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Song D, Lian Y, Zhang L. The potential of activator protein 1 (AP-1) in cancer targeted therapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1224892. [PMID: 37483616 PMCID: PMC10361657 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1224892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Activator protein-1 (AP-1) is a transcription factor that consists of a diverse group of members including Jun, Fos, Maf, and ATF. AP-1 involves a number of processes such as proliferation, migration, and invasion in cells. Dysfunctional AP-1 activity is associated with cancer initiation, development, invasion, migration and drug resistance. Therefore, AP-1 is a potential target for cancer targeted therapy. Currently, some small molecule inhibitors targeting AP-1 have been developed and tested, showing some anticancer effects. However, AP-1 is complex and diverse in its structure and function, and different dimers may play different roles in different type of cancers. Therefore, more research is needed to reveal the specific mechanisms of AP-1 in cancer, and how to select appropriate inhibitors and treatment strategies. Ultimately, this review summarizes the potential of combination therapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Song
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Women and Children Diseases, Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Genetic Medicine of Shandong Health Commission, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Lian
- Department of Obstetrics, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Women and Children Diseases, Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Genetic Medicine of Shandong Health Commission, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, China
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2
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Tan A, Doig CL. NAD + Degrading Enzymes, Evidence for Roles During Infection. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:697359. [PMID: 34485381 PMCID: PMC8415550 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.697359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Declines in cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) contribute to metabolic dysfunction, increase susceptibility to disease, and occur as a result of pathogenic infection. The enzymatic cleavage of NAD+ transfers ADP-ribose (ADPr) to substrate proteins generating mono-ADP-ribose (MAR), poly-ADP-ribose (PAR) or O-acetyl-ADP-ribose (OAADPr). These important post-translational modifications have roles in both immune response activation and the advancement of infection. In particular, emergent data show viral infection stimulates activation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) mediated NAD+ depletion and stimulates hydrolysis of existing ADP-ribosylation modifications. These studies are important for us to better understand the value of NAD+ maintenance upon the biology of infection. This review focuses specifically upon the NAD+ utilising enzymes, discusses existing knowledge surrounding their roles in infection, their NAD+ depletion capability and their influence within pathogenic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Tan
- Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Centre, Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Craig L Doig
- Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Centre, Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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3
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Li R, Sun X, Li P, Li W, Zhao L, Zhu L, Zhu S. GLP-1-Induced AMPK Activation Inhibits PARP-1 and Promotes LXR-Mediated ABCA1 Expression to Protect Pancreatic β-Cells Against Cholesterol-Induced Toxicity Through Cholesterol Efflux. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:646113. [PMID: 34307343 PMCID: PMC8292745 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.646113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T2DM (Type 2 diabetes) is a complex, chronic disease characterized as insulin resistance and islet β-cell dysfunction. Bariatric surgeries such as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) have become part of a critical treatment regimen in the treatment of obesity and T2DM. Moreover, GLP-1 increase following bariatric surgery has been regarded as a significant event in bariatric surgery-induced remission of T2DM. In this study, a high concentration cholesterol-induced lipotoxicity was observed in INS-1 cells, including inhibited cell viability and insulin secretion. Enhanced cell apoptosis and inhibited cholesterol efflux from INS-1 cells; meanwhile, ABCA1 protein level was decreased by cholesterol stimulation. Cholesterol-induced toxicity and ABCA1 downregulation were attenuated by GLP-1 agonist EX-4. GLP-1 induced AMPK phosphorylation during the protection against cholesterol-induced toxicity. Under cholesterol stimulation, GLP-1-induced AMPK activation inhibited PARP-1 activity, therefore attenuating cholesterol-induced toxicity in INS-1 cells. In INS-1 cells, PARP-1 directly interacted with LXR, leading to the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of LXRα and downregulation of LXR-mediated ABCA1 expression. In the STZ-induced T2DM model in rats, RYGB surgery or EX-4 treatment improved the glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism in rats through GLP-1 inhibition of PARP-1 activity. In conclusion, GLP-1 inhibits PARP-1 to protect islet β cell function against cholesterol-induced toxicity in vitro and in vivo through enhancing cholesterol efflux. GLP-1-induced AMPK and LXR-mediated ABCA1 expression are involved in GLP-1 protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rao Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xulong Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Pengzhou Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weizheng Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Liyong Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shaihong Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Eckert MA, Orozco C, Xiao J, Javellana M, Lengyel E. The Effects of Chemotherapeutics on the Ovarian Cancer Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3136. [PMID: 34201616 PMCID: PMC8268261 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is characterized by a complex and dynamic tumor microenvironment (TME) composed of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), immune cells, endothelial cells, and adipocytes. Although most approved therapies target cancer cells, a growing body of evidence suggests that chemotherapeutic agents have an important role in regulating the biology of the diverse cells that compose the TME. Understanding how non-transformed cells respond and adapt to established therapeutics is necessary to completely comprehend their action and develop novel therapeutics that interrupt undesired tumor-stroma interactions. Here, we review the effects of chemotherapeutic agents on normal cellular components of the host-derived TME focusing on CAFs. We concentrate on therapies used in the treatment of HGSOC and synthesize findings from studies focusing on other cancer types and benign tissues. Agents such as platinum derivatives, taxanes, and PARP inhibitors broadly affect the TME and promote or inhibit the pro-tumorigenic roles of CAFs by modifying the bidirectional cross-talk between tumor and stromal cells in the tumor organ. While most chemotherapy research focuses on cancer cells, these studies emphasize the need to consider all cell types within the tumor organ when evaluating chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ernst Lengyel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Section of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (M.A.E.); (C.O.); (J.X.); (M.J.)
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Wasyluk W, Zwolak A. PARP Inhibitors: An Innovative Approach to the Treatment of Inflammation and Metabolic Disorders in Sepsis. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:1827-1844. [PMID: 33986609 PMCID: PMC8110256 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s300679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is not only a threat to the health of individual patients but also presents a serious epidemiological problem. Despite intensive research, modern sepsis therapy remains based primarily on antimicrobial treatment and supporting the functions of failing organs. Finding a cure for sepsis represents a great and as yet unfulfilled need in modern medicine. Research results indicate that the activity of poly (adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose) polymerase (PARP) may play an important role in the inflammatory response and the cellular metabolic disorders found in sepsis. Mechanisms by which PARP-1 may contribute to inflammation and metabolic disorders include effects on the regulation of gene expression, impaired metabolism, cell death, and the release of alarmins. These findings suggest that inhibition of this enzyme may be a promising solution for the treatment of sepsis. In studies using experimental sepsis models, inhibition of PARP-1 has been shown to ameliorate the inflammatory response and increase survival. This action was described, among others, for olaparib, a PARP-1 inhibitor approved for use in oncology. While the results of current research are promising, the use of PARP inhibitors in non-oncological diseases raises some concerns, mainly related to the enzyme's role in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair. However, the results of studies on experimental models indicate the effectiveness of even short-term PARP-1 inhibition and do not confirm concerns regarding its impact on the integrity of nuclear DNA. Current research presents PARP inhibition as a potential solution for the treatment of sepsis and indicates the need for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Wasyluk
- Chair of Internal Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine in Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.,Doctoral School, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zwolak
