1
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Yang SN, Shi Y, Berggren PO. The anterior chamber of the eye technology and its anatomical, optical, and immunological bases. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:881-929. [PMID: 38206586 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00024.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The anterior chamber of the eye (ACE) is distinct in its anatomy, optics, and immunology. This guarantees that the eye perceives visual information in the context of physiology even when encountering adverse incidents like inflammation. In addition, this endows the ACE with the special nursery bed iris enriched in vasculatures and nerves. The ACE constitutes a confined space enclosing an oxygen/nutrient-rich, immune-privileged, and less stressful milieu as well as an optically transparent medium. Therefore, aside from visual perception, the ACE unexpectedly serves as an excellent transplantation site for different body parts and a unique platform for noninvasive, longitudinal, and intravital microimaging of different grafts. On the basis of these merits, the ACE technology has evolved from the prototypical through the conventional to the advanced version. Studies using this technology as a versatile biomedical research platform have led to a diverse range of basic knowledge and in-depth understanding of a variety of cells, tissues, and organs as well as artificial biomaterials, pharmaceuticals, and abiotic substances. Remarkably, the technology turns in vivo dynamic imaging of the morphological characteristics, organotypic features, developmental fates, and specific functions of intracameral grafts into reality under physiological and pathological conditions. Here we review the anatomical, optical, and immunological bases as well as technical details of the ACE technology. Moreover, we discuss major achievements obtained and potential prospective avenues for this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Nian Yang
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yue Shi
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per-Olof Berggren
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Gupta N, Somayajulu M, Gurdziel K, LoGrasso G, Aziz H, Rosati R, McClellan S, Pitchaikannu A, Santra M, Shukkur MFA, Stemmer P, Hazlett LD, Xu S. The miR-183/96/182 cluster regulates sensory innervation, resident myeloid cells and functions of the cornea through cell type-specific target genes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7676. [PMID: 38561433 PMCID: PMC10985120 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58403-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The conserved miR-183/96/182 cluster (miR-183C) is expressed in both corneal resident myeloid cells (CRMCs) and sensory nerves (CSN) and modulates corneal immune/inflammatory responses. To uncover cell type-specific roles of miR-183C in CRMC and CSN and their contributions to corneal physiology, myeloid-specific miR-183C conditional knockout (MS-CKO), and sensory nerve-specific CKO (SNS-CKO) mice were produced and characterized in comparison to the conventional miR-183C KO. Immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy of flatmount corneas, corneal sensitivity, and tear volume assays were performed in young adult naïve mice; 3' RNA sequencing (Seq) and proteomics in the trigeminal ganglion (TG), cornea and CRMCs. Our results showed that, similar to conventional KO mice, the numbers of CRMCs were increased in both MS-CKO and SNS-CKO vs age- and sex-matched WT control littermates, suggesting intrinsic and extrinsic regulations of miR-183C on CRMCs. The number of CRMCs was increased in male vs female MS-CKO mice, suggesting sex-dependent regulation of miR-183C on CRMCs. In the miR-183C KO and SNS-CKO, but not the MS-CKO mice, CSN density was decreased in the epithelial layer of the cornea, but not the stromal layer. Functionally, corneal sensitivity and basal tear volume were reduced in the KO and SNS-CKO, but not the MS-CKO mice. Tear volume in males is consistently higher than female WT mice. Bioinformatic analyses of the transcriptomes revealed a series of cell-type specific target genes of miR-183C in TG sensory neurons and CRMCs. Our data elucidate that miR-183C imposes intrinsic and extrinsic regulation on the establishment and function of CSN and CRMCs by cell-specific target genes. miR-183C modulates corneal sensitivity and tear production through its regulation of corneal sensory innervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naman Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E Canfield Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Mallika Somayajulu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E Canfield Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | | | - Giovanni LoGrasso
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E Canfield Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Haidy Aziz
- School of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Rita Rosati
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sharon McClellan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E Canfield Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Ahalya Pitchaikannu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E Canfield Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Manoranjan Santra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E Canfield Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Muhammed Farooq Abdul Shukkur
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E Canfield Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Paul Stemmer
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Linda D Hazlett
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E Canfield Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Shunbin Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E Canfield Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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3
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Bernal-Alferes B, Gómez-Mosqueira R, Ortega-Tapia GT, Burgos-Vargas R, García-Latorre E, Domínguez-López ML, Romero-López JP. The role of γδ T cells in the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory diseases: from basic biology to therapeutic targeting. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 114:557-570. [PMID: 37040589 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The γδ T cells are lymphocytes with an innate-like phenotype that can distribute to different tissues to reside and participate in homeostatic functions such as pathogen defense, tissue modeling, and response to stress. These cells originate during fetal development and migrate to the tissues in a TCR chain-dependent manner. Their unique manner to respond to danger signals facilitates the initiation of cytokine-mediated diseases such as spondyloarthritis and psoriasis, which are immune-mediated diseases with a very strong link with mucosal disturbances, either in the skin or the gut. In spondyloarthritis, γδ T cells are one of the main sources of IL-17 and, therefore, the main drivers of inflammation and probably new bone formation. Remarkably, this population can be the bridge between gut and joint inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Bernal-Alferes
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica 1, Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Lázaro Cárdenas, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás C.P. 11340 Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rafael Gómez-Mosqueira
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica 1, Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Lázaro Cárdenas, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás C.P. 11340 Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Graciela Teresa Ortega-Tapia
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica 1, Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Lázaro Cárdenas, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás C.P. 11340 Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rubén Burgos-Vargas
- Departamento de Reumatología, Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Dr. Balmis No. 148 Col. Doctores C.P. 06720, Alcaldía Cuauhtémoc Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ethel García-Latorre
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica 1, Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Lázaro Cárdenas, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás C.P. 11340 Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México, México
| | - María Lilia Domínguez-López
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica 1, Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Lázaro Cárdenas, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás C.P. 11340 Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México, México
| | - José Pablo Romero-López
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Edificio A4, Red MEDICI, Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios Número 1, Colonia Los Reyes Ixtacala, C.P. 54090, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, México
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4
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Li W, Gurdziel K, Pitchaikannu A, Gupta N, Hazlett LD, Xu S. The miR-183/96/182 cluster is a checkpoint for resident immune cells and shapes the cellular landscape of the cornea. Ocul Surf 2023; 30:17-41. [PMID: 37536656 PMCID: PMC10834862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The conserved miR-183/96/182 cluster (miR-183C) regulates both corneal sensory innervation and corneal resident immune cells (CRICs). This study is to uncover its role in CRICs and in shaping the corneal cellular landscape at a single-cell (sc) level. METHODS Corneas of naïve, young adult [2 and 6 months old (mo)], female miR-183C knockout (KO) mice and wild-type (WT) littermates were harvested and dissociated into single cells. Dead cells were removed using a Dead Cell Removal kit. CD45+ CRICs were enriched by Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting (MACS). scRNA libraries were constructed and sequenced followed by comprehensive bioinformatic analyses. RESULTS The composition of major cell types of the cornea stays relatively stable in WT mice from 2 to 6 mo, however the compositions of subtypes of corneal cells shift with age. Inactivation of miR-183C disrupts the stability of the major cell-type composition and age-related transcriptomic shifts of subtypes of corneal cells. The diversity of CRICs is enhanced with age. Naïve mouse cornea contains previously-unrecognized resident fibrocytes and neutrophils. Resident macrophages (ResMφ) adopt cornea-specific function by expressing abundant extracellular matrix (ECM) and ECM organization-related genes. Naïve cornea is endowed with partially-differentiated proliferative ResMφ and contains microglia-like Mφ. Resident lymphocytes, including innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), NKT and γδT cells, are the major source of innate IL-17a. miR-183C limits the diversity and polarity of ResMφ. CONCLUSION miR-183C serves as a checkpoint for CRICs and imposes a global regulation of the cellular landscape of the cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Li
- Predoctoral Training Program in Human Genetics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Department of Genetic Medicine, USA; Wilmer Eye Institute, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Ahalya Pitchaikannu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Naman Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Linda D Hazlett
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Shunbin Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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5
