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Kamba ET, Chimonyo M. Utilisation of indigenous knowledge to control gastrointestinal nematodes in Southern Africa. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:100. [PMID: 38472670 PMCID: PMC10933149 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-03941-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) exacerbate the impact of droughts on the survival of cattle. The inadequacies of the conventional system make it increasingly important to explore indigenous knowledge (IK) to create drought-tolerant and GIN resilient herds. The objective of the study was to assess the indigenous strategies for controlling GIN during droughts. Face-to-face interviews with experts on IK were conducted to give insight into the importance, methods and ranking of GIN control. The experts identified 86 cattle that were used to test their assertions. The control methods used were identifying cattle that were susceptible to high GIN loads using predisposing factors, diagnosis of GIN burdens using faecal appearance, and treatment using phytotherapy. Experts ranked predisposing factors as the most critical control strategy and identified body condition, class, sex, coat colour, pregnancy status and lactation status as predisposing factors to high GIN burdens. Thin, older, dark-coloured cattle, as well as pregnant and lactating cows, were considered susceptible to GIN. However, pregnancy status, coat colour and sex were significantly associated with high GIN burdens. Cows were 2.6 times more likely to have high GIN burdens than bulls. Dark-coloured cattle were 3.5 times more likely to have high GIN burdens than light-coloured ones, and the likelihood of pregnant cows was 4.9 times higher than non-pregnant cows. A dark-coloured pregnant cow was extremely susceptible to high GIN burdens. In conclusion, knowledge of predisposing factors informs selection decisions when purchasing foundation stock. Cattle that are susceptible to high GIN loads are prioritised during droughts or culled where resources are scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Kamba
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, University Road, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
| | - M Chimonyo
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, University Road, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa.
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Robi DT, Mossie T, Temteme S. Eukaryotic Infections in Dairy Calves: Impacts, Diagnosis, and Strategies for Prevention and Control. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2023; 14:195-208. [PMID: 38058381 PMCID: PMC10697087 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s442374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic infections are common among dairy calves and can have significant impacts on their health and growth rates. Fungal infections caused by Aspergillus fumigatus, Trichophyton verrucosum, and Candida albicans can cause respiratory diseases, dermatophytosis, and diarrhea, respectively. Protozoan parasites, including Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia duodenalis, and Eimeria spp., are also common in dairy calves. C. parvum is highly contagious and can cause severe diarrhea and dehydration, while Giardia duodenalis can lead to poor growth and is transmissible to humans through contaminated food or water. Eimeria spp. can cause coccidiosis and lead to reduced growth rates, poor feed conversion, and death. The common helminthic infections in dairy calves include Ostertagia ostertagi, Cooperia spp., Fasciola hepatica, and Strongyloides papillosus. These parasitic infections significantly impact calf health, growth, and dairy industry productivity. Diagnosis of these infections can be made through fecal samples using microscopy or molecular methods. However, diagnosis of the infections can be challenging and requires a combination of clinical signs and laboratory tests such as culture and PCR. Preventing and controlling eukaryotic infections in dairy calves requires several measures. Good hygiene and sanitation practices, proper management strategies, and timely treatment of affected animals are important. It is also necessary to avoid overcrowding and consider vaccination against ringworm. Further research is needed to better understand the epidemiology and characterization of eukaryotic infections in dairy calves, which will help in the development of more effective prevention and control strategies. In general, good hygiene practices, appropriate management strategies, and timely treatment of affected animals are crucial in preventing and controlling the infections, ensuring the health and well-being of dairy calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dereje Tulu Robi