- Chair of Internal Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine in Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Demény MA, Virág L. The PARP Enzyme Family and the Hallmarks of Cancer Part 2: Hallmarks Related to Cancer Host Interactions. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2057. [PMID: 33923319 PMCID: PMC8123211 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) modify target proteins with a single ADP-ribose unit or with a poly (ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymer. PARP inhibitors (PARPis) recently became clinically available for the treatment of BRCA1/2 deficient tumors via the synthetic lethality paradigm. This personalized treatment primarily targets DNA damage-responsive PARPs (PARP1-3). However, the biological roles of PARP family member enzymes are broad; therefore, the effects of PARPis should be viewed in a much wider context, which includes complex effects on all known hallmarks of cancer. In the companion paper (part 1) to this review, we presented the fundamental roles of PARPs in intrinsic cancer cell hallmarks, such as uncontrolled proliferation, evasion of growth suppressors, cell death resistance, genome instability, replicative immortality, and reprogrammed metabolism. In the second part of this review, we present evidence linking PARPs to cancer-associated inflammation, anti-cancer immune response, invasion, and metastasis. A comprehensive overview of the roles of PARPs can facilitate the identification of novel cancer treatment opportunities and barriers limiting the efficacy of PARPi compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máté A. Demény
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Virág
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Trypanosoma cruzi Induces the PARP1/AP-1 Pathway for Upregulation of Metalloproteinases and Transforming Growth Factor β in Macrophages: Role in Cardiac Fibroblast Differentiation and Fibrosis in Chagas Disease. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.01853-20. [PMID: 33172999 PMCID: PMC7667027 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01853-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyopathy is the most important clinical manifestation of T. cruzi-driven CD. Recent studies have suggested the detrimental role of the matrix metalloproteinases MMP2 and MMP9 in extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation during cardiac remodeling in T. cruzi infection. Peripheral TGF-β levels are increased in clinically symptomatic CD patients over those in clinically asymptomatic seropositive individuals. We provide the first evidence that during T. cruzi infection, Mϕ release of MMP2 and MMP9 plays an active role in activation of TGF-β signaling of ECM remodeling and cardiac fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation. We also determined that PARP1 signals c-Fos- and JunB-mediated AP-1 transcriptional activation of profibrotic gene expression and demonstrated the significance of PARP1 inhibition in controlling chronic fibrosis in Chagas disease. Our study provides a promising therapeutic approach for controlling T. cruzi-driven fibroblast differentiation in CD by PARP1 inhibitors through modulation of the Mϕ signaling of the AP-1–MMP9–TGF-β pathway. Chagas disease (CD), caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is a degenerative heart condition. In the present study, we investigated the role of poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1/activator protein 1 (PARP1/AP-1) in upregulation of profibrotic macrophages (Mϕ) and subsequent development of cardiac fibrosis in CD. We used in vitro and in vivo models of T. cruzi infection and chemical and genetic inhibition of Parp1 to examine the molecular mechanisms by which Mϕ might augment profibrotic events in CD. Cultured (RAW 264.7 and THP-1) Mϕ infected with T. cruzi and primary cardiac and splenic Mϕ of chronically infected mice exhibited a significant increase in the expression, activity, and release of metalloproteinases (MMP2, MMP9, and MMP12) and the cytokine transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). Mϕ release of MMPs and TGF-β signaled the cardiac fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation, as evidenced by a shift from S100A4 to alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression. Incubation of infected Mϕ with MMP2 and MMP9 inhibitors resulted in 60 to 74% decline in TGF-β release, and MMP9 and PARP1 inhibitors resulted in 57 to 70% decline in Mϕ TGF-β-driven cardiac fibroblast differentiation. Likewise, histological studies showed a 12- to 16-fold increase in myocardial expression of CD68 (Mϕ marker) and its colocalization with MMP9/TGF-β, galectin-3, and vimentin in wild-type mice with CD. In comparison, chronically infected Parp1−/− mice exhibited a >50% decline in myocardial levels of Mϕ and associated fibrosis markers. Further study showed that PARP1 synergized with c-Fos and JunB AP-1 family members for transcriptional activation of profibrotic response after T. cruzi infection. We conclude that PARP1 inhibition offers a potential therapy for controlling the T. cruzi-driven fibroblast differentiation in CD through modulation of the Mϕ signaling of the AP-1–MMP9–TGF-β pathway.
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Minireview Exploring the Biological Cycle of Vitamin B3 and Its Influence on Oxidative Stress: Further Molecular and Clinical Aspects. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153323. [PMID: 32707945 PMCID: PMC7436124 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B3, or niacin, is one of the most important compounds of the B-vitamin complex. Recent reports have demonstrated the involvement of vitamin B3 in a number of pivotal functions which ensure that homeostasis is maintained. In addition, the intriguing nature of its synthesis and the underlying mechanism of action of vitamin B3 have encouraged further studies aimed at deepening our understanding of the close link between the exogenous supply of B3 and how it activates dependent enzymes. This crucial role can be attributed to the gut microflora and its ability to shape human behavior and development by mediating the bioavailability of metabolites. Recent studies have indicated a possible interconnection between the novel coronavirus and commensal bacteria. As such, we have attempted to explain how the gastrointestinal deficiencies displayed by SARS-CoV-2-infected patients arise. It seems that the stimulation of a proinflammatory cascade and the production of large amounts of reactive oxygen species culminates in the subsequent loss of host eubiosis. Studies of the relationhip between ROS, SARS-CoV-2, and gut flora are sparse in the current literature. As an integrated component, oxidative stress (OS) has been found to negatively influence host eubiosis, in vitro fertilization outcomes, and oocyte quality, but to act as a sentinel against infections. In conclusion, research suggests that in the future, a healthy diet may be considered a reliable tool for maintaining and optimizing our key internal parameters.
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Loss of PARP-1 attenuates diabetic arteriosclerotic calcification via Stat1/Runx2 axis. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:22. [PMID: 31924749 PMCID: PMC6954221 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2215-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Accelerated atherosclerotic calcification is responsible for plaque burden, especially in diabetes. The regulatory mechanism for atherosclerotic calcification in diabetes is poorly characterized. Here we show that deletion of PARP-1, a main enzyme in diverse metabolic complications, attenuates diabetic atherosclerotic calcification and decreases vessel stiffening in mice through Runx2 suppression. Specifically, PARP-1 deficiency reduces diabetic arteriosclerotic calcification by regulating Stat1-mediated synthetic phenotype switching of vascular smooth muscle cells and macrophage polarization. Meanwhile, both vascular smooth muscle cells and macrophages manifested osteogenic differentiation in osteogenic media, which was attenuated by PARP-1/Stat1 inhibition. Notably, Stat1 acts as a positive transcription factor by directly binding to the promoter of Runx2 and promoting atherosclerotic calcification in diabetes. Our results identify a new function of PARP-1, in which metabolism disturbance-related stimuli activate the Runx2 expression mediated by Stat1 transcription to facilitate diabetic arteriosclerotic calcification. PARP-1 inhibition may therefore represent a useful therapy for this challenging complication.
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Pazzaglia S, Pioli C. Multifaceted Role of PARP-1 in DNA Repair and Inflammation: Pathological and Therapeutic Implications in Cancer and Non-Cancer Diseases. Cells 2019; 9:cells9010041. [PMID: 31877876 PMCID: PMC7017201 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PARP-1 (poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase 1), mainly known for its protective role in DNA repair, also regulates inflammatory processes. Notably, defects in DNA repair and chronic inflammation may both predispose to cancer development. On the other hand, inhibition of DNA repair and inflammatory responses can be beneficial in cancer therapy and PARP inhibitors are currently used for their lethal effects on tumor cells. Furthermore, excess of PARP-1 activity has been associated with many tumors and inflammation-related clinical conditions, including asthma, sepsis, arthritis, atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative diseases, to name a few. Activation and inhibition of PARP represent, therefore, a double-edged sword that can be exploited for therapeutic purposes. In our review, we will discuss recent findings highlighting the composite multifaceted role of PARP-1 in cancer and inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Pazzaglia
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (C.P.); Tel.: +39-06-3048-6535 (S.P.); +39-06-3048-3398 (C.P.)
| | - Claudio Pioli
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (C.P.); Tel.: +39-06-3048-6535 (S.P.); +39-06-3048-3398 (C.P.)
