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Vadori M, Cozzi E. Current challenges in xenotransplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2024; 29:205-211. [PMID: 38529696 PMCID: PMC11064916 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000001146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In recent years, the xenotransplantation science has advanced tremendously, with significant strides in both preclinical and clinical research. This review intends to describe the latest cutting-edge progress in knowledge and methodologies developed to overcome potential obstacles that may preclude the translation and successful application of clinical xenotransplantation. RECENT FINDINGS Preclinical studies have demonstrated that it is now possible to extend beyond two years survival of primate recipients of life saving xenografts. This has been accomplished thanks to the utilization of genetic engineering methodologies that have allowed the generation of specifically designed gene-edited pigs, a careful donor and recipient selection, and appropriate immunosuppressive strategies.In this light, the compassionate use of genetically modified pig hearts has been authorized in two human recipients and xenotransplants have also been achieved in human decedents. Although encouraging the preliminary results suggest that several challenges have yet to be fully addressed for a successful clinical translation of xenotransplantation. These challenges include immunologic, physiologic and biosafety aspects. SUMMARY Recent progress has paved the way for the initial compassionate use of pig organs in humans and sets the scene for a wider application of clinical xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vadori
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua
| | - Emanuele Cozzi
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua
- Transplant Immunology Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
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2
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Hutton E, Scott E, Robson CN, Signoret N, Fascione MA. A systematic review reveals conflicting evidence for the prevalence of antibodies against the sialic acid 'xenoautoantigen' Neu5Gc in humans and the need for a standardised approach to quantification. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1390711. [PMID: 38737334 PMCID: PMC11082328 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1390711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite an array of hypothesised implications for health, disease, and therapeutic development, antibodies against the non-human sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) remain a subject of much debate. This systematic review of 114 publications aimed to generate a comprehensive overview of published studies in this field, addressing both the reported prevalence of anti-Neu5Gc antibodies in the human population and whether experimental variation accounts for the conflicting reports about the extent of this response. Absolute titres of anti-Neu5Gc antibodies, the reported prevalence of these antibodies, and the individual variation observed within experiments were analysed and grouped according to biological context ('inflammation', 'xenotransplantation', 'biotherapeutic use', 'cancer', and 'healthy populations'), detection method, target epitope selection, and choice of blocking agent. These analyses revealed that the experimental method had a notable impact on both the reported prevalence and absolute titres of anti-Neu5Gc antibodies in the general population, thereby limiting the ability to ascribe reported trends to genuine biological differences or the consequence of experimental design. Overall, this review highlights important knowledge gaps in the study of antibodies against this important xenoautoantigen and the need to establish a standardised method for their quantification if the extent of the importance of Neu5Gc in human health is to be fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esme Hutton
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Scott
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Craig N. Robson
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle, United Kingdom
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3
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Marglous S, Brown CE, Padler-Karavani V, Cummings RD, Gildersleeve JC. Serum antibody screening using glycan arrays. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2603-2642. [PMID: 38305761 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00693j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Humans and other animals produce a diverse collection of antibodies, many of which bind to carbohydrate chains, referred to as glycans. These anti-glycan antibodies are a critical part of our immune systems' defenses. Whether induced by vaccination or natural exposure to a pathogen, anti-glycan antibodies can provide protection against infections and cancers. Alternatively, when an immune response goes awry, antibodies that recognize self-glycans can mediate autoimmune diseases. In any case, serum anti-glycan antibodies provide a rich source of information about a patient's overall health, vaccination history, and disease status. Glycan microarrays provide a high-throughput platform to rapidly interrogate serum anti-glycan antibodies and identify new biomarkers for a variety of conditions. In addition, glycan microarrays enable detailed analysis of the immune system's response to vaccines and other treatments. Herein we review applications of glycan microarray technology for serum anti-glycan antibody profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Marglous
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Claire E Brown
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Vered Padler-Karavani
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Jeffrey C Gildersleeve
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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4
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Liang M, Wu J, Li H, Zhu Q. N-glycolylneuraminic acid in red meat and processed meat is a health concern: A review on the formation, health risk, and reduction. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13314. [PMID: 38389429 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
One of the most consistent epidemiological associations between diet and human disease risk is the impact of consuming red meat and processed meat products. In recent years, the health concerns surrounding red meat and processed meat have gained worldwide attention. The fact that humans have lost the ability to synthesize N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) makes red meat and processed meat products the most important source of exogenous Neu5Gc for humans. As our research of Neu5Gc has increased, it has been discovered that Neu5Gc in red meat and processed meat is a key factor in many major diseases. Given the objective evidence of the harmful risk caused by Neu5Gc in red meat and processed meat to human health, there is a need for heightened attention in the field of food. This updated review has several Neu5Gc aspects given including biosynthetic pathway of Neu5Gc and its accumulation in the human body, the distribution of Neu5Gc in food, the methods for detecting Neu5Gc, and most importantly, a systematic review of the existing methods for reducing the content of Neu5Gc in red meat and processed meat. It also provides some insights into the current status and future directions in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilian Liang
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- ChinaLaboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jianping Wu
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hongying Li
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- ChinaLaboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qiujin Zhu
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- ChinaLaboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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5
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Ren W, Yang L, Feng J, Wang S, Hu Q, Liu H, Zhang J, Wang Z, Yan M, Yu H, Wang Y. A platform for qualitative and quantitative characterization of α-Gal and NeuGc at the oligosaccharide level. Anal Biochem 2023; 683:115362. [PMID: 37866525 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation modification serves as a pivotal quality attribute in glycoprotein-based therapeutics, emphasizing its role in drug safety and efficacy. Prior studies have underscored the potential immunogenic risks posed by the presence of galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-Gal) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc) in glycoprotein formulations. This accentuates the imperative for developing robust qualitative and quantitative analytical methods to monitor these immunogenic epitopes, thereby ensuring drug safety. In the present investigation, α-Gal and NeuGc were accurately quantified using UPLC-FLR-MS/MS at the oligosaccharide level. Remarkably, α-Gal could be identified when the ion intensity ratio or the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of 528.19 to 366.14 exceeded 1. Concurrently, NeuGc and N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) could be unambiguously identified through their respective fragment ions at m/z 673.23 and m/z 657.23. Furthermore, relative quantification of α-Gal and NeuGc was achieved using fluorescence signals. This study introduces a sensitive and reliable analytical approach for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of α-Gal and NeuGc in glycoprotein pharmaceuticals. The methodology offers significant potential for application in process control and optimization of glycoprotein production, aimed at minimizing immunogenicity and enhancing product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weicheng Ren
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130015, China
| | - Lan Yang
- GeneScience Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Jia Feng
- GeneScience Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Shuyue Wang
- GeneScience Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Qi Hu
- GeneScience Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Hailong Liu
- GeneScience Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Jinliang Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130015, China; GeneScience Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- GeneScience Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Menghan Yan
- GeneScience Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Hongwei Yu
- GeneScience Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yingwu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130015, China.
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Ogun OJ, Thaller G, Becker D. Molecular Structural Analysis of Porcine CMAH-Native Ligand Complex and High Throughput Virtual Screening to Identify Novel Inhibitors. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050684. [PMID: 37242354 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine meat is the most consumed red meat worldwide. Pigs are also vital tools in biological and medical research. However, xenoreactivity between porcine's N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and human anti-Neu5Gc antibodies poses a significant challenge. On the one hand, dietary Neu5Gc intake has been connected to particular human disorders. On the other hand, some pathogens connected to pig diseases have a preference for Neu5Gc. The Cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) catalyses the conversion of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) to Neu5Gc. In this study, we predicted the tertiary structure of CMAH, performed molecular docking, and analysed the protein-native ligand complex. We performed a virtual screening from a drug library of 5M compounds and selected the two top inhibitors with Vina scores of -9.9 kcal/mol for inhibitor 1 and -9.4 kcal/mol for inhibitor 2. We further analysed their pharmacokinetic and pharmacophoric properties. We conducted stability analyses of the complexes with molecular dynamic simulations of 200 ns and binding free energy calculations. The overall analyses revealed the inhibitors' stable binding, which was further validated by the MMGBSA studies. In conclusion, this result may pave the way for future studies to determine how to inhibit CMAH activities. Further in vitro studies can provide in-depth insight into these compounds' therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwamayowa Joshua Ogun
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Georg Thaller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Doreen Becker
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
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Aschheim K, DeFrancesco L. Xenotransplantation: how close are we? Nat Biotechnol 2023; 41:452-460. [PMID: 37024680 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-01730-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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8
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He E, Quan W, Luo J, Liu C, Zheng W, Shen Q. Absorption and Transport Mechanism of Red Meat-Derived N-glycolylneuraminic Acid and Its Damage to Intestinal Barrier Function through the NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15020132. [PMID: 36828446 PMCID: PMC9966629 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) is a specific factor in red meat that induces intestinal disease. Our aim was to investigate the effect of Neu5Gc on the intestinal barrier as well as its mechanism of endocytosis and exocytosis. Ten specific inhibitors were used to explore the mechanism of Neu5Gc endocytosis and exocytosis by Caco-2 cells. Amiloride hydrochloride and cytochalasin D had the strongest inhibitory effect on the endocytosis of Neu5Gc. Sodium azide, dynasore, chlorpromazine hydrochloride, and nystatin also inhibited Neu5Gc endocytosis. Dynasore exhibited a stronger inhibitory effect than that of chlorpromazine hydrochloride or nystatin alone. Exocytosis inhibitors, including nocodazole, brefeldin A, monensin, and bafilomycin A, inhibited the transmembrane transport of Neu5Gc. Monensin promoted the exocytosis of Neu5Gc from Caco-2 cells. In another experiment, we observed no significant inhibitory effects of monensin and brefeldin A. Dietary concentrations of Neu5Gc induced prominent damage to intestinal tight junction proteins zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), occludin, and claudin-1 and promoted the phosphorylation of IκB-α and P65 to activate the canonical Nuclear Factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway. Neu5Gc increased the RNA levels of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α and inhibited those of anti-inflammatory factors TGF-β and IL-10. BAY, an NF-κB signaling pathway inhibitor, attenuated these changes. Reductions in the levels of ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-1 were recovered in response to BAY. Our data reveal the endocytosis and exocytosis mechanism of Neu5Gc and prove that Neu5Gc can activate the canonical NF-κB signaling pathway, regulate the transcription of inflammatory factors, thereby damaging intestinal barrier function.