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Tepi Agricultural Research Center, Tepi, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfa Mossie
- Ethiopian Institute of Agriculture Research, Jimma Agriculture Research Center, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Shiferaw Temteme
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Tepi Agricultural Research Center, Tepi, Ethiopia
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Frias H, Maraví C, Arista-Ruiz MA, Yari-Briones DI, Paredes-Valderrama JR, Bravo YR, Cortez JV, Segura GT, Ruiz RE, Lapa RML, Valderrama NLM. Prevalence, coinfection, and risk factors associated with Fasciola hepatica and other gastrointestinal parasites in cattle from the Peruvian Amazon. Vet World 2023; 16:546-553. [PMID: 37041847 PMCID: PMC10082736 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.546-553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Extensive cattle rearing is a major source of economy for the inhabitants of the Amazon region of Peru. Milk and meat production is generally affected by the prevalence of various parasites, including hepatic and gastrointestinal parasites, as these products provide ideal conditions for parasitic growth. This poses a serious public health threat. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence, coinfection, and risk factors associated with the liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) and other gastrointestinal parasites in cattle from the Amazon region of Peru. Materials and Methods Fecal samples obtained from 1450 bovine specimens were analyzed using flotation and sedimentation methods to identify parasites, including Eimeria spp., strongyle-type eggs (STEs), and F. hepatica. We collected information about the specimens, including age, sex, origin, breed, category, frequency of deworming, farm size, herd size, water sources, and rearing system by conducting simple inspections and interviewing owners. The data obtained were statistically evaluated using the Chi-square test (p < 0.05) to determine the association between the qualitative variables. We also calculated the odds ratio at a 95% confidence interval to identify the risk factors. Results We observed that F. hepatica, Eimeria spp., and STEs were 45.6%, 39.8%, and 35.3% prevalent, respectively. We found risk factors related to distomatosis in the animals from Huambo, where the drinking water sources are mainly streams, ditches, and rivers, while the specimens from Valle Chico were predisposed to coccidiosis. Further, the risk factors related to the presence of STEs in feces were age (61-90 months), origin (Valle Chico), herd size (<50 animals), and type of extensive rearing. Furthermore, significant coinfection was observed between Eimeria spp. and STEs. Conclusion The high percentages of parasites in cattle observed were related to epidemiological factors, such as the origin of the sample, water sources, age, herd size, and extensive breeding. Similarly, the presence of STEs was a risk factor for contracting coccidiosis. Our future goals include investigating these parasites using a larger sample size and identifying more risk factors using more sensitive and specific diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Frias
- Academic Department of Zootechnics, Faculty of Zootechnical Engineering, Agribusiness and Biotechnology, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, Amazonas, Perú
| | - César Maraví
- Academic Department of Zootechnics, Faculty of Zootechnical Engineering, Agribusiness and Biotechnology, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, Amazonas, Perú
| | - Miguel A. Arista-Ruiz
- Laboratory of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Domestic Animals, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, Amazonas, Perú
| | - Danitza I. Yari-Briones
- Livestock and Biotechnology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, Amazonas, Perú
| | - Juan R. Paredes-Valderrama
- Research Unit, Instituto de Educación Superior Tecnológico Público Mache, La Libertad, Perú
- Corresponding author: Juan R. Paredes-Valderrama, e-mail: Co-authors: HF: , CM: , MAA: , DIY: , YRB: , JVC: , GTS: , RER: , RMLL: , NLMV:
| | - Yesica Rojas Bravo
- Laboratory of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Domestic Animals, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, Amazonas, Perú
| | - J. V. Cortez
- Department of Science School Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - G. T. Segura
- Livestock and Biotechnology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, Amazonas, Perú
| | - Ricardo Encina Ruiz
- Livestock and Biotechnology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, Amazonas, Perú
| | - Rainer M. Lopez Lapa
- Livestock and Biotechnology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, Amazonas, Perú
| | - Nilton Luis Murga Valderrama