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Bohio AA, Sattout A, Wang R, Wang K, Sah RK, Guo X, Zeng X, Ke Y, Boldogh I, Ba X. c-Abl-Mediated Tyrosine Phosphorylation of PARP1 Is Crucial for Expression of Proinflammatory Genes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 203:1521-1531. [PMID: 31399520 PMCID: PMC6731455 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a rapid and transient posttranslational protein modification mostly catalyzed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1). Fundamental roles of activated PARP1 in DNA damage repair and cellular response pathways are well established; however, the precise mechanisms by which PARP1 is activated independent of DNA damage, and thereby playing a role in expression of inflammatory genes, remain poorly understood. In this study, we show that, in response to LPS or TNF-α exposure, the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase c-Abl undergoes nuclear translocation and interacts with and phosphorylates PARP1 at the conserved Y829 site. Tyrosine-phosphorylated PARP1 is required for protein poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of RelA/p65 and NF-κB-dependent expression of proinflammatory genes in murine RAW 264.7 macrophages, human monocytic THP1 cells, or mouse lungs. Furthermore, LPS-induced airway lung inflammation was reduced by inhibition of c-Abl activity. The present study elucidated a novel signaling pathway to activate PARP1 and regulate gene expression, suggesting that blocking the interaction of c-Abl with PARP1 or pharmaceutical inhibition of c-Abl may improve the outcomes of PARP1 activation-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameer Ali Bohio
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Aman Sattout
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Ruoxi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Rajiv Kumar Sah
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; and
| | - Xiaolan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xianlu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yueshuang Ke
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Istvan Boldogh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Xueqing Ba
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China;
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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The Role of PARPs in Inflammation-and Metabolic-Related Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms and Beyond. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091047. [PMID: 31500199 PMCID: PMC6770262 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) is an essential post-translational modification catalyzed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is a well-characterized member of the PARP family. PARP1 plays a crucial role in multiple biological processes and PARP1 activation contributes to the development of various inflammatory and malignant disorders, including lung inflammatory disorders, cardiovascular disease, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, and diabetes. In this review, we will focus on the role and molecular mechanisms of PARPs enzymes in inflammation- and metabolic-related diseases. Specifically, we discuss the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that PARP1 is associated with in the regulation of pathogenesis. Recently, increasing evidence suggests that PARP inhibition is a promising strategy for intervention of some diseases. Thus, our in-depth understanding of the mechanism of how PARPs are activated and how their signaling downstream effecters can provide more potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of the related diseases in the future is crucial.
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Abstract
Ageing is the main risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. A central mechanism by which ageing promotes vascular pathologies is compromising endothelial health. The age-related attenuation of endothelium-dependent dilator responses (endothelial dysfunction) associated with impairment of angiogenic processes and the subsequent pathological remodelling of the microcirculation contribute to compromised tissue perfusion and exacerbate functional decline in older individuals. This Review focuses on cellular, molecular, and functional changes that occur in the endothelium during ageing. We explore the links between oxidative and nitrative stress and the conserved molecular pathways affecting endothelial dysfunction and impaired angiogenesis during ageing. We also speculate on how these pathological processes could be therapeutically targeted. An improved understanding of endothelial biology in older patients is crucial for all cardiologists because maintenance of a competently functioning endothelium is critical for adequate tissue perfusion and long-term cardiac health.
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PARP1 promote autophagy in cardiomyocytes via modulating FoxO3a transcription. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1047. [PMID: 30323296 PMCID: PMC6189197 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a key regulatory process in maintaining cellular homoeostasis via lysosome degradation. Growing evidence reveals that poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1) is involved in the progression of many cardiovascular diseases. This study was undertaken to discuss the role of PARP1 in cardiomyocyte autophagy. Our results demonstrated that PARP1 was activated in response to starvation-induced myocardial autophagy. We identified Forkhead box O (FoxO)3a as a substrate of PARP1. Upon PARP1 activation, poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation dissociated histone H1 from FoxO3a target gene promoter and promoted FoxO3a nuclear accumulation and binding activity to the target promoters, resulting in increased expression of autophagy related genes. Activated autophagy by PARP1 impaired mitochondrial metabolism and promoted cardiomyocyte death. And PARP1 silencing or specific inhibitors alleviated the promotion of FoxO3 activity upon starvation or myocardial ischemia, thus suppressing cardiac apoptosis and fibrosis. Together, these data indicate that PARP1-mediated poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of FoxO3a plays a key role in cardiomyocyte autophagy. The utilization of PARP1 as a therapeutic target for related cardiovascular diseases would be desirable.
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Zaffini R, Gotte G, Menegazzi M. Asthma and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibition: a new therapeutic approach. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:281-293. [PMID: 29483769 PMCID: PMC5813949 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s150846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic lung disease affecting people of all ages worldwide, and it frequently begins in childhood. Because of its chronic nature, it is characterized by pathological manifestations, including airway inflammation, remodeling, and goblet cell hyperplasia. Current therapies for asthma, including corticosteroids and beta-2 adrenergic agonists, are directed toward relieving the symptoms of the asthmatic response, with poor effectiveness against the underlying causes of the disease. Asthma initiation and progression depends on the T helper (Th) 2 type immune response carried out by a complex interplay of cytokines, such as interleukin (IL) 4, IL5, and IL13, and the signal transducer and activator of transcription 6. Much of the data resulting from different laboratories support the role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) 1 and PARP14 activation in asthma. Indeed, PARP enzymes play key roles in the regulation and progression of the inflammatory asthma process because they affect the expression of genes and chemokines involved in the immune response. Consistently, PARP inhibition achievable either upon genetic ablation or by using pharmacological agents has shown a range of therapeutic effects against the disease. Indeed, in the last two decades, several preclinical studies highlighted the protective effects of PARP inhibition in various animal models of asthma. PARP inhibitors showed the ability to reduce the overall lung inflammation acting with a specific effect on immune cell recruitment and through the modulation of asthma-associated cytokines production. PARP inhibition has been shown to affect the Th1–Th2 balance and, at least in some aspects, the airway remodeling. In this review, we summarize and discuss the steps that led PARP inhibition to become a possible future therapeutic strategy against allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaela Zaffini
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Gotte
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marta Menegazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Small-Molecule Inhibitors of PARPs: From Tools for Investigating ADP-Ribosylation to Therapeutics. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2018; 420:211-231. [PMID: 30242511 DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 60 years, poly-ADP-ribose polymerases (PARPs, 17 family members in humans) have emerged as important regulators of physiology and disease. Small-molecule inhibitors have been essential tools for unraveling PARP function, and recently the first PARP inhibitors have been approved for the treatment of various human cancers. However, inhibitors have only been developed for a few PARPs and in vitro profiling has revealed that many of these exhibit polypharmacology across the PARP family. In this review, we discuss the history, development, and current state of the field, highlighting the limitations and opportunities for PARP inhibitor development.
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17
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Mishra M, Kowluru RA. Role of PARP-1 as a novel transcriptional regulator of MMP-9 in diabetic retinopathy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:1761-1769. [PMID: 28478229 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In diabetes, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is activated, which damages mitochondria, resulting in accelerated capillary cell apoptosis. Regulation of MMP-9 is controlled by multiple transcription factors including nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1). Binding of these transcription factors, however, can be regulated by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), which forms a strong initiation complex at the promoter region and facilitates multiple rounds of gene transcription. This complex formation with the transcription factors is regulated by posttranslational acetylation of PARP-1, and in diabetes, the deacetylating enzyme, Sirt1, is inhibited. Our aim was to understand the role of PARP-1 in transcriptional regulation of MMP-9 in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Using human retinal endothelial cells, the effect of PARP-1 inhibition (pharmacologically by PJ34, 1μM; or genetically by its siRNA) on MMP-9 expression was investigated. The effect of PARP-1 acetylation on its binding at the MMP-9 promoter, and with NF-kB/AP-1, was investigated in the cells transfected with Sirt1. In vitro results were validated in the retinal microvessels from diabetic mice either administered PJ34, or overexpressing Sirt1. Inhibition of PARP-1 ameliorated hyperglycemia-induced increase in the binding of NF-kB/AP-1 at the MMP-9 promoter, decreased MMP-9 expression and ameliorated mitochondrial damage. Overexpression of Sirt1 attenuated diabetes-induced increase in PARP-1 binding at MMP-9 promoter or with NF-kB/AP-1. Thus, PARP-1, via manipulating the binding of NF-kB/AP-1 at the MMP-9 promoter, regulates MMP-9 expression, which helps maintain mitochondrial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Mishra
- Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, United States.
