Korean Alcohol Guidelines for Moderate Drinking Based on Facial Flushing

Effect of alcohol consumption on risk of hypertension based on alcohol-related facial flushing response: From the health examinees study

BACKGROUND

Alcohol consumption is a significant public health concern in Korea, with many individuals engaging in risky drinking behaviors. This study aims to analyze the association between facial flushing responses and the progression of hypertension in Korean adults, stratified by gender, using a large-scale prospective cohort study.

METHODS

This study included 39,868 participants (males 10,868 and females 29,000) from the health examinees cohort. Participants were divided into two groups according to their weekly drinking patterns (moderate and heavy) and facial flushing responses (non-flusher and flusher) for statistical analysis. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to calculate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals between flushing response after alcohol consumption and hypertension risk.

RESULTS

In males, the flusher group with a moderate alcohol intake pattern had a decreased risk of incident hypertension compared with non-flushers. In females, the flusher group had relatively higher risk of pre-hypertension and hypertension compared to the non-flusher group.

CONCLUSION

The association between facial flushing and hypertension varies depending on the level of alcohol consumption and should be considered in relation to gender differences. Further research is needed to understand the relationship between facial flushing response and the risk of hypertension based on alcohol consumption levels.

The impact of alcohol consumption on hearing loss in male workers with a focus on alcohol flushing reaction: the Kangbuk Samsung Cohort Study

Background

Despite hearing loss being a prevalent chronic condition, estimated to nearly 20% of the global population by the World Health Organization, the specific association with individual lifestyle factors, particularly alcohol consumption, remains unclear. In South Korea, approximately 80% of the population engages in alcohol consumption, with a notably high prevalence among males, indicating a high-risk drinking pattern. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the correlation between alcohol consumption and hearing loss in male workers, as well as to analyze additional variables such as alcohol flushing reaction, with the intention of improving worker health.

Methods

The study was conducted from January 2012 to December 2019, targeting 114,114 participants who visited Kangbuk Samsung Hospital Total Healthcare Centers. Data were collected through pure-tone audiometry tests and alcohol-related questionnaire, and statistical analysis was performed using Cox regression analysis. Based on previous studies indicating a potential protective effect of light drinking on hearing loss, this group was designated as the reference. Additionally, stratified analyses were conducted based on the presence of alcohol flushing reaction and different working hours.

Results

The hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for hearing loss was higher in the heavy drinking group (1.23 [1.11-1.37]) compared to the moderate drinking group (1.09 [0.98-1.20]). Stratified analyses revealed a significantly elevated the hazard ratio of hearing loss in groups with alcohol flushing reaction compared to those without this factor.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrated that moderate or heavy alcohol consumption in male workers can increase the risk of hearing loss, particularly in those with alcohol flushing reaction. These findings underscore the importance of addressing alcohol-related factors concerning hearing health among male workers.

Development of a tool to estimate sugar and caloric contents in alcoholic beverages for a diabetes self-management program in Thailand

Diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES) is recommended as a standard of care for patients with diabetes worldwide. Alcohol consumption is one aspect mentioned within the DSMES program in Thailand where alcohol consumption is the highest among Southeast Asian countries. Many diabetes guidelines suggest limiting alcohol intake to not more than one standard drink per day for adult women and two for adult men if they cannot abstain from drinking. In practice, however, the conversion of alcohol consumption into standard drinks, and nutritional information about the calorie and sugar contents of alcoholic beverages, especially domestically produced spirits, are not commonly available in Thailand. By reviewing the diabetes guidelines internationally and the Thailand alcoholic beverage industry, a visual health education tool to help convert different alcoholic beverages into standard drinks and to provide the calorie and sugar content of alcoholic beverages was developed as a part of the DSMES program. It was finalized following pilot testing and focus group discussions with policymakers, healthcare providers, and type 2 diabetes patients. The personalized counseling tool, integrated with guidelines and culturally tailored to the Thai setting is distributed to counselors/educators. It is a potentially useful tool for patients to make informed choices for their self-management of diabetes.