- Livestock and Biotechnology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, Amazonas, Perú
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Mohammedsalih KM, Krücken J, Bashar A, Juma FR, Abdalmalaik AAH, Khalafalla A, Abakar A, Coles G, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. Susceptible trichostrongyloid species mask presence of benzimidazole-resistant Haemonchus contortus in cattle. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:101. [PMID: 33557939 PMCID: PMC7869217 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04593-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Benzimidazole (BZ) anthelmintics are widely used to control infections with parasitic nematodes, but BZ resistance is an emerging threat among several nematode species infecting humans and animals. In Sudan, BZ-resistant Haemonchus contortus populations were recently reported in goats in South Darfur State. The objective of this study was to collect data regarding the situation of BZ resistance in cattle parasitic nematodes in South Darfur using phenotypic and molecular approaches, besides providing some epidemiological data on nematodes in cattle. Methods The faecal egg count reduction test and the egg hatch test (EHT) were used to evaluate benzimidazole efficacy in cattle nematodes in five South Darfur study areas: Beleil, Kass, Nyala, Rehed Al-Birdi and Tulus. Genomic DNA was extracted from pools of third-stage larvae (L3) (n = 40) during trials, before and after treatment, and pools of adult male Haemonchus spp. (n = 18) from abattoirs. The polymorphisms F167Y, E198A and F200Y in isotype 1 β-tubulin genes of H. contortus and H. placei were analysed using Sanger and pyrosequencing. Results Prevalence of gastro-intestinal helminths in cattle was 71% (313/443). Reduced albendazole faecal egg count reduction efficacy was detected in three study areas: Nyala (93.7%), Rehed Al-Birdi (89.7%) and Tulus (88.2%). In the EHT, EC50 values of these study areas ranged between 0.032 and 0.037 µg/ml thiabendazole. Genus-specific PCRs detected the genera Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus and Cooperia in L3 samples collected after albendazole treatment. Sanger sequencing followed by pyrosequencing assays did not detect elevated frequencies of known BZ resistance-associated alleles in codon F167Y, E198A and F200Y in isotype 1 β-tubulin gene of H. placei (≤ 11.38%). However, polymorphisms were detected in H. contortus and in samples with mixed infections with H. contortus and H. placei at codon 198, including E198L (16/58), E198V (2/58) and potentially E198Stop (1/58). All pooled L3 samples post-albendazole treatment (n = 13) were identified as H. contortus with an E198L substitution at codon 198. Conclusions To the knowledge of the authors, this is the first report of reduced albendazole efficacy in cattle in Sudan and is the first study describing an E198L substitution in phenotypically BZ-resistant nematodes collected from cattle.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jürgen Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Street 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ahmed Bashar
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Nyala, P.O. Box 155, Nyala, Sudan
| | - Fathel-Rahman Juma
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Nyala, P.O. Box 155, Nyala, Sudan
| | | | - Amna Khalafalla
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 32, Khartoum North, Sudan
| | - Adam Abakar
- Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Gezira, P.O. Box 20, Wadmedani, Sudan
| | - Gerald Coles
- Ubley Biologics, Ubley, P.O. Box 170, Bristol, BS40 6JA, UK
| | - Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Street 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
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King'ori E, Obanda V, Chiyo PI, Soriguer RC, Morrondo P, Angelone S. Patterns of helminth infection in Kenyan elephant populations. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:145. [PMID: 32188499 PMCID: PMC7081694 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The dynamics of helminth infection in African elephant populations are poorly known. We examined the effects of age, sex, social structure and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) as primary drivers of infection patterns within and between elephant populations. Methods Coprological methods were used to identify helminths and determine infection patterns in distinct elephant populations in Maasai Mara National Reserve, Tsavo East National Park, Amboseli National Park and Laikipia-Samburu Ecosystem. Gaussian finite mixture cluster analyses of egg dimensions were used to classify helminth eggs according to genera. Generalized linear models (GLM) and Chi-square analyses were used to test for variation in helminth infection patterns and to identify