1
|
Laskarin G, Babarovic E, Kifer N, Bulimbasic S, Sestan M, Held M, Frkovic M, Gagro A, Coric M, Jelusic M. Involvement of M1-Activated Macrophages and Perforin/Granulysin Expressing Lymphocytes in IgA Vasculitis Nephritis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2253. [PMID: 38396930 PMCID: PMC10889255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigated the polarisation of CD68+ macrophages and perforin and granulysin distributions in kidney lymphocyte subsets of children with IgA vasculitis nephritis (IgAVN). Pro-inflammatory macrophage (M)1 (CD68/iNOS) or regulatory M2 (CD68/arginase-1) polarisation; spatial arrangement of macrophages and lymphocytes; and perforin and granulysin distribution in CD3+ and CD56+ cells were visulaised using double-labelled immunofluorescence. In contrast to the tubules, iNOS+ cells were more abundant than the arginase-1+ cells in the glomeruli. CD68+ macrophage numbers fluctuated in the glomeruli and were mostly labelled with iNOS. CD68+/arginase-1+ cells are abundant in the tubules. CD56+ cells, enclosed by CD68+ cells, were more abundant in the glomeruli than in the tubuli, and co-expressed NKp44. The glomerular and interstitial/intratubular CD56+ cells express perforin and granulysin, respectively. The CD3+ cells did not express perforin, while a minority expressed granulysin. Innate immunity, represented by M1 macrophages and CD56+ cells rich in perforin and granulysin, plays a pivotal role in the acute phase of IgAVN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Laskarin
- Department of Physiology, Immunology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism “Thalassotherapia-Opatija”, 51410 Opatija, Croatia
| | - Emina Babarovic
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Nastasia Kifer
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.K.); (M.S.); (M.H.); (M.F.); (M.J.)
| | - Stela Bulimbasic
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.B.); (M.C.)
| | - Mario Sestan
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.K.); (M.S.); (M.H.); (M.F.); (M.J.)
| | - Martina Held
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.K.); (M.S.); (M.H.); (M.F.); (M.J.)
| | - Marijan Frkovic
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.K.); (M.S.); (M.H.); (M.F.); (M.J.)
| | - Alenka Gagro
- Children’s Hospital Zagreb, Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Marijana Coric
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.B.); (M.C.)
| | - Marija Jelusic
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.K.); (M.S.); (M.H.); (M.F.); (M.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Conjugation of the 9-kDa Isoform of Granulysin with Liposomes Potentiates Its Cytotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158705. [PMID: 35955839 PMCID: PMC9369117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nine kDa granulysin (GRNLY) is a human cytolytic protein secreted by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and NK cells of the immune system whose demonstrated physiological function is the elimination of bacteria and parasites. In previous studies by our group, the anti-tumor capacity of recombinant granulysin was demonstrated, both in vitro and in vivo. In the present work, we developed lipid nanoparticles whose surfaces can bind recombinant granulysin through the formation of a complex of coordination between the histidine tail of the protein and Ni2+ provided by a chelating lipid in the liposome composition and termed them LUV-GRNLY, for granulysin-bound large unilamellar vesicles. The objective of this formulation is to increase the granulysin concentration at the site of contact with the target cell and to increase the cytotoxicity of the administered dose. The results obtained in this work indicate that recombinant granulysin binds to the surface of the liposome with high efficiency and that its cytotoxicity is significantly increased when it is in association with liposomes. In addition, it has been demonstrated that the main mechanism of death induced by both granulysin and LUV-GRNLY is apoptosis. Jurkat-shBak cells are resistant to GRNLY and also to LUV-GRNLY, showing that LUV-GRNLY uses the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway to induce cell death. On the other hand, we show that LUV-GRNLY induces the expression of the pro-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family Bim and especially PUMA, although it also induced the expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL. In conclusion, we demonstrate that binding of GRNLY to the surfaces of liposomes clearly augments its cytotoxic potential, with cell death executed mainly by the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
Collapse
|
3
|
Milovanović J, Todorović-Raković N, Vujasinović T, Greenman J, Mandušić V, Radulovic M. Can granulysin provide prognostic value in primary breast cancer? Pathol Res Pract 2022; 237:154039. [PMID: 35905663 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.154039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Granulysin (GNLY) is a cytolytic and proinflammatory molecule which also acts as an immune alarmin. The multifunctional nature of this molecule has made it challenging to define its full potential as a biomarker in breast cancer. AIM To evaluate the prognostic value of intratumoral GNLY in primary breast cancer patients and its association with established clinicopathological parameters. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study included 69 node-negative breast cancer patients with known clinicopathological parameters, all of whom had not received any prior hormonal or chemotherapeutic systemic therapy that would interfere with the course of disease. The median follow-up period was 144 months. Steroid hormone receptor status was determined by ligand-binding assay and HER2 status by chromogenic in situ hybridisation (CISH). Intratumoral GNLY mRNA levels were determined by RT-qPCR. Prognostic performance was evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC), Cox proportional hazards regression and Kaplan-Meier analysis. Classification of patients into GNLYlow and GNLYhigh subgroups was performed by the use of the outcome-oriented cut-off point categorisation approach. RESULTS There was a significant difference between GNLY values of patients without any recurrences and those with local or distant recurrences (Mann-Whitney test, p = 0.05 and p = 0.02, respectively). None of the tested parameters showed prognostic significance for local and distant recurrences when combined. When distant metastases and local recurrences were separated as events, the best prognostic performance was observed for GNLY as compared with any clinicopathological parameter (AUC=0.24 and p = 0.04 for local events; AUC=0.71 and p = 0.03 for distant events). Local recurrence incidence was 0% for the GNLYhigh subgroup and 19% for the GNLYlow subgroup; however distant recurrence incidence was 24% for the GNLYhigh subgroup but only 3% for the GNLYlow subgroup (Kaplan-Meier analysis). A significant positive correlation was found between intratumoral ER and GNLY levels, and a significant negative correlation between tumour grade and GNLY levels. CONCLUSION High levels of granulysin prognosticate low risk of local recurrence but a high risk of distant metastasis in primary, untreated, breast cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Milovanović
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Nataša Todorović-Raković
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tijana Vujasinović
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - John Greenman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Vesna Mandušić
- Department for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinča - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marko Radulovic
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Drvar V, Ćurko-Cofek B, Karleuša L, Aralica M, Rogoznica M, Kehler T, Legović D, Rukavina D, Laskarin G. Granulysin expression and granulysin-mediated apoptosis in the peripheral blood of osteoarthritis patients. Biomed Rep 2022; 16:44. [PMID: 35478928 PMCID: PMC9016702 DOI: 10.3892/br.2022.1527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic joint disease caused by mechanical damage and metabolic factors that support the development of low-grade inflammation. Increased levels of T helper 1 pro-inflammatory cytokines in the serum of OA patients may support granulysin (GNLY) mediated cytotoxicity, which in-turn may contribute to the pathogenesis of OA. In the present study, GNLY expression and cytotoxic/apoptotic mechanisms mediated by GNLY in the peripheral blood of OA patients were assessed. A total of 40 non-obese women (median age of 64 years old) with knee OA, and 40 controls (median age 62 years old) were enrolled in the study. GNLY, IFN-γ and IL-4 expression levels were investigated in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) using flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry and/or confocal microscopy. Natural killer (NK) GNLY-mediated apoptosis through NK effectors against K-562 targets was analyzed using the PKH-26 18-h cytotoxicity assay. Serum GNLY levels were assessed using ELISA. The percentage of GNLY+PBLs was higher in the OA patients than that in the controls due to the increase in the proportions of GNLY+ cells in the natural killer (NK), T and natural killer T (NKT) subsets. GNLY localization inside exocytotic lysosomal-associated membrane protein-1+ granules was ~40% in both groups. However, the intensity of GNLY labeling in PBLs was higher in OA patients than in the controls, and it was supported by the increased expression of IFN-γ relative to IL-4 in NK and T cells from OA patients. The serum GNLY concentration was <0.3 ng/ml in both groups. RC8 anti-GNLY mAb by itself was unable to significantly alter early apoptosis, whereas RC8 anti-GNLY mAb combined with anti-perforin mAb significantly reduced NK-mediated early apoptosis of K-562 targets in the OA patients, whilst not exerting a notable effect in the controls. Anti-perforin mAb by itself did not affect apoptosis significantly. These results suggest that in women with knee OA, GNLY expression in the PBL subsets and GNLY-mediated early apoptosis of K-562 targets are increased compared with the controls and accompanied by intracellular dominance of IFN-γ over IL-4 in NK cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vedrana Drvar
- Clinical Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Centre Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Božena Ćurko-Cofek
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia,Correspondence to: Dr Božena Ćurko-Cofek, Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ljerka Karleuša
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Merica Aralica
- Clinical Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Centre Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Marija Rogoznica
- Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of Health and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism ‘Thalassotherapia-Opatija’, 51410 Opatija, Croatia
| | - Tatjana Kehler
- Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of Health and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism ‘Thalassotherapia-Opatija’, 51410 Opatija, Croatia,Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Dalen Legović
- Clinic for Orthopaedic Surgery Lovran, 51415 Lovran, Croatia
| | - Daniel Rukavina
