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Lang F, Schrörs B, Löwer M, Türeci Ö, Sahin U. Identification of neoantigens for individualized therapeutic cancer vaccines. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:261-282. [PMID: 35105974 PMCID: PMC7612664 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00387-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Somatic mutations in cancer cells can generate tumour-specific neoepitopes, which are recognized by autologous T cells in the host. As neoepitopes are not subject to central immune tolerance and are not expressed in healthy tissues, they are attractive targets for therapeutic cancer vaccines. Because the vast majority of cancer mutations are unique to the individual patient, harnessing the full potential of this rich source of targets requires individualized treatment approaches. Many computational algorithms and machine-learning tools have been developed to identify mutations in sequence data, to prioritize those that are more likely to be recognized by T cells and to design tailored vaccines for every patient. In this Review, we fill the gaps between the understanding of basic mechanisms of T cell recognition of neoantigens and the computational approaches for discovery of somatic mutations and neoantigen prediction for cancer immunotherapy. We present a new classification of neoantigens, distinguishing between guarding, restrained and ignored neoantigens, based on how they confer proficient antitumour immunity in a given clinical context. Such context-based differentiation will contribute to a framework that connects neoantigen biology to the clinical setting and medical peculiarities of cancer, and will enable future neoantigen-based therapies to provide greater clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Lang
- TRON Translational Oncology, Mainz, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ugur Sahin
- BioNTech, Mainz, Germany.
- University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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Zhang H, Qin G, Yu H, Han X, Zhu S. Comprehensive genomic and immunophenotypic analysis of CD4 T cell infiltrating human triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:1649-1665. [PMID: 33301062 PMCID: PMC8139937 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02807-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the gene expression module of tumor-infiltrating CD4+T cells and its potential roles in modulating immune cell functions in triple-negative breast cancer. Differentially expressed genes were identified by comparison of the expression profile in CD4+T cells isolated from tumor tissues and peripheral blood of TNBC patients respectively. The differential expression analysis was conducted using R, and then the functional and pathway enrichment of the DEGs were analyzed using GSEA, followed by integrated regulatory network construction and genetic analysis of tumor-infiltrating immune cells based on a scientific deconvolution algorithm. As a result, abundant Treg and exhausted lymphocytes were detected, accompanied by largely decreased of effector/memory and cytotoxic T cells. Immune-related gene correlation analysis showed that the extent of follicular helper T cells gene expression signatures were inversely associated with those of CD4+ naive T cells and CD4+ memory resting T cells, but positively correlated with that of CD4+ memory activated T cells. In addition, we found five core genes including IFNG, CTLA4, FAS, CXCR6, and JUN were significantly over expressed in CD4+ TILs which may contribute to exhaustion of lymphocytes and participate in biological processes associated with regulation of chemotaxis. Study provides a comprehensive understanding of the roles of DEGs associated with the chemotactic and exhausted immunophenotypes of CD4+ TILs that are a valuable resource from which future investigation may be carried out to better understand the mechanisms that promote TNBC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunity, Center of Infection and Immunization, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cancer Hospital Affiliated To Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guohui Qin
- grid.412633.1Biotherapy Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Yu
- Henan Animal Health Supervision Institute, Zhengzhou, 450008 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu Han
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunity, Center of Infection and Immunization, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cancer Hospital Affiliated To Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 People’s Republic of China
| | - Sha Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunity, Center of Infection and Immunization, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cancer Hospital Affiliated To Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China.
