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Khass M, Vale AM, Burrows PD, Schroeder HW. The sequences encoded by immunoglobulin diversity (D H ) gene segments play key roles in controlling B-cell development, antigen-binding site diversity, and antibody production. Immunol Rev 2019; 284:106-119. [PMID: 29944758 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Although at first glance the diversity of the immunoglobulin repertoire appears random, there are a number of mechanisms that act to constrain diversity. For example, key mechanisms controlling the diversity of the third complementarity determining region of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (CDR-H3) include natural selection of germline diversity (DH ) gene segment sequence and somatic selection upon passage through successive B-cell developmental checkpoints. To test the role of DH gene segment sequence, we generated a panel of mice limited to the use of a single germline or frameshifted DH gene segment. Specific individual amino acids within core DH gene segment sequence heavily influenced the absolute numbers of developing and mature B-cell subsets, antibody production, epitope recognition, protection against pathogen challenge, and susceptibility to the production of autoreactive antibodies. At the tip of the antigen-binding loop (PDB position 101) in CDR-H3, both natural (germline) and somatic selection favored tyrosine while disfavoring the presence of hydrophobic amino acids. Enrichment for arginine in CDR-H3 appeared to broaden recognition of epitopes of varying hydrophobicity, but led to diminished binding intensity and an increased likelihood of generating potentially pathogenic dsDNA-binding autoreactive antibodies. The phenotype of altering the sequence of the DH was recessive for T-independent antibody production, but dominant for T-cell-dependent responses. Our work suggests that the antibody repertoire is structured, with the sequence of individual DH selected by evolution to preferentially generate an apparently preferred category of antigen-binding sites. The result of this structured approach appears to be a repertoire that has been adapted, or optimized, to produce protective antibodies for a wide range of pathogen epitopes while reducing the likelihood of generating autoreactive specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Khass
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Division of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Andre M Vale
- Program in Immunobiology, Laboratory of Lymphocyte Biology, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Peter D Burrows
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Harry W Schroeder
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase Is Not Required for Antibody Response to Polysaccharide Vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00211-18. [PMID: 29967094 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00211-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell antigen receptor (BCR) diversity increases by several orders of magnitude due to the action of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) during V(D)J recombination. Unlike adults, infants have limited BCR diversity, in part due to reduced expression of TdT. Since human infants and young mice respond poorly to polysaccharide vaccines, such as the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine Pneumovax23 and Vi polysaccharide (ViPS) of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, we tested the contribution of TdT-mediated BCR diversity in response to these vaccines. We found that TdT+/- and TdT-/- mice generated comparable antibody responses to Pneumovax23 and survived Streptococcus pneumoniae challenge. Moreover, passive immunization of B cell-deficient mice with serum from Pneumovax23-immunized TdT+/- or TdT-/- mice conferred protection. TdT+/- and TdT-/- mice generated comparable levels of anti-ViPS antibodies and antibody-dependent, complement-mediated bactericidal activity against S Typhi in vitro To test the protective immunity conferred by ViPS immunization in vivo, TdT+/- and TdT-/- mice were challenged with a chimeric Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain expressing ViPS, since mice are nonpermissive hosts for S Typhi infection. Compared to their unimmunized counterparts, immunized TdT+/- and TdT-/- mice challenged with ViPS-expressing S Typhimurium exhibited a significant reduction in the bacterial burden and liver pathology. These data suggest that the impaired antibody response to the Pneumovax23 and ViPS vaccines in the young is not due to limited TdT-mediated BCR diversification.