| | - Renu A Kowluru
- Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
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Alfaras I, Di Germanio C, Bernier M, Csiszar A, Ungvari Z, Lakatta EG, de Cabo R. Pharmacological Strategies to Retard Cardiovascular Aging. Circ Res 2017; 118:1626-42. [PMID: 27174954 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.307475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aging is the major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, which are the leading cause of death in the United States. Traditionally, the effort to prevent cardiovascular disease has been focused on addressing the conventional risk factors, including hypertension, hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, and high circulating levels of triglycerides. However, recent preclinical studies have identified new approaches to combat cardiovascular disease. Calorie restriction has been reproducibly shown to prolong lifespan in various experimental model animals. This has led to the development of calorie restriction mimetics and other pharmacological interventions capable to delay age-related diseases. In this review, we will address the mechanistic effects of aging per se on the cardiovascular system and focus on the prolongevity benefits of various therapeutic strategies that support cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Alfaras
- From the Experimental Gerontology Section, Translational Gerontology Branch (I.A., C.D.G., M.B., R.d.C.) and Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science (E.G.L.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy (C.D.G.); and Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK (A.C., Z.U.)
| | - Clara Di Germanio
- From the Experimental Gerontology Section, Translational Gerontology Branch (I.A., C.D.G., M.B., R.d.C.) and Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science (E.G.L.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy (C.D.G.); and Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK (A.C., Z.U.)
| | - Michel Bernier
- From the Experimental Gerontology Section, Translational Gerontology Branch (I.A., C.D.G., M.B., R.d.C.) and Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science (E.G.L.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy (C.D.G.); and Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK (A.C., Z.U.)
| | - Anna Csiszar
- From the Experimental Gerontology Section, Translational Gerontology Branch (I.A., C.D.G., M.B., R.d.C.) and Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science (E.G.L.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy (C.D.G.); and Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK (A.C., Z.U.)
| | - Zoltan Ungvari
- From the Experimental Gerontology Section, Translational Gerontology Branch (I.A., C.D.G., M.B., R.d.C.) and Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science (E.G.L.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy (C.D.G.); and Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK (A.C., Z.U.)
| | - Edward G Lakatta
- From the Experimental Gerontology Section, Translational Gerontology Branch (I.A., C.D.G., M.B., R.d.C.) and Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science (E.G.L.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy (C.D.G.); and Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK (A.C., Z.U.)
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- From the Experimental Gerontology Section, Translational Gerontology Branch (I.A., C.D.G., M.B., R.d.C.) and Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science (E.G.L.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy (C.D.G.); and Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK (A.C., Z.U.).
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Su S, Lin X, Ding N, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Ding Y, Hou X, Tian Y. Effects of PARP-1 inhibitor and ERK inhibitor on epithelial mesenchymal transitions of the ovarian cancer SKOV3 cells. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:1225-1229. [PMID: 27668317 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess the effects of the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) inhibitor PJ34 and ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 on the proliferation and epithelial mesenchymal transitions (EMT) of cisplatin resistant ovarian cancer SKOV-3 cells. METHODS Proliferation of SKOV-3 cells was evaluated using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay with PJ34 and U0126 treatment. Expression changes of E-cadherin and vimentin with PJ34 and U0126 treatment was examined using Western blot and quantitative PCR. In addition, invasion assay was performed in cells treated with PJ34 and U0126. RESULTS PJ34 and U0126 inhibited proliferation of SKOV-3 cells in a time dependent manner. PJ34 and U0126 suppressed the expression of vimentin and enhanced the expression of E-cadherin. PJ34 and U0126 reduced cell invasion. The inhibitory effects of PJ34 and U0126 were stronger than PJ34 alone. PJ34 inhibited the proliferation and invasion of SKOV-3 cells which can be enhanced by ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126. CONCLUSIONS These inhibitory effects are partially due to PARP-1 and ERK1/2 mediated attenuation of EMT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Su
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shangdong, China; Department of Gynecology, The Central Hospital of Zibo, Shangdong, China
| | - Xueyan Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shangdong, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Gynecology, The Central Hospital of Zibo, Shangdong, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The Central Hospital of Zibo, Shangdong, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The Central Hospital of Zibo, Shangdong, China
| | - Yumei Ding
- Department of Gynecology, The Central Hospital of Zibo, Shangdong, China
| | - Xiaoman Hou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shangdong, China
| | - Yongjie Tian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shangdong, China.
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20
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Cardiovascular Protective Effect of Metformin and Telmisartan: Reduction of PARP1 Activity via the AMPK-PARP1 Cascade. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151845. [PMID: 26986624 PMCID: PMC4795690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia and hypertension impair endothelial function in part through oxidative stress-activated poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1). Biguanides and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) such as metformin and telmisartan have a vascular protective effect. We used cultured vascular endothelial cells (ECs), diabetic and hypertensive rodent models, and AMPKα2-knockout mice to investigate whether metformin and telmisartan have a beneficial effect on the endothelium via AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation of PARP1 and thus inhibition of PARP1 activity. The results showed that metformin and telmisartan, but not glipizide and metoprolol, activated AMPK, which phosphorylated PARP1 Ser-177 in cultured ECs and the vascular wall of rodent models. Experiments using phosphorylated/de-phosphorylated PARP1 mutants show that AMPK phosphorylation of PARP1 leads to decreased PARP1 activity and attenuated protein poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation), but increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity and silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) expression. Taken together, the data presented here suggest biguanides and ARBs have a beneficial effect on the vasculature by the cascade of AMPK phosphorylation of PARP1 to inhibit PARP1 activity and protein PARylation in ECs, thereby mitigating endothelial dysfunction.
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Martínez-Bosch N, Fernández-Zapico ME, Navarro P, Yélamos J. Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerases: New Players in the Pathogenesis of Exocrine Pancreatic Diseases. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 186:234-41. [PMID: 26687988 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes were initially characterized as sensors of DNA breaks but are now known to play key roles not only in the DNA damage response but also in regulating numerous molecular processes, such as gene transcription. Furthermore, these polymerases have emerged as key players in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases, providing promising therapeutic targets for pathologies such as cardiovascular disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. In recent years, PARPs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer, and PARP inhibition has been proposed as a valuable strategy for treating these two important gastrointestinal tract disorders. For instance, in preclinical mouse models, pancreatitis was significantly attenuated after genetic or pharmacological PARP inactivation, and several clinical trials have demonstrated promising responses to PARP inhibitors in pancreatic cancer patients. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of PARP functions in these two dismal pathologies and discuss the next steps necessary to determine whether PARP inhibitors will finally make the difference in treating pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Martínez-Bosch
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martin E Fernández-Zapico
- Division of Oncology Research, Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Pilar Navarro
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - José Yélamos
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Network Center for Biomedical Research on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases, Madrid, Spain; Department of Immunology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Ryu KW, Kim DS, Kraus WL. New facets in the regulation of gene expression by ADP-ribosylation and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases. Chem Rev 2015; 115:2453-81. [PMID: 25575290 PMCID: PMC4378458 DOI: 10.1021/cr5004248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keun Woo Ryu
- Laboratory of Signaling and Gene
Regulation, Cecil H. and Ida Green
Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, Division of Basic Research, Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Program
in Genetics and Development, University
of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Dae-Seok Kim
- Laboratory of Signaling and Gene
Regulation, Cecil H. and Ida Green
Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, Division of Basic Research, Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Program
in Genetics and Development, University
of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - W. Lee Kraus
- Laboratory of Signaling and Gene
Regulation, Cecil H. and Ida Green
Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, Division of Basic Research, Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Program
in Genetics and Development, University
of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
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23
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Walko TD, Di Caro V, Piganelli J, Billiar TR, Clark RSB, Aneja RK. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1-sirtuin 1 functional interplay regulates LPS-mediated high mobility group box 1 secretion. Mol Med 2015; 20:612-24. [PMID: 25517228 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathophysiological conditions that lead to the release of the prototypic damage-associated molecular pattern molecule high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) also result in activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1; now known as ADP-ribosyl transferase 1 [ARTD1]). Persistent activation of PARP1 promotes energy failure and cell death. The role of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in HMGB1 release has been explored previously; however, PARP1 is a versatile enzyme and performs several other functions including cross-talk with another nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide- (NAD(+)) dependent member of the Class III histone deacetylases (HDACs), sirtuin-1 (SIRT1). Previously, it has been shown that the hyperacetylation of HMGB1 is a seminal event prior to its secretion, a process that also is dependent on HDACs. Therefore, in this study, we seek to determine if PARP1 inhibition alters LPS-mediated HMGB1 hyperacetylation and subsequent secretion due to its effect on SIRT1. We demonstrate in an in vitro model that LPS treatment leads to hyperacetylated HMGB1 with concomitant reduction in nuclear HDAC activity. Treatment with PARP1 inhibitors mitigates the LPS-mediated reduction in nuclear HDAC activity and decreases HMGB1 acetylation. By utilizing an NAD(+)-based mechanism, PARP1 inhibition increases the activity of SIRT1. Consequently, there is an increased nuclear retention and decreased extracellular secretion of HMGB1. We also demonstrate that PARP1 physically interacts with SIRT1. Further confirmation of this data was obtained in a murine model of sepsis, that is, administration of PJ-34, a specific PARP1 inhibitor, led to decreased serum HMGB1 concentrations in mice subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) as compared with untreated mice. In conclusion, our study provides new insights in understanding the molecular mechanisms of HMGB1 secretion in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Walko
