked α-C-GalCer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jen Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica , No. 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan 11529
| | - Yi-Chen Hsuan
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University , No. 300 Jhong-Da Road, Jhong-li, Taoyuan, Taiwan 32001
| | - Alan Chuan-Ying Lai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica , No. 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan 11529
| | - Yun-Chiann Han
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica , No. 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan 11529
| | - Duen-Ren Hou
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University , No. 300 Jhong-Da Road, Jhong-li, Taoyuan, Taiwan 32001
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23
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Design and synthesis of a novel glycosphingolipid derived from polyhydroxy 2-pyrrolidinone and phytoceramide appended by a 1,2,3-triazole linker. Chem Phys Lipids 2016; 194:158-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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24
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Wingender G, Birkholz AM, Sag D, Farber E, Chitale S, Howell AR, Kronenberg M. Selective Conditions Are Required for the Induction of Invariant NKT Cell Hyporesponsiveness by Antigenic Stimulation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3838-48. [PMID: 26355152 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Activation of invariant (i)NKT cells with the model Ag α-galactosylceramide induces rapid production of multiple cytokines, impacting a wide variety of different immune reactions. In contrast, following secondary activation with α-galactosylceramide, the behavior of iNKT cells is altered for months, with the production of most cytokines being strongly reduced. The requirements for the induction of this hyporesponsive state, however, remain poorly defined. In this study, we show that Th1-biasing iNKT cell Ags could induce iNKT cell hyporesponsiveness, as long as a minimum antigenic affinity was reached. In contrast, the Th2-biasing Ag OCH did not induce a hyporesponsive state, nor did cytokine-driven iNKT cell activation by LPS or infections. Furthermore, although dendritic cells and B cells have been reported to be essential for iNKT cell stimulation, neither dendritic cells nor B cells were required to induce iNKT cell hyporesponsiveness. Therefore, our data indicate that whereas some bone marrow-derived cells could induce iNKT cell hyporesponsiveness, selective conditions, dependent on the structure and potency of the Ag, were required to induce hyporesponsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Wingender
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey;
| | - Alysia M Birkholz
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Duygu Sag
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey; Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Elisa Farber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Sampada Chitale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Amy R Howell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
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25
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Birkholz AM, Girardi E, Wingender G, Khurana A, Wang J, Zhao M, Zahner S, Illarionov PA, Wen X, Li M, Yuan W, Porcelli SA, Besra GS, Zajonc DM, Kronenberg M. A Novel Glycolipid Antigen for NKT Cells That Preferentially Induces IFN-γ Production. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:924-33. [PMID: 26078271 PMCID: PMC4506857 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we characterize a novel Ag for invariant NKT (iNKT) cells capable of producing an especially robust Th1 response. This glycosphingolipid, DB06-1, is similar in chemical structure to the well-studied α-galactosylceramide (αGalCer), with the only change being a single atom: the substitution of a carbonyl oxygen with a sulfur atom. Although DB06-1 is not a more effective Ag in vitro, the small chemical change has a marked impact on the ability of this lipid Ag to stimulate iNKT cells in vivo, with increased IFN-γ production at 24 h compared with αGalCer, increased IL-12, and increased activation of NK cells to produce IFN-γ. These changes are correlated with an enhanced ability of DB06-1 to load in the CD1d molecules expressed by dendritic cells in vivo. Moreover, structural studies suggest a tighter fit into the CD1d binding groove by DB06-1 compared with αGalCer. Surprisingly, when iNKT cells previously exposed to DB06-1 are restimulated weeks later, they have greatly increased IL-10 production. Therefore, our data are consistent with a model whereby augmented and or prolonged presentation of a glycolipid Ag leads to increased activation of NK cells and a Th1-skewed immune response, which may result, in part, from enhanced loading into CD1d. Furthermore, our data suggest that strong antigenic stimulation in vivo may lead to the expansion of IL-10-producing iNKT cells, which could counteract the benefits of increased early IFN-γ production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysia M Birkholz
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Enrico Girardi
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Gerhard Wingender
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Archana Khurana
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jing Wang
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Meng Zhao
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Sonja Zahner
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Petr A Illarionov
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Xiangshu Wen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Michelle Li
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Weiming Yuan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Steven A Porcelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461; and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk M Zajonc
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037;
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26