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New JS, King RG, Kearney JF. Manipulation of the glycan-specific natural antibody repertoire for immunotherapy. Immunol Rev 2016; 270:32-50. [PMID: 26864103 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Natural immunoglobulin derived from innate-like B lymphocytes plays important roles in the suppression of inflammatory responses and represents a promising therapeutic target in a growing number of allergic and autoimmune diseases. These antibodies are commonly autoreactive and incorporate evolutionarily conserved specificities, including certain glycan-specific antibodies. Despite this conservation, exposure to bacterial polysaccharides during innate-like B lymphocyte development, through either natural exposure or immunization, induces significant changes in clonal representation within the glycan-reactive B cell pool. Glycan-reactive natural antibodies (NAbs) have been reported to play protective and pathogenic roles in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. An understanding of the composition and functions of a healthy glycan-reactive NAb repertoire is therefore paramount. A more thorough understanding of NAb repertoire development holds promise for the design of both biological diagnostics and therapies. In this article, we review the development and functions of NAbs and examine three glycan specificities, represented in the innate-like B cell pool, to illustrate the complex roles environmental antigens play in NAb repertoire development. We also discuss the implications of increased clonal plasticity of the innate-like B cell repertoire during neonatal and perinatal periods, and the prospect of targeting B cell development with interventional therapies and correct defects in this important arm of the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stewart New
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - R Glenn King
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - John F Kearney
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Wang Y, Kapoor P, Parks R, Silva-Sanchez A, Alam SM, Verkoczy L, Liao HX, Zhuang Y, Burrows P, Levinson M, Elgavish A, Cui X, Haynes BF, Schroeder H. HIV-1 gp140 epitope recognition is influenced by immunoglobulin DH gene segment sequence. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:145-55. [PMID: 26687685 PMCID: PMC4729650 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-015-0890-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Complementarity Determining Region 3 of the immunoglobulin (Ig) H chain (CDR-H3) lies at the center of the antigen-binding site where it often plays a decisive role in antigen recognition and binding. Amino acids encoded by the diversity (DH) gene segment are the main component of CDR-H3. Each DH has the potential to rearrange into one of six DH reading frames (RFs), each of which exhibits a characteristic amino acid hydrophobicity signature that has been conserved among jawed vertebrates by natural selection. A preference for use of RF1 promotes the incorporation of tyrosine into CDR-H3 while suppressing the inclusion of hydrophobic or charged amino acids. To test the hypothesis that these evolutionary constraints on DH sequence influence epitope recognition, we used mice with a single DH that has been altered to preferentially use RF2 or inverted RF1. B cells in these mice produce a CDR-H3 repertoire that is enriched for valine or arginine in place of tyrosine. We serially immunized this panel of mice with gp140 from HIV-1 JR-FL isolate and then used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or peptide microarray to assess antibody binding to key or overlapping HIV-1 envelope epitopes. By ELISA, serum reactivity to key epitopes varied by DH sequence. By microarray, sera with Ig CDR-H3s enriched for arginine bound to linear peptides with a greater range of hydrophobicity but had a lower intensity of binding than sera containing Ig CDR-H3s enriched for tyrosine or valine. We conclude that patterns of epitope recognition and binding can be heavily influenced by DH germ line sequence. This may help explain why antibodies in HIV-infected patients must undergo extensive somatic mutation in order to bind to specific viral epitopes and achieve neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuge Wang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Pratibha Kapoor
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Robert Parks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Aaron Silva-Sanchez
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - S Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Laurent Verkoczy
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Yingxin Zhuang
- Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Peter Burrows
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Michael Levinson
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Ada Elgavish
- Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Xiangqin Cui
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Harry Schroeder
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
- Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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Qian Y, Jeong JS, Ye J, Dang B, Abdeladhim M, Aoki V, Hans-Filhio G, Rivitti EA, Valenzuela JG, Diaz LA. Overlapping IgG4 Responses to Self- and Environmental Antigens in Endemic Pemphigus Foliaceus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2041-50. [PMID: 26826247 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of human autoimmune diseases in general remains largely unknown, although the genetic and environmental interplay may be relevant. This applies to the autoimmune diseases of the skin such as the pemphigus phenotypes and others. In this group, there is an endemic form of pemphigus foliaceus (also known as fogo selvagem [FS]) in which the pathogenic IgG4 autoantibody response to the self-antigen desmoglein 1 (Dsg1) cross-reacts with the LJM11 sand fly salivary gland Ag. In this investigation, we dissected the IgG4 autoantibody repertoires used by FS patients in response to endogenous self-Dsg1 and exogenous LJM11 sand fly Ag. Based on analyses of the genetic clonal signatures of these Abs, our results indicate that there is a significant overlap between these two responses, as all identified IgG4 mAbs cross-react to both Dsg1 and LJM11 Ags. Germline H- and L-chain V gene Abs generated according to mutated cross-reactive mAbs preserved their reactivity to both Ags. Our findings suggest that both Dsg1 autoantigen and LJM11 environmental Ag could be the initial antigenic stimulants for the IgG4 autoimmune responses in FS. These results support our hypothesis that LJM11 Ag plays a substantial role in triggering the IgG4 autoantibody development in FS and provide new insights on how noninfectious environmental Ag(s) may drive the generation of autoantibodies in IgG4-related autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Qian
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599;
| | - Joseph S Jeong
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Jian Ye
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894
| | - Bim Dang
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Maha Abdeladhim
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Valeria Aoki