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Targeting PD-1 in cancer: Biological insights with a focus on breast cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2019; 142:35-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Cai W, Zhou D, Wu W, Tan WL, Wang J, Zhou C, Lou Y. MHC class II restricted neoantigen peptides predicted by clonal mutation analysis in lung adenocarcinoma patients: implications on prognostic immunological biomarker and vaccine design. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:582. [PMID: 30075702 PMCID: PMC6090856 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4958-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutant peptides presented by MHC (major histocompatibility complex) Class II in cancer are important targets for cancer immunotherapy. Both animal studies and clinical trials in cancer patients showed that CD4 T cells specific to tumor-derived mutant peptides are essential for the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade therapy by PD1 antibody. Results In this study, we analyzed the next generation sequencing data of 147 lung adenocarcinoma patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas and predicted neoantigens presented by MHC Class I and Class II molecules. We found 18,175 expressed clonal somatic mutations, with an average of 124 per patient. The presentation of mutant peptides by an HLA(human leukocyte antigen) Class II molecule, HLA DRB1, were predicted by NetMHCIIpan3.1. 8804 neo-peptides, including 375 strong binders and 8429 weak binders were found. For HLA DRB1*01:01, 54 strong binders and 896 weak binders were found. The most commonly mutated genes with predicted neo-antigens are KRAS, TTN, RYR2, MUC16, TP53, USH2A, ZFHX4, KEAP1, STK11, FAT3, NAV3 and EGFR. Conclusions Our results support the feasibility of discovering individualized HLA Class II presented mutant peptides as candidates for immunodiagnosis and immunotherapy of lung adenocarcinoma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4958-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijing Cai
- Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital affiliated with Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Dapeng Zhou
- Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital affiliated with Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Weibo Wu
- Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital affiliated with Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Wen Ling Tan
- Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital affiliated with Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jiaqian Wang
- YuceBio Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Caicun Zhou
- Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital affiliated with Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yanyan Lou
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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Induction of anergic or regulatory tumor-specific CD4 + T cells in the tumor-draining lymph node. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2113. [PMID: 29844317 PMCID: PMC5974295 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04524-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cell antitumor responses have mostly been studied in transplanted tumors expressing secreted model antigens (Ags), while most mutated proteins in human cancers are not secreted. The fate of Ag-specific CD4+ T cells recognizing a cytoplasmic Ag in mice bearing autochthonous tumors is still unclear. Here we show, using a genetically engineered lung adenocarcinoma mouse model, that naive tumor-specific CD4+ T cells are activated and proliferate in the tumor-draining lymph node (TdLN) but do not differentiate into effectors or accumulate in tumors. Instead, these CD4+ T cells are driven toward anergy or peripherally-induced Treg (pTreg) differentiation, from the early stage of tumor development. This bias toward immune suppression is restricted to the TdLN, and is maintained by Tregs enriched in the tumor Ag-specific cell population. Thus, tumors may enforce a dominant inhibition of the anti-tumor CD4 response in the TdLN by recapitulating peripheral self-tolerance mechanisms. Tumor neoantigens can be drained to the lymph nodes, but the nature and the significance of the induced immune responses are still unclear. Here the authors use a mouse genetic tumor model to show that tumor-specific CD4 T cells can become anergic or suppressive in the draining lymph node to modulate tumor immunity.