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia,Department of Biomedical Sciences in Rijeka, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Gordana Laskarin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia,Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of Health and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism ‘Thalassotherapia-Opatija’, 51410 Opatija, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ichikawa T, Negishi Y, Kasano S, Yokote R, Yonezawa M, Ouchi N, Kuwabara Y, Suzuki S, Takeshita T. Upregulated serum granulysin levels in women with antiphospholipid antibody‐associated recurrent miscarriage are downregulated by heparin treatment. Reprod Med Biol 2022; 21:e12460. [PMID: 35444491 PMCID: PMC9013493 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Granulysin is a cytotoxic protein that simultaneously activates innate and cellular immunity. The authors aimed to evaluate whether granulysin is associated with the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome and whether heparin changes the granulysin levels. Methods A cohort study was performed with women with antiphospholipid antibody‐positive recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). The authors examined granulysin levels under RPL and evaluated the changes in serum granulysin levels before and 1 week after the commencement of heparin treatment. Results Serum granulysin levels before heparin treatment were significantly higher in women who tested positive for one or more types of antiphospholipid antibodies (2.75 ± 1.03 vs. 2.44 ± 0.69, p = 0.0341 by Welch's t test), particularly anti‐phosphatidylethanolamine antibodies (IgG: 2.98 ± 1.09 vs. 2.51 ± 0.86, p = 0.0013; IgM: 2.85 ± 1.09 vs. 2.47 ± 0.77, p = 0.0024 by Welch's t test). After heparin treatment for 1 week, serum granulysin levels were significantly reduced (p = 0.0017 by the paired t test). The miscarriage rate was significantly higher in women whose serum granulysin levels were not reduced by heparin treatment (p = 0.0086 by Fisher's exact probability test). Conclusion The results suggest that heparin may reduce the incidence of miscarriage by suppressing serum granulysin levels. We examined granulysin levels under recurrent pregnancy loss and evaluated the changes in serum granulysin with heparin treatment. The miscarriage rate was significantly higher in women whose serum granulysin levels were not reduced by heparin treatment. The results suggest that heparin may reduce the incidence of miscarriage by suppressing serum granulysin levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Ichikawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Nippon Medical School Tokyo Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Negishi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Nippon Medical School Tokyo Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Nippon Medical School Tokyo Japan
| | - Sayuri Kasano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Nippon Medical School Tokyo Japan
| | - Ryoko Yokote
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Nippon Medical School Tokyo Japan
| | - Mirei Yonezawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Nippon Medical School Tokyo Japan
| | - Nozomi Ouchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Nippon Medical School Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Shunji Suzuki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Nippon Medical School Tokyo Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lettau M, Janssen O. Intra- and Extracellular Effector Vesicles From Human T And NK Cells: Same-Same, but Different? Front Immunol 2022; 12:804895. [PMID: 35003134 PMCID: PMC8733945 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.804895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and Natural Killer (NK) cells utilize an overlapping effector arsenal for the elimination of target cells. It was initially proposed that all cytotoxic effector proteins are stored in lysosome-related effector vesicles (LREV) termed "secretory lysosomes" as a common storage compartment and are only released into the immunological synapse formed between the effector and target cell. The analysis of enriched LREV, however, revealed an uneven distribution of individual effectors in morphologically distinct vesicular entities. Two major populations of LREV were distinguished based on their protein content and signal requirements for degranulation. Light vesicles carrying FasL and 15 kDa granulysin are released in a PKC-dependent and Ca2+-independent manner, whereas dense granules containing perforin, granzymes and 9 kDa granulysin require Ca2+-signaling as a hallmark of classical degranulation. Notably, both types of LREV do not only contain the mentioned cytolytic effectors, but also store and transport diverse other immunomodulatory proteins including MHC class I and II, costimulatory and adhesion molecules, enzymes (i.e. CD26/DPP4) or cytokines. Interestingly, the recent analyses of CTL- or NK cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EV) revealed the presence of a related mixture of proteins in microvesicles or exosomes that in fact resemble fingerprints of the cells of origin. This overlapping protein profile indicates a direct relation of intra- and extracellular vesicles. Since EV potentially also interact with cells at distant sites (apart from the IS), they might act as additional effector vesicles or intercellular communicators in a more systemic fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Lettau
- Molecular Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine II, Unit for Hematological Diagnostics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ottmar Janssen
- Molecular Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Krabbendam L, Heesters BA, Kradolfer CMA, Haverkate NJE, Becker MAJ, Buskens CJ, Bemelman WA, Bernink JH, Spits H. CD127+ CD94+ innate lymphoid cells expressing granulysin and perforin are expanded in patients with Crohn's disease. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5841. [PMID: 34615883 PMCID: PMC8494908 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26187-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic definition of helper ILC1 and NK cells is problematic due to overlapping markers. Recently we showed the identification of cytotoxic ILC3s characterized by expression of CD94. Here we analyse CD127+ ILCs and NK cells in intestinal lamina propria from healthy donors and Crohn's disease patients and identify two populations of CD127+CD94+ ILCs, designated population A and B, that can be distinguished on the expression of CD117, CD18 and cytotoxic molecules. Population B expresses granulysin, a cytotoxic molecule linked to bacterial lysis and/or chemotaxis of monocytes. Granulysin protein is secreted by population B cells upon stimulation with IL-15. Activation of population B in the presence of TGF-β strongly reduces the expression of cytotoxic effector molecules of population B. Strikingly, samples from individuals that suffer from active Crohn's disease display enhanced frequencies of granulysin-expressing effector CD127+CD94+ ILCs in comparison to controls. Thus this study identifies group 1 ILC populations which accumulate in inflamed intestinal tissue of Crohn's disease patients and may play a role in the pathology of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Krabbendam
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - B A Heesters
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - C M A Kradolfer
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N J E Haverkate
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M A J Becker
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C J Buskens
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Surgery, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism (AG&M), Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W A Bemelman
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Surgery, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism (AG&M), Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J H Bernink
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584, CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H Spits
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Trinks N, Reinhard S, Drobny M, Heilig L, Löffler J, Sauer M, Terpitz U. Subdiffraction-resolution fluorescence imaging of immunological synapse formation between NK cells and A. fumigatus by expansion microscopy. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1151. [PMID: 34608260 PMCID: PMC8490467 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02669-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Expansion microscopy (ExM) enables super-resolution fluorescence imaging on standard microscopes by physical expansion of the sample. However, the investigation of interactions between different organisms such as mammalian and fungal cells by ExM remains challenging because different cell types require different expansion protocols to ensure identical, ideally isotropic expansion of both partners. Here, we introduce an ExM method that enables super-resolved visualization of the interaction between NK cells and Aspergillus fumigatus hyphae. 4-fold expansion in combination with confocal fluorescence imaging allows us to resolve details of cytoskeleton rearrangement as well as NK cells' lytic granules triggered by contact with an RFP-expressing A. fumigatus strain. In particular, subdiffraction-resolution images show polarized degranulation upon contact formation and the presence of LAMP1 surrounding perforin at the NK cell-surface post degranulation. Our data demonstrate that optimized ExM protocols enable the investigation of immunological synapse formation between two different species with so far unmatched spatial resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Trinks
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Julius Maximilian University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Reinhard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Julius Maximilian University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Drobny
- Department of Internal Medicine II, WÜ4i, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Linda Heilig
- Department of Internal Medicine II, WÜ4i, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Löffler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, WÜ4i, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Julius Maximilian University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Terpitz
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Julius Maximilian University, Würzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
In vivo potential of recombinant granulysin against human melanoma. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2021; 27:100355. [PMID: 33770663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2021.100355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
9-kDa granulysin is a protein expressed into the granules of human cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells. It has been shown to exert cytolysis on microbes and tumors. We showed previously that 9-kDa granulysin exerted cell death by apoptosis in vitro on hematological tumor cell lines and also on cells from B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) patients. In addition, we have shown the anti-tumor efficiency of granulysin as a single agent in two in vivo models of human tumor development in athymic mice, the MDA-MB-231 mammary adenocarcinoma and the NCI-H929 multiple myeloma, without signs of overt secondary effects by itself. In this work, we have tested recombinant 9-kDa granulysin in an in vivo and especially aggressive model of melanoma development, xenografted UACC62 cells in athymic mice. Recombinant granulysin was administered once UACC62-derived tumors were detectable and it substantially retarded the in vivo development of this aggressive tumor. We could also detect apoptosis induction and increased NK cell infiltration inside granulysin-treated tumor tissues. These observations are especially interesting given the possibility of treating melanoma by intra-tumor injection.