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9
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Immune disguise: the mechanisms of Neu5Gc inducing autoimmune and transplant rejection. Genes Immun 2022; 23:175-182. [PMID: 36151402 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-022-00182-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Organ (stem cell) transplantation is the most effective treatment for advanced organ failure. Neu5Gc (N-hydroxyacetylneuraminic acid) is a pathogenic non-human sialic acid, which is very similar to the molecular structure of Neu5Ac (N-acetylneuraminic acid) in human body. Neu5Gc has the function of "immune disguise", which is the main obstacle to transplantation. Gene knockout such as cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminidase (CMAH) reduces donor antigenicity, making xenotransplantation from fiction to reality. Exploring the immune disguise event in this emerging field has become a hot topic in the research of transplantation immune tolerance mechanism.
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Ogun OJ, Thaller G, Becker D. An Overview of the Importance and Value of Porcine Species in Sialic Acid Research. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060903. [PMID: 35741423 PMCID: PMC9219854 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Humans frequently interact with pigs and porcine meat is the most consumed red meat in the world. In addition, due to the many physiological and anatomical similarities shared between pigs and humans, in contrast to most mammalian species, pigs are a suitable model organism and pig organs can be used for xenotransplantation. However, one major challenge of porcine meat consumption and xenotransplantation is the xenoreactivity between red meat Neu5Gc sialic acid and human anti-Neu5Gc antibodies, which are associated with certain diseases and disorders. Furthermore, pigs express both α2-3 and α2-6 Sia linkages that could serve as viable receptors for viral infections, reassortments, and cross-species transmission of viruses. Therefore, pigs play a significant role in sialic acid research and, in general, in human health. Abstract Humans frequently interact with pigs, whose meat is also one of the primary sources of animal protein. They are one of the main species at the center of sialic acid (Sia) research. Sias are sugars at terminals of glycoconjugates, are expressed at the cell surfaces of mammals, and are important in cellular interactions. N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) are notable Sias in mammals. Cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) encodes the CMAH enzyme that biosynthesizes Neu5Gc. Although humans cannot endogenously synthesize Neu5Gc due to the inactivation of this gene by a mutation, Neu5Gc can be metabolically incorporated into human tissues from red meat consumption. Interactions between Neu5Gc and human anti-Neu5Gc antibodies have been associated with certain diseases and disorders. In this review, we summarized the sialic acid metabolic pathway, its regulation and link to viral infections, as well as the importance of the pig as a model organism in Sia research, making it a possible source of Neu5Gc antigens affecting human health. Future research in solving the structures of crucial enzymes involved in Sia metabolism, as well as their regulation and interactions with other enzymes, especially CMAH, could help to understand their function and reduce the amount of Neu5Gc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwamayowa Joshua Ogun
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany;
- Correspondence: (O.J.O.); (D.B.)
| | - Georg Thaller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Doreen Becker
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
- Correspondence: (O.J.O.); (D.B.)
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Holdcraft RW, Graham MJ, Bemrose MA, Mutch LA, Martis PC, Janecek JL, Hall RD, Smith BH, Gazda LS. Long-term efficacy and safety of porcine islet macrobeads in nonimmunosuppressed diabetic cynomolgus macaques. Xenotransplantation 2022; 29:e12747. [PMID: 35384085 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although human islet transplantation has proven to provide clinical benefits, especially the near complete amelioration of hypoglycemia, the supply of human islets is limited and insufficient to meet the needs of all people that could benefit from islet transplantation. Porcine islets, secreting insulin nearly identical to that of human insulin, have been proposed as a viable supply of unlimited islets. Further, encapsulation of the porcine islets has been shown to reduce or eliminate the use of immunosuppressive therapy that would be required to prevent rejection of the foreign islet tissue. The goal of the current study was to determine the long-term safety and efficacy of agarose encapsulated porcine islets (macrobeads) in diabetic cynomolgus macaques, in a study emulating a proposed IND trial in which daily exogenous insulin therapy would be reduced by 50% with no loss of glucose regulation. Four of six animals implanted with macrobeads demonstrated ≥ 30% reduction in insulin requirements in year 1 of follow-up. Animals were followed for 2, 3.5, and 7.4 years with no serious adverse events, mortality or evidence of pathogen transmission. This study supports the continued pursuit of encapsulated porcine islet therapy as a promising treatment option for diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melanie J Graham
- Preclinical Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Lucas A Mutch
- Preclinical Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Jody L Janecek
- Preclinical Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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Singh AK, Goerlich CE, Shah AM, Zhang T, Tatarov I, Ayares D, Horvath KA, Mohiuddin MM. Cardiac Xenotransplantation: Progress in Preclinical Models and Prospects for Clinical Translation. Transpl Int 2022; 35:10171. [PMID: 35401039 PMCID: PMC8985160 DOI: 10.3389/ti.2022.10171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Survival of pig cardiac xenografts in a non-human primate (NHP) model has improved significantly over the last 4 years with the introduction of costimulation blockade based immunosuppression (IS) and genetically engineered (GE) pig donors. The longest survival of a cardiac xenograft in the heterotopic (HHTx) position was almost 3 years and only rejected when IS was stopped. Recent reports of cardiac xenograft survival in a life-sustaining orthotopic (OHTx) position for 6 months is a significant step forward. Despite these achievements, there are still several barriers to the clinical success of xenotransplantation (XTx). This includes the possible transmission of porcine pathogens with pig donors and continued xenograft growth after XTx. Both these concerns, and issues with additional incompatibilities, have been addressed recently with the genetic modification of pigs. This review discusses the spectrum of issues related to cardiac xenotransplantation, recent progress in preclinical models, and its feasibility for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avneesh K. Singh
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Corbin E. Goerlich
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Aakash M. Shah
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Tianshu Zhang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ivan Tatarov
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Keith A. Horvath
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Muhammad M. Mohiuddin
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Muhammad M. Mohiuddin,
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13
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Senage T, Paul A, Le Tourneau T, Fellah-Hebia I, Vadori M, Bashir S, Galiñanes M, Bottio T, Gerosa G, Evangelista A, Badano LP, Nassi A, Costa C, Cesare G, Manji RA, Cueff de Monchy C, Piriou N, Capoulade R, Serfaty JM, Guimbretière G, Dantan E, Ruiz-Majoral A, Coste du Fou G, Leviatan Ben-Arye S, Govani L, Yehuda S, Bachar Abramovitch S, Amon R, Reuven EM, Atiya-Nasagi Y, Yu H, Iop L, Casós K, Kuguel SG, Blasco-Lucas A, Permanyer E, Sbraga F, Llatjós R, Moreno-Gonzalez G, Sánchez-Martínez M, Breimer ME, Holgersson J, Teneberg S, Pascual-Gilabert M, Nonell-Canals A, Takeuchi Y, Chen X, Mañez R, Roussel JC, Soulillou JP, Cozzi E, Padler-Karavani V. The role of antibody responses against glycans in bioprosthetic heart valve calcification and deterioration. Nat Med 2022; 28:283-294. [PMID: 35177855 PMCID: PMC8863575 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01682-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bioprosthetic heart valves (BHVs) are commonly used to replace severely diseased heart valves but their susceptibility to structural valve degeneration (SVD) limits their use in young patients. We hypothesized that antibodies against immunogenic glycans present on BHVs, particularly antibodies against the xenoantigens galactose-α1,3-galactose (αGal) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), could mediate their deterioration through calcification. We established a large longitudinal prospective international cohort of patients (n = 1668, 34 ± 43 months of follow-up (0.1–182); 4,998 blood samples) to investigate the hemodynamics and immune responses associated with BHVs up to 15 years after aortic valve replacement. Early signs of SVD appeared in <5% of BHV recipients within 2 years. The levels of both anti-αGal and anti-Neu5Gc IgGs significantly increased one month after BHV implantation. The levels of these IgGs declined thereafter but anti-αGal IgG levels declined significantly faster in control patients compared to BHV recipients. Neu5Gc, anti-Neu5Gc IgG and complement deposition were found in calcified BHVs at much higher levels than in calcified native aortic valves. Moreover, in mice, anti-Neu5Gc antibodies were unable to promote calcium deposition on subcutaneously implanted BHV tissue engineered to lack αGal and Neu5Gc antigens. These results indicate that BHVs manufactured using donor tissues deficient in αGal and Neu5Gc could be less prone to immune-mediated deterioration and have improved durability. In a large cohort of patients who underwent aortic valve replacement, antibody responses to glycans present in bioprosthetic heart valves, notably galactose-α1,3-galactose and N-glycolylneuraminic acid, were implicated in valve calcification and deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Senage
- Institut du Thorax, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1087, University Hospital, Nantes, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1246-SPHERE, Nantes University, Tours University, Nantes, France
| | - Anu Paul
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thierry Le Tourneau
- Institut du Thorax, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1087, University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Imen Fellah-Hebia
- Institut du Thorax, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1087, University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Marta Vadori
- Consortium for Research in Organ Transplantation, Ospedale Giustinianeo, Padova, Italy
| | - Salam Bashir
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Manuel Galiñanes
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Reparative Therapy of the Heart, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tomaso Bottio
- Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine Group, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gino Gerosa
- Department of Cardiac, Vascular and Thoracic Sciences and Public Health University of Padova, L.I.F.E.L.A.B. Program Veneto Region, Padova, Italy
| | - Arturo Evangelista
- Department of Cardiology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institut, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luigi P Badano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Department of Cardiology, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, San Luca Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Nassi
- Transplantation Immunology Unit, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Cristina Costa
- Infectious Diseases and Transplantation Division, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Rizwan A Manji
- Department of Surgery, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba Cardiac Sciences Program, St Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Caroline Cueff de Monchy
- Institut du Thorax, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1087, University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Nicolas Piriou
- Institut du Thorax, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1087, University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Romain Capoulade
- Institut du Thorax, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1087, University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Michel Serfaty
- Institut du Thorax, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1087, University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Guillaume Guimbretière