Risk of loss to follow-up among tuberculosis patients in South Korea: whom should we focus on?

Introduction

In South Korea, public-private mix (PPM) has been a key strategy in national tuberculosis (TB) control program. This study aimed to identify rate of loss to follow-up (LTFU) among TB patients in nationwide PPM institutions and their risk factors.

Methods

A nationwide prospective observational study including drug susceptible TB patients diagnosed from the 1st day to the 10th day of every month between July 2018 and December 2020 in PPM institutions was designed. Multivariable survival models in which death and failure were designated as events with competing risk were used to investigate risk factors for LTFU.

Results

A total of 14,942 patients were included. Of them, 356 (2.4%) had an LTFU. Risk factors for LTFU were: underweight patients (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 1.47, 95% CI: 1.12-1.92), patients living alone (aHR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.16-1.76), heavy drinkers (aHR: 1.67, 95% CI: 1.16-2.39), those with malignancy (aHR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.07-2.05), foreigners (aHR: 5.96, 95% CI: 4.51-7.89), and those with previous TB history reported as an unfavorable outcome (aHR: 4.43, 95% CI: 2.77-7.08). Effect of age on LTFU was not significant. Brief interruption of anti-TB treatment (less than two months) in current session was associated with subsequent LTFU [adjusted odds ratio: 13.09 (10.29-16.66)].

Conclusion

Identifying vulnerability of patients such as living alone, being heavy alcoholics, being foreigners or having previous TB history reported as an unfavorable outcome is required. Thorough case management for these vulnerable groups could be feasible with collaboration between public and private sectors.

Body mass index and prevalence of metabolic syndrome among Korean adults before and after the COVID-19 outbreak: a retrospective longitudinal study

OBJECTIVES

Studies evaluating weight changes during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have yielded inconsistent results, and most of those studies were based on self-reported anthropometric measures. We investigated changes in body mass index (BMI), professionally measured waist circumference (WC), and metabolic syndrome components from before to during the pandemic in a sample of the adult population in Korea.

METHODS

This retrospective study included 1,118 male and female (age≥18 years) who underwent health checkups at a university medical center between January 1, 2016 and March 31, 2022. Changes in BMI, lifestyles, and metabolic syndrome components during the pandemic were analyzed using the paired t-test, McNemar test, generalized estimating equations, and repeated-measures analysis of variance.

RESULTS

Changes in body weight, BMI, and body fat percentage during the pandemic were not clinically significant. However, statistically significant results were found for decreased physical activity (p<0.001) and WC (p<0.001), and exacerbation of all metabolic syndrome components (except serum triglyceride levels). Moreover, the metabolic syndrome prevalence increased significantly from 20.2% to 31.2% during the pandemic (p<0.001). The prevalence of abdominal obesity and high fasting blood glucose levels also significantly increased from 2019 to 2021.

CONCLUSIONS

Metabolic syndrome, its components, and fat distribution worsened significantly after the implementation of social distancing and lockdowns, despite no clinically significant changes in body weight and BMI. Further studies on the post- pandemic period should investigate the long-term impact of social lockdowns on BMI and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome.

Current Status of Korean Alcohol Drinking in Accordance with the Korean Alcohol Guidelines for Moderate Drinking Based on Facial Flushing

Since each person has a different ability to break down alcohol, it is inappropriate to apply a uniform standard to everyone when evaluating drinking status. In Korea, there has been a guideline for moderate drinking based not only on sex and age but Koreans' alcohol metabolism capabilities that can be predicted by presence of facial flushing response. So far, there have been no studies that have investigated drinking habits of Koreans in accordance with the guideline. This study tried to identify the current drinking status of Koreans according to the guideline. As a result, it was confirmed that about 1/3 of the total population was accompanied by facial flushing when drinking alcohol, and it was found that different drinking habits were shown even in the same age and gender groups according to the presence of facial flushing. It is difficult to accurately evaluate drinking habits because facial flushing has not yet been investigated in some large data or various medical examinations. In the future, it is necessary to ensure that the presence of facial flushing can be confirmed at the medical treatment or examination site so that accurate drinking habit evaluation and prevention and resolution of drinking problems can be achieved.