Collapse
|
10
|
Hughes SM, Pandey U, Johnston C, Marrazzo J, Hladik F, Micks E. Impact of the menstrual cycle and ethinyl estradiol/etonogestrel contraceptive vaginal ring on granulysin and other mucosal immune mediators. Am J Reprod Immunol 2021; 86:e13412. [PMID: 33641250 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Changes in sex hormones during the menstrual cycle and contraceptive vaginal ring (CVR) use influence immunity within the female genital tract, but the magnitude of these effects and their anatomical location are unclear. METHOD OF STUDY In a prospective study, 29 women were assessed at three-time points: follicular phase, luteal phase, and one month after initiation of the ethinyl estradiol/etonogestrel CVR (NuvaRing®, Merck). We performed microarrays on endocervical cytobrushes and measured immune mediators in cervicovaginal fluid, adjusting for bacterial vaginosis and the presence of blood. We compared these results to public gene expression data from the fallopian tubes, endometrium, endo- and ectocervix, and vagina. RESULTS Immune-related gene expression in the endocervix and immune mediators in cervicovaginal fluid increased during CVR use versus both menstrual phases, and in the follicular versus luteal phase. The antimicrobial protein granulysin was high during CVR use, intermediate in the follicular phase, and nearly absent from the luteal phase. Re-analysis of public gene expression data confirmed increased immune-related gene expression in the endocervix during the follicular phase. However, in the fallopian tube, endometrium, and vagina, the follicular phase showed immunosuppression. CONCLUSIONS Immune-related genes in the cervicovaginal tract were highest during CVR use, intermediate in the follicular phase, and lowest in the luteal phase. Granulysin is a potential biomarker of menstrual phase: Frequently detected in follicular samples, but rare in luteal. Lastly, immunological differences between the follicular and luteal phases vary throughout the female genital tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Hughes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Urvashi Pandey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christine Johnston
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jeanne Marrazzo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Florian Hladik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elizabeth Micks
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sparrow EL, Fowler DW, Fenn J, Caron J, Copier J, Dalgleish AG, Bodman-Smith MD. The cytotoxic molecule granulysin is capable of inducing either chemotaxis or fugetaxis in dendritic cells depending on maturation: a role for Vδ2 + γδ T cells in the modulation of immune response to tumour? Immunology 2020; 161:245-258. [PMID: 32794189 PMCID: PMC7576882 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Release of granulysin by γδ T cells contributes to tumour cell killing. A cytolytic 9000 MW isoform of granulysin kills tumour cells directly, whereas a 15 000 MW precursor has been hypothesized to cause both the maturation and migration of dendritic cell (DC) populations. Recruiting DC to a tumour is beneficial as these cells initiate adaptive immune responses, which contribute to the eradication of malignancies. In this study, Vδ2+ γδ T cells were activated by stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with zoledronic acid or Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), or were isolated and cultured with tumour targets. Although a large proportion of resting Vδ2+ γδ T cells expressed 15 000 MW granulysin, 9000 MW granulysin expression was induced only after stimulation with BCG. Increased levels of activation and granulysin secretion were also observed when Vδ2+ γδ T cells were cultured with the human B-cell lymphoma line Daudi. High concentrations of recombinant 15 000 MW granulysin caused migration and maturation of immature DC, and also initiated fugetaxis in mature DC. Conversely, low concentrations of recombinant 15 000 MW granulysin resulted in migration of mature DC, but not immature DC. Our data therefore support the hypothesis that Vδ2+ γδ T cells can release granulysin, which may modulate recruitment of DC, initiating adaptive immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Sparrow
- Infection and Immunity Research Institute, St. George's University of London SW17 0RE, London, UK.,Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre of Cancer Immunotherapy, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Daniel W Fowler
- Infection and Immunity Research Institute, St. George's University of London SW17 0RE, London, UK
| | - Joe Fenn
- Infection and Immunity Research Institute, St. George's University of London SW17 0RE, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Caron
- Infection and Immunity Research Institute, St. George's University of London SW17 0RE, London, UK
| | - John Copier
- Infection and Immunity Research Institute, St. George's University of London SW17 0RE, London, UK
| | - Angus G Dalgleish
- Infection and Immunity Research Institute, St. George's University of London SW17 0RE, London, UK
| | - Mark D Bodman-Smith
- Infection and Immunity Research Institute, St. George's University of London SW17 0RE, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Guipouy D, Gertner-Dardenne J, Pfajfer L, German Y, Belmonte N, Dupré L. Granulysin- and granzyme-dependent elimination of myeloid cells by therapeutic ova-specific type 1 regulatory T cells. Int Immunol 2020; 31:239-250. [PMID: 30778577 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The intrinsic immunosuppressive properties of regulatory T (Treg) cells can be harnessed for therapeutic approaches aiming at down-modulating harmful immune reactions. In this context, expanded type 1 Treg cells (Tr1 cells) specific for ovalbumin (ova-Tr1 cells) have been tested for clinical efficacy in the treatment of autoimmune disorders such as refractory Crohn's disease (CD). The clinical use of these therapeutic products warrants exploration of their mechanism of action. Here, we identified a relationship between the CD activity index and the expression of lytic molecules by the ova-Tr1 cells administered in the previously reported First-in-Man study [Crohn's And Treg cells Study 1 (CATS1) study]. Accordingly, ova-Tr1 cells were found to carry granules containing high levels of lytic molecules, including multiple granzymes and granulysin. These cells displayed a T-cell receptor (TCR)-independent cytotoxic activity, which was preferentially directed toward myeloid cell lines and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Upon contact with myeloid cells, ova-Tr1 cells induced their apoptosis via a perforin-independent and a granulysin/granzyme-dependent mechanism. As compared to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, ova-Tr1 cells required more time to lyse target cells and displayed a more gradual lytic activity over time. Notably, this activity was sustained over days resulting in the control of myeloid cell populations at a relatively low ratio. Our study reveals that ova-Tr1 cells are endowed with a sustained cytotoxic activity that relies on a unique combination of granulysin and granzymes and that preferentially eliminates myeloid target cells in a TCR-independent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Guipouy
- INSERM, UMR1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Purpan University Hospital, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,CNRS, UMR5282, Toulouse, France.,TxCell, Allée de la Nertière, Valbonne Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | | | - Laurène Pfajfer
- INSERM, UMR1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Purpan University Hospital, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,CNRS, UMR5282, Toulouse, France
| | - Yolla German
- INSERM, UMR1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Purpan University Hospital, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,CNRS, UMR5282, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Loïc Dupré
- INSERM, UMR1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Purpan University Hospital, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,CNRS, UMR5282, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sparrow E, Bodman-Smith M. Granulysin: The attractive side of a natural born killer. Immunol Lett 2020; 217:126-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
14
|
Ibáñez-Pérez R, Guerrero-Ochoa P, Al-Wasaby S, Navarro R, Tapia-Galisteo A, De Miguel D, Gonzalo O, Conde B, Martínez-Lostao L, Hurtado-Guerrero R, Sanz L, Anel A. Anti-tumoral potential of a human granulysin-based, CEA-targeted cytolytic immunotoxin. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:1641392. [PMID: 31646080 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1641392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulysin is a protein present in the granules of human cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells, with cytolytic activity against microbes and tumors. Previous work demonstrated the therapeutic effect of intratumoral injection of recombinant granulysin using in vivo models of breast cancer and multiple myeloma. In the present work we have developed a granulysin gene fusion to the anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA/CEACAM5) single chain Fv antibody fragment MFE23. Both granulysin and the granulysin-based immunotoxin were expressed in Pichia pastoris. The immunotoxin specifically recognized CEA, purified or expressed on the cell surface. Moreover, the bioactivity of the immunotoxin against several CEA+ cell lines was higher than that of granulysin alone. Granulysin and the immunotoxin were tested as a treatment in in vivo xenograft models in athymic mice. When injected intratumorally, both granulysin and the immunotoxin were able to inhibit tumor growth. Furthermore, systemic administration of the immunotoxin demonstrated a decrease in tumor growth in a CEA+ tumor-bearing mouse model, whereas granulysin did not exhibit a therapeutic effect. This is the first granulysin-based immunotoxin and the present work constitutes the proof of concept of its therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Ibáñez-Pérez