- Institut du Thorax, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1087, University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Etienne Dantan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1246-SPHERE, Nantes University, Tours University, Nantes, France
| | - Alejandro Ruiz-Majoral
- Department of Cardiology, Bellvitge University Hospital, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guénola Coste du Fou
- Institut du Thorax, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1087, University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Shani Leviatan Ben-Arye
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Liana Govani
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sharon Yehuda
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shirley Bachar Abramovitch
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ron Amon
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eliran Moshe Reuven
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yafit Atiya-Nasagi
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Laura Iop
- Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine Group, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Department of Cardiac, Vascular and Thoracic Sciences and Public Health University of Padova, L.I.F.E.L.A.B. Program Veneto Region, Padova, Italy.,Department of Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Kelly Casós
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Reparative Therapy of the Heart, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Infectious Diseases and Transplantation Division, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cardiovascular Disease at the Vall d'Hebron Institut Research, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastián G Kuguel
- Infectious Diseases and Transplantation Division, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arnau Blasco-Lucas
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Reparative Therapy of the Heart, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Cardiac Surgery Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Permanyer
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Reparative Therapy of the Heart, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Quironsalud Teknon Heart Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fabrizio Sbraga
- Cardiac Surgery Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roger Llatjós
- Pathology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gabriel Moreno-Gonzalez
- Infectious Diseases and Transplantation Division, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Intensive Care Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Michael E Breimer
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Holgersson
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susann Teneberg
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Yasuhiro Takeuchi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rafael Mañez
- Infectious Diseases and Transplantation Division, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. .,Intensive Care Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jean-Christian Roussel
- Institut du Thorax, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1087, University Hospital, Nantes, France.
| | - Jean-Paul Soulillou
- Institut de Transplantation-Urologie-Néphrologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1064, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France.
| | - Emanuele Cozzi
- Transplantation Immunology Unit, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy.
| | - Vered Padler-Karavani
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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14
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Cozzi E, Schneeberger S, Bellini MI, Berglund E, Böhmig G, Fowler K, Hoogduijn M, Jochmans I, Marckmann G, Marson L, Neuberger J, Oberbauer R, Pierson RN, Reichart B, Scobie L, White C, Naesens M. Organ transplants of the future: planning for innovations including xenotransplantation. Transpl Int 2021; 34:2006-2018. [PMID: 34459040 DOI: 10.1111/tri.14031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The future clinical application of animal-to-human transplantation (xenotransplantation) is of importance to society as a whole. Favourable preclinical data relevant to cell, tissue and solid organ xenotransplants have been obtained from many animal models utilizing genetic engineering and protocols of pathogen-free husbandry. Findings have reached a tipping point, and xenotransplantation of solid organs is approaching clinical evaluation, the process of which now requires close deliberation. Such discussions include considering when there is sufficient evidence from preclinical animal studies to start first-in-human xenotransplantation trials. The present article is based on evidence and opinions formulated by members of the European Society for Organ Transplantation who are involved in the Transplantation Learning Journey project. The article includes a brief overview of preclinical concepts and biology of solid organ xenotransplantation, discusses the selection of candidates for first-in-human studies and considers requirements for study design and conduct. In addition, the paper emphasizes the need for a regulatory framework for xenotransplantation of solid organs and the essential requirement for input from public and patient stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Cozzi
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Transplant Immunology Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Stefan Schneeberger
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maria Irene Bellini
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini, Rome, Italy
| | - Erik Berglund
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Division of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska Institute and ITB-MED, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georg Böhmig
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kevin Fowler
- The Voice of the Patient, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Martin Hoogduijn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ina Jochmans
- Transplantation Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Georg Marckmann
- Institute of Ethics, History and Theory of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lorna Marson
- The Edinburgh Transplant Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | - Richard N Pierson
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruno Reichart
- Walter Brendel Center for Experimental Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Linda Scobie
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Maarten Naesens
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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15
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CRISPR/Cas Technology in Pig-to-Human Xenotransplantation Research. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063196. [PMID: 33801123 PMCID: PMC8004187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats linked to Cas nuclease) technology has revolutionized many aspects of genetic engineering research. Thanks to it, it became possible to study the functions and mechanisms of biology with greater precision, as well as to obtain genetically modified organisms, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic. The changes introduced by the CRISPR/Cas system are based on the repair paths of the single or double strand DNA breaks that cause insertions, deletions, or precise integrations of donor DNA. These changes are crucial for many fields of science, one of which is the use of animals (pigs) as a reservoir of tissues and organs for xenotransplantation into humans. Non-genetically modified animals cannot be used to save human life and health due to acute immunological reactions resulting from the phylogenetic distance of these two species. This review is intended to collect and summarize the advantages as well as achievements of the CRISPR/Cas system in pig-to-human xenotransplantation research. In addition, it demonstrates barriers and limitations that require careful evaluation before attempting to experiment with this technology.
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16
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Yoon CH, Choi HJ, Kim MK. Corneal xenotransplantation: Where are we standing? Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 80:100876. [PMID: 32755676 PMCID: PMC7396149 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The search for alternatives to allotransplants is driven by the shortage of corneal donors and is demanding because of the limitations of the alternatives. Indeed, current progress in genetically engineered (GE) pigs, the introduction of gene-editing technology by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9, and advanced immunosuppressants have made xenotransplantation a possible option for a human trial. Porcine corneal xenotransplantation is considered applicable because the eye is regarded as an immune-privileged site. Furthermore, recent non-human primate studies have shown long-term survival of porcine xenotransplants in keratoplasty. Herein, corneal immune privilege is briefly introduced, and xenogeneic reactions are compared with allogeneic reactions in corneal transplantation. This review describes the current knowledge on special issues of xenotransplantation, xenogeneic rejection mechanisms, current immunosuppressive regimens of corneal xenotransplantation, preclinical efficacy and safety data of corneal xenotransplantation, and updates of the regulatory framework to conduct a clinical trial on corneal xenotransplantation. We also discuss barriers that might prevent xenotransplantation from becoming common practice, such as ethical dilemmas, public concerns on xenotransplantation, and the possible risk of xenozoonosis. Given that the legal definition of decellularized porcine cornea (DPC) lies somewhere between a medical device and a xenotransplant, the preclinical efficacy and clinical trial data using DPC are included. The review finally provides perspectives on the current standpoint of corneal xenotransplantation in the fields of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ho Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Jin Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee Kum Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Fibroblast cell derived extracellular matrix containing electrospun scaffold as a hybrid biomaterial to promote in vitro endothelial cell expansion and functionalization. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 120:111659. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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18
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Yu XH, Deng WY, Jiang HT, Li T, Wang Y. Kidney xenotransplantation: Recent progress in preclinical research. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 514:15-23. [PMID: 33301767 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Kidney transplantation is the most effective treatment for end-stage renal disease, but is limited by the increasing shortage of deceased and living human donor kidneys. Xenotransplantation using pig organs provides the possibility to resolve the issue of organ supply shortage and is regarded as the next great medical revolution. In the past five years, there have been sequential advances toward the prolongation of life-supporting pig kidney xenograft survival in non-human primates, with the longest survival being 499 days. This progress is due to the growing availability of pigs with multi-layered genetic modifications to overcome the pathobiological barriers and the application of a costimulation blockade-based immunosuppressive regimen. These encouraging results bring the hope to initiate the clinical trials of pig kidney transplantation in the near future. In this review, we summarized the latest advances regarding pig kidney xenotransplantation in preclinical models to provide a basis for future investigation and potential clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Yu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 460106, China; The Transplantation Institute of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 460106, China
| | - Wen-Yi Deng
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 460106, China; The Transplantation Institute of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 460106, China
| | - Hong-Tao Jiang
- Department of Organ Transplantation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 460106, China; The Transplantation Institute of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 460106, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Organ Transplantation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 460106, China; The Transplantation Institute of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 460106, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 460106, China; Department of Organ Transplantation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 460106, China; The Transplantation Institute of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 460106, China.