- Departamento de Dermatologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 04038, Brazil; and
| | - Gunter Hans-Filhio
- Departamento de Dermatologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul 79070, Brazil
| | - Evandro A Rivitti
- Departamento de Dermatologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 04038, Brazil; and
| | - Jesus G Valenzuela
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Luis A Diaz
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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Silva-Sanchez A, Liu CR, Vale AM, Khass M, Kapoor P, Elgavish A, Ivanov II, Ippolito GC, Schelonka RL, Schoeb TR, Burrows PD, Schroeder HW. Violation of an evolutionarily conserved immunoglobulin diversity gene sequence preference promotes production of dsDNA-specific IgG antibodies. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118171. [PMID: 25706374 PMCID: PMC4338297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Variability in the developing antibody repertoire is focused on the third complementarity determining region of the H chain (CDR-H3), which lies at the center of the antigen binding site where it often plays a decisive role in antigen binding. The power of VDJ recombination and N nucleotide addition has led to the common conception that the sequence of CDR-H3 is unrestricted in its variability and random in its composition. Under this view, the immune response is solely controlled by somatic positive and negative clonal selection mechanisms that act on individual B cells to promote production of protective antibodies and prevent the production of self-reactive antibodies. This concept of a repertoire of random antigen binding sites is inconsistent with the observation that diversity (DH) gene segment sequence content by reading frame (RF) is evolutionarily conserved, creating biases in the prevalence and distribution of individual amino acids in CDR-H3. For example, arginine, which is often found in the CDR-H3 of dsDNA binding autoantibodies, is under-represented in the commonly used DH RFs rearranged by deletion, but is a frequent component of rarely used inverted RF1 (iRF1), which is rearranged by inversion. To determine the effect of altering this germline bias in DH gene segment sequence on autoantibody production, we generated mice that by genetic manipulation are forced to utilize an iRF1 sequence encoding two arginines. Over a one year period we collected serial serum samples from these unimmunized, specific pathogen-free mice and found that more than one-fifth of them contained elevated levels of dsDNA-binding IgG, but not IgM; whereas mice with a wild type DH sequence did not. Thus, germline bias against the use of arginine enriched DH sequence helps to reduce the likelihood of producing self-reactive antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Silva-Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Cun Ren Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Andre M. Vale
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Program in Immunobiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mohamed Khass
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Genetic Engineering Division, National Research Center of Egypt, Ad Doqi, Egypt
| | - Pratibha Kapoor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Ada Elgavish
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Ivaylo I. Ivanov
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Gregory C. Ippolito
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Schelonka
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Trenton R. Schoeb
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Peter D. Burrows
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Harry W. Schroeder
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kearney JF, Patel P, Stefanov EK, King RG. Natural antibody repertoires: development and functional role in inhibiting allergic airway disease. Annu Rev Immunol 2015; 33:475-504. [PMID: 25622195 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this review we discuss the effects of microbial exposure on the B cell repertoire. Neonatal exposure to conserved bacterial carbohydrates and phospholipids permanently reprograms the natural antibody repertoire directed toward these antigens by clonal expansion, alterations in clonal dominance, and increased serum antibody levels. These epitopes are present not only in bacterial cell walls, but also in common environmental allergens. Neonatal immunization with bacterial polysaccharide vaccines results in attenuated allergic airway responses to fungi-, house dust mite-, and cockroach-associated allergens in mouse models. The similarities between mouse and human natural antibody repertoires suggest that reduced microbial exposure in children may have the opposite effect, providing a potential mechanistic explanation for the hygiene hypothesis. We propose that understanding the effects of childhood infections on the natural antibody repertoire and the mechanisms of antibody-mediated immunoregulation observed in allergy models will lead to the development of prevention/interventional strategies for treatment of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Kearney
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294;
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Rohatgi S, Pirofski LA. Molecular characterization of the early B cell response to pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:5820-30. [PMID: 23175699 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of B cells in host defense against fungi has been difficult to establish. We quantified and determined the molecular derivation of B-1a, B-1b, and B-2 B cell populations in C57BL/6 mice after pulmonary infection with Cryptococcus neoformans. Total B-1 and B-2 cell numbers increased in lungs and peritoneal cavity as early as day 1 postinfection, but lacked signs of clonal expansion. Labeled capsular (24067) and acapsular (Cap67) C. neoformans strains were used to identify C. neoformans-binding B cell subsets by flow cytometry. Peritoneal cavity B-1a B cells exhibited the most acapsular and capsular C. neoformans binding in C. neoformans-infected mice, and C. neoformans-selected B-1 B cells secreted laminarin- and C. neoformans-binding IgM. Single-cell PCR-based sequence analysis of B-1a, B-1b, and B-2 cell IgH V region H chain (V(H)) genes revealed increased usage of V(H)11 and V(H)12, respectively, in acapsular and capsular C. neoformans-selected B-1a cells. Germline V(H) segments were used, with capsular C. neoformans-selected cells having less junctional diversity than acapsular C. neoformans-selected cells. Further studies in B-1 B cell-depleted mice showed that these mice had higher brain and lung fungal burdens and less alveolar macrophage phagocytosis of C. neoformans than did control and B-1a B cell-reconstituted mice. Taken together, these results establish a mechanistic role for B-1 B cells in the innate B cell response to pulmonary infection with C. neoformans and reveal that IgM-producing B-1a cells, which express germline V(H) genes, bind C. neoformans and contribute to early fungal clearance. Thus, B-1a B cells provide a first line of defense during pulmonary C. neoformans infection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Rohatgi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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