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Dempsey MP, Conrady CD. The Host-Pathogen Interplay: A Tale of Two Stories within the Cornea and Posterior Segment. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2074. [PMID: 37630634 PMCID: PMC10460047 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocular infectious diseases are an important cause of potentially preventable vision loss and blindness. In the following manuscript, we will review ocular immunology and the pathogenesis of herpesviruses and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections of the cornea and posterior segment. We will highlight areas of future research and what is currently known to promote bench-to-bedside discoveries to improve clinical outcomes of these debilitating ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Dempsey
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Christopher D. Conrady
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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6
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Cho WJ, Mittal SK, Chauhan SK. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Suppress T-Cell-Mediated Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity via ALCAM-CD6 Interaction. Stem Cells Transl Med 2023; 12:221-233. [PMID: 36972356 PMCID: PMC10108723 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szad012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) suppress CD4+ T-cell activation, but whether MSCs directly regulate activation and expansion of allogeneic T cells has not been fully deciphered. Here, we identified that both human and murine MSCs constitutively express ALCAM, a cognate ligand for CD6 receptors on T cells, and investigated its immunomodulatory function using in vivo and in vitro experiments. Our controlled coculture assays demonstrated that ALCAM-CD6 pathway is critical for MSCs to exert its suppressive function on early CD4+CD25- T-cell activation. Moreover, neutralizing ALCAM or CD6 results in the abrogation of MSC-mediated suppression of T-cell expansion. Using a murine model of delayed-type hypersensitivity response to alloantigen, we show that ALCAM-silenced MSCs lose the capacity to suppress the generation of alloreactive IFNγ-secreting T cells. Consequently, MSCs, following ALCAM knockdown, failed to prevent allosensitization and alloreactive T-cell-mediated tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- WonKyung J Cho
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sharad K Mittal
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sunil K Chauhan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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7
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Neuroimmune crosstalk in the cornea: The role of immune cells in corneal nerve maintenance during homeostasis and inflammation. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 91:101105. [PMID: 35868985 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the cornea, resident immune cells are in close proximity to sensory nerves, consistent with their important roles in the maintenance of nerves in both homeostasis and inflammation. Using in vivo confocal microscopy in humans, and ex vivo immunostaining and fluorescent reporter mice to visualize corneal sensory nerves and immune cells, remarkable progress has been made to advance our understanding of the physical and functional interactions between corneal nerves and immune cells. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent studies relating to corneal immune cells and sensory nerves, and their interactions in health and disease. In particular, we consider how disrupted corneal nerve axons can induce immune cell activity, including in dendritic cells, macrophages and other infiltrating cells, directly and/or indirectly by releasing neuropeptides such as substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide. We summarize growing evidence that the role of corneal intraepithelial immune cells is likely different in corneal wound healing versus other inflammatory-dominated conditions. The role of different types of macrophages is also discussed, including how stromal macrophages with anti-inflammatory phenotypes communicate with corneal nerves to provide neuroprotection, while macrophages with pro-inflammatory phenotypes, along with other infiltrating cells including neutrophils and CD4+ T cells, can be inhibitory to corneal re-innervation. Finally, this review considers the bidirectional interactions between corneal immune cells and corneal nerves, and how leveraging this interaction could represent a potential therapeutic approach for corneal neuropathy.
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8
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Wu M, Downie LE, Hill LJ, Chinnery HR. The effect of topical decorin on temporal changes to corneal immune cells after epithelial abrasion. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:90. [PMID: 35414012 PMCID: PMC9006562 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corneal immune cells interact with corneal sensory nerves during both homeostasis and inflammation. This study sought to evaluate temporal changes to corneal immune cell density in a mouse model of epithelial abrasion and nerve injury, and to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of topical decorin, which we have shown previously to promote corneal nerve regeneration. METHODS Bilateral corneal epithelial abrasions (2 mm) were performed on C57BL/6J mice. Topical decorin or saline eye drops were applied three times daily for 12 h, 24 h, 3 days or 5 days. Optical coherence tomography imaging was performed to measure the abrasion area. The densities of corneal sensory nerves (β-tubulin III) and immune cells, including dendritic cells (DCs; CD11c+), macrophages (Iba-1+) and neutrophils (NIMP-R14+) were measured. Cx3cr1gfp/gfp mice that spontaneously lack resident corneal intraepithelial DCs were used to investigate the specific contribution of epithelial DCs. Neuropeptide and cytokine gene expression was evaluated using qRT-PCR at 12 h post-injury. RESULTS In decorin-treated corneas, higher intraepithelial DC densities and lower neutrophil densities were observed at 24 h after injury, compared to saline controls. At 12 h post-injury, topical decorin application was associated with greater re-epithelialisation. At 5 days post-injury, corneal stromal macrophage density in the decorin-treated and contralateral eyes was lower, and nerve density was higher, compared to eyes treated with saline only. Lower expression of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and higher expression of CSPG4 mRNA was detected in corneas treated with topical decorin. There was no difference in corneal neutrophil density in Cx3cr1gfp/gfp mice treated with or without decorin at 12 h. CONCLUSIONS Topical decorin regulates immune cell dynamics after corneal injury, by inhibiting neutrophils and recruiting intraepithelial DCs during the acute phase (< 24 h), and inhibiting macrophage density at the study endpoint (5 days). These immunomodulatory effects were associated with faster re-epithelialisation and likely contribute to promoting sensory nerve regeneration. The findings suggest a potential interaction between DCs and neutrophils with topical decorin treatment, as the decorin-induced neutrophil inhibition was absent in Cx3cr1gfp/gfp mice that lack corneal epithelial DCs. TGF-β and CSPG4 proteoglycan likely regulate decorin-mediated innate immune cell responses and nerve regeneration after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengliang Wu
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura E Downie
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lisa J Hill
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Holly R Chinnery
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Nabi R, Lewin AC, Collantes TM, Chouljenko VN, Kousoulas KG. Intramuscular Vaccination With the HSV-1(VC2) Live-Attenuated Vaccine Strain Confers Protection Against Viral Ocular Immunopathogenesis Associated With γδT Cell Intracorneal Infiltration. Front Immunol 2021; 12:789454. [PMID: 34868077 PMCID: PMC8634438 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.789454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) ocular infection is one of the leading causes of infectious blindness in developed countries. The resultant herpetic keratitis (HK) is caused by an exacerbated reaction of the adaptive immune response that persists beyond virus clearance causing substantial damage to the cornea. Intramuscular immunization of mice with the HSV-1(VC2) live-attenuated vaccine strain has been shown to protect mice against lethal ocular challenge. Herein, we show that following ocular challenge, VC2 vaccinated animals control ocular immunopathogenesis in the absence of neutralizing antibodies on ocular surfaces. Ocular protection is associated with enhanced intracorneal infiltration of γδ T cells compared to mock-vaccinated animals. The observed γδ T cellular infiltration was inversely proportional to the infiltration of neutrophils, the latter associated with exacerbated tissue damage. Inhibition of T cell migration into ocular tissues by the S1P receptors agonist FTY720 produced significant ocular disease in vaccinated mice and marked increase in neutrophil infiltration. These results indicate that ocular challenge of mice immunized with the VC2 vaccine induce a unique ocular mucosal response that leads into the infiltration of γδ T cells resulting in the amelioration of infection-associated immunopathogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte
- Cornea/immunology
- Cornea/pathology
- Cornea/virology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Herpes Simplex Virus Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Herpes Simplex Virus Vaccines/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/pathogenicity
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Intraepithelial Lymphocytes/immunology
- Intraepithelial Lymphocytes/virology
- Keratitis, Herpetic/immunology
- Keratitis, Herpetic/pathology
- Keratitis, Herpetic/prevention & control
- Keratitis, Herpetic/virology
- Lymphangiogenesis
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neovascularization, Pathologic
- Neutrophil Infiltration
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafiq Nabi
- Department of Pathobiological Science, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Andrew C. Lewin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Therese M. Collantes
- Department of Pathobiological Science, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Vladimir N. Chouljenko
- Department of Pathobiological Science, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Konstantin G. Kousoulas
- Department of Pathobiological Science, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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10
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Giri S, Lal G. Differentiation and functional plasticity of gamma-delta (γδ) T cells under homeostatic and disease conditions. Mol Immunol 2021; 136:138-149. [PMID: 34146759 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-delta (γδ) T cells are a heterogeneous population of immune cells, which constitute <5% of total T cells in mice lymphoid tissue and human peripheral blood. However, they comprise a higher proportion of T cells in the epithelial and mucosal barrier, where they perform immune functions, help in tissue repair, and maintaining homeostasis. These tissues resident γδ T cells possess properties of innate and adaptive immune cells which enables them to perform a variety of functions during homeostasis and disease. Emerging data suggest the involvement of γδ T cells during transplant rejection and survival. Interestingly, several functions of γδ T cells can be modulated through their interaction with other immune cells. This review provides an overview of development, differentiation plasticity into regulatory and effector phenotypes of γδ T cells during homeostasis and various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Giri
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, SP Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, MH-411007, India
| | - Girdhari Lal
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, SP Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, MH-411007, India.
