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Alsabbagh MM. Cytokines in psoriasis: From pathogenesis to targeted therapy. Hum Immunol 2024; 85:110814. [PMID: 38768527 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2024.110814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a multifactorial disease that affects 0.84% of the global population and it can be associated with disabling comorbidities. As patients present with thick scaly lesions, psoriasis was long believed to be a disorder of keratinocytes. Psoriasis is now understood to be the outcome of the interaction between immunological and environmental factors in individuals with genetic predisposition. While it was initially thought to be solely mediated by cytokines of type-1 immunity, namely interferon-γ, interleukin-2, and interleukin-12 because it responds very well to cyclosporine, a reversible IL-2 inhibitor; the discovery of Th-17 cells advanced the understanding of the disease and helped the development of biological therapy. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the role of cytokines in psoriasis, highlighting areas of controversy and identifying the connection between cytokine imbalance and disease manifestations. It also presents the approved targeted treatments for psoriasis and those currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manahel Mahmood Alsabbagh
- Princess Al-Jawhara Center for Molecular Medicine and Inherited Disorders and Department of Molecular Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain.
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2
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Kim HJ, Hong JH. Multiplicative Effects of Essential Oils and Other Active Components on Skin Tissue and Skin Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5397. [PMID: 38791435 PMCID: PMC11121510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Naturally derived essential oils and their active components are known to possess various properties, ranging from anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-cancer activities. Numerous types of essential oils and active components have been discovered, and their permissive roles have been addressed in various fields. In this comprehensive review, we focused on the roles of essential oils and active components in skin diseases and cancers as discovered over the past three decades. In particular, we opted to highlight the effectiveness of essential oils and their active components in developing strategies against various skin diseases and skin cancers and to describe the effects of the identified essential-oil-derived major components from physiological and pathological perspectives. Overall, this review provides a basis for the development of novel therapies for skin diseases and cancers, especially melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeong Hee Hong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, 155 Getbeolro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea;
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3
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Kusiak A, Brady G. Bifurcation of signalling in human innate immune pathways to NF-kB and IRF family activation. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 205:115246. [PMID: 36088989 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The human innate immune response can be activated through a wide range of stimuli. This multi-faceted system can be triggered by a range of immunostimulants including pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). These stimuli drive intracellular signalling pathways that branch off downstream to activate several distinct transcription factors. The two most impactful of which in innate immune outcomes are the NF-κB and the IRF family members. Both transcription factor families play defining roles in driving inflammation as well as the antiviral response. Pathways leading to their simultaneous activation share common upstream components but eventually distinct regulators which directly facilitate their activation. This review will discuss the current state of knowledge about what is known about how these pathways bifurcate to activate NF-κB and IRF family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Kusiak
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St James' Campus, Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Gareth Brady
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St James' Campus, Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland.
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4
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Yamamoto Y, Yoshizawa K, Takamoto M, Soejima Y, Sanjo H, Taki S. Circulating T cells and resident non-T cells restrict type 2 innate lymphoid cell expansion in the small intestine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 618:93-99. [PMID: 35716601 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Interaction among various adaptive, circulating cells and tissue-resident cells including innate lymphocytes during the establishment and maintenance of the barrier-tissue immune system has only recently started to be explored. Here, we show that the cellular crosstalk with circulating T cells and other resident cells regulated the population size of type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in the small intestine lamina propria. Rag1-/- mice had excessive numbers of both ILC2s and ILC3s, and such an over-expansion was corrected by establishing parabiosis with wild type mice or by adoptively transferring wild type CD4+ T cells. In contrast, anti-CD3 antibody-mediated T cell depletion in wild type mice increased ILC2 but not ILC3 numbers. Unconventional CD4-CD8- αβ T and γδ T cells could also restrict ILC2 expansion as the numbers of ILC2s were not altered even in mice treated with anti-CD4/anti-CD8 antibodies. ILC3 restriction seemed to be through the control of proliferation, but that for ILC2s did not. In addition, elevation in ILC2 numbers seen in mice lacking the transcription factors RORγt and STAT6 was found to be T cell-independent. Our current findings altogether uncovered the homeostatic 'quota' restriction imposed on intestinal ILC2s in the steady state by resident non-T cells via RORγt- and STAT6-dependent mechanisms as well as by conventional and nonconventional T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan; Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yoshizawa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan; Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Masaya Takamoto
- Department of Infection and Host Defense, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yuji Soejima
- Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hideki Sanjo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Taki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.