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Valentina Di Caro
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jon Piganelli
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert S B Clark
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rajesh K Aneja
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Dubaniewicz A, Kalinowski L, Dudziak M, Kalinowska A, Singh M. Peroxynitrite in Sarcoidosis: Relation to Mycobacterium Stationary Phase. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 866:41-9. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2015_139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Yoon SP, Kim J. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 activation links ischemic acute kidney injury to interstitial fibrosis. J Physiol Sci 2015; 65:105-11. [PMID: 25388944 PMCID: PMC10717313 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-014-0346-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inactivation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) has been found to be protective in several disease models; however, the role of PARP1 in acute kidney injury-induced interstitial fibrosis has not been studied. Herein, we tested whether PARP1 inactivation by treatment with PJ34 (a PARP1 inactivator; 10 mg/kg body weight/day, intraperitoneal implantation of a miniosmotic pump at 2 days after the onset) contributed to the decrease in interstitial fibrosis induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in mouse kidneys. IRI increased PARP1 activation represented by poly(ADP-ribose) expression from 4 to 16 days postinjury, whereas treatment with PJ34 at 2 days after the onset efficaciously abolished the increase in PARP1 activation at 4, 8 and 16 days after IRI. Pharmacological inactivation of PARP1 significantly reduced interstitial fibrosis as represented by the collagen deposition and transforming growth factor-β1 level at 8 and 16 days after IRI. Consistent with collagen deposition, myofibroblast activation represented by α-smooth muscle actin expression was also reduced by PARP1 inactivation at 8 and 16 days after IRI. Furthermore, IRI enhanced macrophage influx, but PARP1 inactivaton remarkably reduced macrophage influx for 4 through 16 days after the injury. Among the chemoattractants for monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) production in IRI kidneys was significantly reduced by PARP1 inactivation from 4 to 16 days postinjury. These data demonstrate that PARP1 activation contributes to IRI-induced MCP-1 production and in turn to macrophage influx, resulting in the promotion of interstitial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Pil Yoon
- Department of Anatomy, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, 690-756 Republic of Korea
| | - Jinu Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, 690-756 Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedicine and Drug Development, Jeju National University, Jeju, 690-756 Republic of Korea
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Fontes FL, Pinheiro DML, Oliveira AHSD, Oliveira RKDM, Lajus TBP, Agnez-Lima LF. Role of DNA repair in host immune response and inflammation. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2014; 763:246-57. [PMID: 25795123 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the understanding of how DNA repair contributes to the development of innate and acquired immunity has emerged. The DNA damage incurred during the inflammatory response triggers the activation of DNA repair pathways, which are required for host-cell survival. Here, we reviewed current understanding of the mechanism by which DNA repair contributes to protection against the oxidized DNA damage generated during infectious and inflammatory diseases and its involvement in innate and adaptive immunity. We discussed the functional role of DNA repair enzymes in the immune activation and the relevance of these processes to: transcriptional regulation of cytokines and other genes involved in the inflammatory response; V(D)J recombination; class-switch recombination (CSR); and somatic hypermutation (SHM). These three last processes of DNA damage repair are required for effective humoral adaptive immunity, creating genetic diversity in developing T and B cells. Furthermore, viral replication is also dependent on host DNA repair mechanisms. Therefore, the elucidation of the pathways of DNA damage and its repair that activate innate and adaptive immunity will be important for a better understanding of the immune and inflammatory disorders and developing new therapeutic interventions for treatment of these diseases and for improving their outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrícia Lima Fontes
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - Daniele Maria Lopes Pinheiro
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - Ana Helena Sales de Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | | | - Tirzah Braz Petta Lajus
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil; Liga Contra o Cancer, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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Morris G, Maes M. Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress and Immune-Inflammatory Pathways in Patients with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME)/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 12:168-85. [PMID: 24669210 PMCID: PMC3964747 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x11666131120224653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME) / Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) has been classified as a disease of the central nervous system by the WHO since 1969. Many patients carrying this diagnosis do demonstrate an almost bewildering array of biological abnormalities particularly the presence of oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS) and a chronically activated innate immune system. The proposal made herein is that once generated chronically activated O&NS and immune-inflammatory pathways conspire to generate a multitude of self-sustaining and self-amplifying pathological processes which are associated with the onset of ME/CFS. Sources of continuous activation of O&NS and immune-inflammatory pathways in ME/CFS are chronic, intermittent and opportunistic infections, bacterial translocation, autoimmune responses, mitochondrial dysfunctions, activation of the Toll-Like Receptor Radical Cycle, and decreased antioxidant levels. Consequences of chronically activated O&NS and immune-inflammatory pathways in ME/CFS are brain disorders, including neuroinflammation and brain hypometabolism / hypoperfusion, toxic effects of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite, lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage to DNA, secondary autoimmune responses directed against disrupted lipid membrane components and proteins, mitochondrial dysfunctions with a disruption of energy metabolism (e.g. compromised ATP production) and dysfunctional intracellular signaling pathways. The interplay between all of these factors leads to self-amplifying feed forward loops causing a chronic state of activated O&NS, immune-inflammatory and autoimmune pathways which may sustain the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand ; Department of Psychiatry, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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Wang G, Huang X, Li Y, Guo K, Ning P, Zhang Y. PARP-1 inhibitor, DPQ, attenuates LPS-induced acute lung injury through inhibiting NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79757. [PMID: 24278171 PMCID: PMC3836796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is characterized by overwhelming lung inflammation and anti-inflammation treatment is proposed to be a therapeutic strategy for ALI. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 has been demonstrated to be involved in tissue inflammation and one of its inhibitors, 3, 4-Dihydro-5[4-(1-piperindinyl)butoxy]-1(2H)-isoquinoline (DPQ), exerts anti-inflammatory effect. However, it is still unclear whether the DPQ possesses the protective effect on ALI and what mechanisms are involved. In this study, we tested the effect of DPQ on the lung inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge in mice. We found that 6 h-LPS challenge induced significant lung inflammation and vascular leakage in mice. Treatment with DPQ at the dose of 10 μg/kg markedly reduced the neutrophil infiltration, myeloperoxidase activity and up-regulation of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines. LPS-elevated vascular permeability was decreased by DPQ treatment, accompanied by the inhibition of apoptotic cell death in mice lungs. In addition, we isolated mice peritoneal macrophages and showed pretreatment with DPQ at 10 μM inhibited the production of cytokines in the macrophages following LPS stimulation. DPQ treatment also inhibited the phosphorylation and degradation of IκB-α, subsequently blocked the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB induced by LPS in vivo and in vitro. Taken together, our results show that DPQ treatment inhibits NF-κB signaling in macrophages and protects mice against ALI induced by LPS, suggesting inhibition of Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 may be a potential and effective approach to resolve inflammation for the treatment of ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaojia Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongjin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kangkang Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pengbo Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail:
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Accelerated aging during chronic oxidative stress: a role for PARP-1. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:680414. [PMID: 24319532 PMCID: PMC3844163 DOI: 10.1155/2013/680414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathophysiology of chronic inflammatory disease and it has also been linked to accelerated telomere shortening. Telomeres are specialized structures at the ends of linear chromosomes that protect these ends from degradation and fusion. Telomeres shorten with each cell division eventually leading to cellular senescence. Research has shown that poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and subtelomeric methylation play a role in telomere stability. We hypothesized that PARP-1 plays a role in accelerated aging in chronic inflammatory diseases due to its role as coactivator of NF-κb and AP-1. Therefore we evaluated the effect of chronic PARP-1 inhibition (by fisetin and minocycline) in human fibroblasts (HF) cultured under normal conditions and under conditions of chronic oxidative stress, induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP). Results showed that PARP-1 inhibition under normal culturing conditions accelerated the rate of telomere shortening. However, under conditions of chronic oxidative stress, PARP-1 inhibition did not show accelerated telomere shortening. We also observed a strong correlation between telomere length and subtelomeric methylation status of HF cells. We conclude that chronic PARP-1 inhibition appears to be beneficial in conditions of chronic oxidative stress but may be detrimental under relatively normal conditions.