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Abstract
The cornea is a special interface between the internal ocular tissue and the external environment that provides a powerful chemical, physical, and biological barrier against the invasion of harmful substances and pathogenic microbes. This protective effect is determined by the unique anatomical structure and cellular composition of the cornea, especially its locally resident innate immune cells, such as Langerhans cells (LCs), mast cells (MCs), macrophages, γδ T lymphocytes, and innate lymphoid cells. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of these immune cells in terms of producing different cytokines and other growth factors in corneal homeostasis and its pathologic conditions. This review paper briefly describes the latest information on these resident immune cells by specifically analyzing research from our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Institute of Ophthalmology, and Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Jinan University Medical School, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Institute of Ophthalmology, and Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Jinan University Medical School, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Coku A, McClellan SA, Van Buren E, Back JB, Hazlett LD, Xu S. The miR-183/96/182 Cluster Regulates the Functions of Corneal Resident Macrophages. Immunohorizons 2020; 4:729-744. [PMID: 33208381 PMCID: PMC7891884 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2000091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages (ResMϕ) play important roles in the normal development and physiological functions as well as tissue repair and immune/inflammatory response to both internal and external insults. In cornea, ResMϕ are critical to the homeostasis and maintenance, wound healing, ocular immune privilege, and immune/inflammatory response to injury and microbial infection. However, the roles of microRNAs in corneal ResMϕ are utterly unknown. Previously, we demonstrated that the conserved miR-183/96/182 cluster (miR-183/96/182) plays important roles in sensory neurons and subgroups of both innate and adaptive immune cells and modulates corneal response to bacterial infection. In this study, we provide direct evidence that the mouse corneal ResMϕ constitutively produce both IL-17f and IL-10. This function is regulated by miR-183/96/182 through targeting Runx1 and Maf, key transcriptional regulators for IL-17f and IL-10 expression, respectively. In addition, we show that miR-183/96/182 has a negative feedback regulation on the TLR4 pathway in mouse corneal ResMϕ. Furthermore, miR-183/96/182 regulates the number of corneal ResMϕ. Inactivation of miR-183/96/182 in mouse results in more steady-state corneal resident immune cells, including ResMϕ, and leads to a simultaneous early upregulation of innate IL-17f and IL-10 production in the cornea after Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Its multiplex regulations on the simultaneous production of IL-17f and IL-10, TLR4 signaling pathway and the number of corneal ResMϕ place miR-183/96/182 in the center of corneal innate immunity, which is key to the homeostasis of the cornea, ocular immune privilege, and the corneal response to microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardian Coku
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201; and
| | - Sharon A McClellan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201; and
| | - Eric Van Buren
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Jessica B Back
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Linda D Hazlett
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201; and
| | - Shunbin Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201; and
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13
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Singh RB, Marmalidou A, Amouzegar A, Chen Y, Dana R. Animal models of high-risk corneal transplantation: A comprehensive review. Exp Eye Res 2020; 198:108152. [PMID: 32721424 PMCID: PMC7508940 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the past century, corneal transplantation has become the most commonly performed allogeneic solid tissue transplantation. Although more than 80% of the corneal transplantations have favorable outcomes, immune-mediated rejection continues to be the major cause of failure in well over 50% of graft recipients that have inflamed and vascularized host beds. Over the past two decades, the progress in our understanding of the immunological pathways that mediate graft rejection has aided in the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In order to successfully test the efficacy of these interventions, it is essential to model the immunological processes occurring as a consequence of corneal transplantation. Herein, we have comprehensively reviewed the established animal models used for replicating the immunopathological processes causing graft rejection in high-risk corneal transplantation settings. We have also discussed the practical and technical differences, as well as biological and immunological variations in different animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Bir Singh
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna Marmalidou
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Afsaneh Amouzegar
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yihe Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reza Dana
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Jamali A, Kenyon B, Ortiz G, Abou-Slaybi A, Sendra VG, Harris DL, Hamrah P. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in the eye. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 80:100877. [PMID: 32717378 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a unique subpopulation of immune cells, distinct from classical dendritic cells. pDCs are generated in the bone marrow and following development, they typically home to secondary lymphoid tissues. While peripheral tissues are generally devoid of pDCs during steady state, few tissues, including the lung, kidney, vagina, and in particular ocular tissues harbor resident pDCs. pDCs were originally appreciated for their potential to produce large quantities of type I interferons in viral immunity. Subsequent studies have now unraveled their pivotal role in mediating immune responses, in particular in the induction of tolerance. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on pDCs in ocular tissues in both mice and humans, in particular in the cornea, limbus, conjunctiva, choroid, retina, and lacrimal gland. Further, we will review our current understanding on the significance of pDCs in ameliorating inflammatory responses during herpes simplex virus keratitis, sterile inflammation, and corneal transplantation. Moreover, we describe their novel and pivotal neuroprotective role, their key function in preserving corneal angiogenic privilege, as well as their potential application as a cell-based therapy for ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsia Jamali
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brendan Kenyon
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gustavo Ortiz
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abdo Abou-Slaybi
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Victor G Sendra
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deshea L Harris
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pedram Hamrah
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Cornea Service, Tufts New England Eye Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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15
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Hori J, Yamaguchi T, Keino H, Hamrah P, Maruyama K. Immune privilege in corneal transplantation. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 72:100758. [PMID: 31014973 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Corneal transplantation is the most successful solid organ transplantation performed in humans. The extraordinary success of orthotopic corneal allografts, in both humans and experimental animals, is related to the phenomenon of "immune privilege". Inflammation is self-regulated to preserve ocular functions because the eye has immune privilege. At present, three major mechanisms are considered to provide immune privilege in corneal transplantation: 1) anatomical, cellular, and molecular barriers in the cornea; 2) tolerance related to anterior chamber-associated immune deviation and regulatory T cells; and 3) an immunosuppressive intraocular microenvironment. This review describes the mechanisms of immune privilege that have been elucidated from animal models of ocular inflammation, especially those involving corneal transplantation, and its relevance for the clinic. An update on molecular, cellular, and neural interactions in local and systemic immune regulation is provided. Therapeutic strategies for restoring immune privilege are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Hori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Nippon Medical School, Tama-Nagayama Hospital, 1-7-1 Nagayama, Tama, Tokyo, 206-8512, Japan.