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5
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The Essential Oil Derived from Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. Attenuates Imiquimod–Induced Psoriasis-like Skin Lesions in BALB/c Mice. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092996. [PMID: 35566346 PMCID: PMC9100515 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is reported to be a common chronic immune-mediated skin disease characterized by abnormal keratinocytes and cell proliferation. Perilla leaves are rich in essential oils, fatty acids, and flavonoids, which are recognized for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, the alleviating effect of essential oil (PO) extracted from Perilla frutescens stems and leaves on imiquimod (IMQ) -induced psoriasis-like lesions in BALB/c mice were investigated. Results showed that PO ameliorated psoriasis-like lesions in vivo, reduced the expression of lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus G6D (Ly-6G), which is a marker of neutrophil activation, and inhibited the expression of inflammatory factors interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2). In addition, PO significantly decreased the expression of cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1, interleukin 23 (IL-23), interleukin 17 (IL-17), and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB). Furthermore, the down-regulation of mRNA levels of psoriasis-related pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-17, interleukin 22 (IL-22), IL-23, interferon-α (IFN-α), and Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) was observed with the treatment of PO. All results show a concentration dependence of PO, with low concentrations showing the best results. These results suggest that PO effectively alleviated psoriasis-like skin lesions and down-regulated inflammatory responses, which indicates that PO could potentially be used for further studies on inflammation-related skin diseases such as psoriasis and for the treatment of psoriasis such as psoriasis natural plant essential oil resources.
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Gu H, Zhang Y, Zeng W, Xia Y. Participation of interferons in psoriatic inflammation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2021; 64:12-20. [PMID: 34953718 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Interferons are multifunctional cytokines not expressed in the skin under normal physiological conditions. However, they are overexpressed in serum and skin lesions of patients with psoriasis and play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Interferons act directly on skin resident cells and recruit and modulate inflammatory cells, thereby exacerbating psoriatic inflammation. They upregulate the expression of relevant cytokines and chemokines, facilitate excessive proliferation of keratinocytes, and enhance the formation of poorly differentiated dermal microvessels. In this review, we summarized the pathogenic effect of interferons on psoriasis and also discussed the therapeutic strategies targeting interferons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjiang Gu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yufei Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weihui Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yumin Xia
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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7
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Type I interferon signaling, regulation and gene stimulation in chronic virus infection. Semin Immunol 2019; 43:101277. [PMID: 31155227 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type I Interferons (IFN-I) mediate numerous immune interactions during viral infections, from the establishment of an antiviral state to invoking and regulating innate and adaptive immune cells that eliminate infection. While continuous IFN-I signaling plays critical roles in limiting virus replication during both acute and chronic infections, sustained IFN-I signaling also leads to chronic immune activation, inflammation and, consequently, immune exhaustion and dysfunction. Thus, an understanding of the balance between the desirable and deleterious effects of chronic IFN-I signaling will inform our quest for IFN-based therapies for chronic viral infections as well as other chronic diseases, including cancer. As such the factors involved in induction, propagation and regulation of IFN-I signaling, from the initial sensing of viral nucleotides within the cell to regulatory downstream signaling factors and resulting IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) have received significant research attention. This review summarizes recent work on IFN-I signaling in chronic infections, and provides an update on therapeutic approaches being considered to counter such infections.