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Rosado MM, Bennici E, Novelli F, Pioli C. Beyond DNA repair, the immunological role of PARP-1 and its siblings. Immunology 2013; 139:428-37. [PMID: 23489378 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation is the addition of one or more (up to some hundreds) ADP-ribose moieties to acceptor proteins. There are two major families of enzymes that catalyse this reaction: extracellular ADP-ribosyl-transferases (ARTs), which are bound to the cell membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor or are secreted, and poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerases (PARPs), which are present in the cell nucleus and/or cytoplasm. Recent findings revealed a wide immunological role for ADP-ribosylating enzymes. ARTs, by sensing extracellular NAD concentration, can act as danger detectors. PARP-1, the prototypical representative of the PARP family, known to protect cells from genomic instability, is involved in the development of inflammatory responses and several forms of cell death. PARP-1 also plays a role in adaptive immunity by modulating the ability of dendritic cells to stimulate T cells or by directly affecting the differentiation and functions of T and B cells. Both PARP-1 and PARP-14 (CoaSt6) knockout mice were described to display reduced T helper type 2 cell differentiation and allergic responses. Our recent findings showed that PARP-1 is involved in the differentiation of Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells, suggesting a role for PARP-1 in tolerance induction. Also ARTs regulate Treg cell homeostasis by promoting Treg cell apoptosis during inflammatory responses. PARP inhibitors ameliorate immune-mediated diseases in several experimental models, including rheumatoid arthritis, colitis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and allergy. Together these findings show that ADP-ribosylating enzymes, in particular PARP-1, play a pivotal role in the regulation of immune responses and may represent a good target for new therapeutic approaches in immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Manuela Rosado
- Laboratory of B cell development, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Zhang XM, Jing YP, Jia MY, Zhang L. Negative transcriptional regulation of inflammatory genes by group B3 vitamin nicotinamide. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:10367-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1915-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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PARP-1 Inhibitors DPQ and PJ-34 Negatively Modulate Proinflammatory Commitment of Human Glioblastoma Cells. Neurochem Res 2012; 38:50-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0887-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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33
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Anjos SM, Robert R, Waller D, Zhang DL, Balghi H, Sampson HM, Ciciriello F, Lesimple P, Carlile GW, Goepp J, Liao J, Ferraro P, Phillipe R, Dantzer F, Hanrahan JW, Thomas DY. Decreasing Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Activity Restores ΔF508 CFTR Trafficking. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:165. [PMID: 22988441 PMCID: PMC3439826 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cystic fibrosis is caused by mutations in CFTR that prevent its trafficking from the ER to the plasma membrane and is associated with exaggerated inflammation, altered metabolism, and diminished responses to oxidative stress. PARP-1 is activated by oxidative stress and causes energy depletion and cell dysfunction. Inhibition of this enzyme protects against excessive inflammation and recent studies have also implicated it in intracellular protein trafficking. We hypothesized that PARP-1 activity is altered in CF and affects trafficking and function of the most common CF mutant ΔF508 CFTR. Indeed, PARP-1 activity was 2.9-fold higher in CF (ΔF508/ΔF508) human bronchial epithelial primary cells than in non-CF cells, and similar results were obtained by comparing CF vs. non-CF bronchial epithelial cell lines (2.5-fold higher in CFBE41o− vs. 16HBE14o−, P < 0.002). A PARP-1 inhibitor (ABT-888, Veliparib) partially restored CFTR channel activity in CFBE41o− cells overexpressing ΔF508 CFTR. Similarly, reducing PARP-1 activity by 85% in ileum from transgenic CF mice (Cftrtm1Eur) partially rescued ΔF508 CFTR activity to 7% of wild type mouse levels, and similar correction (7.8%) was observed in vivo by measuring salivary secretion. Inhibiting PARP-1 with ABT-888 or siRNA partially restored ΔF508 CFTR trafficking in cell lines, and most ΔF508 CFTR was complex glycosylated when heterologously expressed in PARP-1−/− mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Finally, levels of the mature glycoform of CFTR were reduced by peroxynitrite, a strong activator of PARP-1. These results demonstrate that PARP-1 activity is increased in CF, and identify a novel pathway that could be targeted by proteostatic correctors of CFTR trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana M Anjos
- Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
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Andreone T, Meares GP, Hughes KJ, Hansen PA, Corbett JA. Cytokine-mediated β-cell damage in PARP-1-deficient islets. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E172-9. [PMID: 22535743 PMCID: PMC3431132 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00055.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP)-ribose polymerase (PARP) is an abundant nuclear protein that is activated by DNA damage; once active, it modifies nuclear proteins through attachment of poly(ADP)-ribose units derived from β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)). In mice, the deletion of PARP-1 attenuates tissue injury in a number of animal models of human disease, including streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Also, inflammatory cell signaling and inflammatory gene expression are attenuated in macrophages isolated from endotoxin-treated PARP-1-deficient mice. In this study, the effects of PARP-1 deletion on cytokine-mediated β-cell damage and macrophage activation were evaluated. There are no defects in inflammatory mediator signaling or inflammatory gene expression in macrophages and islets isolated from PARP-1-deficient mice. While PARP-1 deficiency protects islets against cytokine-induced islet cell death as measured by biochemical assays of membrane polarization, the genetic absence of PARP-1 does not effect cytokine-induced inhibition of insulin secretion or cytokine-induced DNA damage in islets. While PARP-1 deficiency appears to provide protection from cell death, it fails to provide protection against the inhibitory actions of cytokines on insulin secretion or the damaging actions on islet DNA integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Andreone
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Welsby I, Hutin D, Leo O. Complex roles of members of the ADP-ribosyl transferase super family in immune defences: looking beyond PARP1. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:11-20. [PMID: 22402301 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
ADP ribosylation has been recently recognised as an important posttranslational modification regulating numerous cellular processes. This enzymatic activity is shared by two major families of enzymes, the extracellular ADP-ribosyl-transferases, or ecto-ARTS and the poly-ADP-ribosyltranferases, whose denomination derives from the capacity of its founding member, PARP1, to synthesise large linear or branched polymers of ADP-ribose on target proteins. This latter post-translational modification has recently attracted much interest based on its role in the cellular response to genotoxic and oxidative stress. Accordingly, a series of PARP-specific pharmacological inhibitors have demonstrated cell survival and anti-inflammatory properties in vivo, promoting a renewed interest in the potential immunoregulatory role of this gene family. More recently, the role of ADP-ribosylation in regulating several aspects of intracellular signalling and gene transcription has been uncovered, in particular within cells of the immune system, revealing the potential immunomodulatory role of several members of this family in addition to PARP1. We review herein the experimental evidence illustrating the complex role played by this gene family in regulating multiple aspects of the immune response, including cell survival, cytokine gene transcription and antiviral innate defences. In particular, the unexpected potential anti-inflammatory role of members of this family (including in particular PARP5a, 5b and PARP14) will be briefly discussed, raising some concern on the use of pan-specific PARP inhibitors to treat chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Welsby
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
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36
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The poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs): new roles in intracellular transport. Cell Signal 2011; 24:1-8. [PMID: 21840394 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Post-transcriptional modification of proteins is crucial for balancing protein structure and function in many biological processes. The addition of polymers of adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose (PAR), which are synthesized by PAR polymerases (PARPs) from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), is one such distinctive post-translational modification. PARP-1, the best characterized of the 17-member PARP family, is considered a key isoform responsible for poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of several nuclear proteins. ADP-ribose polymers add a highly negative charge to their target proteins, resulting in a modification of their activities and functions. PARPs not only participate in regulating cell survival and cell death programs, but are also involved in other biological functions with which novel members of the PARP family have been shown to be involved. Among such functions are transcription regulation, telomere cohesion and mitotic spindle formation during cell division, and intracellular energy metabolism. Recent work from our laboratory and others has highlighted the novel role of PARP-1 in regulating the intracellular trafficking of key cellular proteins such as p53 and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). Recent literature has revealed that ADP-ribosylation reactions may play important roles in cellular trafficking during inflammation, cell death, and DNA repair. This review will summarize recent findings and concepts linking the role of PARP enzymes and their poly-ADP-ribosylation activity in the regulation of intracellular transport processes. A special focus is placed on the proposed molecular mechanisms involved in such transport processes as the functional significance of PARylation of p53, NF-κB, and high-mobility group protein box 1.