| | - Takefumi Yamaguchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, 5-11-13 Sugano, Ichikawa-shi, Chiba, 272-8513, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Keino
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Pedram Hamrah
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts University, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts University, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Kazuichi Maruyama
- Department of Innovative Visual Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Paudel S, Ghimire L, Jin L, Baral P, Cai S, Jeyaseelan S. NLRC4 suppresses IL-17A-mediated neutrophil-dependent host defense through upregulation of IL-18 and induction of necroptosis during Gram-positive pneumonia. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:247-257. [PMID: 30279514 PMCID: PMC6301100 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Gram-positive pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, cause necrotizing pneumonia. The central feature of S. aureus pneumonia is toxin-induced necroptosis of immune and resident cells, which impedes host defense. However, the role of the NLRC4 in the lung following S. aureus infection remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that S. aureus activates the NLRC4 to drive necroptosis and IL-18 production, which impaired IL-17A-dependent neutrophil-mediated host susceptibility. In particular, Nlrc4-/- mice exhibit reduced necroptosis, enhanced neutrophil influx into the lungs, decreased bacterial burden, and improved host survival. Loss of NLRC4 signaling in both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells contributes to the host protection against S. aureus pneumonia. Secretion of IL-17A by γδ T cells is essential for neutrophil recruitment into the lungs of Nlrc4-/- mice following infection. Moreover, treatment of wild-type mice with necroptosis inhibitors or genetic ablation of MLKL and IL-18 improves host defense against S. aureus infection, which is associated with increased IL-17A+γδ T cells and neutrophils. Taken together, these novel findings reveal that S. aureus activates the NLRC4 to dampen IL-17A-dependent neutrophil accumulation through induction of necroptosis and IL-18. Thus, modulating the function of the NLRC4 may be an attractive therapeutic approach for treating S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Paudel
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University (LSU), Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA, 70803
| | - Laxman Ghimire
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University (LSU), Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA, 70803
| | - Liliang Jin
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University (LSU), Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA, 70803
| | - Pankaj Baral
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University (LSU), Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA, 70803
| | - Shanshan Cai
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University (LSU), Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA, 70803
| | - Samithamby Jeyaseelan
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University (LSU), Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA, 70803.,Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, 70112.,Address Correspondence: Dr. Samithamby Jeyaseelan, Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University (LSU), Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA, 70803. Phone: +1 225 578 9524;
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McCallion O, Hester J, Issa F. Deciphering the Contribution of γδ T Cells to Outcomes in Transplantation. Transplantation 2018; 102:1983-1993. [PMID: 29994977 PMCID: PMC6215479 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
γδ T cells are a subpopulation of lymphocytes expressing heterodimeric T-cell receptors composed of γ and δ chains. They are morphologically and functionally heterogeneous, innate yet also adaptive in behavior, and exhibit diverse activities spanning immunosurveillance, immunomodulation, and direct cytotoxicity. The specific responses of γδ T cells to allografts are yet to be fully elucidated with evidence of both detrimental and tolerogenic roles in different settings. Here we present an overview of γδ T-cell literature, consider ways in which their functional heterogeneity contributes to the outcomes after transplantation, and reflect on methods to harness their beneficial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver McCallion
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Hester
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fadi Issa
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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18
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Vendomèle J, Khebizi Q, Fisson S. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Anterior Chamber-Associated Immune Deviation (ACAID): What We Have Learned from Knockout Mice. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1686. [PMID: 29250068 PMCID: PMC5714853 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID) is a well-known phenomenon that can occur after an antigen is introduced without any danger signal into the anterior chamber of a murine eye. It is reported to lead to an antigen-specific immune deviation throughout the body. Despite the relatively little evidence of this phenomenon in humans, it has been suggested as a potential prophylactic strategy in allograft rejections and in several autoimmune diseases. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of ACAID have been explored in different murine models mainly as proofs of concept, first by direct analyses of immune components in normal immunocompetent settings and by cell transfer experiments. Later, use of knockout (KO) mice has helped considerably to decipher ACAID mechanisms. However, several factors raise questions about the reliability and validity of studies using KO murine models. This mini-review summarizes results obtained with KO mice and discusses their advantages, their potential weaknesses, and their potential methods for further progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Vendomèle
- INTEGRARE, Genethon, INSERM, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Quentin Khebizi
- INTEGRARE, Genethon, INSERM, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Sylvain Fisson
- INTEGRARE, Genethon, INSERM, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
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19
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Zhao Z, Liang Y, Liu Y, Xu P, Flamme-Wiese MJ, Sun D, Sun J, Mullins RF, Chen Y, Cai J. Choroidal γδ T cells in protection against retinal pigment epithelium and retinal injury. FASEB J 2017; 31:4903-4916. [PMID: 28729290 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700533r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells located near the epithelial barrier are integral components of local inflammatory and innate immune responses. We have previously reported the presence of choroidal γδ T cells in a model of chronic degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The goals of the current study were to further define the functions of choroidal γδ T cells and to explore the underlying mechanisms of their action. Our data demonstrate that choroidal γδ T cells are activated by RPE injury in response to NaIO3 treatment, and that they express genes that encode immunosuppressive cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-10. γδ-T-cell-deficient mice developed profound RPE and retinal damage at doses that caused minimal effects in wild-type mice, and adoptive transfer of γδ T cells prevented sensitization. Intravitreal injection of IL-4 and IL-10 ameliorated RPE toxicity that was induced by NaIO3Ex vivo coculture of γδ T cells with RPE explants activated the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines via an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-dependent mechanism. AhR deficiency abolished the protective effects of γδ T cells after adoptive transfer. Collectively, these findings define important roles for choroid γδ T cells in maintaining tissue homeostasis in the outer retina.-Zhao, Z., Liang, Y., Liu, Y., Xu, P., Flamme-Wiese, M. J., Sun, D., Sun, J., Mullins, R. F., Chen, Y., Cai, J. Choroidal γδ T cells in protection against retinal pigment epithelium and retinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyang Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yuejin Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yin Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pei Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Miles J Flamme-Wiese
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jiaren Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert F Mullins
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jiyang Cai
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA;
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20
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Mo J, Neelam S, Mellon J, Brown JR, Niederkorn JY. Effect of Corneal Nerve Ablation on Immune Tolerance Induced by Corneal Allografts, Oral Immunization, or Anterior Chamber Injection of Antigens. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:137-148. [PMID: 28114571 PMCID: PMC5231905 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Severing corneal nerves during corneal transplantation does not affect first corneal transplants, but abolishes immune privilege of subsequent corneal allografts. This abrogation of immune privilege is attributable to the disabling of T regulatory cells (T regs) induced by corneal transplantation. The goal of this study was to determine if severing corneal nerves induces the development of contrasuppressor (CS) cells, which disable T regs that impair other forms of immune tolerance. Methods Effect of corneal nerve ablation on immune tolerance was assessed in four forms of immune tolerance: anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID); oral tolerance; corneal transplantation, and intravenously (IV) induced immune tolerance. T regulatory cell activity was assessed by adoptive transfer and by local adoptive transfer (LAT) of suppression assays. Results Corneal nerve ablation prevented ACAID and oral tolerance, but did not affect IV-induced immune tolerance. Contrasuppressor cells blocked the action of T regs that were generated by anterior chamber injection, oral tolerance, or orthotopic corneal transplantation. The neuropeptide substance P (SP) was crucial for contrasuppressor activity as CS cells could not be induced in SP-/- mice and the SP receptor inhibitor, Spantide II, prevented the expression of CS cell activity in vivo. Contrasuppressor cells expressed CD11c surface marker that identifies dendritic cells (DC). Conclusions The loss of immune privilege produced by corneal nerve ablation following corneal transplantation extends beyond the eye and also affects immune tolerance induced through mucosal surfaces and appears to be mediated by a novel cell population of CD11c+ CS cells that disables T regs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Mo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Sudha Neelam
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Jessamee Mellon
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Joseph R Brown
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Jerry Y Niederkorn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
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Foulsham W, Marmalidou A, Amouzegar A, Coco G, Chen Y, Dana R. Review: The function of regulatory T cells at the ocular surface. Ocul Surf 2017; 15:652-659. [PMID: 28576753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical modulators of immune homeostasis. Tregs maintain peripheral tolerance to self-antigens, thereby preventing autoimmune disease. Furthermore, Tregs suppress excessive immune responses deleterious to the host. Recent research has deepened our understanding of how Tregs function at the ocular surface. This manuscript describes the classification, the immunosuppressive mechanisms, and the phenotypic plasticity of Tregs. We review the contribution of Tregs to ocular surface autoimmune disease, as well as the function of Tregs in allergy and infection at the ocular surface. Finally, we review the role of Tregs in promoting allotolerance in corneal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Foulsham
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna Marmalidou
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Afsaneh Amouzegar
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Giulia Coco
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yihe Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reza Dana
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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22
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ACAID as a potential therapeutic approach to modulate inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. Med Hypotheses 2016; 88:38-45. [PMID: 26880635 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The progressive loss of neurons and inflammation characterizes neurodegenerative diseases. Although the etiology, progression and outcome of different neurodegenerative diseases are varied, they share chronic inflammation maintained largely by central nervous system (CNS)-derived antigens recognized by T cells. Inflammation can be beneficial by recruiting immune cells to kill pathogens or to clear cell debris resulting from the primary insult. However, chronic inflammation exacerbates and perpetuates tissue damage. An increasing number of therapies that attempt to modulate neuroinflammation have been developed. However, so far none has succeeded in decreasing the secondary damage associated with chronic inflammation. A potential strategy to modulate the immune system is related to the induction of tolerance to CNS antigens. In this line, it is our hypothesis that this could be accomplished by using anterior chamber associated immune deviation (ACAID) as a strategy. Thus, we review current knowledge regarding some neurodegenerative diseases and the associated immune response that causes inflammation. In addition, we discuss further our hypothesis of the possible usefulness of ACAID as a therapeutic strategy to ameliorate damage to the CNS.