- Apoptosis, Immunity and Cancer Group, University of Zaragoza/Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS-Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Patricia Guerrero-Ochoa
- Apoptosis, Immunity and Cancer Group, University of Zaragoza/Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS-Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sameer Al-Wasaby
- Apoptosis, Immunity and Cancer Group, University of Zaragoza/Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS-Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rocío Navarro
- Molecular Immunology Unit, "Puerta de Hierro" University Hospital, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Tapia-Galisteo
- Molecular Immunology Unit, "Puerta de Hierro" University Hospital, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego De Miguel
- Apoptosis, Immunity and Cancer Group, University of Zaragoza/Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS-Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Oscar Gonzalo
- Apoptosis, Immunity and Cancer Group, University of Zaragoza/Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS-Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Blanca Conde
- Apoptosis, Immunity and Cancer Group, University of Zaragoza/Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS-Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luis Martínez-Lostao
- Immunology Department, "Lozano Blesa" University Clinical Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ramón Hurtado-Guerrero
- Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems Institute (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,ARAID Foundation, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Sanz
- Molecular Immunology Unit, "Puerta de Hierro" University Hospital, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Anel
- Apoptosis, Immunity and Cancer Group, University of Zaragoza/Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS-Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lettau M, Dietz M, Dohmen K, Leippe M, Kabelitz D, Janssen O. Granulysin species segregate to different lysosome-related effector vesicles (LREV) and get mobilized by either classical or non-classical degranulation. Mol Immunol 2019; 107:44-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
16
|
Yamaguchi K. Tacrolimus treatment for infertility related to maternal-fetal immune interactions. Am J Reprod Immunol 2019; 81:e13097. [PMID: 30689243 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many approaches have been used to achieve successful pregnancies in patients with infertility, though existing treatments remain unsatisfactory in patients with infertility caused by abnormal maternal-fetal immunity. However, our understanding of the immunological aspects of infertility has steadily progressed, aided by recent research into organ transplantation and cancer. The results of these recent analyses have led to the development and evaluation of several candidate immunological treatments, but the use of immunological treatments remains a novel approach. The current paper presents the hypothesis that tacrolimus may have potential as a candidate agent for the treatment of maternal-fetal immunity-related infertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koushi Yamaguchi
- Center of Maternal-Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Laskarin G, Gulic T, Glavan Gacanin L, Dominovic M, Haller H, Rukavina D. Assessing whether progesterone-matured dendritic cells are responsible for retention of fertilization products in missed abortion. Med Hypotheses 2018; 118:169-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
18
|
Afsal K, Selvaraj P, Harishankar M. 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 downregulates cytotoxic effector response in pulmonary tuberculosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 62:251-260. [PMID: 30032050 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
1,25-dihydroxyvitaminD3 [1,25(OH)2D3] modulates both the innate and adaptive immunity in tuberculosis. We explored the effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on cytolytic molecules like perforin, granulysin, and granzyme-B in T-cells and natural killer cells during M. tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 45 healthy controls (HCs) and 45 pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients were cultured with Mtb in the absence or presence of 1,25(OH)2D3 for 72 h. The percentage of perforin, granulysin, and granzyme-B positive cells were estimated by flow cytometry. 1,25(OH)2D3 significantly decreased the percentage of cytolytic molecules in total, CD4+, CD8+ and CD56+ cells in HCs and PTB patients (p < 0.05). Moreover, 1,25(OH)2D3 downregulates IFN-γ levels while upregulate the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Correlation revealed that the total percentage of cytolytic molecules were positively correlated with IFN-γ level, whereas negatively correlated with IL-10 level in both the study subjects (p < 0.05). This results suggests that 1,25(OH)2D3 downregulate the expression of cytolytic molecues and act as anti-inflammatory in adaptive immune response, which might help to reduce inflammation and tissue damage during the active stage of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Afsal
- Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Indian Council of Medical Research, No.1, Mayor Sathyamoorthy Road, Chennai 600 031, India; Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), New Jersey Medical School (NJMS), Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences (RBHS), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - P Selvaraj
- Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Indian Council of Medical Research, No.1, Mayor Sathyamoorthy Road, Chennai 600 031, India
| | - M Harishankar
- Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Indian Council of Medical Research, No.1, Mayor Sathyamoorthy Road, Chennai 600 031, India.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abdellrazeq GS, Elnaggar MM, Bannantine JP, Park KT, Souza CD, Backer B, Hulubei V, Fry LM, Khaliel SA, Torky HA, Schneider DA, Davis WC. A Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis relA deletion mutant and a 35 kDa major membrane protein elicit development of cytotoxic T lymphocytes with ability to kill intracellular bacteria. Vet Res 2018; 49:53. [PMID: 29941017 PMCID: PMC6019527 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0549-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to develop live attenuated vaccines against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map), using indirect methods to screen Map deletion mutants for potential efficacy, have not been successful. A reduction in the capacity to survive in macrophages has not predicted the ability of mutants to survive in vivo. Previous studies for screening of three deletion mutants in cattle and goats revealed one mutant, with a deletion in relA (ΔMap/relA), could not establish a persistent infection. Further studies, using antigen presenting cells (APC), blood dendritic cells and monocyte derived DC, pulsed with ΔMap/relA or a 35 kDa Map membrane protein (MMP) revealed a component of the response to ΔMap/relA was directed towards MMP. As reported herein, we developed a bacterium viability assay and cell culture assays for analysis and evaluation of cytotoxic T cells generated against ΔMap/relA or MMP. Analysis of the effector activity of responding cells revealed the reason ΔMap/relA could not establish a persistent infection was that vaccination elicited development of cytotoxic CD8 T cells (CTL) with the capacity to kill intracellular bacteria. We demonstrated the same CTL response could be elicited with two rounds of antigenic stimulation of APC pulsed with ΔMap/relA or MMP ex vivo. Cytotoxicity was mediated through the perforin granzyme B pathway. Finally, cognate recognition of peptides presented in context of MHC I and II molecules to CD4 and CD8 T cells is required for development of CTL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaber S Abdellrazeq
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Elnaggar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Kun T Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Inje University, Injero 197, Kimhae-si, Gimhae, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea
| | - Cleverson D Souza
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Brian Backer
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Victoria Hulubei
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Lindsay M Fry
- USDA, ARS, Animal Disease Research Unit, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Samy A Khaliel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Helmy A Torky
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - David A Schneider
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.,USDA, ARS, Animal Disease Research Unit, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - William C Davis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gulic T, Laskarin G, Dominovic M, Glavan Gacanin L, Babarović E, Rubesa Z, Haller H, Rukavina D. Granulysin-mediated apoptosis of trophoblasts in blighted ovum and missed abortion. Am J Reprod Immunol 2018; 80:e12978. [PMID: 29774968 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Granulysin (GNLY) is a cytotoxic molecule mostly present in decidual natural killer (NK) cells. Blighted ovum (BO) and missed abortion (MA) represent the early pathological pregnancies with hindered development of the embryoblast or a dead embryo. We investigated the GNLY-mediated apoptotic mechanism potentially responsible for delayed termination of pregnancy. METHOD OF STUDY We performed immunohistological and immunofluorescence labeling of decidual tissues (GNLY, Apaf-1, NF-κB). NKG2A expression was analyzed by flow cytometry and GNLY mRNA by RT-qPCR. RESULTS The GNLY labeling intensity (H score) was lower in the nuclei of trophoblast cells in BO and MA. GNLY gene levels were inversely detected in BO and MA. A decreased decidual NK cell percentage was found in MA. NK cells from pathological pregnancies expressed lower NKG2A levels. The highest frequency of Apaf-1 was found in trophoblast cells of MA. NF-kB was highly expressed in decidual cells of BO. CONCLUSION The reduced activation of GNLY-mediated killing might be implicated in the slower rejection of trophoblast cells in BO and MA. A decreased authentic decidual NK cell number could be responsible for low cytotoxicity against trophoblast cells in MA. In BO, trophoblast cells have a higher survival potential due to increased NF-kB expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Gulic
