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Wu L, Brzostek J, Sakthi Vale PD, Wei Q, Koh CKT, Ong JXH, Wu LZ, Tan JC, Chua YL, Yap J, Song Y, Tan VJY, Tan TYY, Lai J, MacAry PA, Gascoigne NRJ. CD28-CAR-T cell activation through FYN kinase signaling rather than LCK enhances therapeutic performance. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:100917. [PMID: 36696897 PMCID: PMC9975250 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.100917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Signal transduction induced by chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) is generally believed to rely on the activity of the SRC family kinase (SFK) LCK, as is the case with T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Here, we show that CAR signaling occurs in the absence of LCK. This LCK-independent signaling requires the related SFK FYN and a CD28 intracellular domain within the CAR. LCK-deficient CAR-T cells are strongly signaled through CAR and have better in vivo efficacy with reduced exhaustion phenotype and enhanced induction of memory and proliferation. These distinctions can be attributed to the fact that FYN signaling tends to promote proliferation and survival, whereas LCK signaling promotes strong signaling that tends to lead to exhaustion. This non-canonical signaling of CAR-T cells provides insight into the initiation of both TCR and CAR signaling and has important clinical implications for improvement of CAR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wu
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Joanna Brzostek
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Previtha Dawn Sakthi Vale
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Qianru Wei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Clara K T Koh
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - June Xu Hui Ong
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Liang-Zhe Wu
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Jia Chi Tan
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Yen Leong Chua
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Jiawei Yap
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Yuan Song
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore; Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vivian Jia Yi Tan
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Triscilla Y Y Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Junyun Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore; Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paul A MacAry
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore; Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Cancer Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicholas R J Gascoigne
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore; Cancer Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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Abstract
Self- and non-self ligand discrimination is a core principle underlying T cell-mediated immunity. Mature αβ T cells can respond to a foreign peptide ligand presented by major histocompatibility complex molecules (pMHCs) on antigen presenting cells, on a background of continuously sensed self-pMHCs. How αβ T cells can properly balance high sensitivity and high specificity to foreign pMHCs, while surrounded by a sea of self-peptide ligands is not well understood. Such discrimination cannot be explained solely by the affinity parameters of T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and pMHC interaction. In this review, we will discuss how T cell ligand discrimination may be molecularly defined by events downstream of the TCR-pMHC interaction. We will discuss new evidence in support of the kinetic proofreading model of TCR ligand discrimination, and in particular how the kinetics of specific phosphorylation sites within the adaptor protein linker for activation of T cells (LAT) determine the outcome of TCR signaling. In addition, we will discuss emerging data regarding how some kinases, including ZAP-70 and LCK, may possess scaffolding functions to more efficiently direct their kinase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Lin Lo
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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3
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Lo WL, Shah NH, Rubin SA, Zhang W, Horkova V, Fallahee IR, Stepanek O, Zon LI, Kuriyan J, Weiss A. Slow phosphorylation of a tyrosine residue in LAT optimizes T cell ligand discrimination. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:1481-1493. [PMID: 31611699 PMCID: PMC6858552 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0502-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Self-non-self discrimination is central to T cell-mediated immunity. The kinetic proofreading model can explain T cell antigen receptor (TCR) ligand discrimination; however, the rate-limiting steps have not been identified. Here, we show that tyrosine phosphorylation of the T cell adapter protein LAT at position Y132 is a critical kinetic bottleneck for ligand discrimination. LAT phosphorylation at Y132, mediated by the kinase ZAP-70, leads to the recruitment and activation of phospholipase C-γ1 (PLC-γ1), an important effector molecule for T cell activation. The slow phosphorylation of Y132, relative to other phosphosites on LAT, is governed by a preceding glycine residue (G131) but can be accelerated by substituting this glycine with aspartate or glutamate. Acceleration of Y132 phosphorylation increases the speed and magnitude of PLC-γ1 activation and enhances T cell sensitivity to weaker stimuli, including weak agonists and self-peptides. These observations suggest that the slow phosphorylation of Y132 acts as a proofreading step to facilitate T cell ligand discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Lin Lo
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Neel H Shah
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sara A Rubin
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Veronika Horkova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ian R Fallahee
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ondrej Stepanek
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Leonard I Zon
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Kuriyan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Lo WL, Shah NH, Ahsan N, Horkova V, Stepanek O, Salomon AR, Kuriyan J, Weiss A. Lck promotes Zap70-dependent LAT phosphorylation by bridging Zap70 to LAT. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:733-41. [PMID: 29915297 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
T cell-antigen receptor (TCR) signaling requires the sequential activities of the kinases Lck and Zap70. Upon TCR stimulation, Lck phosphorylates the TCR, thus leading to the recruitment, phosphorylation, and activation of Zap70. Lck binds and stabilizes phosho-Zap70 by using its SH2 domain, and Zap70 phosphorylates the critical adaptors LAT and SLP76, which coordinate downstream signaling. It is unclear whether phosphorylation of these adaptors occurs through passive diffusion or active recruitment. We report the discovery of a conserved proline-rich motif in LAT that mediates efficient LAT phosphorylation. Lck associates with this motif via its SH3 domain, and with phospho-Zap70 via its SH2 domain, thereby acting as a molecular bridge that facilitates the colocalization of Zap70 and LAT. Elimination of this proline-rich motif compromises TCR signaling and T cell development. These results demonstrate the remarkable multifunctionality of Lck, wherein each of its domains has evolved to orchestrate a distinct step in TCR signaling.