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38
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Ba X, Garg NJ. Signaling mechanism of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) in inflammatory diseases. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:946-55. [PMID: 21356345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Revised: 11/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, attaching the ADP-ribose polymer chain to the receptor protein, is a unique posttranslational modification. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a well-characterized member of the PARP family. In this review, we provide a general update on molecular structure and structure-based activity of this enzyme. However, we mainly focus on the roles of PARP-1 in inflammatory diseases. Specifically, we discuss the signaling pathway context that PARP-1 is involved in to regulate the pathogenesis of inflammation. PARP-1 facilitates diverse inflammatory responses by promoting inflammation-relevant gene expression, such as cytokines, oxidation-reduction-related enzymes, and adhesion molecules. Excessive activation of PARP-1 induces mitochondria-associated cell death in injured tissues and constitutes another mechanism for exacerbating inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Ba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1070, USA.
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39
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Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and its therapeutic implications. Vascul Pharmacol 2010; 53:77-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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40
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Ungvari Z, Kaley G, de Cabo R, Sonntag WE, Csiszar A. Mechanisms of vascular aging: new perspectives. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2010; 65:1028-41. [PMID: 20576649 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glq113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on molecular, cellular, and functional changes that occur in the vasculature during aging; explores the links between mitochondrial oxidative stress, inflammation, and development of vascular disease in the elderly patients; and provides a landscape of molecular mechanisms involved in cellular oxidative stress resistance, which could be targeted for the prevention or amelioration of unsuccessful vascular aging. Practical interventions for prevention of age-associated vascular dysfunction and disease in old age are considered here based on emerging knowledge of the effects of anti-inflammatory treatments, regular exercise, dietary interventions, and caloric restriction mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Ungvari
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC 1303, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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41
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Tezcan G, Gurel CB, Tutluoglu B, Onaran I, Kanigur-Sultuybek G. The Ala allele at Val762Ala polymorphism in poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) gene is associated with a decreased risk of asthma in a Turkish population. J Asthma 2009; 46:371-4. [PMID: 19484672 DOI: 10.1080/02770900902777791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE It has been suggested that inhibition of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), either pharmacologically or by a gene knockout provides significant protection against systemic or tissue inflammation in animal models. The aim of this study was to analyze the association of the PARP-1 Val762Ala polymorphism, which has beenreported to be associated with decreased enzymatic activity, in Turkish patients with adult asthma. METHODS A total of 112 subjects with stable asthma and 180 normal controls from the same geographic region were studied and polymerase chain reaction-based restriction analysis was used to identify Val762Ala polymorphism of the PARP-1. RESULTS In univariate analysis, PARP-1 762 AA genotype conferred a 3.4 fold reduction in risk (OR = 0.297, 95% CI = 0.105-0.813; P = 0.014), while heterozygous VA genotype conferred an even greater level of protection (OR = 0.06; 95%CI, 0.026-0.14; P < 10(-6)). In addition, wild type PARP-1 762 V allele had 5 times the risk of developing asthma than those without the allele (OR 0.199, CI 0.118-0.334, P = 10(-6)). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that PARP-1 V762A variants may be one of the factors participating in protection or susceptibility to asthma in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulçin Tezcan
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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42
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Peralta-Leal A, Rodríguez-Vargas JM, Aguilar-Quesada R, Rodríguez MI, Linares JL, de Almodóvar MR, Oliver FJ. PARP inhibitors: new partners in the therapy of cancer and inflammatory diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:13-26. [PMID: 19362586 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are defined as cell signaling enzymes that catalyze the transfer of ADP-ribose units from NAD(+) to a number of acceptor proteins. PARP-1, the best characterized member of the PARP family, which currently comprises 18 members, is an abundant nuclear enzyme implicated in cellular responses to DNA injury provoked by genotoxic stress. PARP is involved in DNA repair and transcriptional regulation and is now recognized as a key regulator of cell survival and cell death as well as a master component of a number of transcription factors involved in tumor development and inflammation. PARP-1 is essential to the repair of DNA single-strand breaks via the base excision repair pathway. Inhibitors of PARP-1 have been shown to enhance the cytotoxic effects of ionizing radiation and DNA-damaging chemotherapy agents, such as the methylating agents and topoisomerase I inhibitors. There are currently at least five PARP inhibitors in clinical trial development. Recent in vitro and in vivo evidence suggests that PARP inhibitors could be used not only as chemo/radiotherapy sensitizers, but also as single agents to selectively kill cancers defective in DNA repair, specifically cancers with mutations in the breast cancer-associated genes (BRCA1 and BRCA2). PARP becomes activated in response to oxidative DNA damage and depletes cellular energy pools, thus leading to cellular dysfunction in various tissues. The activation of PARP may also induce various cell death processes and promotes an inflammatory response associated with multiple organ failure. Inhibition of PARP activity is protective in a wide range of inflammatory and ischemia-reperfusion-associated diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, endotoxic shock, and stroke. The aim of this review is to overview the emerging data in the literature showing the role of PARP in the pathogenesis of cancer and inflammatory diseases and unravel the solid body of literature that supports the view that PARP is an important target for therapeutic intervention in critical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreína Peralta-Leal
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
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Helyar SG, Patel B, Headington K, El Assal M, Chatterjee PK, Pacher P, Mabley JG. PCB-induced endothelial cell dysfunction: role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78:959-65. [PMID: 19549508 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent environmental pollutants implicated in the development of pro-inflammatory events critical in the pathology of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. PCB exposure of endothelial cells results in increased cellular oxidative stress, activation of stress and inflammatory pathways leading to increased expression of cytokines and adhesion molecules and ultimately cell death, all of which can lead to development of atherosclerosis. To date no studies have been performed to examine the direct effects of PCB exposure on the vasculature relaxant response which if impaired may predispose individuals to hypertension, an additional risk factor for atherosclerosis. Overactivation of the DNA repair enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) following oxidative/nitrosative stress in endothelial cells and subsequent depletion of NADPH has been identified as a central mediator of cellular dysfunction. The aim therefore was to investigate whether 2,2',4,6,6'-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 104) directly causes endothelial cell dysfunction via increased oxidative stress and subsequent overactivation of PARP. Exposure of ex vivo rat aortic rings to PCB 104 impaired the acetylcholine-mediated relaxant response, an effect that was dependent on both concentration and exposure time. In vitro exposure of mouse endothelial cells to PCB 104 resulted in increased cellular oxidative stress through activation of the cytochrome p450 enzyme CYP1A1 with subsequent overactivation of PARP and NADPH depletion. Pharmacological inhibition of CYP1A1 or PARP protected against the PCB 104-mediated endothelial cell dysfunction. In conclusion, the environmental contaminants, PCBs, can activate PARP directly impairing endothelial cell function that may predispose exposed individuals to development of hypertension and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon G Helyar
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9PH, UK