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19
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Host Synthesized Carbohydrate Antigens on Viral Glycoproteins as "Achilles' Heel" of Viruses Contributing to Anti-Viral Immune Protection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186702. [PMID: 32933166 PMCID: PMC7555091 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycans on enveloped viruses are synthesized by host-cell machinery. Some of these glycans on zoonotic viruses of mammalian reservoirs are recognized by human natural antibodies that may protect against such viruses. These antibodies are produced mostly against carbohydrate antigens on gastrointestinal bacteria and fortuitously, they bind to carbohydrate antigens synthesized in other mammals, neutralize and destroy viruses presenting these antigens. Two such antibodies are: anti-Gal binding to α-gal epitopes synthesized in non-primate mammals, lemurs, and New World monkeys, and anti-N-glycolyl neuraminic acid (anti-Neu5Gc) binding to N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) synthesized in apes, Old World monkeys, and many non-primate mammals. Anti-Gal appeared in Old World primates following accidental inactivation of the α1,3galactosyltransferase gene 20–30 million years ago. Anti-Neu5Gc appeared in hominins following the inactivation of the cytidine-monophosphate-N-acetyl-neuraminic acid hydroxylase gene, which led to the loss of Neu5Gc <6 million-years-ago. It is suggested that an epidemic of a lethal virus eliminated ancestral Old World-primates synthesizing α-gal epitopes, whereas few mutated offspring lacking α-gal epitopes and producing anti-Gal survived because anti-Gal destroyed viruses presenting α-gal epitopes, following replication in parental populations. Similarly, anti-Neu5Gc protected few mutated hominins lacking Neu5Gc in lethal virus epidemics that eliminated parental hominins synthesizing Neu5Gc. Since α-gal epitopes are presented on many zoonotic viruses it is suggested that vaccines elevating anti-Gal titers may be of protective significance in areas endemic for such zoonotic viruses. This protection would be during the non-primate mammal to human virus transmission, but not in subsequent human to human transmission where the virus presents human glycans. In addition, production of viral vaccines presenting multiple α-gal epitopes increases their immunogenicity because of effective anti-Gal-mediated targeting of vaccines to antigen presenting cells for extensive uptake of the vaccine by these cells.
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20
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Holzer PW, Chang E, Wicks J, Scobie L, Crossan C, Monroy R. Immunological response in cynomolgus macaques to porcine α-1,3 galactosyltransferase knockout viable skin xenotransplants-A pre-clinical study. Xenotransplantation 2020; 27:e12632. [PMID: 32781479 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allogeneic skin recovered from human deceased donors (HDD) has been a mainstay interim treatment for severe burns, but unfortunately risk of infectious disease and availability limitations exist. Genetically engineered ɑ-1,3 galactosyltransferase knockout (GalT-KO) porcine source animals for viable skin xenotransplants may provide a promising clinical alternative. METHODS Four cynomolgus macaque recipients received full-thickness surgical wounds to model the defects arising from excision of full-thickness burn injury and were treated with biologically active skin xenotransplants derived from GalT-KO, Designated Pathogen Free (DPF) miniature swine. Evaluations were conducted for safety, tolerability, and recipient immunological response. RESULTS All skin xenotransplants demonstrated prolonged survival, vascularity, and persistent dermal adhesion until the study endpoint at post-operative day 30. No adverse outcomes were observed during the study. Varying levels of epidermolysis coincided with histologic detection of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and other cellular infiltrates in the epidermis. Recipient sera IgM and IgG demonstrated significant antibody immune response to non-α-1,3-galactose porcine xenoantigens. Separately, specific wound healing mediators were quantified. Neither porcine cell migration nor PERV were detected in circulation or any visceral organs. CONCLUSIONS These results provide a detailed analysis of vital skin xenotransplants utilizing a non-human primate model to predict the anticipated immunological response of human patients. The lack of adverse rejection even in the presence of elevated Ig indicates this is a prospective therapeutic option. The findings reported here directly supported regulatory clearance for a first-in-man, Phase I xenotransplantation clinical trial.
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21
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Evaluation of the CRISPR/Cas9 Genetic Constructs in Efficient Disruption of Porcine Genes for Xenotransplantation Purposes Along with an Assessment of the Off-Target Mutation Formation. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11060713. [PMID: 32604937 PMCID: PMC7349392 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing life expectancy of humans has led to an increase in the number of patients with chronic diseases and organ failure. However, the imbalance between the supply and the demand for human organs is a serious problem in modern transplantology. One of many solutions to overcome this problem is the use of xenotransplantation. The domestic pig (Sus scrofa domestica) is currently considered as the most suitable for human organ procurement. However, there are discrepancies between pigs and humans that lead to the creation of immunological barriers preventing the direct xenograft. The introduction of appropriate modifications to the pig genome to prevent xenograft rejection is crucial in xenotransplantation studies. In this study, porcine GGTA1, CMAH, β4GalNT2, vWF, ASGR1 genes were selected to introduce genetic modifications. The evaluation of three selected gRNAs within each gene was obtained, which enabled the selection of the best site for efficient introduction of changes. Modifications were examined after nucleofection of porcine primary kidney fibroblasts with CRISPR/Cas9 system genetic constructs, followed by the tracking of indels by decomposition (TIDE) analysis. In addition, off-target analysis was carried out for selected best gRNAs using the TIDE tool, which is new in the research conducted so far and shows the utility of this tool in these studies.
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22
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Shu S, Ren J, Song J. Cardiac xenotransplantation: a promising way to treat advanced heart failure. Heart Fail Rev 2020; 27:71-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s10741-020-09989-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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23
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Soulillou JP, Cozzi E, Bach JM. Challenging the Role of Diet-Induced Anti-Neu5Gc Antibodies in Human Pathologies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:834. [PMID: 32655538 PMCID: PMC7325919 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Soulillou
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (CRTI), INSERM, Université de Nantes, and Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Emanuele Cozzi
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Transplant Immunology Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Jean-Marie Bach
- IECM, Immuno-Endocrinology, USC1383, Oniris, INRAE, Nantes, France
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24
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Denner J. By definition…. Xenotransplantation 2020; 27:e12599. [PMID: 32347614 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Tector AJ, Mosser M, Tector M, Bach JM. The Possible Role of Anti-Neu5Gc as an Obstacle in Xenotransplantation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:622. [PMID: 32351506 PMCID: PMC7174778 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Seventy to ninety percentage of preformed xenoreactive antibodies in human serum bind to the galactose-α(1,3)-galactose Gal epitope, and the creation of Gal knockout (KO) pigs has eliminated hyperacute rejection as a barrier to xenotransplantation. Now other glycan antigens are barriers to move ahead with xenotransplantation, and the N-glycolyl neuraminic acid, Neu5Gc (or Hanganutziu-Deicher antigen), is also a major pig xenoantigen. Humans have anti-Neu5Gc antibodies. Several data indicate a strong immunogenicity of Neu5Gc in humans that may contribute to an important part in antibody-dependent injury to pig xenografts. Pig islets express Neu5Gc, which reacted with diet-derived human antibodies and mice deleted for Neu5Gc reject pancreatic islets from wild-type counterpart. However, Neu5Gc positive heart were not rejected in Neu5Gc KO mice indicating that the role of Neu5Gc-specific antibodies has to be nuanced and depend of the graft situation parameters (organ/tissue, recipient, implication of other glycan antigens). Recently generated Gal/Neu5Gc KO pigs eliminate the expression of Gal and Neu5Gc, and improve the crossmatch of humans with the pig. This review summarizes the current and recent experimental and (pre)clinical data on the Neu5Gc immunogenicity and emphasize of the potential impact of anti-Neu5Gc antibodies in limiting xenotransplantation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Joseph Tector
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mathilde Mosser
- Immuno-Endocrinology Unit (IECM), USC1383, Oniris, INRA, Nantes, France
| | - Matthew Tector
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jean-Marie Bach
- Immuno-Endocrinology Unit (IECM), USC1383, Oniris, INRA, Nantes, France
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26
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Yehuda S, Padler-Karavani V. Glycosylated Biotherapeutics: Immunological Effects of N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid. Front Immunol 2020; 11:21. [PMID: 32038661 PMCID: PMC6989436 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging field of biotherapeutics provides successful treatments for various diseases, yet immunogenicity and limited efficacy remain major concerns for many products. Glycosylation is a key factor determining the pharmacological properties of biotherapeutics, including their stability, solubility, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and immunogenicity. Hence, an increased attention is directed at optimizing the glycosylation properties of biotherapeutics. Currently, most biotherapeutics are produced in non-human mammalian cells in light of their ability to produce human-like glycosylation. However, most mammals produce the sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), while humans cannot due to a specific genetic defect. Humans consume Neu5Gc in their diet from mammalian derived foods (red meat and dairy) and produce polyclonal antibodies against diverse Neu5Gc-glycans. Moreover, Neu5Gc can metabolically incorporate into human cells and become presented on surface or secreted glycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. Several studies in mice suggested that the combination of Neu5Gc-containing epitopes and anti-Neu5Gc antibodies could contribute to exacerbation of chronic inflammation-mediated diseases (e.g., cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and autoimmunity). This could potentially become complicated with exposure to Neu5Gc-containing biotherapeutics, bio-devices or xenografts. Indeed, Neu5Gc can be found on various approved and marketed biotherapeutics. Here, we provide a perspective review on the possible consequences of Neu5Gc glycosylation of therapeutic protein drugs due to the limited published evidence of Neu5Gc glycosylation on marketed biotherapeutics and studies on their putative effects on immunogenicity, drug efficacy, and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Yehuda