drivers in elephant populations. Results Helminth prevalence varied significantly between the studied populations. Nematode prevalence (96.3%) was over twice as high as that of trematodes (39.1%) in elephants. Trematode prevalence but not nematode prevalence varied between populations. Although we found no associations between helminth infection and elephant social groups (male vs family groups), the median helminth egg output (eggs per gram, epg) did vary between social groups: family groups had significantly higher median epg than solitary males or males in bachelor groups. Young males in mixed sex family groups had lower epg than females when controlling for population and age; these differences, however, were not statistically significant. The average NDVI over a three-month period varied between study locations. Cluster analyses based on egg measurements revealed the presence of Protofasciola sp., Brumptia sp., Murshidia sp., Quilonia sp. and Mammomonogamus sp. GLM analyses showed that the mean epg was positively influenced by a three-month cumulative mean NDVI and by social group; female social groups had higher epg than male groups. GLM analyses also revealed that epg varied between elephant populations: Samburu-Laikipia elephants had a higher and Tsavo elephants a lower epg than Amboseli elephants. Conclusions Elephants had infection patterns characterized by within- and between-population variation in prevalence and worm burden. Sociality and NDVI were the major drivers of epg but not of helminth prevalence. Gastrointestinal parasites can have a negative impact on the health of wild elephants, especially during resource scarcity. Thus, our results will be important when deciding intervention strategies.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward King'ori
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Veterinary Faculty, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain.,Veterinary Department, Kenya Wildlife Service, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Vincent Obanda
- Veterinary Department, Kenya Wildlife Service, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Patrick I Chiyo
- Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ramon C Soriguer
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Patrocinio Morrondo
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Veterinary Faculty, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Samer Angelone
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain. .,Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Maichomo MW, Nginyi JM, Caruso-Varès A, Mungube EO, Pagny G, Chevtzoff C, Njanja JC, Lumumba PA, Collin JF, Isaka N. Efficacy of VERYL® in the treatment of cattle naturally infected with gastro-intestinal nematodes in Kenya. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 52:1699-1705. [PMID: 31865537 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02179-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Co-infections caused by trypanosomes and gastro-intestinal nematodes (GINs) compromise cattle productivity and their control requires a holistic approach. The effectiveness of trypanocides and anthelmintics is compromised by increasing resistance. Use of combined chemotherapeutic products for synergy, mainly practiced in human medicine, is gaining importance in livestock. A trial to evaluate efficacy of VERYL®, containing diminazene diaceturate (3.5 mg/kg body weight) and levamisole chloride (5 mg/kg body weight) for the control of GINs in cattle, was conducted at KALRO-VSRI Muguga, Kenya, between June and August 2016. Thirty-eight cattle aged between 6 and 12 months, naturally infected with GINs, were randomly allocated into two groups; a treatment group received VERYL® intra-muscularly at 10 mL/100 kg bwt and a control group which received Veriben® (Diminazene aceturate) at 3.5 mg/kg bwt. Faecal egg counts (FECs), coproculture, packed cell volume (PCV) and local tolerance at the injection site were measured during the study. FECs were comparable between the treatment and control groups at day 0. However, treatment of cattle with VERYL significantly (p < 0.001) reduced FECs by day 7 and sustained to day 21 post-treatment. Coproculture results for the treatment and control groups revealed presence of Haemonchus, Cooperia, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus and Oesophagostomum species. Cattle treated with VERYL® had a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in larval recoveries compared to the control group. VERYL® had minimal adverse effects which cleared after a short while and is thus recommended for controlling GINs in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Maichomo
- Kenya Agricultural & Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), Veterinary Research Institute, Muguga North, P.O. Box 32-00902, Kikuyu, Kenya.