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He Y, Wang B, Jia B, Guan J, Zeng H, Pan Z. Effects of Adoptive Transferring Different Sources of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Mice Corneal Transplant Survival. Transplantation 2016; 99:2102-8. [PMID: 26270448 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adoptively transferring different sources of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) may assist in mice corneal transplant survival. METHODS Allogeneic full thickness corneal transplantation (donor C57BL/6 to recipient Balb/c mice) was performed. Naive myeloid cells, inflammation-induced MDSCs (iMDSCs), and tumor-induced MDSCs (tMDSCs) were purified from bone marrow of naive, cecal ligation and puncture, or tumor-bearing Balb/c mice, respectively. The inhibitory abilities of myeloid cells toward CD4(+) T cell proliferation were accessed by in vitro carboxyfluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester (CFSE) assays. Myeloid cells were adoptively transferred to corneal recipients by retroorbital injection after corneal transplantation. Corneal grafts were examined and photographed for a period of 45 days. The growth of corneal graft neovascularization was quantitatively measured by image editing software. Histopathology was performed to evaluate corneal graft inflammation. RESULTS The iMDSCs and tMDSCs significantly inhibited T cell proliferation in vitro and significantly prolonged corneal allograft survival in vivo. Strikingly, iMDSC transferring significantly reduced neovascularization that was comparable to transferring of tMDSCs, without additional immunosuppression. However, additional adoptive transfer of MDSCs did not further ameliorate corneal survival in these allogeneic corneal transplantation mice. CONCLUSIONS Inflammation-induced MDSC transfer could reduce corneal neovascularization and prolong corneal allograft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan He
- 1 Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmic and Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing, China. 2 Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Eye institute of The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China. 3 Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. 4 Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
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Treacy O, Fahy G, Ritter T, O'Flynn L. Corneal Immunosuppressive Mechanisms, Anterior Chamber-Associated Immune Deviation (ACAID) and Their Role in Allograft Rejection. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1371:205-14. [PMID: 26530803 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3139-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Corneal transplantation is the most frequently performed transplant procedure in humans. Human leukocyte antigen matching, while imperative for other types of organ transplants, is usually not performed before cornea transplantation. With the use of topical steroid immunosuppressants, which are subsequently tailed off to almost zero, most corneal transplants will not be rejected in recipients with low risk of graft rejection. This phenomenon has been described as immune privilege by Medawar many years ago. However, this immune privilege is relative and can be easily eroded, e.g. by postoperative nonspecific inflammation or other causes of corneal or ocular inflammation. Interestingly, corneas that are at high risk of rejection have a higher failure rate than other organs. Considerable progress has been made in recent years to provide a better understanding of corneal immune privilege. This chapter will review current knowledge on ocular immunosuppressive mechanisms including anterior chamber-associated immune deviation and discuss their role(s) in corneal allograft rejection. Ultimately, this evolving information will be of benefit in developing therapeutic strategies to prevent corneal transplant rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Treacy
- College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Regenerative Medicine Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Gerry Fahy
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Galway, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Thomas Ritter
- College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Regenerative Medicine Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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Huang Y, Yang Z, Huang C, McGowan J, Casper T, Sun D, Born WK, O'Brien RL. γδ T Cell-Dependent Regulatory T Cells Prevent the Development of Autoimmune Keratitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:5572-81. [PMID: 26566677 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To prevent potentially damaging inflammatory responses, the eye actively promotes local immune tolerance via a variety of mechanisms. Owing to trauma, infection, or other ongoing autoimmunity, these mechanisms sometimes fail, and an autoimmune disorder may develop in the eye. In mice of the C57BL/10 (B10) background, autoimmune keratitis often develops spontaneously, particularly in the females. Its incidence is greatly elevated in the absence of γδ T cells, such that ∼80% of female B10.TCRδ(-/-) mice develop keratitis by 18 wk of age. In this article, we show that CD8(+) αβ T cells are the drivers of this disease, because adoptive transfer of CD8(+), but not CD4(+), T cells to keratitis-resistant B10.TCRβ/δ(-/-) hosts induced a high incidence of keratitis. This finding was unexpected because in other autoimmune diseases, more often CD4(+) αβ T cells, or both CD4(+) and CD8(+) αβ T cells, mediate the disease. Compared with wild-type B10 mice, B10.TCRδ(-/-) mice also show increased percentages of peripheral memory phenotype CD8(+) αβ T cells, along with an elevated frequency of CD8(+) αβ T cells biased to produce inflammatory cytokines. In addition, B10.TCRδ-/- mice have fewer peripheral CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+) αβ regulatory T cells (Tregs), which express lower levels of receptors needed for Treg development and function. Together, these observations suggest that in B10 background mice, γδ T cells are required to generate adequate numbers of CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+) Tregs, and that in B10.TCRδ(-/-) mice a Treg deficiency allows dysregulated effector or memory CD8(+) αβ T cells to infiltrate the cornea and provoke an autoimmune attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Huang
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045; Joint Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Technology Transfer, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan City 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifang Yang
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045; Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan City 430030, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Chunjian Huang
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Jessica McGowan
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Tamara Casper
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Willi K Born
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Rebecca L O'Brien
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045;
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van Essen TH, Roelen DL, Williams KA, Jager MJ. Matching for Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) in corneal transplantation - to do or not to do. Prog Retin Eye Res 2015; 46:84-110. [PMID: 25601193 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As many patients with severe corneal disease are not even considered as candidates for a human graft due to their high risk of rejection, it is essential to find ways to reduce the chance of rejection. One of the options is proper matching of the cornea donor and recipient for the Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA), a subject of much debate. Currently, patients receiving their first corneal allograft are hardly ever matched for HLA and even patients undergoing a regraft usually do not receive an HLA-matched graft. While anterior and posterior lamellar grafts are not immune to rejection, they are usually performed in low risk, non-vascularized cases. These are the cases in which the immune privilege due to the avascular status and active immune inhibition is still intact. Once broken due to infection, sensitization or trauma, rejection will occur. There is enough data to show that when proper DNA-based typing techniques are being used, even low risk perforating corneal transplantations benefit from matching for HLA Class I, and high risk cases from HLA Class I and probably Class II matching. Combining HLA class I and class II matching, or using the HLAMatchmaker could further improve the effect of HLA matching. However, new techniques could be applied to reduce the chance of rejection. Options are the local or systemic use of biologics, or gene therapy, aiming at preventing or suppressing immune responses. The goal of all these approaches should be to prevent a first rejection, as secondary grafts are usually at higher risk of complications including rejections than first grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H van Essen
- Department of Ophthalmology, J3-S, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - D L Roelen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - K A Williams
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - M J Jager
- Department of Ophthalmology, J3-S, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands; Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Peking University Eye Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
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Hedger MP. The Immunophysiology of Male Reproduction. KNOBIL AND NEILL'S PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION 2015. [PMCID: PMC7158304 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397175-3.00019-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Choi W, Byun YJ, Jung E, Noh H, Hajrasouliha AR, Sadrai Z, Chang E, Lee JH, Lee HK. Chemokine decoy receptor D6 mimicking trap (D6MT) prevents allosensitization and immune rejection in murine corneal allograft model. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 97:413-24. [PMID: 25395300 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5a0414-233rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although corneal allotransplantation is performed in the immune-privileged cornea, many grafts are still rejected after transplantation. This study examined the role of chemokine receptor D6 expression in a corneal allograft rejection, investigated the modulation of D6 expression in cells, and determined the effect of D6 on graft survival. Interestingly, D6 was highly expressed in CD45 -: cells and the corneal epithelium of accepted corneal allografts. From the mouse corneal allograft model, TGF-β was found to play a key role in D6 up-regulation, leading to reduced CCL2, CCL5, and CCL3. To modulate D6 chemokine binding, a D6MT was developed and showed effective chemokine trapping through SPR and FACS assays. By treating corneal allografts with D6MT, the allograft survival rate was improved, and (lymph) angiogenesis was reduced. Direct allosensitization and DC LN homing was drastically reduced in the mouse corneal allograft model. These findings suggest that TGF-β is a positive regulator of D6 expression, and it is a potential therapeutic target to enhance the survival of corneal allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wungrak Choi
- *Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, and Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Kentucky Lions Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Myunggok Eye Research Institute, Kim's Eye Hospital, Konyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu Jeong Byun
- *Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, and Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Kentucky Lions Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Myunggok Eye Research Institute, Kim's Eye Hospital, Konyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunae Jung
- *Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, and Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Kentucky Lions Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Myunggok Eye Research Institute, Kim's Eye Hospital, Konyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyemi Noh
- *Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, and Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Kentucky Lions Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Myunggok Eye Research Institute, Kim's Eye Hospital, Konyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Amir R Hajrasouliha
- *Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, and Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Kentucky Lions Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Myunggok Eye Research Institute, Kim's Eye Hospital, Konyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Zahra Sadrai
- *Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, and Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Kentucky Lions Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Myunggok Eye Research Institute, Kim's Eye Hospital, Konyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunju Chang
- *Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, and Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Kentucky Lions Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Myunggok Eye Research Institute, Kim's Eye Hospital, Konyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon H Lee
- *Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, and Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Kentucky Lions Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Myunggok Eye Research Institute, Kim's Eye Hospital, Konyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Keun Lee