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Vered Padler-Karavani
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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27
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Lu T, Yang B, Wang R, Qin C. Xenotransplantation: Current Status in Preclinical Research. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3060. [PMID: 32038617 PMCID: PMC6989439 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing life expectancy of humans has led to a growing numbers of patients with chronic diseases and end-stage organ failure. Transplantation is an effective approach for the treatment of end-stage organ failure; however, the imbalance between organ supply and the demand for human organs is a bottleneck for clinical transplantation. Therefore, xenotransplantation might be a promising alternative approach to bridge the gap between the supply and demand of organs, tissues, and cells; however, immunological barriers are limiting factors in clinical xenotransplantation. Thanks to advances in gene-editing tools and immunosuppressive therapy as well as the prolonged xenograft survival time in pig-to-non-human primate models, clinical xenotransplantation has become more viable. In this review, we focus on the evolution and current status of xenotransplantation research, including our current understanding of the immunological mechanisms involved in xenograft rejection, genetically modified pigs used for xenotransplantation, and progress that has been made in developing pig-to-pig-to-non-human primate models. Three main types of rejection can occur after xenotransplantation, which we discuss in detail: (1) hyperacute xenograft rejection, (2) acute humoral xenograft rejection, and (3) acute cellular rejection. Furthermore, in studies on immunological rejection, genetically modified pigs have been generated to bridge cross-species molecular incompatibilities; in the last decade, most advances made in the field of xenotransplantation have resulted from the production of genetically engineered pigs; accordingly, we summarize the genetically modified pigs that are currently available for xenotransplantation. Next, we summarize the longest survival time of solid organs in preclinical models in recent years, including heart, liver, kidney, and lung xenotransplantation. Overall, we conclude that recent achievements and the accumulation of experience in xenotransplantation mean that the first-in-human clinical trial could be possible in the near future. Furthermore, we hope that xenotransplantation and various approaches will be able to collectively solve the problem of human organ shortage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Lu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, The Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Bochao Yang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, The Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ruolin Wang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, The Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, The Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Beijing, China
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28
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Uno Y, Kawakami S, Ochiai K, Omi T. Molecular characterization of cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase ( CMAH) associated with the erythrocyte antigens in dogs. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2019; 6:9. [PMID: 31728195 PMCID: PMC6842231 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-019-0076-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) is synthesized from its precursor N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) by cytidine-5′-monophospho-N acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH), which is encoded by the CMAH gene. Most mammals have both Neu5Gc and Neu5Ac, but humans and ferrets have only Neu5Ac because of loss-of-function mutations. Dogs and cats are polymorphic for Neu5Gc and Neu5Ac expression like cats, in which the CMAH gene is responsible for the AB Blood group system. Although the CMAH gene has been characterized in many species, not much is known about it in dogs. In this study, we cloned the dog CMAH cDNA, and performed mRNA expression analysis of this gene in several organs. We also identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CMAH gene. Results We cloned the 1737-bp open reading frame of the dog CMAH gene. This gene consists of at least 14 coding exons and codes for a polypeptide of 578 amino acids and is located on chromosome 35. The amino acid identities of dog CMAH with the corresponding sequences from cat, pig, chimpanzee, mouse, and rat were high (89 to 93%). RT-PCR analysis showed that the dog CMAH cDNA was expressed in various tissues. We identified four exonic SNPs (three synonymous and one non-synonymous), 11 intronic SNPs, and an indel in 11 dog breeds by analyzing the nucleotide sequences of the 14 exons, including the coding region of CMAH. In the genotype of the non-synonymous SNP, c.554 A > G (p.Lys185Arg), in a total of 285 dogs of seven different breeds, the allele G was widely distributed, and the allele A was the most frequent in the Shiba dogs. The dogs expressing Neu5Ac did not carry the loss-of-function deletion of CMAH found in humans and ferrets, and it remains unclear whether the point mutations influence the expression of Neu5Ac. Conclusions We characterized the canine CMAH gene at the molecular level for the first time. The results obtained in this study provide essential information that will help in understanding the molecular roles of the CMAH gene in canine erythrocyte antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Uno
- Department of Basic Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8602 Japan
| | - Shota Kawakami
- Department of Basic Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8602 Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ochiai
- Department of Basic Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8602 Japan
| | - Toshinori Omi
- Department of Basic Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8602 Japan
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29
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Perota A, Galli C. N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid (Neu5Gc) Null Large Animals by Targeting the CMP-Neu5Gc Hydroxylase (CMAH). Front Immunol 2019; 10:2396. [PMID: 31681287 PMCID: PMC6803385 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The two major sialic acids described in mammalian cells are the N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and the N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac). Neu5Gc synthesis starts from the N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) precursor modified by an hydroxylic group addition catalyzed by CMP-Neu5Ac hydroxylase enzyme (CMAH). In humans, CMAH was inactivated by a 92 bp deletion occurred 2-3 million years ago. Few other mammals do not synthetize Neu5Gc, however livestock species used for food production and as a source of biological materials for medical applications carry Neu5Gc. Trace amounts of Neu5Gc are up taken through the diet and incorporated into various tissues including epithelia and endothelia cells. Humans carry "natural," diet-induced Anti-Neu5Gc antibodies and when undertaking medical treatments or receiving transplants or devices that contain animal derived products they can cause immunological reaction affecting pharmacology, immune tolerance, and severe side effect like serum sickness disease (SSD). Neu5Gc null mice have been the main experimental model to study such phenotype. With the recent advances in genome editing, pigs and cattle KO for Neu5Gc have been generated always in association with the αGal KO. These large animals are normal and fertile and provide additional experimental models to study such mutation. Moreover, they will be the base for the development of new therapeutic applications like polyclonal IgG immunotherapy, Bioprosthetic Heart Valves, cells and tissues replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Perota
- Laboratory of Reproductive Technologies, Avantea, Cremona, Italy
| | - Cesare Galli
- Laboratory of Reproductive Technologies, Avantea, Cremona, Italy.,Fondazione Avantea, Cremona, Italy
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30
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Kooner AS, Yu H, Chen X. Synthesis of N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid (Neu5Gc) and Its Glycosides. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2004. [PMID: 31555264 PMCID: PMC6724515 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids constitute a family of negatively charged structurally diverse monosaccharides that are commonly presented on the termini of glycans in higher animals and some microorganisms. In addition to N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), N-glycolyl neuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) is among the most common sialic acid forms in nature. Nevertheless, unlike most animals, human cells loss the ability to synthesize Neu5Gc although Neu5Gc-containing glycoconjugates have been found on human cancer cells and in various human tissues due to dietary incorporation of Neu5Gc. Some pathogenic bacteria also produce Neu5Ac and the corresponding glycoconjugates but Neu5Gc-producing bacteria have yet to be found. In addition to Neu5Gc, more than 20 Neu5Gc derivatives have been found in non-human vertebrates. To explore the biological roles of Neu5Gc and its naturally occurring derivatives as well as the corresponding glycans and glycoconjugates, various chemical and enzymatic synthetic methods have been developed to obtain a vast array of glycosides containing Neu5Gc and/or its derivatives. Here we provide an overview on various synthetic methods that have been developed. Among these, the application of highly efficient one-pot multienzyme (OPME) sialylation systems in synthesizing compounds containing Neu5Gc and derivatives has been proven as a powerful strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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31
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Forneris N, Burlak C. Xenotransplantation literature update, May/June 2019. Xenotransplantation 2019; 26:e12547. [PMID: 31392783 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Forneris
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Christopher Burlak
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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32
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Wojdas E, Łopata K, Nowak R, Kimsa‐Dudek M, Łopata P, Mazurek U. Expression profile of human porcine endogenous retrovirus A receptors (HuPAR‐1, HuPAR‐2) and transcription factor activator protein‐2γ (TFAP‐2C) genes in infected human fibroblasts—Model in vitro. Xenotransplantation 2019; 26:e12541. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Wojdas
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec Medical University of Silesia in Katowice Sosnowiec Poland