Cumulative Alcohol Consumption Burden and the Risk of Stroke in Young Adults: A Nationwide Population-Based Study

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Alcohol consumption is one of the important modifiable risk factors for stroke in young adults. The association between the cumulative burden of alcohol consumption and its impact on incident stroke in young adults is unknown. We aimed to investigate the association between cumulative alcohol burden and the risk for stroke among young adults.

METHODS

Using data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service database, patients age between 20 and 39 years, who underwent 4 consecutive annual health examinations between 2009 and 2012, were included. The cumulative alcohol burden score of moderate-to-heavy drinking was evaluated by assigning a score of 1 for alcohol consumption ≥105 g/wk at the health examination each year and calculating the sum of 4 years (0-4). The main outcome was incident stroke and its subtypes, ischemic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke during the follow-up period.

RESULTS

Of 1 536 668 patients (mean age of 29.5 years, 71.5% male, and median follow-up of 6-year), 3 153 experienced an incident stroke (incidence rate, 0.37 per 1,000 person-years). After multivariable adjustment, patients with alcohol burden scores of 2, 3, and 4, who consumed more than 105 g/wk of alcohol for 2, 3, and 4 years, demonstrated significantly higher risks for stroke (hazard ratio [HR] 1.19, 95% CI 1.05-1.34 for 2; HR 1.22, 95% CI 1.09-1.38 for 3; HR 1.23, 95% CI 1.10-1.38 for 4) compared with those with a burden score of 0. This positive dose-response relationship was primarily driven by hemorrhagic rather than ischemic stroke. High alcohol burden scores (i.e., 2, 3, and 4) were significantly associated with higher risks for hemorrhagic stroke (HR 1.30, 95% CI 1.10-1.54 for 2; HR 1.42, 95% CI 1.21-1.67 for 3; HR 1.36, 95% CI 1.16-1.59 for 4) compared with a burden score of 0.

DISCUSSION

Young adults who engaged in moderate-to-heavy drinking demonstrated a higher risk for incident stroke, especially hemorrhagic stroke. Reducing alcohol consumption should be emphasized in young adults with heavy drinking habits as part of any stroke prevention strategy.

Mind The Gap: Differences in Alcohol Use Screening And Discussions Among Adults Comparing Asian American And Other Racial And Ethnic Subgroups in the United States, 2015-2019

AIMS

Asian Americans are the fastest growing racial and ethnic subgroup in the USA but are underrepresented in the alcohol literature, partially due to misconceptions and racial stereotypes. We estimated any alcohol screening/discussions with providers among Asian Americans and other racial and ethnic subgroups and tested associations with alcohol treatment.

METHODS

Weighted prevalences of any alcohol screening or discussions with providers included US adults reporting past-year alcohol use and > =1 healthcare visit in the 2015-2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (n = 123,002). Multinomial logistic regressions estimated adjusted associations between alcohol use screening/discussions (ref: no screening/discussion) comparing Asian Americans to other racial and ethnic adult subgroups. Among adults with alcohol use disorder (AUD), we estimated adjusted odds of alcohol treatment and perceived treatment need by screening/discussions and racial and ethnic subgroup.

RESULTS

Among Asian American adults who reported past-year alcohol use and a healthcare visit, 24.7% reported any screening only and 51.4% discussed alcohol with providers. All racial and ethnic subgroups were more likely than Asian Americans to report alcohol screening/discussions (e.g. white adults, screening adjusted relative risk ratio [aRRR] = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.28-1.72; discussions aRRR = 1.92, 95% CI: 1.74-2.10). AUD treatment use and perceived need were about two times higher among people reporting alcohol discussions.

CONCLUSIONS

Asian Americans were less likely to report discussing alcohol with providers than all other racial and ethnic subgroups. Alcohol discussions were associated with treatment use and perceived need. Efforts to increase equitable alcohol screening and discussions with clinicians are needed.