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Birkholz A, Nemčovič M, Yu ED, Girardi E, Wang J, Khurana A, Pauwels N, Farber E, Chitale S, Franck RW, Tsuji M, Howell A, Van Calenbergh S, Kronenberg M, Zajonc DM. Lipid and Carbohydrate Modifications of α-Galactosylceramide Differently Influence Mouse and Human Type I Natural Killer T Cell Activation. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:17206-17. [PMID: 26018083 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.654814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of different glycosphingolipids (GSLs) to activate type I natural killer T cells (NKT cells) has been known for 2 decades. The possible therapeutic use of these GSLs has been studied in many ways; however, studies are needed in which the efficacy of promising GSLs is compared under identical conditions. Here, we compare five unique GSLs structurally derived from α-galactosylceramide. We employed biophysical and biological assays, as well as x-ray crystallography to study the impact of the chemical modifications of the antigen on type I NKT cell activation. Although all glycolipids are bound by the T cell receptor of type I NKT cells in real time binding assays with high affinity, only a few activate type I NKT cells in in vivo or in vitro experiments. The differences in biological responses are likely a result of different pharmacokinetic properties of each lipid, which carry modifications at different parts of the molecule. Our results indicate a need to perform a variety of assays to ascertain the therapeutic potential of type I NKT cell GSL activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysia Birkholz
- From the Division of Cell Biology and Division of Developmental Immunology,La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, the Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
| | | | | | | | - Jing Wang
- From the Division of Cell Biology and
| | - Archana Khurana
- Division of Developmental Immunology,La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Nora Pauwels
- the Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elisa Farber
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, and
| | - Sampada Chitale
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, and
| | - Richard W Franck
- the Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of City University of New York, New York, New York 10021
| | - Moriya Tsuji
- the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10016
| | - Amy Howell
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, and
| | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- the Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- Division of Developmental Immunology,La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, the Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Dirk M Zajonc
- From the Division of Cell Biology and the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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27
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Bi J, Wang J, Zhou K, Wang Y, Fang M, Du Y. Synthesis and Biological Activities of 5-Thio-α-GalCers. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:476-80. [PMID: 25941558 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
NKT cells, a unique subset of T cells that recognizes glycolipid antigens presented by CD1d molecules, are believed to produce key cytokines of both Th1 and Th2 T cells and are thus involved in the control of several types of immune response. As an active glycolipid antigen having α-galactosyl ceramide core structure, KRN7000 showed promising immunostimulation activity and was selected as an anticancer drug candidate for further clinical application. In this report, three new KRN7000 structural analogues were designed and synthesized, in which the ring oxygen of the galactopyranose residue is replaced by a sulfur atom along with the variation on the lipid chain. Their abilities for stimulating mouse NKT cells to produce IFN-γ and IL-4 were evaluated both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Bi
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- National
Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jing Wang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute
of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute
of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuancheng Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Min Fang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute
of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuguo Du
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- National
Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, China
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28
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Baena A, Gómez-Giraldo L, Carreño LJ. Mecanismos de activación de las células T asesinas naturales invariantes (iNKT). IATREIA 2015. [DOI: 10.17533/udea.iatreia.v29n1a05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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29
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Venkataswamy MM, Ng TW, Kharkwal SS, Carreño LJ, Johnson AJ, Kunnath-Velayudhan S, Liu Z, Bittman R, Jervis PJ, Cox LR, Besra GS, Wen X, Yuan W, Tsuji M, Li X, Ho DD, Chan J, Lee S, Frothingham R, Haynes BF, Panas MW, Gillard GO, Sixsmith JD, Korioth-Schmitz B, Schmitz JE, Larsen MH, Jacobs WR, Porcelli SA. Improving Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guèrin as a vaccine delivery vector for viral antigens by incorporation of glycolipid activators of NKT cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108383. [PMID: 25255287 PMCID: PMC4177913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guèrin (rBCG) has been explored as a vector for vaccines against HIV because of its ability to induce long lasting humoral and cell mediated immune responses. To maximize the potential for rBCG vaccines to induce effective immunity against HIV, various strategies are being employed to improve its ability to prime CD8+ T cells, which play an important role in the control of HIV infections. In this study we adopted a previously described approach of incorporating glycolipids that activate CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells to enhance priming of CD8+ T cells by rBCG strains expressing an SIV Gag antigen (rBCG-SIV gag). We found that the incorporation of the synthetic NKT activating glycolipid α-galactosylceramide (α-GC) into rBCG-SIV gag significantly enhanced CD8+ T cell responses against an immunodominant Gag epitope, compared to responses primed by unmodified rBCG-SIV gag. The abilities of structural analogues of α-GC to enhance CD8+ T cell responses to rBCG were compared in both wild type and partially humanized mice that express human CD1d molecules in place of mouse CD1d. These studies identified an α-GC analogue known as 7DW8-5, which has previously been used successfully as an adjuvant in non-human primates, as a promising compound for enhancing immunogenicity of antigens delivered by rBCG.vectors. Our findings support the incorporation of synthetic glycolipid activators of NKT cells as a novel approach to enhance the immunogenicity of rBCG-vectored antigens for induction of CD8+ T cell responses. The glycolipid adjuvant 7DW8-5 may be a promising candidate for advancing to non-human primate and human clinical studies for the development of HIV vaccines based on rBCG vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjunatha M. Venkataswamy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Tony W. Ng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Shalu S. Kharkwal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Leandro J. Carreño