- *Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, and Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Kentucky Lions Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Myunggok Eye Research Institute, Kim's Eye Hospital, Konyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Niederkorn JY. Role of NKT cells in anterior chamber-associated immune deviation. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 5:137-144. [PMID: 20046994 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.5.2.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cells in the eye have a limited capacity for regeneration and, as such, immune-mediated inflammation can lead to blindness. The eye is designed to quench immune-mediated inflammation - a condition known as immune privilege. An important component of immune privilege is the dynamic immunoregulatory process termed anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID), which is initiated when antigens enter the eye. ACAID suppresses the initiation of antigen-specific inflammation in the eye and the effector stages of immune reactions. Four organ systems are crucial for the induction of ACAID: the eye, thymus, spleen and sympathetic nervous system. Multiple cell populations contribute to ACAID, with natural killer T cells playing a crucial role in the thymic and splenic phases of ACAID. Interactions between natural killer T cells and multiple cell populations in the spleen culminate in the tight regulation of immune-mediated inflammation in the eye and the preservation of vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Y Niederkorn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA, Tel.: +1 214 648 3829, ,
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Abstract
Corneal transplants have been successfully performed in human subjects for over 100 years and enjoy an immune privilege that is unrivaled in the field of transplantation. Immune privilege is defined as the reduced incidence and tempo in the immune rejection of corneal allografts compared to other categories of organ allografts performed under the same conditions. Skin allografts transplanted across various MHC or minor histocompatibility barriers undergo rejection in approximately 100% of the hosts. By contrast, orthotopic corneal allografts experience long-term survival in 50% to >90% of the hosts, depending on the histocompatibility barriers that confront the host. The capacity of corneal allografts to evade immune rejection is attributable to multiple anatomical, physiological and immunoregulatory conditions that conspire to prevent the induction and expression of alloimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Y Niederkorn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Ye J, Ma C, Hsueh EC, Eickhoff CS, Zhang Y, Varvares MA, Hoft DF, Peng G. Tumor-derived γδ regulatory T cells suppress innate and adaptive immunity through the induction of immunosenescence. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:2403-14. [PMID: 23355732 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fundamentally understanding the suppressive mechanisms used by different subsets of tumor-infiltrating regulatory T (Treg) cells is critical for the development of effective strategies for antitumor immunotherapy. γδ Treg cells have recently been identified in human diseases including cancer. However, the suppressive mechanisms and functional regulations of this new subset of unconventional Treg cells are largely unknown. In the current studies, we explored the suppressive mechanism(s) used by breast tumor-derived γδ Treg cells on innate and adaptive immunity. We found that γδ Treg cells induced immunosenescence in the targeted naive and effector T cells, as well as dendritic cells (DCs). Furthermore, senescent T cells and DCs induced by γδ Treg cells had altered phenotypes and impaired functions and developed potent suppressive activities, further amplifying the immunosuppression mediated by γδ Treg cells. In addition, we demonstrated that manipulation of TLR8 signaling in γδ Treg cells can block γδ Treg-induced conversion of T cells and DCs into senescent cells in vitro and in vivo. Our studies identify the novel suppressive mechanism mediated by tumor-derived γδ Treg cells on innate and adaptive immunity, which should be critical for the development of strong and innovative approaches to reverse the tumor-suppressive microenvironment and improve effects of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ye
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
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Kunishige T, Hori J. Immune privilege as new therapeutic strategies for success of corneal transplantation. Inflamm Regen 2013. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.33.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Ghasemi H, Ghazanfari T, Yaraee R, Owlia P, Hassan ZM, Faghihzadeh S. Roles of IL-10 in ocular inflammations: a review. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2012; 20:406-18. [PMID: 23163602 DOI: 10.3109/09273948.2012.723109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This review represents the current in vitro, in vivo, animal and human investigations on the roles of IL-10 in ocular inflammatory conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS The data sources were literature reviews, including Pub Med, Medline, and ISI databases (since 1989 to mid-2012). Search items were, IL-10, chemokines, cytokines, alone or in combination with, serum, aqueous, vitreous eye, ocular, ocular tissues, ophthalmic, and review. RESULTS Ocular effects of IL-10 depend on the sources of the secretion and sites of the action. IL-10 plays important anti-inflammatory and especially anti-angiogenic activities in ocular tissues such as the conjunctiva, cornea, retina, choroid, and orbit. CONCLUSION IL-10 plays major anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic roles in most of the ocular inflammations. Also, IL-10 plays a role in development of anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID). Any manipulation of IL-10 for treatment purposes should be considered very cautiously due to its potential hazards to the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Ghasemi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
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McKenna KC, Previte DM. Influence of CD8+ T regulatory cells on intraocular tumor development. Front Immunol 2012; 3:303. [PMID: 23060881 PMCID: PMC3460369 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interior of the eye, or uvea, is a site of immune privilege where certain immune responses are attenuated or completely excluded to protect non-regenerating tissues essential for vision. One consequence of this immunoregulation is compromised immune mediated elimination of intraocular tumors. For example, certain murine tumor cell lines which are rejected by host immune responses when transplanted in the skin grow progressively when placed in the anterior chamber (a.c.) of the eye. Progressive ocular tumor growth occurs despite induction of tumor-specific CD8+ T cell responses capable of eliminating a subsequent tumor challenge in the skin or opposite eye. Why these CD8+ T effectors fail to eliminate established ocular tumors is not known. It is well appreciated that growth of tumors in the a.c. induces the generation of immunosuppressive CD8+ T regulatory (Treg) cells. However, the contribution of CD8+ Treg in ocular tumor progression remains unclear. Several studies indicate that these CD8+ Treg target responding CD4+ T cells to inhibit their induction of macrophage-dependent delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to tumor antigens (Ags). However, induction of tumor-specific CD4+ T cell responses does not assure intraocular tumor elimination. This review is focused on how CD8+ Treg could influence the tumoricidal activity of ocular tumor-specific CD8+ T effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle C McKenna
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Immunology/Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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O'Brien RL, Chain JL, Aydintug MK, Bohrer-Kunter D, Huang Y, Hardy IR, Cambier JC, Lahmers K, Nuhsbaum T, Davidson R, Sun D, Born WK. αβ TCR⁺ T cells, but not B cells, promote autoimmune keratitis in b10 mice lacking γδ T cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:301-8. [PMID: 22199243 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-8855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate additional factors in the spontaneous development of keratitis previously reported in B10.TCRδ⁻/⁻ female mice. METHODS The study tested whether susceptible B10.TCRδ⁻/⁻ mice have dry eyes compared with resistant B6.TCRδ⁻/⁻ females and also rederived the B10.TCRδ⁻/⁻ strain to test for the role of an infectious agent. Also assessed was whether adoptive transfer of αβ T cells from autoimmune mice induced keratitis in resistant mice. In addition, a potential role was examined for B cells or autoantibodies by B-cell inactivation, and the role of female hormones was tested by ovariectomy. Finally, the study investigated whether adoptive transfer of Vγ1⁺ γδ T cells confers protection. RESULTS Tear production in B10.TCRδ⁻/⁻ females was actually higher than in B6.TCRδ⁻/⁻ controls. Rederived B10.TCRδ⁻/⁻ mice still developed keratitis. Keratitis was induced in resistant mice after adoptive transfer of αβ T cells from keratitic donors. Inactivation of B cells from susceptible mice had no effect on the development of keratitis. Ovariectomy did not significantly reduce disease in B10.TCRδ⁻/⁻ females. Adoptive transfer of Vγ1⁺ cells from wild-type donors reduced keratitis in B10.TCRδ⁻/⁻ females. CONCLUSIONS Neither low tear levels nor ovarian hormones contribute to spontaneous keratitis in B10.TCRδ⁻/⁻ female mice, nor does it appear to depend on an infectious agent carried vertically in this strain. However, αβ T cells from keratitic hosts are sufficient to induce disease in the resistant B10.TCRβ⁻/⁻δ⁻/⁻ strain. Autoaggressive αβ T cells in the absence of Vγ1⁺ T cells in B10.TCRδ⁻/⁻ mice may be insufficiently checked to prevent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L O'Brien
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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Reyes NJ, Mayhew E, Chen PW, Niederkorn JY. γδ T cells are required for maximal expression of allergic conjunctivitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:2211-6. [PMID: 21212171 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-5959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the function of γδ T cells in early- and late-phase responses in allergic conjunctivitis. METHODS Wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 and γδ T cell-deficient (TCR-δ(-/-)) mice were immunized intraperitoneally and challenged topically for 7 consecutive days with short ragweed pollen. Natural killer T (NKT) and γδ T cell-double-deficient mice were generated by treating TCR-δ(-/-) mice with anti-CD1d antibody. Allergic conjunctivitis was evaluated clinically, and the late-phase response was assessed by histopathology. Cytokine profiles were evaluated by ELISA. The afferent and efferent arms of allergic conjunctivitis were assessed by adoptive transfer of CD4(+) T cells from WT or TCR-δ(-/-) mice into naive TCR-δ(-/-) or WT mice. RESULTS TCR-δ(-/-) mice had decreased clinical manifestations of allergic conjunctivitis compared with WT mice. TCR-δ(-/-) mice had decreased eosinophilic infiltration compared with WT mice. TCR-δ(-/-) mice produced less Th2-associated cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, -5, and -13 compared with WT mice. Clinical manifestations of allergic conjunctivitis were lowest in NKT cell-depleted TCR-δ(-/-) mice. However, late-phase allergic conjunctivitis in NKT cell-depleted, TCR-δ(-/-) mice was the same as TCR-δ(-/-) mice. Adoptive transfer of CD4(+) T cells revealed that γδ T cells are needed for the afferent and efferent arms of allergic conjunctivitis. CONCLUSIONS γδ T cells are needed for full expression of both the clinical manifestations and the late phase of allergic conjunctivitis. Thus, γδ T cells have an important impact in the expression of allergic conjunctivitis and are a potential therapeutic target in the management of allergic diseases of the ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy J Reyes
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9057, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Corneal allografts are routinely performed without HLA typing or systemic immunosuppressive drugs. However, certain conditions create high risks for immune rejection. This review discusses recent insights into the mechanisms that rob the corneal allograft of its immune privilege. RECENT FINDINGS Studies in mice have revealed that stimuli that induce new blood vessel growth in the cornea also elicit proliferation of lymph vessels. Lymph vessels facilitate migration of antigen-presenting cells to regional lymph nodes in which they induce alloimmune responses. The presence of blood vessels in the corneal graft bed creates a unique chemokine milieu that stimulates recruitment of sensitized lymphocytes into the corneal allograft. Other data indicate that although corneal allograft survival is closely associated with Foxp3 expression in CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells (Tregs), reduced expression of Foxp3 in Tregs creates a high risk for graft rejection. Recent evidence indicates that allergic diseases have a profound impact on the immune response and produce a dramatic increase in corneal allograft rejection. SUMMARY Understanding the underlying mechanisms that create 'high-risk' hosts may provide important therapeutic targets for restoring immune privilege of corneal allografts and enhancing their survival.