Correlation between shift work and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among male workers in the steel manufacturing company of Korea: a cross-sectional study

Background

Circadian rhythm disturbance caused by shift work has adverse effects on the metabolic homeostasis of the liver. Disruption of the metabolic homeostasis of the liver causes fat accumulation in the liver. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between shift work and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among male workers in the steel manufacturing industry of Korea.

Methods

Based on medical examination data collected in June 2020, 2,511 male subjects from one steel manufacturing company in Korea were selected in total. NAFLD was evaluated using abdominal ultrasound, which was performed by two experienced radiologists. The multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed by adjusting for age, physical activity, smoking history, alcohol consumption, body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, blood glucose, lipidemia, liver function test, employment duration, and hepatotoxic materials exposure status.

Results

Compared to daytime workers, the odds ratio (OR) of moderate-severe NAFLD in shift workers was 1.449 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.028-2.043). Compared to daytime workers, the ORs of moderate-severe NAFLD were significantly higher for the group that engaged in total shift work for more than 20 years (OR, 2.285; 95% CI, 1.051-4.970), the group that was not allowed to sleep during night shift work (OR, 1.463; 95% CI, 1.030-2.078), and the group that consumed food during night shift work (OR, 1.580; 95% CI, 1.093-2.284).

Conclusions

There was a correlation between shift work and moderate-severe NAFLD in male steel manufacturing workers. There will be a need for more research related to the correlation of shift work with steatohepatitis and cirrhosis in the future.

Relationship between Alcohol Consumption and Testosterone Deficiency according to Facial Flushes among Middle-Aged and Older Korean Men

BACKGROUND

This study examined the relationship between alcohol consumption and total testosterone deficiency based on facial flushing among Korean men.

METHODS

A total of 314 men were included in this study and divided into non-drinkers (n=78) and drinkers (n=236). Drinkers were also divided into flushers (n=96) and non-flushers (n=140). Flushers and non-flushers were separated into two groups based on the amount of alcohol consumed: moderate drinkers (≤8 standard drinks per week) and heavy drinkers (>8 standard drinks per week). Total testosterone <3.5 ng/mL was defined as testosterone deficiency.

RESULTS

The risk of testosterone deficiency was significantly higher in heavy drinkers who flushed than in nondrinkers (odds ratio, 4.37; 95% confidence interval, 1.20-15.88; P=0.025). However, no significant difference was observed in the risk of testosterone deficiency in non-flushers, regardless of the amount of alcohol consumed.

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that the risk of testosterone deficiency increases in heavy drinkers (>8 drinks per week) who flush compared to that in non-drinkers.

The Effect of Alcohol Drinking on Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity in Koreans: Big Data Analysis

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of alcohol consumption on metabolic syndrome (MetS) and obesity in Koreans by analysis of big data from the National Health Insurance Service health checkup database. A total of 26,991,429 subjects aged 20 years or older were included. Alcohol consumption was divided into five groups: nondrinkers, ≤7.0 g/d, 7.1–14.0 g/d, 14.1–28.0 g/d, ≥28.1 g/d. Logistic regression analyses were performed after adjusting for age, exercise, smoking, and income. The odds ratios (ORs) of MetS and obesity in men and women were lowest at ≤7.0 g/d, similar to that of the nondrinkers at 7.1–14.0 g/d, and increased with the alcohol consumption. At 7.1–14.0 g/d in older men, the ORs of metabolic syndrome and obesity were similar to those in the nondrinkers, but the OR of obesity was slightly increased in older women. This study suggests that the risk of MetS and obesity may be higher in Korean men, women, and the elderly who drink more than 14 g/d than the nondrinkers. In people with obesity or abdominal obesity, or those who need to manage their blood pressure, glucose, or triglyceride, drinking more than 7 g/d may increase the risk of MetS.

c-Met and EPHA7 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Are Related to Prognosis in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Focusing on the Association with Myoferlin Expression