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alison J. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Shajo Kunnath-Velayudhan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of City University of New York, Flushing, New York, United States of America
| | - Robert Bittman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of City University of New York, Flushing, New York, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Jervis
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Liam R. Cox
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Xiangshu Wen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Weiming Yuan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Moriya Tsuji
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Xiangming Li
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David D. Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - John Chan
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Sunhee Lee
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Richard Frothingham
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Panas
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey O. Gillard
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jaimie D. Sixsmith
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Birgit Korioth-Schmitz
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joern E. Schmitz
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michelle H. Larsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - William R. Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Steven A. Porcelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Over the past 15 years, investigators have shown that T lymphocytes can recognize not only peptides in the context of MHC class I and class II molecules but also foreign and self-lipids in association with the nonclassical MHC class I-like molecules, CD1 proteins. In this review, we describe the most recent events in the field, with particular emphasis on (a) structural and functional aspects of lipid presentation by CD1 molecules, (b) the development of CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and transcription factors required for their differentiation, (c) the ability of iNKT cells to modulate innate and adaptive immune responses through their cross talk with lymphoid and myeloid cells, and (d) MR1-restricted and group I (CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c)-restricted T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariolina Salio
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom;
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31
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Bhati M, Cole DK, McCluskey J, Sewell AK, Rossjohn J. The versatility of the αβ T-cell antigen receptor. Protein Sci 2014; 23:260-72. [PMID: 24375592 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The T-cell antigen receptor is a heterodimeric αβ protein (TCR) expressed on the surface of T-lymphocytes, with each chain of the TCR comprising three complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) that collectively form the antigen-binding site. Unlike antibodies, which are closely related proteins that recognize intact protein antigens, TCRs classically bind, via their CDR loops, to peptides (p) that are presented by molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). This TCR-pMHC interaction is crucially important in cell-mediated immunity, with the specificity in the cellular immune response being attributable to MHC polymorphism, an extensive TCR repertoire and a variable peptide cargo. The ensuing structural and biophysical studies within the TCR-pMHC axis have been highly informative in understanding the fundamental events that underpin protective immunity and dysfunctional T-cell responses that occur during autoimmunity. In addition, TCRs can recognize the CD1 family, a family of MHC-related molecules that instead of presenting peptides are ideally suited to bind lipid-based antigens. Structural studies within the CD1-lipid antigen system are beginning to inform us how lipid antigens are specifically presented by CD1, and how such CD1-lipid antigen complexes are recognized by the TCR. Moreover, it has recently been shown that certain TCRs can bind to vitamin B based metabolites that are bound to an MHC-like molecule termed MR1. Thus, TCRs can recognize peptides, lipids, and small molecule metabolites, and here we review the basic principles underpinning this versatile and fascinating receptor recognition system that is vital to a host's survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mugdha Bhati
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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32
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Anderson BL, Teyton L, Bendelac A, Savage PB. Stimulation of natural killer T cells by glycolipids. Molecules 2013; 18:15662-88. [PMID: 24352021 PMCID: PMC4018217 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181215662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a subset of T cells that recognize glycolipid antigens presented by the CD1d protein. The initial discovery of immunostimulatory glycolipids from a marine sponge and the T cells that respond to the compounds has led to extensive research by chemists and immunologists to understand how glycolipids are recognized, possible responses by NKT cells, and the structural features of glycolipids necessary for stimulatory activity. The presence of this cell type in humans and most mammals suggests that it plays critical roles in antigen recognition and the interface between innate and adaptive immunity. Both endogenous and exogenous natural antigens for NKT cells have been identified, and it is likely that glycolipid antigens remain to be discovered. Multiple series of structurally varied glycolipids have been synthesized and tested for stimulatory activity. The structural features of glycolipids necessary for NKT cell stimulation are moderately well understood, and designed compounds have proven to be much more potent antigens than their natural counterparts. Nevertheless, control over NKT cell responses by designed glycolipids has not been optimized, and further research will be required to fully reveal the therapeutic potential of this cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paul B Savage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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33