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8
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Type I Immune Response Induces Keratinocyte Necroptosis and Is Associated with Interface Dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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DNA damage primes the type I interferon system via the cytosolic DNA sensor STING to promote anti-microbial innate immunity. Immunity 2015; 42:332-343. [PMID: 25692705 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction in Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), a central component of the DNA repair machinery, results in Ataxia Telangiectasia (AT), a cancer-prone disease with a variety of inflammatory manifestations. By analyzing AT patient samples and Atm(-/-) mice, we found that unrepaired DNA lesions induce type I interferons (IFNs), resulting in enhanced anti-viral and anti-bacterial responses in Atm(-/-) mice. Priming of the type I interferon system by DNA damage involved release of DNA into the cytoplasm where it activated the cytosolic DNA sensing STING-mediated pathway, which in turn enhanced responses to innate stimuli by activating the expression of Toll-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors, cytoplasmic DNA sensors, and their downstream signaling partners. This study provides a potential explanation for the inflammatory phenotype of AT patients and establishes damaged DNA as a cell intrinsic danger signal that primes the innate immune system for a rapid and amplified response to microbial and environmental threats.
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10
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Abstract
Constitutive expression of interferons (IFNs) and activation of their signaling pathways have pivotal roles in host responses to malignant cells in the tumor microenvironment. IFNs are induced by the innate immune system and in tumors through stimulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and through other signaling pathways in response to specific cytokines. Although in the oncologic context IFNs have been thought of more as exogenous pharmaceuticals, the autocrine and paracrine actions of endogenous IFNs probably have even more critical effects on neoplastic disease outcomes. Through high-affinity cell surface receptors, IFNs modulate transcriptional signaling, leading to regulation of more than 2,000 genes with varying patterns of temporal expression. Induction of the gene products by both unphosphorylated and phosphorylated STAT1 after ligand binding results in alterations in tumor cell survival, inhibition of angiogenesis, and augmentation of actions of T, natural killer (NK), and dendritic cells. The interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) signature can be a favorable biomarker of immune response but, in a seemingly paradoxical finding, a specific subset of the full ISG signature indicates an unfavorable response to DNA-damaging interventions such as radiation. IFNs in the tumor microenvironment thus can alter the emergence, progression, and regression of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonjoo Cheon
- Lerner Research Institute, Taussig Cancer Institute, and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH.
| | - Ernest C Borden
- Lerner Research Institute, Taussig Cancer Institute, and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - George R Stark
- Lerner Research Institute, Taussig Cancer Institute, and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH
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Susceptibility to lethal cerebral malaria is regulated by epistatic interaction between chromosome 4 (Berr6) and chromosome 1 (Berr7) loci in mice. Genes Immun 2013; 14:249-57. [DOI: 10.1038/gene.2013.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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12
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Hsieh CY, Chen CL, Tsai CC, Huang WC, Tseng PC, Lin YS, Chen SH, Wong TW, Choi PC, Lin CF. Inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase-3 decreases 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced interferon-γ-mediated skin inflammation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 343:125-33. [PMID: 22773863 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.194100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) facilitates interferon (IFN)-γ signaling. Because IFN-γ is involved in inflammatory skin diseases, such as psoriasis, the aim of this study was to investigate the pathogenic role of GSK-3 in 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced IFN-γ-mediated ear skin inflammation. TPA (3 μg per ear) induced acute skin inflammation in the ears of C57BL/6 mice, including edema, infiltration of granulocytes but not T cells, and IFN-γ receptor 1-mediated deregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (CD54). TPA/IFN-γ induced GSK-3 activation, which in turn activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 1. Inhibiting GSK-3 pharmacologically, by administering 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime (1.5 μg per ear), and genetically, with lentiviral-based short-hairpin RNA, reduced TPA-induced acute skin inflammation but not T-cell infiltration. It is noteworthy that inhibiting GSK-3 decreased TPA-induced IFN-γ production and the nuclear translocation of T-box transcription factor Tbx21, a transcription factor of IFN-γ, in CD3-positive T cells. In chronic TPA-induced skin inflammation, inhibiting GSK-3 attenuated epidermis hyperproliferation and dermis angiogenesis. These results demonstrate the dual role of GSK-3 in TPA-induced skin inflammation that is not only to facilitate IFN-γ signaling but also to regulate IFN-γ production. Inhibiting GSK-3 may be a potential treatment strategy for preventing such effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yuan Hsieh