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are important targets for clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) treatment. Myoferlin is a strong regulator of RTKs. To identify myoferlin-associated RTKs and their prognostic implications in ccRCC, we investigated the expression of RTKs and myoferlin using proteome-based evaluation and immunohistochemical staining in tissue microarray. Multivariate Cox analysis adjusted for TNM stage and WHO grade was performed (n = 410 and 506). Proteomic analysis suggested c-Met and EPHA7 as novel candidates for myoferlin-associated RTKs. We immunohistochemically validated the positive association between c-Met and myoferlin expression. High c-Met expression was independently associated with overall (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.153-2.919) and cancer-specific survival (HR = 1.150-3.389). The prognostic effect of high c-Met expression was also determined in an independent cohort (overall survival, HR = 1.503-3.771). Although expression of EPHA7 and myoferlin was not correlated, EPHA7 expression was independently associated with progression-free (HR = 1.237-4.319) and cancer-specific survival (HR = 1.214-4.558). In addition, network-based prioritization showed co-functional enrichment of c-Met and myoferlin, suggesting a novel regulatory function of myoferlin in c-Met signaling. This study indicates that c-Met and EPHA7 might be useful prognostic biomarkers, and the presumed myoferlin/c-Met pathway could be a novel therapeutic target in ccRCC.

Incidence and Risk Factors for Progression to Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Cohort Study

(1) Objective: This study examined the incidence and risk factors contributing to the progression to diabetes mellitus (DM) in a seven-year follow-up study of non-diabetic National Health Examinees. (2) Methods: For this retrospective observational cohort study, we used two national representative databases: the National Health Screening (HEALS) database 2009 and the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database 2009-2015. The eligible subjects without DM with blood sugar levels of <126 mg/dL were selected using the HEALS database. The subsequent follow-up and clinical outcomes were evaluated using the NHIS database. Cox proportional hazard regression was applied to examine the effects of the covariates on progression to diabetes. (3) Results: Among those who took part in the national health screening in 2009, 4,205,006 subjects who met the eligibility criteria were selected. Of these, 587,015 were diagnosed with DM during the follow-up by 2015. The incidence of progression from non-diabetes to DM was 14.0%, whereas that from impaired fasting glucose (IFG) to DM was 21.9%. Compared to the normal group, the newly diagnosed DM group was more likely to comprise older, female, currently smoking, and high-risk drinking participants and participants with IFG, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome. (4) Conclusions: This epidemiological study in the Republic of Korea found risk factors similar to those of other studies, but the incidence of progression to DM was 22.8 per 1000 person-years, which is higher than that previously reported. Hence, more care is needed to prevent DM.

Comparison of risk profiles for new-onset atrial fibrillation between patients aged <60 and ≥60 years

BACKGROUND

Atrial fibrillation (AF) has a heterogeneous pathophysiology according to individual patient characteristics. This study aimed to identify the effects of widely known risk factors on AF incidence according to age and to elucidate the clinical implications of these effects.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We analyzed data from 501,668 subjects (≥18years old) without AF and valvular heart disease from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort. The total population was divided into two groups according to age, <60years and ≥60years. AF occurred in 0.7% of the overall population (3,416 of 501,668) during the follow-up period (mean 47.6 months). In Cox regression analysis, age, male sex, previous ischemic stroke, heart failure, and hypertension were related to increased risk of new-onset AF in both age groups. Especially in the <60years age group, risk of new-onset AF was increased by relatively modifiable risk factors: obesity (body mass index ≥25kg/m2; hazard ratio[HR] 1.37 [1.22-1.55], p<0.001, interaction p<0.001), and hypertension (HR 1.93[1.69-2.22], p<0.001, interaction p<0.001). Although interactions were not significant, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HR 1.41[1.24-1.60], p<0.001) and chronic kidney disease (HR 1.28[1.15-1.41], p<0.001) showed increased trends of the risk of new-onset AF in the ≥60years age group.

CONCLUSION

The risk profile for new-onset AF was somewhat different between the <60years and the ≥60years age groups. Compared to the ≥60years group, relatively modifiable risk factors (such as obesity and hypertension) had a greater impact on AF incidence in the <60years age group. Different management strategies to prevent AF development according to age may be needed.