- Medical Faculty, Department of Physiology and Immunology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Gordana Laskarin
- Medical Faculty, Department of Physiology and Immunology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Division of Rheumatology, Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of the Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapia" Opatija, Opatija, Croatia
| | - Marin Dominovic
- Medical Faculty, Department of Physiology and Immunology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Lana Glavan Gacanin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Hospital, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Emina Babarović
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Zeljka Rubesa
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Herman Haller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Hospital, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Daniel Rukavina
- Medical Faculty, Department of Physiology and Immunology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences in Rijeka, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Rijeka, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sharma G, Naushad M, Thakur B, Kumar A, Negi P, Saini R, Chahal A, Kumar A, Stadler FJ, Aqil UMH. Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate-Supported Nanocomposite as Drug Carrier System for Controlled Delivery of Ondansetron. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15030414. [PMID: 29495530 PMCID: PMC5876959 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15030414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sodium dodecyl sulphate-supported iron silicophosphate (SDS/FeSP) nanocomposite was successfully fabricated by the co-precipitation method. The SDS/FeSP nanocomposite was investigated as a drug carrier for ondansetron. The cumulative drug release of ondansetron was observed at various pH values for different time intervals, i.e., from 20 min to 48 h. A ranking of the drug release was observed at different pHs; pH 2.2 > saline (pH 5.5) > pH 7.4 > pH 9.4 > distilled water. Maximum release of encapsulated drug was found to be about 45.38% at pH 2.2. The cell viability tests of SDS/FeSP nanocomposite concluded that SDS/FeSP nanocomposite was non-cytotoxic in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Sharma
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, Nanshan District Key Lab for Biopolymers and Safety Evaluation, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
- School of Chemistry, Shoolini University, Solan 173212, India.
| | - Mu Naushad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Bld.#5, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Bharti Thakur
- School of Chemistry, Shoolini University, Solan 173212, India.
| | - Amit Kumar
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, Nanshan District Key Lab for Biopolymers and Safety Evaluation, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
- School of Chemistry, Shoolini University, Solan 173212, India.
| | - Poonam Negi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan 173212, India.
| | - Reena Saini
- School of Applied Science and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan 173212, India.
| | - Anterpreet Chahal
- School of Applied Science and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan 173212, India.
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan 173234, India.
| | - Florian J Stadler
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, Nanshan District Key Lab for Biopolymers and Safety Evaluation, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - U M H Aqil
- School of Public Health, 3rd Floor, SRM Medical College and Research, Centre, Kattankulathur 603211, India.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pereiro P, Romero A, Díaz-Rosales P, Estepa A, Figueras A, Novoa B. Nucleated Teleost Erythrocytes Play an Nk-Lysin- and Autophagy-Dependent Role in Antiviral Immunity. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1458. [PMID: 29163526 PMCID: PMC5673852 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
With the exception of mammals, vertebrate erythrocytes are nucleated. Nevertheless, these cells are usually considered as mere carriers of hemoglobin. In this work, however, we describe for the first time an unrecognized role of teleost red blood cells (RBCs). We found that Nk-lysin (Nkl), an antimicrobial peptide produced by NK-cells and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, was also expressed in flatfish turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) erythrocytes. Although the antiviral role of Nkl remains to be elucidated, we found a positive correlation between the transcription of nkl and the resistance to an infection with Rhabdovirus in a teleost fish. Surprisingly, Nkl was found to be present in the autophagolysosomes of erythrocytes, and therefore this higher resistance provided by Nkl could be related to autophagy. The organelles of RBCs are degraded through autophagy during the maturation process of these cells. In this work, we observed that the blockage of autophagy increased the replication of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus in nucleated teleost erythrocytes, which suggests that this mechanism may also be a key process in the defense against viruses in these cells. Nkl, which possesses membrane-perturbing ability and was affected by this modulation of RBC autophagy, could also participate in this process. For the first time, autophagy has been described not only as a life cycle event during the maturation of erythrocytes but also as a pivotal antiviral mechanism in nucleated erythrocytes. These results suggest a role of erythrocytes and Nkl in the antiviral immunity of fish and other vertebrates with nucleated RBCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Pereiro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Alejandro Romero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Patricia Díaz-Rosales
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Amparo Estepa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - Antonio Figueras
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sokolic J, Tokmadzic VS, Knezevic D, Medved I, Vukelic Damjani N, Balen S, Rakic M, Lanca Bastiancic A, Laskarin G. Endothelial dysfunction mediated by interleukin-18 in patients with ischemic heart disease undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Med Hypotheses 2017; 104:20-24. [PMID: 28673582 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
When medication management or percutaneous coronary intervention is not successful in patients with advanced ischemic heart disease, surgical revascularisation-predominantly coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)-is considered the gold standard. However, CABG surgery can lead to ischemia/reperfusion injury, which is characterized by a strong inflammatory response. Interleukin (IL)-18, is a strong inflammatory mediator, that is released from cardiomyocytes and can be found in the systemic circulation of patients during and immediately after CABG surgery. The existing damage of endothelial glycocalyx in patients with ischemic heart disease is further impaired concurrently during the surgery due to the anaesthesia-surgical technique used and intravascular fluid loading. This results in the increased incidence of adverse events, including myocardial infarction. IL-18 leads to the activation of lymphocyte cytotoxicity via cytotoxic mediators (Fas ligand, Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, perforin, and granulysin). We hypothesize that IL-18 is released locally in the heart and the systemic circulation in patients undergoing CABG surgery and may be correlated with the level of activity of circulating lymphocytes. In turn, this may lead to lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity directed toward damaged and activated endothelial cells. Shear stress glycocalyx, as well as damaged and activated endothelial cells then become the main the source of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules. These attract activated lymphocytes to adhere to the endothelium or enter the subintimal layer, increasing existing or initiating the formation of new plaques, which leads to the development of myocardial infarction during or shortly after surgery. To evaluate our hypothesis, we will measure the local concentration of IL-18 in the sinus coronarius and systemic circulation. These values will then be correlated with immunological and biochemical parameters, predominantly with the concentration of degradation products of glycocalyx and cytotoxic mediators in activated lymphocytes. If our hypothesis is correct, measuring the IL-18 concentration that is responsible for glycocalyx deterioration, may become a useful tool for predicting myocardial infarction occurrence in patients undergoing CABG surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jadranko Sokolic
- Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, 51 000 Rijeka, Kresimirova 42, Croatia
| | - Vlatka Sotosek Tokmadzic
- Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, 51 000 Rijeka, Kresimirova 42, Croatia; Department of Anesthesiology, Reanimatology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, Croatia.