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Gough DJ, Messina NL, Clarke CJP, Johnstone RW, Levy DE. Constitutive type I interferon modulates homeostatic balance through tonic signaling. Immunity 2012; 36:166-74. [PMID: 22365663 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) were discovered as cytokines induced during and protecting from viral infection. They have been documented to play essential roles in numerous physiological processes beyond antiviral and antimicrobial defense, including immunomodulation, cell cycle regulation, cell survival, and cell differentiation. Recent data have also uncovered a potentially darker side to IFN, including roles in inflammatory diseases, such as autoimmunity and diabetes. IFN can have effects in the absence of acute infection, highlighting a physiologic role for constitutive IFN. Type I IFNs are constitutively produced at vanishingly low quantities and yet exert profound effects, mediated in part through modulation of signaling intermediates required for responses to diverse cytokines. We review evidence for a yin-yang of IFN function through its role in modulating crosstalk between multiple cytokines by both feedforward and feedback regulation of common signaling intermediates and postulate a homeostatic role for IFN through tonic signaling in the absence of acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Gough
- New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Notake T, Horisawa S, Sanjo H, Miyagawa SI, Hida S, Taki S. Differential requirements for IRF-2 in generation of CD1d-independent T cells bearing NK cell receptors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:4838-45. [PMID: 22504642 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
NK cell receptors (NKRs) such as NK1.1, NKG2D, and Ly49s are expressed on subsets of CD1d-independent memory phenotype CD8(+) and CD4(-)CD8(-) T cells. However, the mechanism for the generation and functions of these NKR(+) T cells remained elusive. In this study, we found that CD1d-independent Ly49(+) T cells were reduced severely in the spleen, bone marrow, and liver, but not thymus, in mice doubly deficient for IFN regulatory factor-2 (IRF-2) and CD1d, in which the overall memory phenotype T cell population was contrastingly enlarged. Because a large fraction of Ly49(+) T cells coexpressed NK1.1 or NKG2D, the reduction of Ly49(+) T cells resulted indirectly in underrepresentation of NK1.1(+) or NKG2D(+) cells. Ly49(+) T cell deficiency was observed in IRF-2(-/-) mice additionally lacking IFN-α/βR α-chain (IFNAR1) as severely as in IRF-2(-/-) mice, arguing against the involvement of the accelerated IFN-α/β signals due to IRF-2 deficiency. Rather, mice lacking IFN-α/βR alone also exhibited relatively milder Ly49(+) T cell reduction, and IL-2 could expand Ly49(+) T cells from IFNAR1(-/-), but not from IRF-2(-/-), spleen cells in vitro. These results together indicated that IRF-2 acted in Ly49(+) T cell development in a manner distinct from that of IFN-α/β signals. The influence of IRF-2 deficiency on Ly49(+) memory phenotype T cells observed in this study suggested a unique transcriptional program for this T cell population among other NKR(+) T and memory phenotype T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Notake
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
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Kimura K, Matsuzaki Y, Nishikawa Y, Kitamura H, Akasaka E, Rokunohe D, Nakano H, Imaizumi T, Satoh K, Sawamura D. Characterization of retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) expression corresponding to viral infection and UVB in human keratinocytes. J Dermatol Sci 2012; 66:64-70. [PMID: 22391244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) is a cytoplasmic protein that recognizes viral double-stranded RNA to induce the type I interferon (IFN) response. In human keratinocytes, RIG-I is induced by IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α stimulation, and is abundantly expressed in psoriatic keratinocytes of the spinous and basal layers. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effects of extraneous stimuli including viral infection and UVB exposure on RIG-I expression in human keratinocytes. METHODS Human skin keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) were stimulated by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), which mimics viral infection, and UVB exposure. We assessed the expression of RIG-I and IFN-regulatory factor (IRF)-1 in HaCaT cells by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Moreover, we investigated the effect of IRF-1 binding site of RIG-I gene promoter on the regulation of RIG-I expression by luciferase promoter assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. RESULTS Poly(I:C) induced RIG-I expression, while UVB inhibited basal RIG-I expression and the poly(I:C)-induced RIG-I overexpression in HaCaT cells. IRF-1, which binds to a regulatory element located on the RIG-I gene promoter, was required for both inductions of RIG-I expression. IRF-1 expression was enhanced three hours after the poly(I:C) stimulation, consistent with the RIG-I response to poly(I:C), and thereafter was suppressed. Moreover, UVB exposure promptly decreased IRF-1 expression, resulting in decreased IRF-1 protein binding to the RIG-I promoter, and consequently, decreased RIG-I expression. CONCLUSION Thus, suppression of RIG-I and IRF-1 expression caused by UVB exposure may partly explain the inhibition of skin-based immune responses, leading to viral infection and recrudescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Kimura