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5
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Arranz-Nicolás J, Ogando J, Soutar D, Arcos-Pérez R, Meraviglia-Crivelli D, Mañes S, Mérida I, Ávila-Flores A. Diacylglycerol kinase α inactivation is an integral component of the costimulatory pathway that amplifies TCR signals. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:965-980. [PMID: 29572701 PMCID: PMC11028345 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The arsenal of cancer therapies has evolved to target T lymphocytes and restore their capacity to destroy tumor cells. T cells rely on diacylglycerol (DAG) to carry out their functions. DAG availability and signaling are regulated by the enzymes diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) α and ζ, whose excess function drives T cells into hyporesponsive states. Targeting DGKα is a promising strategy for coping with cancer; its blockade could reinstate T-cell attack on tumors while limiting tumor growth, due to positive DGKα functions in several oncogenic pathways. Here, we made a side-by-side comparison of the effects of commercial pharmacological DGK inhibitors on T-cell responses with those promoted by DGKα and DGKζ genetic deletion or silencing. We show the specificity for DGKα of DGK inhibitors I and II and the structurally similar compound ritanserin. Inhibitor treatment promoted Ras/ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) signaling and AP-1 (Activator protein-1) transcription, facilitated DGKα membrane localization, reduced the requirement for costimulation, and cooperated with enhanced activation following DGKζ silencing/deletion. DGKiII and ritanserin had similar effects on TCR proximal signaling, but ritanserin counteracted long-term T-cell activation, an effect that was potentiated in DGKα-/- cells. In contrast with enhanced activation triggered by pharmacological inhibition, DGKα silencing/genetic deletion led to impaired Lck (lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase) activation and limited costimulation responses. Our results demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition of DGKα downstream of the TCR provides a gain-of-function effect that amplifies the DAG-dependent signaling cascade, an ability that could be exploited therapeutically to reinvigorate T cells to attack tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Arranz-Nicolás
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, UAM Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Ogando
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, UAM Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Denise Soutar
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, UAM Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Arcos-Pérez
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, UAM Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Meraviglia-Crivelli
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, UAM Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santos Mañes
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, UAM Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Mérida
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, UAM Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Antonia Ávila-Flores
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, UAM Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Park MH, Hong JT. Roles of NF-κB in Cancer and Inflammatory Diseases and Their Therapeutic Approaches. Cells 2016; 5:cells5020015. [PMID: 27043634 PMCID: PMC4931664 DOI: 10.3390/cells5020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including immune response, inflammation, cell growth and survival, and development. NF-κB is critical for human health, and aberrant NF-κB activation contributes to development of various autoimmune, inflammatory and malignant disorders including rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel diseases, multiple sclerosis and malignant tumors. Thus, inhibiting NF-κB signaling has potential therapeutic applications in cancer and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Hee Park
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk 28160, Korea.
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk 28160, Korea.