| | - Danijel Knezevic
- Department of Anesthesiology, Reanimatology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, Croatia
| | - Igor Medved
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Tome Strizica 3, Croatia
| | - Nada Vukelic Damjani
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, 51 000 Rijeka, Kresimirova 42, Croatia
| | - Sanja Balen
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, 51 000 Rijeka, Kresimirova 42, Croatia
| | - Marijana Rakic
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of the Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapia" Opatija, 51410 Opatija, M. Tita 188, Croatia
| | - Ana Lanca Bastiancic
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of the Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapia" Opatija, 51410 Opatija, M. Tita 188, Croatia
| | - Gordana Laskarin
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of the Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapia" Opatija, 51410 Opatija, M. Tita 188, Croatia; Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Antimicrobial Properties of an Immunomodulator - 15 kDa Human Granulysin. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156321. [PMID: 27276051 PMCID: PMC4898823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulysin, a cationic protein expressed by human natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, is a mediator for drug-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome and graft-versus-host disease. Some 15 kDa granulysin are processed into 9 kDa forms and sequestered in cytolytic granules, while others are constitutively secreted into body fluids. Both 9 and 15 kDa granulysin have been shown to be a serum marker for cell-mediated immunity. Furthermore, 15 kDa is able to activate monocyte differentiation. However, its antimicrobial properties have not been clearly addressed. Here, we report a novel method to prepare both the soluble 9 and 15 kDa granulysin and show that the 15 kDa form is more effective than the 9 kDa form in exerting specific antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa within a range of few micromolars. We also show that the 15 kDa granulysin is able to hyperpolarize the membrane potential and increase membrane permeability of treated bacteria. Interestingly, the bactericidal activity and membrane permeability of the granulysins were markedly reduced at lower pH (pH 5.4) as a result of probable increase in hydrophobicity of the granulysins. Additionally, we’ve also shown the granulysin to inhibit biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa. These results suggest that the 15 kDa granulysin exhibits a novel mechanism in bacteria killing in a way that’s different from most antimicrobial peptides. Our novel granulysin preparation methodology will be useful for further study of action mechanisms of other antimicrobial, cytotoxic and immunomodulating properties in granulysin-mediated diseases.
Collapse
|
25
|
Dominovic M, Laskarin G, Glavan Gacanin L, Haller H, Rukavina D. Colocalization of Granulysin Protein Forms with Perforin and LAMP-1 in Decidual Lymphocytes During Early Pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2016; 75:619-30. [PMID: 26972359 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Granulysin (GNLY) occurs in two forms, which have molecular weights of 9 and 15 kDa. We analyzed the cytotoxic potential of decidual lymphocytes (DLs) and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) based on the forms of GNLY that colocalizes with perforin (PER) and LAMP-1 following activation. METHODS The forms of GNLY were detected by using confocal microscopy. We investigated the colocalization with PER and LAMP-1 in freshly isolated and activated DLs and PBLs. RESULTS Activation of DLs and PBLs by K-562 cells increased the colocalization of 9 kDa GNLY with PER and LAMP-1. K-562 cells transfected with HLA-C decreased 9 kDa GNLY colocalization with PER in DLs only. IL-15 in DLs decreased 9 kDa GNLY and LAMP-1 colocalization, but increased both 15 kDa GNLY and LAMP-1, and PER and LAMP-1 colocalization. CONCLUSION Activated DLs and PBLs show greater cytotoxic potential based on increased colocalization of 9 kDa GNLY and PER. HLA-C and IL-15 affect DLs, indicating their role in maintaining the pregnancy tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marin Dominovic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Gordana Laskarin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of the Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapia" Opatija, Opatija, Croatia
| | - Lana Glavan Gacanin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Herman Haller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Daniel Rukavina
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Department of Clinical and Transplantation Immunology and Molecular Medicine in Rijeka, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Rijeka, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gulic T, Laskarin G, Dominovic M, Glavan Gacanin L, Babarovic E, Haller H, Rukavina D. Potential role of heat-shock protein 70 and interleukin-15 in the pathogenesis of threatened spontaneous abortions. Am J Reprod Immunol 2016; 76:126-36. [PMID: 27225940 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM The role of HSP70 and both its constitutive (Hsc) and inducible (Hsp) forms in the pathogenesis of threatened spontaneous abortions was investigated. METHOD OF STUDY Immunohistology and/or immunofluorescence was used to analyze paraffin-embedded tissue sections, and reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry were used for analyses of decidual mononuclear cells (DMCs) and confocal microscopy for the detection of perforin, granulysin, and lysosome-associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP-1) in decidual lymphocytes (DLs). RESULTS The percentage of single Hsp70(+) , Hsc70(+) , and IL-15(+) cells and mRNA levels of HSP70, CD91, and TLR4 were lower in the decidua basalis in cases of threatened miscarriages compared to that in cases of normal pregnancy. In a suspension of normal DMCs, IL-15 significantly decreased the HSP70 members and TLR4 in dendritic cells, T cells, and NK cells while increasing CD91 in NK cells alone. CONCLUSION Downregulation of Hsc70, Hsp70, and IL-15 expression at gene and/or protein levels might support the retention of fertilization products in cases of missed abortion and blighted ovum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Gulic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Gordana Laskarin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Division of Cardiology, Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of the Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapia" Opatija, Opatija, Croatia
| | - Marin Dominovic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Lana Glavan Gacanin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Hospital, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Emina Babarovic
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Herman Haller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Hospital, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Daniel Rukavina
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Department of Clinical and Transplantation Immunology and Molecular Medicine in Rijeka, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Rijeka, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kehler T, Laskarin G, Massari D, Dominovic M, Persic V, Rosovic I, Laginja J, Rukavina D. Possible role of granulysin in pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Med Hypotheses 2015; 85:850-3. [PMID: 26508721 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Increased presence of immune mediator and cytotoxic/apoptotic molecule granulysin was noticed in different tissues during pathological processes with the domination of Th1 over Th2 mediated immunity. Beside granulysin expression in T and NKT cells, activated NK cells are thought to be the major source of chemotactic 15 kDa and cytotoxic 9 kDa granulysin in vivo. As NK cells are the principal joint's tissue-infiltrating lymphocyte subset, we hypothesized that granulysin mediated human cell death (apoptosis) could be responsible for the relatively silent damage of the joint's tissue without clinically notable signs of systemic inflammation in the patients with osteoarthritis (OA). The analyzes of the presence and frequency of granulysin expressing lymphocytes at protein and gene levels in peripheral blood and synovial samples and/or the samples of joint's tissue after the joint replacement therapy in patients with OA could give the initial insight to evaluate our hypothesis. It would be of the particular interest to differentiate the expression of 9 kDa and 15 kDa granulysin forms in the effector cells, since only the shorter form exhibits cytotoxic properties. The measurement of granulysin mediated early apoptosis in human NK sensitive K562 cells could be suitable in vitro model for evaluating granulysin activity. Furthermore, disturbed balance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in OA patients, could influence the level of the granulysin expression. Having in mind that the granulysin and its regulation is still unknown in the pathogenesis of OA, it could be worth to explore this important pro-inflammatory, cytotoxic/apoptotic mediator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Kehler
- Department of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of Heart and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapia-Opatija", M. Tita 188, 51410 Opatija, Croatia; Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Gordana Laskarin
- Department of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of Heart and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapia-Opatija", M. Tita 188, 51410 Opatija, Croatia; Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Drazen Massari
- Department of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of Heart and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapia-Opatija", M. Tita 188, 51410 Opatija, Croatia; Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Marin Dominovic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Viktor Persic
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; Division of Cardiology, Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of the Heart and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapia-Opatija", M. Tita 188, 51410 Opatija, Croatia.