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Amador-Molina A, Hernández-Valencia JF, Lamoyi E, Contreras-Paredes A, Lizano M. Role of innate immunity against human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and effect of adjuvants in promoting specific immune response. Viruses 2013; 5:2624-42. [PMID: 24169630 PMCID: PMC3856406 DOI: 10.3390/v5112624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During the early stages of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections, the innate immune system creates a pro-inflammatory microenvironment by recruiting innate immune cells to eliminate the infected cells, initiating an effective acquired immune response. However, HPV exhibits a wide range of strategies for evading immune-surveillance, generating an anti-inflammatory microenvironment. The administration of new adjuvants, such as TLR (Toll-like receptors) agonists and alpha-galactosylceramide, has been demonstrated to reverse the anti-inflammatory microenvironment by down-regulating a number of adhesion molecules and chemo-attractants and activating keratinocytes, dendritic (DC), Langerhans (LC), natural killer (NK) or natural killer T (NKT) cells; thus, promoting a strong specific cytotoxic T cell response. Therefore, these adjuvants show promise for the treatment of HPV generated lesions and may be useful to elucidate the unknown roles of immune cells in the natural history of HPV infection. This review focuses on HPV immune evasion mechanisms and on the proposed response of the innate immune system, suggesting a role for the surrounding pro-inflammatory microenvironment and the NK and NKT cells in the clearance of HPV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Amador-Molina
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Av. San Fernando No. 22, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan 14080, México; E-Mails: (A.A.-M.); (J.F.H.-V.); (A.C.-P.)
| | - José Fernando Hernández-Valencia
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Av. San Fernando No. 22, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan 14080, México; E-Mails: (A.A.-M.); (J.F.H.-V.); (A.C.-P.)
| | - Edmundo Lamoyi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado postal 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, Distrito Federal CP 04510, México; E-Mail:
| | - Adriana Contreras-Paredes
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Av. San Fernando No. 22, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan 14080, México; E-Mails: (A.A.-M.); (J.F.H.-V.); (A.C.-P.)
| | - Marcela Lizano
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Av. San Fernando No. 22, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan 14080, México; E-Mails: (A.A.-M.); (J.F.H.-V.); (A.C.-P.)
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado postal 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, Distrito Federal CP 04510, México; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.:+52-55-5573-4662
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34
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East JE, Kennedy AJ, Webb TJ. Raising the roof: the preferential pharmacological stimulation of Th1 and th2 responses mediated by NKT cells. Med Res Rev 2012; 34:45-76. [PMID: 23239102 DOI: 10.1002/med.21276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells serve as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems, and manipulating their effector functions can have therapeutic significances in the treatment of autoimmunity, transplant biology, infectious disease, and cancer. NKT cells are a subset of T cells that express cell-surface markers characteristic of both natural killer cells and T cells. These unique immunologic cells have been demonstrated to serve as a link between the innate and adaptive immune systems through their potent cytokine production following the recognition of a range of lipid antigens, mediated through presentation of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I like CD1d molecule, in addition to the NKT cell's cytotoxic capabilities upon activation. Although a number of glycolipid antigens have been shown to complex with CD1d molecules, most notably the marine sponge derived glycolipid alpha-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), there has been debate as to the identity of the endogenous activating lipid presented to the T-cell receptor (TCR) via the CD1d molecule on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). This review aims to survey the use of pharmacological agents and subsequent structure-activity relationships (SAR) that have given insight into the binding interaction of glycolipids with both the CD1d molecules as well as the TCR and the subsequent immunologic response of NKT cells. These studies not only elucidate basic binding interactions but also pave the way for future pharmacological modulation of NKT cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E East
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
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35
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Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are innate-like T cells that rapidly produce a variety of cytokines following T cell receptor (TCR) activation and can shape the immune response in many different settings. There are two main NKT cell subsets: type I NKT cells are typically characterized by the expression of a semi-invariant TCR, whereas the TCRs expressed by type II NKT cells are more diverse. This Review focuses on the defining features and emerging generalities regarding how NKT cells specifically recognize self, microbial and synthetic lipid-based antigens that are presented by CD1d. Such information is vitally important to better understand, and fully harness, the therapeutic potential of NKT cells.