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7
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Rouquette-Jazdanian AK, Kortum RL, Li W, Merrill RK, Nguyen PH, Samelson LE, Sommers CL. miR-155 Controls Lymphoproliferation in LAT Mutant Mice by Restraining T-Cell Apoptosis via SHIP-1/mTOR and PAK1/FOXO3/BIM Pathways. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131823. [PMID: 26121028 PMCID: PMC4487994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Linker for Activation of T cells (LAT) is an adapter protein that is essential for T cell function. Knock-in mice with a LAT mutation impairing calcium flux develop a fatal CD4+ lymphoproliferative disease. miR-155 is a microRNA that is correlated with hyperproliferation in a number of cancers including lymphomas and leukemias and is overexpressed in mutant LAT T cells. To test whether miR-155 was merely indicative of T cell activation or whether it contributes to lymphoproliferative disease in mutant LAT mice, we interbred LAT mutant and miR-155-deficient mice. miR-155 deficiency markedly inhibited lymphoproliferative disease by stimulating BIM-dependent CD4+ T cell apoptosis, even though ERK activation and T cell proliferation were increased in double mutant CD4+ T cells. Bim/Bcl2l11 expression is activated by the forkhead transcription factor FOXO3. Using miR-155-deficient, LAT mutant T cells as a discovery tool, we found two connected pathways that impact the nuclear translocation and activation of FOXO3 in T cells. One pathway is mediated by the inositide phosphatase SHIP-1 and the serine/threonine kinases AKT and PDK1. The other pathway involves PAK1 and JNK kinase activation. We define crosstalk between the two pathways via the kinase mTOR, which stabilizes PAK1. This study establishes a role for PAK1 in T cell apoptosis, which contrasts to its previously identified role in T cell proliferation. Furthermore, miR-155 regulates the delicate balance between PAK1-mediated proliferation and apoptosis in T cells impacting lymphoid organ size and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre K. Rouquette-Jazdanian
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Kortum
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wenmei Li
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert K. Merrill
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Phan H. Nguyen
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lawrence E. Samelson
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Connie L. Sommers
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CLS)
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8
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Chen J, Sun D, Chu H, Gong Z, Zhang C, Gong B, Li Y, Li N, Jiang L. Screening of differential microRNA expression in gastric signet ring cell carcinoma and gastric adenocarcinoma and target gene prediction. Oncol Rep 2015; 33:2963-71. [PMID: 25964059 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric signet ring cell carcinoma (GSRCC) is a unique pathological type of gastric carcinoma that is extremely invasive and has a poor prognosis after diagnosis. The expression of microRNAs has been closely linked to the carcinogenesis of gastric cancer and has been considered as a powerful prognostic marker. Distinctive expression of miRNAs in GSRCC was investigated in the present study. Samples of GSRCC were compared to that of intestinal gastric adenocarcinoma using Agilent microarray technique, and two differentially expressed miRNAs were identified, hsa-miR-665 and hsa-miR‑95. qRT-PCR verification showed downregulation of both miRNAs in signet ring cell carcinoma and upregulation in gastric adenocarcinoma, which was not consistent with the results obtained by the microarray. Target gene prediction using online databases conferred two strong candidate genes, GLI2 and PLCG1. GO/KO analysis of these two genes showed close correlations with carcinogenesis and chemoresistance. It was concluded that hsa-miR-665 and hsa-miR-95 were downregulated in GSRCC but upregulated in intestinal gastric adenocarcinoma, and the relatively differential expression of the miRNAs negatively controlling their target genes could be closely related to the high invasive metastasis and chemoresistance of GSRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Central Laboratory, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Di Sun
- Central Laboratory, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Hongjin Chu
- Central Laboratory, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Zhaohua Gong
- Department of Oncology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Chenglin Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Benjiao Gong
- Central Laboratory, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Central Laboratory, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Ning Li
- Central Laboratory, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Lixin Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
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9
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Siggs OM, Miosge LA, Daley SR, Asquith K, Foster PS, Liston A, Goodnow CC. Quantitative reduction of the TCR adapter protein SLP-76 unbalances immunity and immune regulation. J Immunol 2015; 194:2587-95. [PMID: 25662996 PMCID: PMC4355390 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gene variants that disrupt TCR signaling can cause severe immune deficiency, yet less disruptive variants are sometimes associated with immune pathology. Null mutations of the gene encoding the scaffold protein Src homology 2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa (SLP-76), for example, cause an arrest of T cell positive selection, whereas a synthetic membrane-targeted allele allows limited positive selection but is associated with proinflammatory cytokine production and autoantibodies. Whether these and other enigmatic outcomes are due to a biochemical uncoupling of tolerogenic signaling, or simply a quantitative reduction of protein activity, remains to be determined. In this study we describe a splice variant of Lcp2 that reduced the amount of wild-type SLP-76 protein by ~90%, disrupting immunogenic and tolerogenic pathways to different degrees. Mutant mice produced excessive amounts of proinflammatory cytokines, autoantibodies, and IgE, revealing that simple quantitative reductions of SLP-76 were sufficient to trigger immune dysregulation. This allele reveals a dose-sensitive threshold for SLP-76 in the balance of immunity and immune dysregulation, a common disturbance of atypical clinical immune deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen M Siggs