Alcohol, cardiovascular disease and industry funding: A co-authorship network analysis of systematic reviews

BACKGROUND

Alcohol's effects on heart health is the site of a major scientific controversy. We conducted a co-authorship network analysis of systematic reviews on the impacts on alcohol on cardiovascular disease (CVD) in order to investigate patterns of co-authorship in the literature, with particular attention given to industry funding.

METHODS

We used Epistemonikos to identify systematic reviews. Review characteristics, influential authors, co-authorship subnetworks, prior histories of alcohol industry funding, study outcomes and citations were investigated.

RESULTS

60 systematic reviews with 231 unique authors met our inclusion criteria. 14 systematic reviews were undertaken by authors with histories of alcohol industry funding, including 5 that were funded directly by the alcohol industry itself. All 14 such reviews identified a cardioprotective effect of alcohol. These formed distinct co-authorship subnetworks within the literature. Of reviews by authors with no prior histories of alcohol industry funding, the findings were mixed, with 54% (25/46) concluding there was evidence of health protective effects. These two groups of reviews differed in other respects. Those with industry funding were more likely to study broader outcomes such as 'cardiovascular disease' or 'coronary heart disease' as opposed to specific CVD issues such as hypertension or stroke (93% [13/14] versus 41% [19/46]) (chi-squared 12.4, p < 0.001) and have more included studies (mean of 29 versus 20). They were also more widely cited by others. Over time the proportions of systematic reviews on CVD and alcohol undertaken by authors with no prior histories of alcohol industry funding has increased.

CONCLUSIONS

Systematic reviews undertaken by authors with histories of alcohol industry funding were more likely to study broader outcomes, and be cited more widely, and exclusively reported favorable conclusions.

Relationship Between Shift Intensity and Insomnia Among Hospital Nurses in Korea: A Cross-sectional Study

Objectives

This study explored the relationship between shift intensity and insomnia among hospital nurses.

Methods

The participants were 386 female hospital nurses who underwent a special health examination for night workers in 2015. The Korean Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), indices of shift work intensity, and other covariates such as amount of exercise, level of alcohol consumption, employment duration, and hours worked were extracted from the health examination data. The indices for shift intensity were (1) number of 3 consecutive night shifts and (2) number of short recovery periods after a previous shift, both assessed over the prior 3 months. Multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted for the aforementioned covariates was performed to evaluate the association of shift intensity with insomnia, defined as an ISI score of ≥8.

Results

The nurses with insomnia tended to be younger (p=0.029), to have worked 3 consecutive night shifts more frequently (p<0.001), to have experienced a greater number of short recovery periods after the previous shift (p=0.021), and to have worked for more hours (p=0.006) than the nurses without insomnia. Among the other variables, no statistically significant differences between groups were observed. Experiences of 3 or more consecutive night shifts (odds ratio [OR], 2.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.29 to 4.20) and 3 or more short recovery periods (OR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.08 to 3.73) were associated with increased odds of insomnia.

Conclusions

The results suggest that decreasing the shift intensity may reduce insomnia among hospital nurses working rotating shifts.

Incidence Hypertension and Fasting Blood Glucose from Real-World Data: Retrospective Cohort for 7-Years Follow-Up

This retrospective cohort study was done to investigate the incidence of hypertension and its relation to the fasting blood glucose level in Korea. The eligible non-hypertensive subjects (n = 3,396,187) among the National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening (NHIS-HEALS) examinees (n = 10,644,911) in 2009 were followed up until 2015. A Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate the risk of the high blood glucose level for the incident hypertension while controlling for covariates' confounding effect. The cumulative incidence rate was 10.6% for seven years (11.6% in men and 8.3% in women). The incidence density was 1474.8 per 100,000 person-years. High fasting blood glucose (adjusted Hazard Ratio (aHR), 1.836; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.810 to 1.862), prediabetes (aHR, 1.249; 95% CI, 1.237 to 1.260), a history of diabetes mellitus (aHR, 1.635; 95% CI, 1.605 to 1.666), high triglyceride (aHR, 1.292; 95% CI, 1.280 to 1.303), a history of dyslipidemia (aHR, 1.279; 95% CI, 1.253 to 1.305) and prehypertension group (aHR, 1.964; 95% CI, 1.948 to 1.979) were significantly related to the incident hypertension after adjusting for covariates. Among real-world data in Korea, high blood glucose level was the independent risk factor for developing hypertension.