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36
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Girardi E, Zajonc DM. Molecular basis of lipid antigen presentation by CD1d and recognition by natural killer T cells. Immunol Rev 2012; 250:167-79. [PMID: 23046129 PMCID: PMC3471380 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Together with peptides, T lymphocytes respond to hydrophobic molecules, mostly lipids, presented by the non-classical CD1 family (CD1a-e). These molecules have evolved complex and diverse binding grooves in order to survey different cellular compartments for self and exogenous antigens, which are then presented for recognition to T-cell receptors (TCRs) on the surface of T cells. In particular, most CD1d-presented antigens are recognized by a population of lymphocytes denominated natural killer T (NKT) cells, characterized by a strong immunomodulatory potential. Among NKT cells, two major subsets (type I and type II NKT cells) have been described, based on their TCR repertoire and antigen specificity. Here we review recent structural and biochemical studies that have shed light on the molecular details of CD1d-mediated antigen recognition by type I and II NKT cells, which are in many aspects distinct from what has been observed for peptide major histocompatibility complex-reactive TCRs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/cytology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism
- Antigens/chemistry
- Antigens/immunology
- Antigens/metabolism
- Antigens, CD1d/chemistry
- Antigens, CD1d/immunology
- Antigens, CD1d/metabolism
- Binding Sites
- Epitopes
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lipids/chemistry
- Lipids/immunology
- Mice
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Multimerization
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Girardi
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, CA, USA
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Lawson V. Turned on by danger: activation of CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T cells. Immunology 2012; 137:20-7. [PMID: 22734667 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2012.03612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells bear characteristics of innate and adaptive lymphocytes, which allow them to bridge the two halves of the immune response and play roles in many disease settings. Recent work has characterized precisely how their activation is initiated and regulated. Novel antigens from important pathogens have been identified, as has an abundant self-antigen, β-glucopyranosylcaramide, capable of mediating an iNKT-cell response. Studies of the iNKT T-cell receptor (TCR)-antigen-CD1d complex show how docking between CD1d-antigen and iNKT TCR is highly conserved, and how small sequence differences in the TCR establish intrinsic variation in iNKT TCR affinity. The sequence of the TCR CDR3β loop determines iNKT TCR affinity for ligand-CD1d, independent of ligand identity. CD1d ligands can promote T helper type 1 (Th1) or Th2 biased cytokine responses, depending on the composition of their lipid tails. Ligands loaded into CD1d on the cell surface promote Th2 responses, whereas ligands with long hydrophobic tails are loaded endosomally and promote Th1 responses. This information is informing the design of synthetic iNKT-cell antigens. The iNKT cells may be activated by exogenous antigen, or by a combination of dendritic cell-derived interleukin-12 and iNKT TCR-self-antigen-CD1d engagement. The iNKT-cell activation is further modulated by recent foreign or self-antigen encounter. Activation of dendritic cells through pattern recognition receptors alters their antigen presentation and cytokine production, strongly influencing iNKT-cell activation. In a range of bacterial infections, dendritic cell-dependent innate activation of iNKT cells through interleukin-12 is the dominant influence on their activity.