- Department of Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec Medical University of Silesia in Katowice Sosnowiec Poland
| | - Krzysztof Łopata
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec Medical University of Silesia in Katowice Sosnowiec Poland
| | - Roman Nowak
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec Medical University of Silesia in Katowice Sosnowiec Poland
| | - Magdalena Kimsa‐Dudek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec Medical University of Silesia in Katowice Sosnowiec Poland
| | - Paweł Łopata
- AGH University of Science and Technology in Krakow Krakow Poland
| | - Urszula Mazurek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec Medical University of Silesia in Katowice Sosnowiec Poland
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33
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Breimer ME, Holgersson J. The Structural Complexity and Animal Tissue Distribution of N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid (Neu5Gc)-Terminated Glycans. Implications for Their Immunogenicity in Clinical Xenografting. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:57. [PMID: 31428616 PMCID: PMC6690001 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc)-terminated glycans are present in all animal cells/tissues that are already used in the clinic such as bioprosthetic heart valves (BHV) as well as in those that potentially will be xenografted in the future to overcome end stage cell/organ failure. Humans, as a species lack this antigen determinant and can react with an immune response after exposure to Neu5Gc present in these products/cells/tissues. Genetically engineered source animals lacking Neu5Gc has been generated and so has animals that in addition lack the major αGal xenoantigen. The use of cells/tissues/organs from such animals may improve the long-term performance of BHV and allow future xenografting. This review summarizes the present knowledge regarding structural complexity and tissue distribution of Neu5Gc on glycans of cells/tissue/organs already used in the clinic or intended for treatment of end stage organ failure by xenografting. In addition, we briefly discuss the role of anti-Neu5Gc antibodies in the xenorejection process and how knowledge about Neu5Gc structural complexity can be used to design novel diagnostics for anti-Neu5Gc antibody detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Breimer
- Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Holgersson
- Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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34
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Le Berre L, Danger R, Mai HL, Amon R, Leviatan Ben-Arye S, Bruneau S, Senage T, Perreault H, Teraiya M, Nguyen TVH, Le Tourneau T, Yu H, Chen X, Galli C, Roussel JC, Manez R, Costa C, Brouard S, Galinanes M, Harris KM, Gitelman S, Cozzi E, Charreau B, Padler-Karavani V, Soulillou JP. Elicited and pre-existing anti-Neu5Gc antibodies differentially affect human endothelial cells transcriptome. Xenotransplantation 2019; 26:e12535. [PMID: 31293002 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Humans cannot synthesize N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) but dietary Neu5Gc can be absorbed and deposited on endothelial cells (ECs) and diet-induced anti-Neu5Gc antibodies (Abs) develop early in human life. While the interaction of Neu5Gc and diet-induced anti-Neu5Gc Abs occurs in all normal individuals, endothelium activation by elicited anti-Neu5Gc Abs following a challenge with animal-derived materials, such as following xenotransplantation, had been postulated. Ten primary human EC preparations were cultured with affinity-purified anti-Neu5Gc Abs from human sera obtained before or after exposure to Neu5Gc-glycosylated rabbit IgGs (elicited Abs). RNAs of each EC preparation stimulated in various conditions by purified Abs were exhaustively sequenced. EC transcriptomic patterns induced by elicited anti-Neu5Gc Abs, compared with pre-existing ones, were analyzed. qPCR, cytokines/chemokines release, and apoptosis were tested on some EC preparations. The data showed that anti-Neu5Gc Abs induced 967 differentially expressed (DE) genes. Most DE genes are shared following EC activation by pre-existing or anti-human T-cell globulin (ATG)-elicited anti-Neu5Gc Abs. Compared with pre-existing anti-Neu5Gc Abs, which are normal component of ECs environment, elicited anti-Neu5Gc Abs down-regulated 66 genes, including master genes of EC function. Furthermore, elicited anti-Neu5Gc Abs combined with complement-containing serum down-regulated most transcripts mobilized by serum alone. Both types of anti-Neu5Gc Abs-induced a dose- and complement-dependent release of selected cytokines and chemokines. Altogether, these data show that, compared with pre-existing anti-Neu5Gc Abs, ATG-elicited anti-Neu5Gc Abs specifically modulate genes related to cytokine responses, MAPkinase cascades, chemotaxis, and integrins and do not skew the EC transcriptome toward a pro-inflammatory profile in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmilla Le Berre
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (CRTI), INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Richard Danger
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (CRTI), INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Hoa L Mai
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (CRTI), INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Ron Amon
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shani Leviatan Ben-Arye
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sarah Bruneau
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (CRTI), INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Thomas Senage
- Service de Chirurgie Cardio-Thoracique, CHU Nantes, Hopital Laennec, Nantes, France
| | - Helene Perreault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Milan Teraiya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Thi Van Ha Nguyen
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (CRTI), INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Cesare Galli
- Avantea, Laboratory of Reproductive Technologies and Fondazione Avantea, Cremona, Italy
| | | | - Rafael Manez
- Intensive Care Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Infectious Diseases and Transplantation Division, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Costa
- Infectious Diseases and Transplantation Division, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sophie Brouard
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (CRTI), INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Manuel Galinanes
- Department of Cardiac Surgery/Reparative Therapy of the Heart, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute and University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kristina M Harris
- Immune Tolerance Network, Massachusetts General Hospital, Bathesda, Maryland
| | - Stephen Gitelman
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Emanuele Cozzi
- Transplantation Immunology Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Beatrice Charreau
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (CRTI), INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Vered Padler-Karavani
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jean-Paul Soulillou
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (CRTI), INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
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35
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Perota A, Lagutina I, Duchi R, Zanfrini E, Lazzari G, Judor JP, Conchon S, Bach JM, Bottio T, Gerosa G, Costa C, Galiñanes M, Roussel JC, Padler-Karavani V, Cozzi E, Soulillou JP, Galli C. Generation of cattle knockout for galactose-α1,3-galactose and N-glycolylneuraminic acid antigens. Xenotransplantation 2019; 26:e12524. [PMID: 31115108 PMCID: PMC6852128 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Two well‐characterized carbohydrate epitopes are absent in humans but present in other mammals. These are galactose‐α1,3‐galactose (αGal) and N‐glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) which are introduced by the activities of two enzymes including α(1,3) galactosyltransferase (encoded by the GGTA1 gene) and CMP‐Neu5Gc hydroxylase (encoded by the CMAH gene) that are inactive in humans but present in cattle. Hence, bovine‐derived products are antigenic in humans who receive bioprosthetic heart valves (BHVs) or those that suffer from red meat syndrome. Using programmable nucleases, we disrupted (knockout, KO) GGTA1 and CMAH genes encoding for the enzymes that catalyse the synthesis of αGal and Neu5Gc, respectively, in both male and female bovine fibroblasts. The KO in clonally selected fibroblasts was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Selected fibroblasts colonies were used for somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) to produce cloned embryos that were implanted in surrogate recipient heifers. Fifty‐three embryos were implanted in 33 recipients heifers; 3 pregnancies were carried to term and delivered 3 live calves. Primary cell cultures were established from the 3 calves and following molecular analyses confirmed the genetic deletions. FACS analysis showed the double‐KO phenotype for both antigens confirming the mutated genotypes. Availability of such cattle double‐KO model lacking both αGal and Neu5Gc offers a unique opportunity to study the functionality of BHV manufactured with tissues of potentially lower immunogenicity, as well as a possible new clinical approaches to help patients with red meat allergy syndrome due to the presence of these xenoantigens in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Perota
- Avantea, Laboratory of Reproductive Technologies, Cremona, Italy
| | - Irina Lagutina
- Avantea, Laboratory of Reproductive Technologies, Cremona, Italy
| | - Roberto Duchi
- Avantea, Laboratory of Reproductive Technologies, Cremona, Italy
| | - Elisa Zanfrini
- Avantea, Laboratory of Reproductive Technologies, Cremona, Italy
| | - Giovanna Lazzari
- Avantea, Laboratory of Reproductive Technologies, Cremona, Italy.,Fondazione Avantea, Cremona, Italy
| | - Jean Paul Judor
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Conchon
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jean Marie Bach
- IECM, Immuno-endocrinology, EA4644 Oniris, University of Nantes, USC1383 INRA, Oniris, Nantes, France
| | - Tomaso Bottio
- Cardiac Surgery Unit - Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health - Padova University School of Medicine and CORIS, Padova, Italy
| | - Gino Gerosa
- Cardiac Surgery Unit - Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health - Padova University School of Medicine and CORIS, Padova, Italy
| | - Cristina Costa
- Infectious Diseases and Transplantation Division, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Galiñanes
- Reparative Therapy of the Heart, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) and Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Autonomous University of Barcelona (AUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jean Christian Roussel
- Department of Thoracic and CardioVascular Surgery, Nantes Hospital University, Nantes, France
| | - Vered Padler-Karavani
- The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Emanuele Cozzi
- Transplant Immunology Unit, Padua General Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Jean Paul Soulillou
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Cesare Galli
- Avantea, Laboratory of Reproductive Technologies, Cremona, Italy.,Fondazione Avantea, Cremona, Italy
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36