Trends in Alcohol Consumption for Korean Adults from 1998 to 2018: Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey

Drinking culture has been well developed in Korea. This research assessed trends in daily pure alcohol consumption over time and examined its trends regarding socio-demographic variables and alcoholic beverage types. We used data from the 1998–2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 87,623 adults aged ≥ 19 years were included. Alcohol intake was assessed via 24-h dietary recall, and pure alcohol content was calculated according to alcoholic beverage type. Daily alcohol consumption increased from 8.37 g in 1998 to 14.98 g in 2016–2018 (p for trend < 0.001). The degree of the increasing trend was higher for women (2.09 g to 5.79 g) than men (14.78 g to 23.94 g) from 1998 to 2016–2018. Alcohol intake was highest in men aged 30–49 years and women aged 19–29 years. Moreover, the change of the rising trend in alcohol consumption according to high socioeconomic factors was more pronounced than the other variables. Lastly, the alcohol intake from soju and beer was dominant in alcohol consumption and escalated over time. The total daily alcohol intake increased about two times during 21 years in Korea, and the trends varied according to socio-demographic status.

Association between body mass index and fragility fracture in postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study using Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2009 (KNHANES IV)

BACKGROUND

The present study examined the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and the risk for fragility fractures in postmenopausal Korean women.

METHODS

Among subjects who participated in the 4th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008-2009), 2114 women ≥ 40 years of age were included. BMI was based on standards set by the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity, as follows: < 18.5 kg/m², underweight; 18.5 ≤ to < 25 kg/m², normal weight; and ≥ 25 kg/m², obese. Subjects were also divided into three groups according to the location of fragility fracture: spine, hip, or wrist.

RESULTS

The mean (± SD) rate of fragility fracture was significantly different among the three groups: 5.9 ± 2.9% (underweight), 1.1 ± 0.3% (normal weight), and 3.0 ± 0.7% (obese) (p = 0.001). After correcting for age, family history, and treatment history of osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis, smoking and drinking status, and level of exercise, multivariable regression analysis revealed that the odds ratio for fragility fracture in the underweight group was 5.48 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.80-16.73] and 3.33 (95% CI 1.61-6.87) in the obese group. After subdividing fragility fractures into vertebral and non-vertebral, the odds ratio for vertebral fracture in the underweight group was 5.49 (95% CI 1.31-23.09) times higher than that in the normal weight group; in the obese group, the non-vertebral fracture odds ratio was 3.87 (95% CI 1.45-10.33) times higher. Analysis of non-vertebral fractures in the obese group revealed an odds ratio for fracture 22.05 (95% CI 1.33-365.31) times higher for hip fracture and 3.85 (95% CI 1.35-10.93) times higher for wrist fracture.

CONCLUSIONS

Obesity and underweight increased the risk for fragility fractures in postmenopausal Korean women.

Relationship between alcohol consumption and rheumatoid factor (RF) with alcohol-induced facial flushing response