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Kranz LM, Beck JD, Grunwitz C, Hotz C, Vormehr M, Diken M. CIMT 2017: Anniversary symposium - Report on the 15th CIMT Annual Meeting of the Association for Cancer Immunotherapy. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:2272-2279. [PMID: 28846471 PMCID: PMC5647989 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1358327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lena M Kranz
- a BioNTech RNA Pharmaceuticals GmbH , Mainz , Germany
| | - Jan D Beck
- b TRON-Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz gGmbH , Mainz , Germany
| | | | | | - Mathias Vormehr
- c BioNTech AG , Mainz , Germany.,d Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center at the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Mustafa Diken
- b TRON-Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz gGmbH , Mainz , Germany
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Shklovskaya E, Terry AM, Guy TV, Buckley A, Bolton HA, Zhu E, Holst J, Fazekas de St. Groth B. Tumour-specific CD4 T cells eradicate melanoma via indirect recognition of tumour-derived antigen. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 94:593-603. [PMID: 26837456 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The importance of CD4 T cells in tumour immunity has been increasingly recognised, with recent reports describing robust CD4 T cell-dependent tumour control in mice whose immune-regulatory mechanisms have been disturbed by irradiation, chemotherapy, immunomodulatory therapy and/or constitutive immunodeficiency. Tumour control in such models has been attributed in large part to direct Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class II-dependent CD4 T cell killing of tumour cells. To test whether CD4 T cells can eradicate tumours without directly killing tumour cells, we developed an animal model in which tumour-derived antigen could be presented to T-cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic CD4 T cells by host but not tumour MHC class II molecules. In I-E(+) mice bearing I-E(null) tumours, naive I-E-restricted CD4 T cells proliferated locally in tumour-draining lymph nodes after recognising tumour-derived antigen on migratory dendritic cells. In lymphopaenic but not immunosufficient hosts, CD4 T cells differentiated into polarised T helper type 1 (Th1) cells expressing interferon gamma (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin (IL)-2 but little IL-17, and cleared established tumours. Tumour clearance was enhanced by higher TCR affinity for tumour antigen-MHC class II and was critically dependent on IFNγ, as demonstrated by early tumour escape in animals treated with an IFNγ blocking antibody. Thus, CD4 T cells and IFNγ can control tumour growth without direct T-cell killing of tumour cells, and without requiring additional adaptive immune cells such as CD8 T cells and B cells. Our results support a role for effective CD4 T cell-dependent tumour immunity against MHC class II-negative tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Shklovskaya
- T Cell Biology Research Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexandra M Terry
- T Cell Biology Research Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas V Guy
- T Cell Biology Research Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Adrian Buckley
- T Cell Biology Research Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Holly A Bolton
- T Cell Biology Research Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Erhua Zhu
- T Cell Biology Research Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeff Holst
- Origins of Cancer Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Barbara Fazekas de St. Groth
- T Cell Biology Research Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Recovery Profiles of T-Cell Subsets Following Low-Dose Total Body Irradiation and Improvement With Cinnamon. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2015; 93:1118-26. [PMID: 26475064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inefficient T-cell reconstitution from x-ray-induced immune damage reduces antitumor response. To understand the profile of T-cell reconstitution after irradiation will overcome the barrier of antitumor immunity. This study aimed to identify the recovery profile of T-cell subsets following x-ray irradiation and to highlight the role of cinnamon on efficient T-cell restoration postexposure in the antitumor response. METHODS AND MATERIALS CD3(+), CD8(+), and CD4(+) T cells and Th1, Th2, Th17, and regulatory T (Treg) cells were evaluated at different time points after single low-dose total body irradiation (SLTBI) with or without cinnamon treatments. T-bet, GATA3, RORγt, and Foxp3 signaling specific for Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg were also analyzed by RT-PCR assay. The effects of cinnamon on efficient T-cell subset reconstitution was confirmed in a lung melanoma model in irradiated mice. RESULTS Reconstitution of CD4(+) T cells was delayed more than that of CD8(+) T cells in T-cell restoration after SLTBI. The production of IFNγ by Th1 or Tc1 cells was sharply decreased and was accompanied by reduced T-bet mRNA, even when total T-cell numbers had recovered; the frequencies of Th17 and Treg cells and their specific transcription factors (RORγt and Foxp3, respectively) were obviously increased. Irradiation-induced inefficient T-cell reconstitution impaired the antitumor capacities in the lung melanoma model. Pretreatment with cinnamon in irradiated mice accelerated the generation of Th1 and reduced the differentiation of Treg cells by activating T-bet and limiting transcriptions of Foxp3. Improvement resulting from cinnamon pretreatment on the efficient T-cell recovery profile from SLTBI promoted antitumor immunity in the lung melanoma model. CONCLUSIONS T-cell reconstitution from SLTBI was characterized by impaired Th1 and elevated Th17 and Treg cells. Cinnamon effectively improved the imbalance of T-cell subsets by promoting the proliferation of Th1 and by suppressing expansions of Th17 and Tregs. The role of cinnamon in efficient T-cell reconstitution from SLTBI is effective in antitumor immunity.
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