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Leviatan Ben-Arye S, Schneider C, Yu H, Bashir S, Chen X, von Gunten S, Padler-Karavani V. Differential Recognition of Diet-Derived Neu5Gc-Neoantigens on Glycan Microarrays by Carbohydrate-Specific Pooled Human IgG and IgA Antibodies. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1565-1574. [PMID: 30994337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acids (Sias) cover vertebrate cell surface glycans. N-Acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and its hydroxylated form N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) are common Sia in mammals. Humans cannot synthesize Neu5Gc but accumulate it on cells through red-meat rich diets, generating numerous immunogenic Neu5Gc-neoantigens. Consequently, humans have diverse anti-Neu5Gc antibodies affecting xenotransplantation, cancer, atherosclerosis, and infertility. Anti-Neu5Gc antibodies circulate as IgG, IgM, and IgA isotypes; however, repertoires of the different isotypes in a large population have not been studied yet. Here, we used glycan microarrays to investigate anti-Neu5Gc IgGs and IgAs in intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or pooled human IgA, respectively. Binding patterns on microarrays fabricated with Neu5Gc- and Neu5Ac-glycans, together with inhibition assays, revealed that different IVIG preparations have highly specific anti-Neu5Gc IgG reactivity with closely related repertoires, while IgAs show cross-reactivity against several Neu5Ac-glycans. Such different anti-Neu5Gc IgG/IgA repertoires in individuals could possibly mediate distinctive effects on human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shani Leviatan Ben-Arye
- The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Cell Research and Immunology , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978 , Israel
| | | | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry , University of California-Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Salam Bashir
- The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Cell Research and Immunology , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978 , Israel
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry , University of California-Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Stephan von Gunten
- Institute of Pharmacology , University of Bern , Bern 3010 , Switzerland
| | - Vered Padler-Karavani
- The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Cell Research and Immunology , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978 , Israel
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37
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Rousse J, Salama A, Leviatan Ben-Arye S, Hruba P, Slatinska J, Evanno G, Duvaux O, Blanchard D, Yu H, Chen X, Bach JM, Padler-Karavani V, Viklicky O, Soulillou JP. Quantitative and qualitative changes in anti-Neu5Gc antibody response following rabbit anti-thymocyte IgG induction in kidney allograft recipients. Eur J Clin Invest 2019; 49:e13069. [PMID: 30620396 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies of non-human mammals are glycosylated with carbohydrate antigens, such as galactose-α-1-3-galactose (α-Gal) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). These non-human carbohydrate antigens are highly immunogenic in humans due to loss-of-function mutations of the key genes involved in their synthesis. Such immunogenic carbohydrates are expressed on therapeutic polyclonal rabbit anti-human T-cell IgGs (anti-thymocyte globulin; ATG), the most popular induction treatment in allograft recipients. To decipher the quantitative and qualitative response against these antigens in immunosuppressed patients, particularly against Neu5Gc, which may induce endothelial inflammation in both the graft and the host. We report a prospective study of the antibody response against α-Gal and Neu5Gc-containing glycans following rabbit ATG induction compared to controls. We show a drop in the overall levels of anti-Neu5Gc antibodies at 6 and 12 months post-graft compared to the pre-existing levels due to the major early immunosuppression. However, in contrast, in a cross-sectional study there was a highly significant increase in anti-Neu5Gc IgGs levels at 6 months post-graft in the ATG-treated compared to non-treated patients(P = 0.007), with a clear hierarchy favouring anti-Neu5Gc over anti-Gal response. A sialoglycan microarray analysis revealed that the increased anti-Neu5Gc IgG response was still highly diverse against multiple different Neu5Gc-containing glycans. Furthermore, some of the ATG-treated patients developed a shift in their anti-Neu5Gc IgG repertoire compared with the baseline, recognizing different patterns of Neu5Gc-glycans. In contrast to Gal, Neu5Gc epitopes remain antigenic in severely immunosuppressed patients, who also develop an anti-Neu5Gc repertoire shift. The clinical implications of these observations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shani Leviatan Ben-Arye
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Petra Hruba
- Transplant Laboratory, Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Janka Slatinska
- Department of Nephrology, Transplant Center, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Jean-Marie Bach
- Immuno-Endocrinology Unit, EA4644 University/ONIRIS USC1383 INRA, Pathophysiology Department, ONIRIS-Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food Sciences, Nantes, France
| | - Vered Padler-Karavani
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ondrej Viklicky
- Transplant Laboratory, Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Nephrology, Transplant Center, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jean-Paul Soulillou
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
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38
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Li Q, Shaikh S, Iwase H, Long C, Lee W, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Ayares D, Cooper DKC, Hara H. Carbohydrate antigen expression and anti-pig antibodies in New World capuchin monkeys: Relevance to studies of xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2019; 26:e12498. [PMID: 30770572 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Old World non-human primates (OWNHPs) are used for preclinical pig-to-NHP studies. However, like pigs, OWNHPs express Neu5Gc, and therefore do not develop natural anti-Neu5Gc antibodies. New World NHPs (NWNHPs) have been reported not to express Neu5Gc. We investigated the potential of NWNHPs in xenotransplantation research. METHODS We investigated expression of Gal, Neu5Gc, and Sda antigens on RBCs and PBMCs from humans, selected OWNHPs, and capuchin monkeys (a NWNHP). Serum anti-Gal and anti-Neu5Gc IgM and IgG levels were measured by ELISA. Binding of primate serum IgM and IgG to pig RBCs was measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS (a) Neither humans, OWNHPs, or capuchin monkeys expressed Gal on their RBCs, but capuchins expressed Gal on PBMCs. Humans and capuchins did not express Neu5Gc on either RBCs or PBMCs, but OWNHPs expressed Neu5Gc on both cells. Sda was not expressed on any RBCs or PBMCs. (b) By ELISA, human and OWNHP, but not capuchin, sera showed IgM and IgG binding to Gal. Human and capuchin, but not OWNHP, sera demonstrated some binding to Neu5Gc. (c) Anti-Sda IgM/IgG antibodies were detected in OWNHP sera. Knockout of Sda on pig RBCs did not significantly reduce human and capuchin antibody binding. CONCLUSION Capuchin monkeys could be surrogates for humans in experiments using RBCs, islets, neuronal cells, etc, from triple-knockout pigs (but may be too small to be used as recipients of pig organ grafts).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Surgery, Xenotransplantation Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang City, China
| | - Sahar Shaikh
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Hayato Iwase
- Department of Surgery, Xenotransplantation Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Cassandra Long
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Whayoung Lee
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhongqiang Zhang
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Organ Transplantation and General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang City, China.,Transplantation Institute of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | | | - David K C Cooper
- Department of Surgery, Xenotransplantation Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Hidetaka Hara
- Department of Surgery, Xenotransplantation Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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McGregor CGA, Takeuchi Y, Scobie L, Byrne G. PERVading strategies and infectious risk for clinical xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2019; 25:e12402. [PMID: 30264876 PMCID: PMC6174873 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G A McGregor
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Surgery, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yasu Takeuchi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK.,Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mims, UK
| | - Linda Scobie
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Guerard Byrne
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Surgery, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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40
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Scobie L, Crossan C, Mourad NI, Galli C, Perota A, Gianello P. Viral pathogens: What are they and do they matter? Xenotransplantation 2018; 25:e12412. [PMID: 29913035 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Scobie
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Claire Crossan
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nizar I Mourad
- Laboratoire de Chirurgie Expérimentale et Transplantation, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Pierre Gianello
- Laboratoire de Chirurgie Expérimentale et Transplantation, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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41
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Soulillou JP, Süsal C, Döhler B, Opelz G. No Increase in Colon Cancer Risk Following Induction with Neu5Gc-Bearing Rabbit Anti-T Cell IgG (ATG) in Recipients of Kidney Transplants. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10090324. [PMID: 30213027 PMCID: PMC6162487 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10090324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of a mutation of the gene allowing the synthesis of the Neu5Gc form of neuraminidic acid, humans lack the Neu5Gc present in other mammals and develop anti-Neu5Gc. However, humans can absorb dietary Neu5Gc and normal colon epithelium displays minute amounts of Neu5Gc. The potential "physiological" formation of in situ immune complexes has been proposed as a risk factor for colon cancer and as the link between red meat-rich diet and colon carcinoma. In this article, we took advantage of evidence that polyclonal rabbit IgG (ATG) elicits an immune response against Neu5Gc and we consulted a large data base of allograft recipients treated or not with animal-derived IgG to discuss this hypothesis. Based on data from 173,960 and 38,505 patients without and with ATG induction, respectively, we found no evidence that exposure to higher levels of anti-Neu5Gc is associated with a higher incidence of colon carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Soulillou
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France.