| | - Ivan Rosovic
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of the Heart and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapia-Opatija", M. Tita 188, 51410 Opatija, Croatia.
| | - Josip Laginja
- Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of Heart and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapia-Opatija", M. Tita 188, 51410 Opatija, Croatia.
| | - Daniel Rukavina
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; Department of Clinical and Transplantation Immunology and Molecular Medicine in Rijeka, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Radmile Matejcic 2, Rijeka, Croatia.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lettau M, Kabelitz D, Janssen O. Lysosome-Related Effector Vesicles in T Lymphocytes and NK Cells. Scand J Immunol 2015; 82:235-43. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Lettau
- Institute of Immunology; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel; Kiel Germany
| | - D. Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel; Kiel Germany
| | - O. Janssen
- Institute of Immunology; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel; Kiel Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pereiro P, Varela M, Diaz-Rosales P, Romero A, Dios S, Figueras A, Novoa B. Zebrafish Nk-lysins: First insights about their cellular and functional diversification. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 51:148-159. [PMID: 25813149 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nk-lysins are antimicrobial proteins produced by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells with a broad antimicrobial spectrum (including bacteria, fungi and parasites). Nevertheless, the implication of these proteins in the protection against viral infections is still poorly understood. In this work, four different Nk-lysin genes (nkla, nklb, nklc and nkld) were identified in the zebrafish genome. That means that zebrafish is the species with the higher repertoire of Nk-lysin genes described so far. The differential expression pattern of the Nk-lysins in several tissues, during ontogeny, among the different kidney cell populations, as well as between Rag1(-/-) and Rag1(+/+) individuals, could suggest a certain specialization of different cell types in the production of different Nk-lysin. Moreover, only two of these genes (nkla and nkld) were significantly up-regulated after viral infection, and this observation could be also a consequence of a functional diversification of the zebrafish Nk-lysins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Pereiro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Vigo, Spain
| | - M Varela
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Vigo, Spain
| | - P Diaz-Rosales
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Vigo, Spain
| | - A Romero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Vigo, Spain
| | - S Dios
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Vigo, Spain
| | - A Figueras
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Vigo, Spain
| | - B Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Vigo, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Al-Wasaby S, de Miguel D, Aporta A, Naval J, Conde B, Martínez-Lostao L, Anel A. In vivo potential of recombinant granulysin against human tumors. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1036213. [PMID: 26405603 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1036213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
9 kDa granulysin is a protein present in the granules of human CTL and NK cells, with cytolytic activity against microbes and tumors. Previous work from our group demonstrated that this granulysin isoform induced apoptosis in vitro on hematological tumor cells and on primary tumor cells from B-CLL patients. In the present work, recombinant 9 kDa granulysin was used as an anti-tumoral agent to study its in vivo effect on tumor development in athymic "nude" mice models bearing human breast adenocarcinoma MDA-MB-231 or multiple myeloma NCI-H929-derived xenografts. Granulysin prevented the in vivo development of detectable MDA-MB-231-derived tumors. In addition, recombinant granulysin was able to completely eradicate NCI-H929-derived tumors. All granulysin-treated tumors exhibited signs of apoptosis induction and an increased NK cell infiltration inside the tumor tissue comparing to control ones. Moreover, no in vivo deleterious effects of the recombinant 9 kDa granulysin doses used in this study were observed on the skin or on the internal organs of the animals. In conclusion, granulysin was able to inhibit the progression of MDA-MB-231-derived xenografts and also to eradicate multiple myeloma NCI-H929-derived xenografts. This work opens the door to the initiation of preclinical and possibly clinical studies for the use of 9 kDa granulysin as a new anti-tumoral treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Al-Wasaby
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology; Apoptosis Immunity & Cancer Group; Faculty of Sciences; University of Zaragoza and Aragón Health Research Institute ; Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Diego de Miguel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology; Apoptosis Immunity & Cancer Group; Faculty of Sciences; University of Zaragoza and Aragón Health Research Institute ; Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Adriana Aporta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology; Apoptosis Immunity & Cancer Group; Faculty of Sciences; University of Zaragoza and Aragón Health Research Institute ; Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Javier Naval
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology; Apoptosis Immunity & Cancer Group; Faculty of Sciences; University of Zaragoza and Aragón Health Research Institute ; Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Blanca Conde
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Zaragoza ; Zaragoza, Spain ; These authors share senior authorship
| | - Luis Martínez-Lostao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology; Apoptosis Immunity & Cancer Group; Faculty of Sciences; University of Zaragoza and Aragón Health Research Institute ; Zaragoza, Spain ; Nanoscience Institute of Aragon ; Zaragoza, Spain ; These authors share senior authorship
| | - Alberto Anel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology; Apoptosis Immunity & Cancer Group; Faculty of Sciences; University of Zaragoza and Aragón Health Research Institute ; Zaragoza, Spain ; These authors share senior authorship
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Duran-Figueroa N, Badillo-Corona JA, Naisbitt DJ, Castrejon-Flores JL. Towards the development of mechanism-based biomarkers to diagnose drug hypersensitivity. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00238e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cells are activated by different mechanisms in the presence of drugs, metabolites or haptens, and they release several molecules that can be used in the diagnosis of drug hypersensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N. Duran-Figueroa
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología
- Mexico City
- Mexico
| | - J. A. Badillo-Corona
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología
- Mexico City
- Mexico
| | - D. J. Naisbitt
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science
- Department of Pharmacology
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
| | - J. L. Castrejon-Flores
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología
- Mexico City
- Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cytotoxic proteins and therapeutic targets in severe cutaneous adverse reactions. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:194-210. [PMID: 24394640 PMCID: PMC3920257 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6010194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs), such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrosis (TEN), are rare but life-threatening conditions induced mainly by a variety of drugs. Until now, an effective treatment for SJS/TEN still remains unavailable. Current studies have suggested that the pathobiology of drug-mediated SJS and TEN involves major histocompatibility class (MHC) I-restricted activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) response. This CTLs response requires several cytotoxic signals or mediators, including granulysin, perforin/granzyme B, and Fas/Fas ligand, to trigger extensive keratinocyte death. In this article, we will discuss the cytotoxic mechanisms of severe cutaneous adverse reactions and their potential applications on therapeutics for this disease.
Collapse
|
33
|
Granulysin induces apoptotic cell death and cleavage of the autophagy regulator Atg5 in human hematological tumors. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 87:410-23. [PMID: 24269628 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Granulysin is a protein present in the granules of human CTL and NK cells, with cytolytic activity against microbes and tumors. Previous work demonstrated that granulysin caused cell death through mitochondrial damage with release of AIF and cytochrome c. However, the molecular mechanism and, especially, the type of cell death were still not well defined. In the present work we show that granulysin-induced cell death is apoptotic, with phosphatidylserine exposure preceding membrane breakdown and with caspase 3 activation. Granulysin-induced apoptosis is prevented in Jurkat cells over-expressing Bcl-xL or Bcl2, or lacking Bak and Bax or Bim expression, suggesting a central role of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. This apoptotic process is initiated by intracellular Ca(2+) increase and mitochondrial ROS generation. We have tested granulysin against other hematological tumor cells such as multiple myeloma cell lines, and cells from B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) patients, finding different degrees of sensitivity. We also show that granulysin induces the cleavage of Atg5 in the complex formed with Atg12, without affecting autophagy. In conclusion, granulysin induces apoptosis on hematological tumor cells and on cells from B-CLL patients, opening the door to research on its use as a new anti-tumoral treatment.