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Cunnusamy K, Paunicka K, Reyes N, Yang W, Chen PW, Niederkorn JY. Two different regulatory T cell populations that promote corneal allograft survival. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51:6566-74. [PMID: 20702818 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare and contrast the T regulatory cells (Tregs) induced by anterior chamber (AC) injection of antigen with those induced by orthotopic corneal allografts. METHODS Anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID) Tregs were induced by injecting C57BL/6 spleen cells into the AC of BALB/c mice. Delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to C57BL/6 alloantigens were evaluated by a conventional ear swelling assay. Corneal allograft Tregs were induced by applying orthotopic C57BL/6 corneal allografts onto BALB/c hosts. The effects of anti-CD25, anti-CD8, anti-interferon-γ (IFN-γ), anti-IL-17A, or cyclophosphamide treatments on corneal allograft survival and ACAID were evaluated. RESULTS Administration of either anti-CD25 or anti-IFN-γ antibodies prevented the expression of ACAID and abolished the immune privilege of corneal allografts. By contrast, in vivo treatment with anti-CD8 antibody abrogated ACAID but had no effect on corneal allograft survival. Further discordance between ACAID and corneal allograft survival emerged in experiments in which the induction of allergic conjunctivitis or the administration of anti-IL-17A abolished the immune privilege of corneal allografts but had no effect on the induction or expression of ACAID. CONCLUSIONS Although orthotopic corneal allografts are strategically located for the induction of ACAID by the sloughing of corneal cells into the AC, the results reported here indicate that the Tregs induced by orthotopic corneal allografts are remarkably different from the Tregs that are induced by AC injection of alloantigen. Although both of these Treg populations promote corneal allograft survival, they display distinctly different phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khrishen Cunnusamy
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9057, USA
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Abstract
Corneal transplantation has been performed successfully for over 100 years. Normally, HLA typing and systemic immunosuppressive drugs are not utilized, yet 90% of corneal allografts survive. In rodents, corneal allografts representing maximal histoincompatibility enjoy >50% survival even without immunosuppressive drugs. By contrast, other categories of transplants are invariably rejected in such donor/host combinations. The acceptance of corneal allografts compared to other categories of allografts is called immune privilege. The cornea expresses factors that contribute to immune privilege by preventing the induction and expression of immune responses to histocompatibility antigens on the corneal allograft. Among these are soluble and cell membrane molecules that block immune effector elements and also apoptosis of T lymphocytes. However, some conditions rob the corneal allograft of its immune privilege and promote rejection, which remains the leading cause of corneal allograft failure. Recent studies have examined new strategies for restoring immune privilege to such high-risk hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Y Niederkorn
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA.
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O'Brien RL, Taylor MA, Hartley J, Nuhsbaum T, Dugan S, Lahmers K, Aydintug MK, Wands JM, Roark CL, Born WK. Protective role of gammadelta T cells in spontaneous ocular inflammation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 50:3266-74. [PMID: 19151391 PMCID: PMC2701479 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-2982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A role for gammadelta T cells in immunoregulation has been shown in a number of studies, but in the absence of infection or induced disease, mice lacking gammadelta T cells generally appear to be healthy. That certain mice lacking gammadelta T cells often spontaneously develop keratitis, characterized by a progressive and destructive inflammation of the cornea is reported here. METHODS The keratitis developing in these mice was characterized in terms of prevalence in males versus females, age of onset, and histologic features. Attempts were made to understand the underlying causes of the disease by removing alphabeta T cells, altering sex hormones, and reconstituting gammadelta T cells. RESULTS The development of keratitis in these mice depended on the C57BL/10 genetic background, and was much more common among females than males. The incidence of the disease increased with age, exceeding 80% in females greater than 18 weeks old. Evidence that the keratitis in these mice is at least partly autoimmune in nature, and that despite its prevalence in females, male hormones do not protect against the disease is presented. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate an important role for gammadelta T cells in maintaining immune balance in the eye. The mice described in this study represent a potential new small animal model of keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L O'Brien
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA.
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Immune regulation and the eye. Trends Immunol 2009; 29:548-54. [PMID: 18838303 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Revised: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The eye is an immune privileged site that is styled to maintain the visual pathway while at the same time provide defense against invading organisms. The eye does this by selecting immune responses that function in the absence of inflammation. Immune regulation by the eye takes the form of several active processes including a local immunosuppressive environment, the contribution of soluble factors, Fas-FasL-induced apoptosis and unique suppressive mechanisms used by pigment epithelial cells in the eye. These processes are so effective that antigens encountered in the eye result in specific systemic tolerization; a phenomenon akin to gut-induced oral tolerance. This review discusses the cellular and molecular basis of tolerance induction by the eye and notes the parallels to gut-induced peripheral tolerance.