- Department of Dermatology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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16
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Chopin M, Allan RS, Belz GT. Transcriptional regulation of dendritic cell diversity. Front Immunol 2012; 3:26. [PMID: 22566910 PMCID: PMC3341959 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen presenting cells that are exquisitely adapted to sense pathogens and induce the development of adaptive immune responses. They form a complex network of phenotypically and functionally distinct subsets. Within this network, individual DC subsets display highly specific roles in local immunosurveillance, migration, and antigen presentation. This division of labor amongst DCs offers great potential to tune the immune response by harnessing subset-specific attributes of DCs in the clinical setting. Until recently, our understanding of DC subsets has been limited and paralleled by poor clinical translation and efficacy. We have now begun to unravel how different DC subsets develop within a complex multilayered system. These findings open up exciting possibilities for targeted manipulation of DC subsets. Furthermore, ground-breaking developments overcoming a major translational obstacle - identification of similar DC populations in mouse and man - now sets the stage for significant advances in the field. Here we explore the determinants that underpin cellular and transcriptional heterogeneity within the DC network, how these influence DC distribution and localization at steady-state, and the capacity of DCs to present antigens via direct or cross-presentation during pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Chopin
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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17
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Abstract
Specialized subsets of dendritic cells (DCs) provide a crucial link between the innate and adaptive immune responses. The genetic programme that coordinates these distinct DC subsets is controlled by both cytokines and transcription factors. The initial steps in DC specification occur in the bone marrow and result in the generation of precursors committed to either the plasmacytoid or conventional DC pathways. DCs undergo further differentiation and lineage diversification in peripheral organs in response to local environmental cues. In this Review, we discuss new evidence regarding the coordination of the specification and commitment of precursor cells to different DC subsets and highlight the ensemble of transcription factors that control these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle T Belz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia. ;
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18
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Burdick LM, Somani N, Somani AK. Type I IFNs and their role in the development of autoimmune diseases. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2009; 8:459-72. [PMID: 19548860 DOI: 10.1517/14740330903066726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since their initial use in the 1980s, IFNs have become an essential component of the therapy for many diseases such as hepatitis and multiple sclerosis. Although they have been extremely useful in conditions that pose therapeutic challenges, complications associated with their use have been widely reported including emerging reports of several autoimmune diseases. Many of these reports have shed light on the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders and helped to highlight not only the critical role of type I IFNs in defense against viral infections but also the pivotal role they occupy in the interface between innate and adaptive immunity. Many patients with autoimmune disease have increased responsiveness to type I IFNs (alpha/beta), and therapy with these cytokines has induced or unmasked autoimmune disease in many additional patients. OBJECTIVE The objective of this paper is to discuss the role of type I IFNs in autoimmunity. METHODS The literature regarding type I IFNs and autoimmunity was reviewed using the Medline database from 1950 to 2009. Search terms included 'interferon alpha' and 'autoimmune disease' and 'interferon beta' and 'autoimmune disease'. Case reports, case series, reviews and prospective studies were included in the analysis. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS In the literature a variety of autoimmune disorders have reportedly been induced by the use of type I IFNs, being used, although these are primarily in the form of case reports and case series. Nevertheless, there is a growing body of molecular evidence to support the clinical association. The role of IFNs in the induction of autoimmunity is complex with interplay of many genetic and environmental factors that influence the balance between normal and aberrant immune responsiveness, ultimately leading to the observed clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Burdick
- Dermatology & Plastic Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Health System, Department of Dermatology, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Desk A61, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Dutz JP. T-Cell-Mediated Injury to Keratinocytes: Insights from Animal Models of the Lichenoid Tissue Reaction. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:309-14. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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