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;
| | - Lisa A Miosge
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Stephen R Daley
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Kelly Asquith
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2300, Australia; and
| | - Paul S Foster
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2300, Australia; and
| | - Adrian Liston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology and University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Christopher C Goodnow
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia;
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10
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Malissen B, Grégoire C, Malissen M, Roncagalli R. Integrative biology of T cell activation. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:790-7. [PMID: 25137453 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The activation of T cells mediated by the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) requires the interaction of dozens of proteins, and its malfunction has pathological consequences. Our major focus is on new developments in the systems-level understanding of the TCR signal-transduction network. To make sense of the formidable complexity of this network, we argue that 'fine-grained' methods are needed to assess the relationships among a few components that interact on a nanometric scale, and those should be integrated with high-throughput '-omic' approaches that simultaneously capture large numbers of parameters. We illustrate the utility of this integrative approach with the transmembrane signaling protein Lat, which is a key signaling hub of the TCR signal-transduction network, as a connecting thread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Malissen
- 1] Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France. [2] INSERM U1104, Marseille, France. [3] CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France. [4] Centre d'Immunophénomique, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France. [5] INSERM US012, Marseille, France. [6] CNRS UMS3367, Marseille, France
| | - Claude Grégoire
- 1] Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France. [2] INSERM U1104, Marseille, France. [3] CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Marie Malissen
- 1] Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France. [2] INSERM U1104, Marseille, France. [3] CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France. [4] Centre d'Immunophénomique, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France. [5] INSERM US012, Marseille, France. [6] CNRS UMS3367, Marseille, France
| | - Romain Roncagalli
- 1] Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France. [2] INSERM U1104, Marseille, France. [3] CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
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11
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Janardhan SV, Marks R, Gajewski TF. Primary murine CD4+ T cells fail to acquire the ability to produce effector cytokines when active Ras is present during Th1/Th2 differentiation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112831. [PMID: 25397617 PMCID: PMC4232516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Constitutive Ras signaling has been shown to augment IL-2 production, reverse anergy, and functionally replace many aspects of CD28 co-stimulation in CD4+ T cells. These data raise the possibility that introduction of active Ras into primary T cells might result in improved functionality in pathologic situations of T cell dysfunction, such as cancer or chronic viral infection. To test the biologic effects of active Ras in primary T cells, CD4+ T cells from Coxsackie-Adenovirus Receptor Transgenic mice were transduced with an adenovirus encoding active Ras. As expected, active Ras augmented IL-2 production in naive CD4+ T cells. However, when cells were cultured for 4 days under conditions to promote effector cell differentiation, active Ras inhibited the ability of CD4+ T cells to acquire a Th1 or Th2 effector cytokine profile. This differentiation defect was not due to deficient STAT4 or STAT6 activation by IL-12 or IL-4, respectively, nor was it associated with deficient induction of T-bet and GATA-3 expression. Impaired effector cytokine production in active Ras-transduced cells was associated with deficient demethylation of the IL-4 gene locus. Our results indicate that, despite augmenting acute activation of naïve T cells, constitutive Ras signaling inhibits the ability of CD4+ T cells to properly differentiate into Th1/Th2 effector cytokine-producing cells, in part by interfering with epigenetic modification of effector gene loci. Alternative strategies to potentiate Ras pathway signaling in T cells in a more regulated fashion should be considered as a therapeutic approach to improve immune responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujit V. Janardhan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Reinhard Marks
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Thomas F. Gajewski
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Tan YX, Manz BN, Freedman TS, Zhang C, Shokat KM, Weiss A. Inhibition of the kinase Csk in thymocytes reveals a requirement for actin remodeling in the initiation of full TCR signaling. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:186-94. [PMID: 24317039 PMCID: PMC3946925 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Signaling via the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) is initiated by Src-family kinases (SFKs). To understand how the kinase Csk, a negative regulator of SFKs, controls the basal state and the initiation of TCR signaling, we generated mice that express a Csk variant sensitive to an analog of the common kinase inhibitor PP1 (Csk(AS)). Inhibition of Csk(AS) in thymocytes, without engagement of the TCR, induced potent activation of SFKs and proximal TCR signaling up to phospholipase C-γ1 (PLC-γ1). Unexpectedly, increases in inositol phosphates, intracellular calcium and phosphorylation of the kinase Erk were impaired. Altering the actin cytoskeleton pharmacologically or providing costimulation via CD28 'rescued' those defects. Thus, Csk has a critical role in preventing TCR signaling. However, our studies also revealed a requirement for actin remodeling, initiated by costimulation, for full TCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xim Tan