This study investigated the relationship between alcohol consumption with alcohol-induced facial flushing response and rheumatoid factor (RF) in adult men. The cohort comprised 1675 men who underwent a general medical check-up between July 2016 and June 2017, including 355 non-drinkers, 498 flushers, and 822 non-flushers. One drink was defined as 14 g of alcohol. RF was considered negative if the level was less than 18 IU/mL and positive if the level was greater than 18 IU/mL. Logistic regression analyses were used. Compared to non-drinkers, the odds ratio for a positive RF among non-flushers was 0.92 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.37-2.29) for those with an average alcohol consumption of ≤4 drinks per week, 1.64 (95% CI, 0.67-3.98) for those consuming more than 4 drinks per week but fewer than or equal to 8 drinks per week, and 1.17 (95% CI, 0.55-2.50) for those consuming more than 8 drinks per week; the differences were not statistically significant. Compared to non-drinkers, flushers also had a non-significant odds ratio for positive RF of 1.26 (95% CI, 0.54-2.90) among those with an average alcohol consumption of ≤4 drinks per week. However, flushers showed a significantly higher odds ratio for a positive RF of 3.12 (95% CI, 1.18-8.24) among those consuming more than 4 but fewer than or equal to 8 drinks per week, and 3.27 (95% CI, 1.42-7.52) among those consuming more than 8 drinks per week. Additionally, flushers consuming more than 8 drinks per week were associated with significantly higher rates of positive RF than non-flushers (odds ratio, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.05-5.17). Our study revealed that flushers consuming more than 4 drinks per week showed a higher probability of positive RF than non-drinkers. Furthermore, flushers consuming more than 8 drinks per week had a higher probability of positive RF than non-flushers. Our results strongly indicate that the average weekly alcohol consumption level and the presence or absence of flushing should be considered when interpreting the results of RF examinations in healthy men.

Association between Alcohol Consumption and Metabolic Syndrome Determined by Facial Flushing in Korean Women

Background

This study aimed to examine the relationship between alcohol consumption and metabolic syndrome in Korean women as determined by facial flushing.

Methods

Of the female patients aged <65 years who visited the health promotion center at Chungnam National University Hospital from January 2016 to March 2017, 1,344 women were included. After adjusting for confounding factors such as age, body mass index, smoking, exercise, and menopausal status, multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between alcohol consumption and the risk of metabolic syndrome in the facial flushing and non-facial flushing groups compared with the non-drinkers.

Results

Even after adjusting for confounding factors, the risk of metabolic syndrome was significantly high in all drinking subgroups (≤2 standard drinks: odds ratio [OR], 1.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10–2.68; 2<, ≤4 standard drinks: OR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.29–4.74; and >4 standard drinks: OR, 4.16; 95% CI, 2.03–8.30) of the facial flushing group. The risk of metabolic syndrome was significantly high only in the subgroup of weekly alcohol consumption >4 standard drinks (OR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.07–4.52) in the non-facial flushing group.

Conclusion

This study suggests that Korean women experiencing facial flushing when drinking have a higher risk of developing metabolic syndrome even with a low weekly drinking amount than those who do not experience face flushing.

Increasing Individual Target Glucose Levels to Prevent Hypoglycemia in Patients with Diabetes

Hypoglycemia is one of the severe complications of diabetes. To prevent hypoglycemia, an emphasis is placed on maintaining an appropriate balance between nutrition, activity, and treatment, which can be achieved by the repetition of self-trials based on self-monitoring. Clinicians routinely focus on patients’ contribution, including timely intake of an adequate amount of carbohydrates, physical activity, antidiabetic medication, and abstinence from alcohol. Recently, many guidelines have highlighted the importance of clinicians’ factors and recommend individualized treatments according to lifestyle patterns and specific needs following the de-intensification of treatment. The optimal value of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels for blood glucose level regulation remains controversial among countries, but it generally does not exceed 8.0%. In populations that are at a risk of hypoglycemia, such as the older adults, it is advisable to adjust the target blood glucose level to less than 8.0%. Meanwhile, a blood glucose level of 7.0%–7.5% is generally recommended for healthy older adults. If the expected lifetime is shorter than 10 years or in patients with chronic kidney disease and severe cardiovascular disease, the HbA1c level target can be increased to 7.5%–8.0%. For even shorter lifetime expectancy, the target can be adjusted up to 8.0%–9.0%. To prevent hypoglycemia, the target blood glucose level needs to be adjusted, particularly in older adult patients. Ultimately, it is important to identify the maximum blood glucose levels that do not cause hypoglycemia and the minimum blood glucose levels that do not cause hyperglycemia-associated complications.