Collapse
|
34
|
Veljkovic Vujaklija D, Dominovic M, Gulic T, Mahmutefendic H, Haller H, Saito S, Rukavina D. Granulysin expression and the interplay of granulysin and perforin at the maternal-fetal interface. J Reprod Immunol 2013; 97:186-96. [PMID: 23399514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Granulysin (GNLY) is a cytolytic/apoptotic molecule highly expressed in immune cells, particularly NK cells, at the maternal-fetal interface. The primary function of GNLY is to carry out lysis or apoptosis induction in target cells, tumor cells or cells infected by intracellular pathogens. To exert some of its functions GNLY needs to collaborate with perforin. The purpose of this study was to determine: (a) the expression of GNLY at the gene and protein levels at the maternal-fetal interface, (b) the relationship(s) between GNLY and perforin, and (c) GNLY secretion by NK cells stimulated by the NK-sensitive K562 cell line and its HLA-C and HLA-G transfectants. GNLY and perforin genes were found to be highly activated at the interface. GNLY mRNA was present at significantly higher levels compared with other cytolytic/apoptotic molecules. Confocal microscopy analysis showed that most first trimester pregnancy decidual lymphocytes simultaneously contained both GNLY and perforin protein in their cytoplasm, with a punctuate pattern consistent with granule localization. In contrast to peripheral blood, in unstimulated decidual lymphocytes GNLY and perforin rarely co-localized (10% of GNLY-positive cells and 20% of perforin-positive cells were positive for both proteins). Contact between decidual lymphocytes and K562 cells caused GNLY and perforin to be expressed in the same granules (approximately 50% co-localization), i.e., to attain the pattern seen in peripheral blood lymphocytes. The abundant GNLY secretion by decidual NK cells compared with peripheral blood NK cells after 2h of contact with the NK-sensitive K562 cells and K562 transfectants was striking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Veljkovic Vujaklija
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Okada M, Kita Y, Nakajima T, Hashimoto S, Nakatani H, Nishimatsu S, Nishida Y, Kanamaru N, Kaneda Y, Takamori Y, McMurray D, Tan EV, Cang ML, Saunderson P, Dela Cruz EC. The study of novel DNA vaccines against tuberculosis: induction of pathogen-specific CTL in the mouse and monkey models of tuberculosis. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 9:515-25. [PMID: 23249543 DOI: 10.4161/hv.23229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RESULTS HSP65 + IL-12 DNA vaccine showed higher protective efficacy compared with BCG in both mouse and monkey models of TB. It induced the TB-specific CTL in the mouse model of TB, while little level of activity was observed after the injection of BCG. It also showed strong therapeutic efficacy against MDR-TB. In the monkey model, the vaccine augmented the production of IFN-γ and IL-2 from PBL and the therapeutic effect was correlated with the level of IL-2. We next evaluated the potential of DNA vaccine encoding a granulysin, which is an important defensive molecule expressed by human T cells. We found that granulysin-encoding vaccine induced the differentiation of the CTL in vitro and in vivo. It also showed therapeutic efficacy against TB in the monkey as well as the mouse model. The DNA vaccine encoding a Ksp37 also induced the TB-specific CTL in vitro and in vivo in the mouse model. It augmented the production of IL-2, IFN-γ and IL-6 from T cells and spleen cells. A synergistic effect on the activation of the TB-specific CTL was observed by the combination of Ksp37 DNA vaccine with granulysin DNA vaccine. PURPOSE AND METHODS Emergence of the multi-drug resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) is a big problem in the world. We have developed novel TB vaccines [DNA vaccines encoding HSP65 + IL-12, granulysin or killer-specific secretory protein of 37kDa (Ksp37)] using Hemagglutinating virus of Japan -envelope (HVJ-E). It is suggested that the activity of the TB-specific CTL is one of the most important factor for the resistance to TB and immunity for TB in chronic human TB disease. Therefore, we examined the level of activation of the TB-specific CTL after the administration of these vaccines. CONCLUSION These data indicate that our novel vaccines (HSP65 + IL-12 DNA, granulysin and Ksp37) have a capability to activate the TB-specific CTL and will be very strong protective and therapeutic vaccines against TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaji Okada
- Clinical Research Center; National Hospital Organization Kinki-chuo Chest Medical Center; Kitaku, Sakai Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Guo Y, Luan G, Shen G, Wu L, Jia H, Zhong Y, Li R, Li G, Shen Y, Sun J, Hu S, Xiao W. Production and characterization of recombinant 9 and 15 kDa granulysin by fed-batch fermentation in Pichia pastoris. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:7669-77. [PMID: 23224405 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4602-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Granulysin is a cytolytic, proinflammatory protein produced by human cytolytic T-lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Granulysin has two stable isoforms with molecular weight of 9 and 15 kDa; the 9-kDa form is a result of proteolytic maturation of the 15-kDa precursor. Recombinant 9-kDa granulysin exhibits cytolytic activity against a variety of microbes, such as bacteria, parasites, fungi, yeast and a variety of tumor cell lines. However, it is difficult to produce granulysin in large quantities by traditional methods. In this study, we developed a simple and robust fed-batch fermentation process for production and purification of recombinant 9- and 15-kDa granulysin using Pichia pastoris in a basal salt medium at high cell density. The granulysin yield reaches at least 100 mg/l in fermentation, and over 95 % purity was achieved with common His-select affinity and ion exchange chromatography. Functional analysis revealed that the yeast-expressed granulysin displayed dose-dependent target cytotoxicity. These results suggest that fermentation in P. pastoris provides a sound strategy for large-scale recombinant granulysin production that may be used in clinical applications and basic research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yugang Guo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Krzewski K, Coligan JE. Human NK cell lytic granules and regulation of their exocytosis. Front Immunol 2012; 3:335. [PMID: 23162553 PMCID: PMC3494098 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells form a subset of lymphocytes that play a key role in immuno-surveillance and host defense against cancer and viral infections. They recognize stressed cells through a variety of germline-encoded activating cell surface receptors and utilize their cytotoxic ability to eliminate abnormal cells. Killing of target cells is a complex, multi-stage process that concludes in the directed secretion of lytic granules, containing perforin and granzymes, at the immunological synapse. Upon delivery to a target cell, perforin mediates generation of pores in membranes of target cells, allowing granzymes to access target cell cytoplasm and induce apoptosis. Therefore, lytic granules of NK cells are indispensable for normal NK cell cytolytic function. Indeed, defects in lytic granule secretion lead or are related to serious and often fatal diseases, such as familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL) type 2–5 or Griscelli syndrome type 2. A number of reports highlight the role of several proteins involved in lytic granule release and NK cell-mediated killing of tumor cells. This review focuses on lytic granules of human NK cells and the advancements in understanding the mechanisms controlling their exocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Krzewski
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health Rockville, MD, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Stroncek DF, Marincola FM. Dendritic cells: an immunotherapy coming of age. Immunotherapy 2012; 4:973-4. [PMID: 23148746 PMCID: PMC3501988 DOI: 10.2217/imt.12.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David F Stroncek
- Cell Processing Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hashizume H. Recent progress of elucidating the mechanisms of drug hypersensitivity. Asia Pac Allergy 2012; 2:203-9. [PMID: 22872823 PMCID: PMC3406300 DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.2012.2.3.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent technical approaches to investigating drug hypersensitivity have provided a great deal of information to solve the mechanisms that remain poorly understood. First, immunological investigations and in silico analysis have revealed that a novel interaction between T cells and antigen-presenting cells, namely the pharmacological interaction concept, is involved in drug recognition and the hapten theory. Second, progress in immunology has provided a new concept of CD4+ T cell subsets. Th17 cells have proven to be a critical player in acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis. Our recent findings suggest that this subset might contribute to the pathogenesis of Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis. Third, alarmins, molecules associated with innate immunity, are also associated with exaggeration and the persistence of severe drug hypersensitivity. The latest innovative techniques are providing a new landscape to examine drug hypersensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Hashizume
- Department of Dermatology, Shimada Municipal Hospital, Shimada, Shizuoka 427-8502, Japan
| |
Collapse
|