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Cheng L, Cui Y, Shao H, Han G, Zhu L, Huang Y, O'Brien RL, Born WK, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. Mouse gammadelta T cells are capable of expressing MHC class II molecules, and of functioning as antigen-presenting cells. J Neuroimmunol 2009; 203:3-11. [PMID: 18774183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although human and bovine gammadelta T cells were shown to express MHC class II antigen and function as APCs, attempts to determine if mouse gammabeta T cells have similar functions remained unsuccessful. We now show that gammadelta T cells derived from immunized mice also can be induced to express MHC class II and co-stimulatory molecules after activation in vitro, and are capable of antigen presentation. Using highly purified gammadelta T cells, we found that, unlike human gammadelta T cells, the expression of MHC class II molecules by mouse gammadelta T cells is limited to newly activated cells. Highest levels of MHC class II expression were seen on activated gammadelta T cells that had lost most surface-expressed gammadelta TCR while exhibiting increased levels of intracellular gammadelta TCR. In the absence of further stimulation, MHC class II expression gradually declined with the gammadelta T cells regaining their surface TCR. We also show that cytokine-activated gammadelta T cells can also express MHC class II antigen and exercise antigen-presenting activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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Jiang L, He H, Yang P, Lin X, Zhou H, Huang X, Kijlstra A. Splenic CD8+ T cells secrete TGF-beta1 to exert suppression in mice with anterior chamber-associated immune deviation. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2008; 247:87-92. [PMID: 18797912 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-008-0947-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Revised: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/29/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CD8+ regulatory T cells (Treg) have been considered to be involved in a model of ocular-induced tolerance, known as anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID). The mechanisms of suppression by CD8+ T cells in ACAID remain only poorly understood. TGF-beta1 is considered as an inhibitory cytokine for immunosuppression in some models. The production of TGF-beta1 by CD8+ T cells in ACAID, and whether CD8+ T cells exert suppression through TGF-beta1, is unknown. Methods The suppressive effect of CD8+ T cells in ACAID mice was determined by a local adoptive transfer (LAT) assay. The production of TGF-beta1 by CD8+ T cells was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Anti-TGF-beta1 antibodies were used in the LAT assay to test if they could block the inhibitory effect of CD8+ T cells. Results CD8+ T cells from ACAID mice were shown to block the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response in an antigen-specific manner in a LAT assay. These CD8+ T cells secreted TGF-beta1, and their suppression could partially be blocked by anti-TGF-beta1 antibodies. Conclusions Our study confirms that CD8+ T cells from ACAID mice possess inhibitory properties. This population exerts part of its suppressive function via the production of TGF-beta1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Chattopadhyay S, O'Rourke J, Cone RE. Implication for the CD94/NKG2A-Qa-1 system in the generation and function of ocular-induced splenic CD8+ regulatory T cells. Int Immunol 2008; 20:509-16. [PMID: 18359787 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxn008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The injection of antigen into the anterior chamber (AC) induces the production of antigen-specific splenic CD8+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) /suppressor T cells that perform the local suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses. Because CD94/NKG2A-Qa-1-dependent interactions have been implicated in CD8+ Treg-mediated immune suppression and DBA/2J mice are deficient in CD94/NKG2R, we have utilized these mice to test the hypothesis that the CD94/NKG2A-Qa-1 system is essential to the induction and immunosuppressive function of CD8+ Tregs in anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID). We show that: (i) neither ACAID-mediated suppression of DTH to ovalbumin nor splenic Tregs/suppressor T cells was induced in DBA/2J mice that received an injection of antigen into the AC; (ii) splenic CD8+ Tregs from ACAID-induced DBA/2NCr mice suppressed the initiation of DTH when transferred to DBA/2J mice; (iii) following injection of antigen into the AC, intravenous administration of splenocytes or Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) isolated from DBA/2NCr but not from DBA/2J mice transferred suppression of DTH to DBA/2NCr mice; (iv) antibodies to CD94/NKG2A reduced the ACAID CD8+ T cell-mediated suppression of DTH and (v) The deficiency of such immune regulation in DBA/2J mice also correlated with a decreased number of Qa-1(b+) B cells, F4/80+ cells, a deficient number of CD94/NKG2AR and Qa-1 tetramer binding by CD8+ T cells. These results demonstrate that defective ACAID in DBA/2J mice involves multiple regulatory lesions resulting in a lack of induction of a CD8+ Treg response and possibly defective CD94/NKG2A-dependent suppression of peripheral cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasis Chattopadhyay
- Department of Immunology, Connecticut Lions Vascular Eye Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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Forrester JV, Xu H, Lambe T, Cornall R. Immune privilege or privileged immunity? Mucosal Immunol 2008; 1:372-81. [PMID: 19079201 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2008.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Immune privilege is a concept that has come of age. Where previously it was considered to be a passive phenomenon restricted to certain specialized tissues, it is now viewed as comprising several mechanisms, both active and passive, shared in many aspects with emerging notions of the mechanisms of peripheral tolerance. The relative degrees of immune privilege vary from tissue to tissue depending on the number and strength of each of the mechanisms contained in that tissue. Immune privilege can be generated in non-privileged sites such as the skin and allografts, and is a property of the tissue itself. We therefore propose that, in addition to canonical central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms, there is a third route whereby the organism promotes self-antigen non-reactivity centered on the specific properties of each tissue and varying accordingly (relative degrees of immune privilege). This third mechanism of inducing immunological tolerance, as it is a local tissue phenomenon, might have particular therapeutic significance, for instance in devising strategies for induction of immunity to tumors by disrupting immune privilege or in preventing graft rejection by promoting immune privilege.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Forrester
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland.
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Hori J. Mechanisms of immune privilege in the anterior segment of the eye: what we learn from corneal transplantation. J Ocul Biol Dis Infor 2008; 1:94-100. [PMID: 20072639 PMCID: PMC2802514 DOI: 10.1007/s12177-008-9010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The eye, like the brain and reproductive organs, possesses inherent immune privilege, and inflammation is self-regulated so as to preserve the organ functions. Studies over the past 30 years have provided insights of the multiple mechanisms of immune privilege. At present, three major lines of thought prevail regarding the molecular mechanisms of immune privilege in the eye: there are (1) anatomical, cellular, and molecular barriers in the eye; (2) eye-derived immunological tolerance, the so-called anterior chamber-associated immune deviation; and (3) immune suppressive intraocular microenvironment. In this review, the mechanisms of immune privilege that have been learned from ocular inflammation animal models, especially corneal transplantation, are described. Roles of new B7 family molecules on local immune regulation within the cornea are also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Hori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nippon Medical School, Sendagi 1-1-5, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603 Japan
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Zhou J, Appleton SE, Stadnyk A, Lee TDG, Nashan BAP. CD8+γδ T regulatory cells mediate kidney allograft prolongation after oral exposure to alloantigen. Transpl Int 2008; 21:679-87. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2008.00669.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Niederkorn JY. Emerging concepts in CD8(+) T regulatory cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2008; 20:327-31. [PMID: 18406591 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Revised: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 02/29/2008] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
CD8(+) T regulatory cells (T regs) are elicited by unique antigen presenting cells during viral infections, by manipulation of co-stimulatory molecules, or in the development of tumors. CD8(+) T regs display antigen-specificity, which is most exquisitely manifested by the HLA-E-restricted cytolytic CD8(+) T regs in MS. There is evidence that some CD8(+) T regs also express organ specificity. In many cases, IFN-gamma is required for either the induction or expression of CD8(+) T regs. CD8(+) T regs can produce suppression directly by killing immune cells or indirectly by co-opting other cells to elaborate end-stage suppressive molecules such as TGF-beta, IL-10, and indoleamine dioxygenase (IDO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Y Niederkorn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Biros D. Anterior Chamber-Associated Immune Deviation. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2008; 38:309-21, vi-vii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Brenner M, Laragione T, Yarlett NC, Gulko PS. Genetic regulation of T regulatory, CD4, and CD8 cell numbers by the arthritis severity loci Cia5a, Cia5d, and the MHC/Cia1 in the rat. Mol Med 2007. [PMID: 17673937 DOI: 10.2119/2007-00003.brenner] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells have a central role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis, and several abnormalities in T cell homeostasis have been described in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We hypothesized that T cell phenotypes, including frequencies of different subsets of T regulatory (Treg) cells and in vitro functional responses could be genetically determined. Furthermore, we considered that the genetic contribution would be accounted for by one of the arthritis regulatory quantitative trait loci (QTL), thus providing novel clues to gene mode of action. T cells were isolated from thymus, peripheral blood, and spleen from DA (arthritis-susceptible) and ACI and F344 (arthritis-resistant) strains and from F344.DA(Cia1), DA.F344(Cia5a), and DA.F344(Cia5d) rats congenic for arthritis QTL. T cell subpopulations differed significantly between DA, F344, and ACI. DA rats had an increased frequency of CD4(+) cells, and a reduction in CD8(+) and CD4(+)CD45RC(|o) Treg cells, compared with F344. The differences in CD4/CD8 and CD4(+)CD45RC(|o) Treg cells were accounted for by Cia5a. DA rats also had a reduced frequency of CD8(+)CD45RC(|o) CD25(+) Treg cells compared with F344, and that difference was explained by Cia5d. DA rats also had a significantly lower frequency of CD4(+)CD25(+) and CD8(+)CD25(+) thymocytes, and of peripheral blood CD8(+)CD45RC(|o) Treg cells, compared with F344 rats, and that difference was accounted for by the MHC. This is the first identification of arthritis severity QTL regulating numbers of CD4(+)CD45RC(|o) (Cia5a) and CD8(+)CD45RC(|o) CD25(+) (Cia5d) Treg cells. The MHC effect on CD8(+) Treg cells and CD25(+) thymocytes raises a novel potential explanation for its association with arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Brenner
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology, The Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
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