- Rosalind Russell-Ephraim P. Engleman Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Boryana N Manz
- Rosalind Russell-Ephraim P. Engleman Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tanya S Freedman
- Rosalind Russell-Ephraim P. Engleman Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, California, USA
| | - Kevan M Shokat
- 1] Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
| | - Arthur Weiss
- 1] Rosalind Russell-Ephraim P. Engleman Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA. [3] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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13
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Cruz-Orcutt N, Vacaflores A, Connolly SF, Bunnell SC, Houtman JCD. Activated PLC-γ1 is catalytically induced at LAT but activated PLC-γ1 is localized at both LAT- and TCR-containing complexes. Cell Signal 2014; 26:797-805. [PMID: 24412752 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase C-γ1 (PLC-γ1) is a key regulator of T cell receptor (TCR)-induced signaling. Activation of the TCR enhances PLC-γ1 enzymatic function, resulting in calcium influx and the activation of PKC family members and RasGRP. The current model is that phosphorylation of LAT tyrosine 132 facilitates the recruitment of PLC-γ1, leading to its activation and function at the LAT complex. In this study, we examined the phosphorylation kinetics of LAT and PLC-γ1 and the cellular localization of activated PLC-γ1. We observed that commencement of the phosphorylation of LAT tyrosine 132 and PLC-γ1 tyrosine 783 occurred simultaneously, supporting the current model. However, once begun, PLC-γ1 activation occurred more rapidly than LAT tyrosine 132. The association of LAT and PLC-γ1 was more transient than the interaction of LAT and Grb2 and a pool of activated PLC-γ1 translocated away from LAT to cellular structures containing the TCR. These studies demonstrate that LAT and PLC-γ1 form transient interactions that catalyze the activation of PLC-γ1, but that activated PLC-γ1 resides in both LAT and TCR clusters. Together, this work highlights that our current model is incomplete and the activation and function of PLC-γ1 in T cells is highly complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Cruz-Orcutt
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Aldo Vacaflores
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Sean F Connolly
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Stephen C Bunnell
- Program in Immunology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, United States; Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Jon C D Houtman
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
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14
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Sommers CL, Rouquette-Jazdanian AK, Robles AI, Kortum RL, Merrill RK, Li W, Nath N, Wohlfert E, Sixt KM, Belkaid Y, Samelson LE. miRNA signature of mouse helper T cell hyper-proliferation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66709. [PMID: 23825558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Helper T cells from a mutant mouse model, LAT Y136F, hyper-proliferate and cause a severe lymphoproliferative disease that kills the mice by six months of age. LAT Y136F mice carry a tyrosine to phenylalanine mutation in the Linker for Activation of T cells (LAT) gene. This mutation leads to a number of changes in T cells that result in altered cytokine production including increased IL-4 production, increased proliferation, and decreased apoptosis. Hyper-proliferation of the mutant T cells contributes to lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and multi-organ T cell infiltration. miRNAs are short non-coding RNAs that regulate expression of cohorts of genes. This study investigates which miRNAs are expressed in LAT Y136F T cells and compares these to miRNAs expressed in wild type T cells that are undergoing proliferation in two other settings. The first setting is homeostatic proliferation, which was modeled by adoptive transfer of wild type T cells into T cell-deficient mice. The second setting is proliferation in response to infection, which was modeled by infection of wild type mice with the nematode H. polygyrus. By comparing miRNA expression in these three proliferative states (LAT Y136F hyper-proliferation, homeostatic proliferation and proliferation in response to H. polygyrus infection) to expression in wild type naïve CD4+ T cells, we found miRNAs that were highly regulated in all three proliferative states (miR-21 and miR-146a) and some that were more specific to individual settings of proliferation such as those more specific for LAT Y136F lymphoproliferative disease (miR-669f, miR-155 and miR-466a/b). Future experiments that modulate levels of the miRNAs identified in this study may reveal the roles of these miRNAs in T cell proliferation and/or lymphoproliferative disease.
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Kortum RL, Rouquette-Jazdanian AK, Samelson LE. Ras and extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling in thymocytes and T cells. Trends Immunol 2013; 34:259-68. [PMID: 23506953 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation is important for both thymocyte development and T cell function. Classically, signal transduction from the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) to ERK is thought to be regulated by signaling from Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), through the small G protein Ras, to the three-tiered Raf-MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK)-ERK kinase cascade. Developing and mature T cells express four members of two RasGEF families, RasGRP1, RasGRP4, son of sevenless 1 (Sos1), and Sos2, and several models describing combined signaling from these RasGEFs have been proposed. However, recent studies suggest that existing models need revision to include both distinct and overlapping roles of multiple RasGEFs during thymocyte development and novel, Ras-independent signals to ERK that have been identified in peripheral T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Kortum
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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