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Wun KS, Ross F, Patel O, Besra GS, Porcelli SA, Richardson SK, Keshipeddy S, Howell AR, Godfrey DI, Rossjohn J. Human and mouse type I natural killer T cell antigen receptors exhibit different fine specificities for CD1d-antigen complex. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:39139-48. [PMID: 22995911 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.412320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human and mouse type I natural killer T (NKT) cells respond to a variety of CD1d-restricted glycolipid antigens (Ags), with their NKT cell antigen receptors (NKT TCRs) exhibiting reciprocal cross-species reactivity that is underpinned by a conserved NKT TCR-CD1d-Ag docking mode. Within this common docking footprint, the NKT TCR recognizes, to varying degrees of affinity, a range of Ags. Presently, it is unclear whether the human NKT TCRs will mirror the generalities underpinning the fine specificity of the mouse NKT TCR-CD1d-Ag interaction. Here, we assessed human NKT TCR recognition against altered glycolipid ligands of α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) and have determined the structures of a human NKT TCR in complex with CD1d-4',4″-deoxy-α-GalCer and CD1d-α-GalCer with a shorter, di-unsaturated acyl chain (C20:2). Altered glycolipid ligands with acyl chain modifications did not affect the affinity of the human NKT TCR-CD1d-Ag interaction. Surprisingly, human NKT TCR recognition is more tolerant to modifications at the 4'-OH position in comparison with the 3'-OH position of α-GalCer, which contrasts the fine specificity of the mouse NKT TCR-CD1d-Ag recognition (4'-OH > 3'-OH). The fine specificity differences between human and mouse NKT TCRs was attributable to differing interactions between the respective complementarity-determining region 1α loops and the Ag. Accordingly, germline encoded fine-specificity differences underpin human and mouse type I NKT TCR interactions, which is an important consideration for therapeutic development and NKT cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwok S Wun
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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39
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Liu Z, Courtney AN, Metelitsa LS, Bittman R. C-Glycosphingolipids with an exo-methylene substituent: stereocontrolled synthesis and immunostimulation of mouse and human natural killer T lymphocytes. Chembiochem 2012; 13:1733-7. [PMID: 22782839 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of The City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
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Mallevaey T, Selvanantham T. Strategy of lipid recognition by invariant natural killer T cells: 'one for all and all for one'. Immunology 2012; 136:273-82. [PMID: 22671023 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2012.03580.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are evolutionarily conserved lipid-reactive T cells that bridge innate and adaptive immune responses. Despite a relatively restricted T-cell receptor (TCR) diversity, these cells respond to a variety of structurally distinct foreign (i.e. microbial or synthetic) as well as host-derived (self-) lipid antigens presented by the CD1d molecule. These multi-tasking lymphocytes are among the first responders in immunity, and produce an impressive array of cytokines and chemokines that can tailor the ensuing immune response. Accordingly, iNKT cells play important functions in autoimmune diseases, cancer, infection and inflammation. These properties make iNKT cells appealing targets in immune-based therapies. Yet, much has to be learned on the mechanisms that allow iNKT cells to produce polarized responses. Responses of iNKT cells are influenced by the direct signals perceived by the cells through their TCRs, as well as by indirect co-stimulatory (and potentially co-inhibitory) cues that they receive from antigen-presenting cells or the local milieu. A decade ago, biochemists and immunologists have started to describe synthetic lipid agonists with cytokine skewing potential, paving a new research avenue in the iNKT cell field. Yet how iNKT cells translate various antigenic signals into distinct functional responses has remained obscure. Recent findings have revealed a unique and innate mode of lipid recognition by iNKT cells, and suggest that both the lipid antigen presented and the diversity of the TCR modulate the strength of CD1d-iNKT TCR interactions. In this review, we focus on novel discoveries on lipid recognition by iNKT cells, and how these findings may help us to design effective strategies to steer iNKT cell responses for immune intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Mallevaey
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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41
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Recognition of CD1d-sulfatide mediated by a type II natural killer T cell antigen receptor. Nat Immunol 2012; 13:857-63. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.2372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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42
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Shimoda S, Tsuneyama K, Kikuchi K, Harada K, Nakanuma Y, Nakamura M, Ishibashi H, Hisamoto S, Niiro H, Leung PSC, Ansari AA, Gershwin ME, Akashi K. The role of natural killer (NK) and NK T cells in the loss of tolerance in murine primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2012. [PMID: 22519590 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04581.x.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major obstacles in dissecting the mechanism of pathology in human primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) has been the absence of animal models. Our laboratory has focused on a model in which mice, following immunization with a xenobiotic chemical mimic of the immunodominant autoepitope of the E2 component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC-E2), develop autoimmune cholangitis. In particular, following immunization with 2-octynoic acid (a synthetic chemical mimic of lipoic acid-lysine located within the inner domain of PDC-E2) coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA), several strains of mice develop typical anti-mitochondrial autoantibodies and portal inflammation. The role of innate immune effector cells, such as natural killer (NK) cells and that NK T cells, was studied in this model based on the hypothesis that early events during immunization play an important role in the breakdown of tolerance. We report herein that, following in-vivo depletion of NK and NK T cells, there is a marked suppression of anti-mitochondrial autoantibodies and cytokine production from autoreactive T cells. However, there was no change in the clinical pathology of portal inflammation compared to controls. These data support the hypothesis that there are probably multiple steps in the natural history of PBC, including a role of NK and NK T cells in initiating the breakdown of tolerance. However, the data suggest that adaptive autoimmune effector mechanisms are required for the progression of clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shimoda
- Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
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43
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Shimoda S, Tsuneyama K, Kikuchi K, Harada K, Nakanuma Y, Nakamura M, Ishibashi H, Hisamoto S, Niiro H, Leung PSC, Ansari AA, Gershwin ME, Akashi K. The role of natural killer (NK) and NK T cells in the loss of tolerance in murine primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 168:279-84. [PMID: 22519590 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major obstacles in dissecting the mechanism of pathology in human primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) has been the absence of animal models. Our laboratory has focused on a model in which mice, following immunization with a xenobiotic chemical mimic of the immunodominant autoepitope of the E2 component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC-E2), develop autoimmune cholangitis. In particular, following immunization with 2-octynoic acid (a synthetic chemical mimic of lipoic acid-lysine located within the inner domain of PDC-E2) coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA), several strains of mice develop typical anti-mitochondrial autoantibodies and portal inflammation. The role of innate immune effector cells, such as natural killer (NK) cells and that NK T cells, was studied in this model based on the hypothesis that early events during immunization play an important role in the breakdown of tolerance. We report herein that, following in-vivo depletion of NK and NK T cells, there is a marked suppression of anti-mitochondrial autoantibodies and cytokine production from autoreactive T cells. However, there was no change in the clinical pathology of portal inflammation compared to controls. These data support the hypothesis that there are probably multiple steps in the natural history of PBC, including a role of NK and NK T cells in initiating the breakdown of tolerance. However, the data suggest that adaptive autoimmune effector mechanisms are required for the progression of clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shimoda
- Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
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Fernandez CS, Cameron G, Godfrey DI, Kent SJ. Ex-vivo α-galactosylceramide activation of NKT cells in humans and macaques. J Immunol Methods 2012; 382:150-9. [PMID: 22683545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
NKT cells are key mediators of antiviral and anticancer immunity. Experiments in mice have demonstrated that activation of NKT cells in vivo induces the expression of multiple effector molecules critical to successful immunity. Human clinical trials have shown similar responses, although in vivo activation of NKT cells in humans or primate models are far more limited in number and scope. Measuring ex vivo activation of NKT cells by the CD1d-restricted glycolipid ligand α-Galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) through cytokine expression profiles is a useful marker of NKT cell function, but for reasons that are unclear, this approach does not appear to work as well in humans and non-human primate macaque models in comparison to mice. We performed a series of experiments on human and macaque (Macaca nemestrina) fresh whole blood samples to define optimal conditions to detect NKT cell cytokine (TNF, IFNγ, IL-2) and degranulation marker (CD107a) expression by flow cytometry. We found that conditions previously described for mouse splenocyte NKT cell activation were suboptimal on human or macaque blood NKT cells. In contrast, a 6h incubation with brefeldin A added for the last 4h, in a 96-well plate based assay, and using an α-GalCer concentration of 1 μg/ml were optimal methods to stimulate NKT cells in fresh blood from both humans and macaques. Unexpectedly, we noted that blood NKT cells from macaques infected with SIV were more readily activated by α-GalCer than NKT cells from uninfected macaques, suggesting that SIV infection may have primed the NKT cells. In conclusion, we describe optimized methods for the ex vivo antigen-specific activation of human and macaque blood NKT cells. These assays should be useful in monitoring NKT cells in disease and in immunotherapy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline S Fernandez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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Structure-activity relationship studies of novel glycosphingolipids that stimulate natural killer T-cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2012; 76:1055-67. [PMID: 22790924 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
KRN7000, an anticancer drug candidate developed by Kirin Brewery Co. in 1995, is an α-galactosyl ceramide. It is a ligand making a complex with CD1d protein, and it stimulates invariant natural killer T (NKT) cells, which are one of the lineages of immunocytes. NKT cells activated by recognition of the CD1d/KRN7000 complex with its invariant T-cell receptor (TCR) can induce both protective and regulatory immune responses. To determine the recognition and activation mechanisms of NKT cells and to develop drug candidates more effective than KRN7000, a large number of analogs of KRN7000 have been synthesized. Some of them show potent bioactivities and have the potential of being utilized as therapeutic agents. In this review, structure-activity relationship studies of novel glycolipids which stimulate NKT cells efficiently are summarized.