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Vidaković M, Gluch A, Qiao J, Oumard A, Frisch M, Poznanović G, Bode J. PARP-1 expression in the mouse is controlled by an autoregulatory loop: PARP-1 binding to an upstream S/MAR element and to a novel recognition motif in its promoter suppresses transcription. J Mol Biol 2009; 388:730-50. [PMID: 19303024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work identifies central components of a feedback mechanism for the expression of mouse poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). Using the stress-induced duplex destabilization algorithm, multiple base-unpairing regions (BURs) could be localized in the 5' region of the mouse PARP-1 gene (muPARP-1). Some of these could be identified as scaffold/matrix-attachment regions (S/MARs), suggesting an S/MAR-mediated transcriptional regulation. PARP-1 binding to the most proximal element, S/MAR 1, and to three consensus motifs, AGGCC, in its own promoter (basepairs -956 to +100), could be traced by electrophoretic mobility-shift assay. The AGGCC-complementary GGCCT motif was detected by cis-diammine-dichloro platinum cross-linking and functionally characterized by the effects of site-directed mutagenesis on its performance in wild type (PARP-1(+/+)) and PARP-1 knockout cells (PARP-1(-/-)). Mutation of the central AGGCC tract at basepairs -554 to -550 prevented PARP-1/promoter interactions, whereby muPARP-1 expression became up-regulated. Transfection of a series of reporter gene constructs with or without S/MAR 1 (basepairs -1523 to -1007) and the more distant S/MAR 2 (basepairs -8373 to -6880), into PARP-1(+/+) as well as PARP-1(-/-) cells, revealed an additional, major level of muPARP-1 promoter down-regulation, triggered by PARP-1 binding to S/MAR 1. We conclude that S/MAR 1 represents an upstream control element that acts in conjunction with the muPARP-1 promoter. These interactions are part of a negative autoregulatory loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melita Vidaković
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Epigenetic Regulation, Braunschweig, Germany
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45
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Vaschetto R, Plötz FB, Groeneveld ABJ. Role of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase in Acute Kidney Injury. Intensive Care Med 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-77383-4_52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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46
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Labbé S, Harrisson JF, Séguin C. Identification of sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins by southwestern blotting. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 543:151-61. [PMID: 19378166 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-015-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We describe a Southwestern blotting method for characterization of both DNA-binding proteins and their specific sites. Proteins are first separated on a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel, then renatured in SDS-free buffer and transferred by electroblotting to an immobilizing membrane, and detected by their ability to bind radiolabeled DNA. The protein(s) interacting with the labeled DNA is visualized by autoradiography. This technique was used in our laboratory to visualize the metal regulatory consensus sequence-binding protein MTF-1 in L cell crude nuclear extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Labbé
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de l'Université Laval, CHUQ, Pavillon l'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, 11, côte de Palais, Québec, QC, G1R 2J6, Canada
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47
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McPhee TR, McDonald PC, Oloumi A, Dedhar S. Integrin-linked kinase regulates E-cadherin expression through PARP-1. Dev Dyn 2008; 237:2737-47. [PMID: 18773488 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Repression of E-cadherin expression by the transcription factor, Snail, is implicated in epithelial to mesenchymal transition and cancer progression. We show here that Integrin-Linked Kinase (ILK) regulates E-cadherin expression through Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). ILK overexpression in Scp2 cells resulted in stimulation of Snail expression and loss of E-cadherin expression. Silencing of ILK, Akt or Snail resulted in re-expression of E-cadherin in PC3 cells. To elucidate the signaling pathway downstream of ILK, we identified candidate Snail promoter ILK Responsive Element (SIRE) binding proteins. PARP-1 was identified as a SIRE-binding protein. ILK silencing inhibited binding of PARP-1 to SIRE. PARP-1 silencing resulted in inhibition of Snail and ZEB1, leading to up-regulation of E-cadherin. We suggest a model in which ILK represses E-cadherin expression by regulating PARP-1, leading to the binding of PARP-1 to SIRE and modulation of Snail expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R McPhee
- Genetics Graduate Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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48
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Huang D, Wang Y, Yang C, Liao Y, Huang K. Angiotensin II promotes poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of c-Jun/c-Fos in cardiac fibroblasts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2008; 46:25-32. [PMID: 19027749 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2008.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Revised: 10/12/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although c-Jun/c-Fos (activator protein 1, AP1) contributes importantly to Ang II-induced cardiac fibrosis through induction of extracellular matrix protein over-expression in cardiac fibroblasts, the mechanism by which Ang II promotes c-Jun/c-Fos transactivation remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that c-Fos and c-Jun were poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated in cultured cardiac fibroblasts. Southwestern blot and EMSA assays showed that incubation of nuclear extracts with NAD(+) and active DNA increased the basal DNA binding activities of c-Jun (31.0+/-1.0%, P<0.01) and AP1 (14.2+/-3.1%, P<0.01); incubation of recombinant c-Fos or/and c-Jun with PARP-1, NAD(+) and active DNA increased the basal DNA binding activities of c-Jun (48.3+/-4.2%, P<0.01) and AP1 (21.2+/-1.5%, P<0.01). Treatment with Ang II promoted PARP-1 activation and enhanced poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of c-Fos (14.1+1.1%, P<0.01) and c-Jun (15.5+/-5.6%, P<0.01). Ang II also increased the basal DNA binding activities of c-Jun (13.5+/-2.4%, P<0.01) and AP1 (18.7+/-3.5%, P<0.01) in cultured cells. Inhibition of PARP-1 by PJ34 or siRNA effectively prevented Ang II-induced increases in the DNA binding of c-Jun and AP1, and decreased AP1-driven transcription (including collagen Ialpha1 and IIIalpha1, MMP-9 and TIMP-1). This study illustrated that c-Jun and c-Fos were poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated by PARP-1, and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation enhanced the DNA binding of AP1. Ang II promoted poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of c-Jun and c-Fos through activation of PARP-1 and, subsequently, enhanced AP1-driven transcription in cardiac fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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49
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Csiszar A, Wang M, Lakatta EG, Ungvari Z. Inflammation and endothelial dysfunction during aging: role of NF-kappaB. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 105:1333-41. [PMID: 18599677 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.90470.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major conceptual advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of age-associated cardiovascular diseases has been the insight that age-related oxidative stress may promote vascular inflammation even in the absence of traditional risk factors associated with atherogenesis (e.g., hypertension or metabolic diseases). In the present review we summarize recent experimental data suggesting that mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species, innate immunity, the local TNF-alpha-converting enzyme (TACE)-TNF-alpha, and the renin-angiotensin system may underlie NF-kappaB induction and endothelial activation in aged arteries. The theme that emerges from this review is that multiple proinflammatory pathways converge on NF-kappaB in the aged arterial wall, and that the transcriptional activity of NF-kappaB is regulated by multiple nuclear factors during aging, including nuclear enzymes poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP-1) and SIRT-1. We also discuss the possibility that nucleophosmin (NPM or nuclear phosphoprotein B23), a known modulator of the cellular oxidative stress response, may also regulate NF-kappaB activity in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Csiszar
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
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50
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Hagan MP, Yacoub A, Dent P. Radiation-induced PARP activation is enhanced through EGFR-ERK signaling. J Cell Biochem 2008; 101:1384-93. [PMID: 17295209 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We examined the impact of EGFR-ERK signaling on poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activation following ionizing irradiation of human prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines displaying marked differences in ERK dependence. PARP activation was indicated by the appearance of polyADP-ribose, the incorporation of P32-labelled NADH, and by cellular NADH. EGFR-ERK signaling was manipulated through ligand activation or signal interruption using the tyrphostin AG1478, or MEK inhibitor PD 184352. EGF activation of ERK prior to irradiation was associated with a marked increase in PARP activation and decreased survival in both cell lines. Prior inactivation of PARP protected both cell lines from the initial decrease in NAD+ and improved the survival of LNCaP cells following combined EGF and IR treatment. MEK inhibitor PD 184352 also reduced PARP activation and improved LNCaP survival following EGF and IR treatment. These data imply that PARP activation following exposure to ionizing radiation is enhanced through EGFR-ERK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Hagan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA.
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