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France.
| | - Caner Süsal
- Institute of Immunology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Bernd Döhler
- Institute of Immunology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Gerhard Opelz
- Institute of Immunology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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42
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Naeimi Kararoudi M, Hejazi SS, Elmas E, Hellström M, Naeimi Kararoudi M, Padma AM, Lee D, Dolatshad H. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/Cas9 Gene Editing Technique in Xenotransplantation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1711. [PMID: 30233563 PMCID: PMC6134075 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically modified pigs have been considered favorable resources in xenotransplantation. Microinjection of randomly integrating transgenes into zygotes, somatic cell nuclear transfer, homologous recombination, zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, and most recently, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-cas9 (CRISPR/Cas9) are the techniques that have been used to generate these animals. Here, we provide an overview of the CRISPR approaches that have been used to modify genes which are vital in improving xenograft survival rate, including cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase, B1,4N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase, isoglobotrihexosylceramide synthase, class I MHC, von Willebrand factor, C3, and porcine endogenous retroviruses. In addition, we will mention the importance of potential candidate genes which could be targeted using CRISPR/Cas9.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seyyed S Hejazi
- Department of Basic Science of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ezgi Elmas
- The Childhood Cancer Center at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Mats Hellström
- Laboratory for Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maryam Naeimi Kararoudi
- Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arvind M Padma
- Laboratory for Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dean Lee
- The Childhood Cancer Center at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Hamid Dolatshad
- Bloodwise Molecular Haematology Unit, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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43
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Choi SH, Yoon CH, Lee HJ, Kim HP, Kim JM, Che JH, Roh KM, Choi HJ, Kim J, Hwang ES, Park CG, Kim MK. Long-term safety outcome of systemic immunosuppression in pig-to-nonhuman primate corneal xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2018; 25:e12442. [PMID: 30264877 PMCID: PMC6166667 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Safety concerns exist for corneal recipients under immunosuppression. We report long-term safety results of porcine corneal xenotransplantation under immunosuppression in nonhuman primates. METHODS Systemic monitoring data from 49 Chinese rhesus macaques that received pig corneal transplant between 2009 and 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. The recipients were divided into 4 groups depending on the systemic immunosuppressants used: (a) conventional steroid group; costimulation blockade groups ([b] anti-CD154 antibody, [c] anti-CD40 antibody); and (d) commercially available immunosuppressants (anti-CD20 antibody, tacrolimus, basiliximab) group. We compared results of general condition monitoring; hematologic, biochemical, and electrolyte tests; and Rhesus Cytomegalovirus infection monitoring. RESULTS All recipients recovered from early weight loss. White blood cell counts significantly decreased at 6 months in the steroid and anti-CD154 groups. Abnormal liver and kidney function and electrolyte imbalance were not observed in all groups. The mean value of Rhesus Cytomegalovirus DNA copies was consistently lower than 200 copies/mL, and antibody titers did not change over time in all groups. Tacrolimus-associated thrombotic microangiopathy was developed in one case, which resolved after discontinuation of tacrolimus. In 2017, a simian varicella virus outbreak led to clinical signs in 5 that received immunosuppressive therapies, of which 3 died. CONCLUSION Costimulatory blockade-based and anti-CD20 antibody/tacrolimus-based immunosuppressive therapies seem to be comparably safe with steroid therapy in nonhuman primates receiving corneal xenotransplantation, as they did not reactivate Rhesus Cytomegalovirus and maintained manageable systemic status. Although reactivation is rare, antiviral prophylaxis for simian varicella virus should be considered in immunocompromised hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Hyun Choi
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Translational Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Ho Yoon
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Translational Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Lee
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Pyo Kim
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Min Kim
- Translational Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwan Che
- Translational Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Min Roh
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Jin Choi
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Translational Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung-Soo Hwang
- Translational Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung-Gyu Park
- Translational Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee Kum Kim
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Translational Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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44
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Paul A, Padler-Karavani V. Evolution of sialic acids: Implications in xenotransplant biology. Xenotransplantation 2018; 25:e12424. [PMID: 29932472 PMCID: PMC6756921 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
All living cells are covered with a dense “sugar-coat” of carbohydrate chains (glycans) conjugated to proteins and lipids. The cell surface glycome is determined by a non-template driven process related to the collection of enzymes that assemble glycans in a sequential manner. In mammals, many of these glycans are topped with sialic acids (Sia), a large family of acidic sugars. The “Sialome” is highly diverse owing to various Sia types, linkage to underlying glycans, range of carriers, and complex spatial organization. Presented at the front of cells, Sia play a major role in immunity and recognition of “self” versus “non-self,” largely mediated by the siglecs family of Sia-binding host receptors. Albeit many mammalian pathogens have evolved to hijack this recognition system to avoid host immune attack, presenting a fascinating host-pathogen evolutionary arms race. Similarly, cancer cells exploit Sia for their own survival and propagation. As part of this ongoing fitness, humans lost the ability to synthesize the Sia type N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), in contrast to other mammals. While this loss had provided an advantage against certain pathogens, humans are continuously exposed to Neu5Gc through mammalian-derived diet (eg, red meat), consequently generating a complex immune response against it. Circulating anti-Neu5Gc antibodies together with Neu5Gc on some human tissues mediate chronic inflammation “xenosialitis” that exacerbate various human diseases (eg, cancer and atherosclerosis). Similarly, Neu5Gc-containing xenografts are exposed to human anti-Neu5Gc antibodies with implications to sustainability. This review aimed to provide a glimpse into the evolution of Sia and their implications to xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Paul
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Vered Padler-Karavani
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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45
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Cowan PJ. The 2017 IXA Presidential Lecture: Recent developments in xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2018; 25:e12416. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Cowan
- Immunology Research Centre; St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne; Department of Medicine; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. Australia
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46
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Weiss RA. Infection hazards of xenotransplantation: Retrospect and prospect. Xenotransplantation 2018; 25:e12401. [PMID: 29756309 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin A Weiss
- Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London, UK
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47
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Denner J, Scobie L, Schuurman HJ. Is it currently possible to evaluate the risk posed by PERVs for clinical xenotransplantation? Xenotransplantation 2018; 25:e12403. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Linda Scobie
- School of Health and Life Sciences; Glasgow Caledonian University; Glasgow UK
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48
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Weiss RA. Remembering Jan Svoboda: A Personal Reflection. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040203. [PMID: 29670049 PMCID: PMC5923497 DOI: 10.3390/v10040203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Czech scientist Jan Svoboda was a pioneer of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). In the 1960s, before the discovery of reverse transcriptase, he demonstrated the long-term persistence of the viral genome in non-productive mammalian cells, and he supported the DNA provirus hypothesis of Howard Temin. He showed how the virus can be rescued in the infectious form and elucidated the replication-competent nature of the Prague strain of RSV later used for the identification of the src oncogene. His studies straddled molecular oncology and virology, and he remained an active contributor to the field until his death last year. Throughout the 50 years that I was privileged to know Svoboda as my mentor and friend, I admired his depth of scientific inquiry and his steadfast integrity in the face of political oppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin A Weiss
- Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Łopata K, Wojdas E, Nowak R, Łopata P, Mazurek U. Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus (PERV) - Molecular Structure and Replication Strategy in the Context of Retroviral Infection Risk of Human Cells. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:730. [PMID: 29755422 PMCID: PMC5932395 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The xenotransplantation of porcine tissues may help overcome the shortage of human organs for transplantation. However, there are some concerns about recipient safety because the risk of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) transmission to human cells remains unknown. Although, to date, no PERV infections have been noted in vivo, the possibility of such infections has been confirmed in vitro. Better understanding of the structure and replication cycle of PERVs is a prerequisite for determining the risk of infection and planning PERV-detection strategies. This review presents the current state of knowledge about the structure and replication cycle of PERVs in the context of retroviral infection risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Łopata
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Emilia Wojdas
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.,Department of Instrumental Analysis, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Roman Nowak
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Paweł Łopata
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Urszula Mazurek
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Yamamoto T, Iwase H, King TW, Hara H, Cooper DKC. Skin xenotransplantation: Historical review and clinical potential. Burns 2018; 44:1738-1749. [PMID: 29602717 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2018.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Half a million patients in the USA alone require treatment for burns annually. Following an extensive burn, it may not be possible to provide sufficient autografts in a single setting. Pig skin xenografts may provide temporary coverage. However, preformed xenoreactive antibodies in the human recipient activate complement, and thus result in rapid rejection of the graft. Because burn patients usually have some degree of immune dysfunction and are therefore at increased risk of infection, immunosuppressive therapy is undesirable. Genetic engineering of the pig has increased the survival of pig heart, kidney, islet, and corneal grafts in immunosuppressed non-human primates from minutes to months or occasionally years. We summarize the current status of research into skin xenotransplantation for burns, with special emphasis on developments in genetic engineering of pigs to protect the graft from immunological injury. A genetically-engineered pig skin graft now survives as long as an allograft and, importantly, rejection of a skin xenograft is not detrimental to a subsequent allograft. Nevertheless, currently, systemic immunosuppressive therapy would still be required to inhibit a cellular response, and so we discuss what further genetic manipulations could be carried out to inhibit the cellular response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Yamamoto
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hayato Iwase
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Timothy W King
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hidetaka Hara
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - David K C Cooper
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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