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Jadidi-Niaragh F, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Ansaripour B, Razavi SM, Sharifian RA, Shokri F. Reduced frequency of NKT-like cells in patients with progressive chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Med Oncol 2012; 29:3561-9. [PMID: 22669567 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-012-0262-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a subset of innate immune cells displaying a limited repertoire of antigen specificities and CD1d restriction. Little is known about contribution of NKT cells in cancer initiation and progression. In this study, the frequencies of NKT-like cells, B cells expressing CD1d molecule and CD4(+) regulatory (Treg) cells were analyzed in 40 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and 15 healthy subjects by flow cytometry. Our results showed that the frequency of CD3(+)CD56(+) NKT-like cells is significantly decreased in progressive (4.9 ± 0.8 % of total CD3(+) T cells) compared with indolent (8.1 ± 1.2 %, p = 0.036) patients and healthy subjects (10.6 ± 1.7 %, p = 0.003). However, no association was found between NKT-like cell frequency and immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region gene (IGHV) mutation or CD38 and ZAP70 expression. On the other hand, expression of CD1d molecule was significantly higher in leukemic B cells of patients with CLL (75 ± 1.5 % of total CD19(+) B cells) compared to B cells from healthy subjects (59.6 ± 2.2 %, p < 0.001), with no significant difference between progressive and indolent patients. Interestingly, the frequency of Treg cells was inversely correlated with that of NKT-like cells in patients with CLL (r = -0.4, p = 0.002). Our results suggest a protective role for NKT-like cells in patients with CLL, which seems to be downregulated presumably by Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14155, Iran
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Pei B, Vela JL, Zajonc D, Kronenberg M. Interplay between carbohydrate and lipid in recognition of glycolipid antigens by natural killer T cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1253:68-79. [PMID: 22352829 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06435.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a T cell subpopulation that were named originally based on coexpression of receptors found on natural killer (NK) cells, cells of the innate immune system, and by T lymphocytes. The maturation and activation of NKT cells requires presentation of glycolipid antigens by CD1d, a cell surface protein distantly related to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-encoded antigen presenting molecules. This specificity distinguishes NKT cells from most CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells that recognize peptides presented by MHC class I and class II molecules. The rapid secretion of a large amount of both Th1 and Th2 cytokines by activated NKT cells endows them with the ability to play a vital role in the host immune defense against various microbial infections. In this review, we summarize progress on identifying the sources of microbe-derived glycolipid antigens recognized by NKT cells and the biochemical basis for their recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pei
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, California, USA
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Kerzerho J, Yu ED, Barra CM, Alari-Pahissa E, Alari-Pahisa E, Girardi E, Harrak Y, Lauzurica P, Llebaria A, Zajonc DM, Akbari O, Castaño AR. Structural and functional characterization of a novel nonglycosidic type I NKT agonist with immunomodulatory properties. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:2254-65. [PMID: 22301545 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Activation of type I NKT (iNKT) cells by CD1d-presented agonists is a potent immunotherapeutic tool. α-Galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) is the prototypic agonist, but its excessive potency with simultaneous production of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines hampers its potential therapeutic use. In search for novel agonists, we have analyzed the structure and function of HS44, a synthetic aminocyclitolic ceramide analog designed to avoid unrestrained iNKT cell activation. HS44 is a weaker agonist compared with α-GalCer in vitro, although in vivo it induces robust IFN-γ production, and highly reduced but still functional Th2 response. The characteristic cytokine storm produced upon α-GalCer activation was not induced. Consequently, HS44 induced a very efficient iNKT cell-dependent antitumoral response in B16 animal model. In addition, intranasal administration showed the capacity to induce lung inflammation and airway hyperreactivity, a cardinal asthma feature. Thus, HS44 is able to elicit functional Th1 or Th2 responses. Structural studies show that HS44 binds to CD1d with the same conformation as α-GalCer. The TCR binds to HS44 similarly as α-GalCer, but forms less contacts, thus explaining its weaker TCR affinity and, consequently, its weaker recognition by iNKT cells. The ability of this compound to activate an efficient, but not massive, tailored functional immune response makes it an attractive reagent for immune manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Kerzerho
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Abstract
A synthetic C-glycoside, α-C-galactosylceramide, is an active immunostimulant in mice. It displays better activity than α-O-galactosylceramide in several disease models. Syntheses of several α-C-galactosylceramides are described. Experiments that probe its immunostimulant activity are outlined. Possible explanations for its superior activity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Franck
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of CUNY 695 Park Ave., New York, NY 10021 Ph 212-772-5340 Fax 212-772-5332
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