| | - J M Nginyi
- Kenya Agricultural & Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), Veterinary Research Institute, Muguga North, P.O. Box 32-00902, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - A Caruso-Varès
- Ceva Santé Animale, 10 av. de La Ballastière, 33500, Libourne, France
| | - E O Mungube
- Kenya Agricultural & Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), Veterinary Research Institute, Muguga North, P.O. Box 32-00902, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - G Pagny
- Ceva Santé Animale, 10 av. de La Ballastière, 33500, Libourne, France
| | - C Chevtzoff
- Ceva Santé Animale, 10 av. de La Ballastière, 33500, Libourne, France
| | - J C Njanja
- Kenya Agricultural & Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), Veterinary Research Institute, Muguga North, P.O. Box 32-00902, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - P A Lumumba
- Kenya Agricultural & Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), Veterinary Research Institute, Muguga North, P.O. Box 32-00902, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - J F Collin
- Ceva Santé Animale, 10 av. de La Ballastière, 33500, Libourne, France
| | - N Isaka
- Ceva Santé Animale, 10 av. de La Ballastière, 33500, Libourne, France
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Weeks JC, Roberts WM, Robinson KJ, Keaney M, Vermeire JJ, Urban JF, Lockery SR, Hawdon JM. Microfluidic platform for electrophysiological recordings from host-stage hookworm and Ascaris suum larvae: A new tool for anthelmintic research. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2016; 6:314-328. [PMID: 27751868 PMCID: PMC5196495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The screening of candidate compounds and natural products for anthelmintic activity is important for discovering new drugs against human and animal parasites. We previously validated in Caenorhabditis elegans a microfluidic device (‘chip’) that records non-invasively the tiny electrophysiological signals generated by rhythmic contraction (pumping) of the worm's pharynx. These electropharyngeograms (EPGs) are recorded simultaneously from multiple worms per chip, providing a medium-throughput readout of muscular and neural activity that is especially useful for compounds targeting neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels. Microfluidic technologies have transformed C. elegans research and the goal of the current study was to validate hookworm and Ascaris suum host-stage larvae in the microfluidic EPG platform. Ancylostoma ceylanicum and A. caninum infective L3s (iL3s) that had been activated in vitro generally produced erratic EPG activity under the conditions tested. In contrast, A. ceylanicum L4s recovered from hamsters exhibited robust, sustained EPG activity, consisting of three waveforms: (1) conventional pumps as seen in other nematodes; (2) rapid voltage deflections, associated with irregular contractions of the esophagus and openings of the esophogeal-intestinal valve (termed a ‘flutter’); and (3) hybrid waveforms, which we classified as pumps. For data analysis, pumps and flutters were combined and termed EPG ‘events.’ EPG waveform identification and analysis were performed semi-automatically using custom-designed software. The neuromodulator serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5HT) increased EPG event frequency in A. ceylanicum L4s at an optimal concentration of 0.5 mM. The anthelmintic drug ivermectin (IVM) inhibited EPG activity in a concentration-dependent manner. EPGs from A. suum L3s recovered from pig lungs exhibited robust pharyngeal pumping in 1 mM 5HT, which was inhibited by IVM. These experiments validate the use of A. ceylanicum L4s and A. suum L3s with the microfluidic EPG platform, providing a new tool for screening anthelmintic candidates or investigating parasitic nematode feeding behavior. Pharyngeal pumping in nematodes generates an electropharyngeogram (EPG). The EPG provides a readout of the electrical activity of neurons and muscles. A microfluidic platform for recording EPGs was validated in parasitic nematodes. EPG activity and drug responses were characterized in host-stage larvae. Microfluidic EPG recordings provide a powerful new tool for anthelmintic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis C Weeks
- Institute of Neuroscience and African Studies Program, University of Oregon, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1254, USA.
| | - William M Roberts
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1254, USA.
| | - Kristin J Robinson
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1254, USA.
| | - Melissa Keaney
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
| | - Jon J Vermeire
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC, San Francisco, USA.
| | - Joseph F Urban
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomic and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA.
| | - Shawn R Lockery
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1254, USA.
| | - John M Hawdon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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Elevated temperatures and long drought periods have a negative impact on survival and fitness of strongylid third stage larvae. Int J Parasitol 2016; 46:229-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Peter GS, Gitau GK, Mulei CM, Vanleeuwen J, Richards S, Wichtel J, Uehlinger F, Mainga O. Prevalence of Cryptosporidia, Eimeria, Giardia, and Strongyloides in pre-weaned calves on smallholder dairy farms in Mukurwe-ini district, Kenya. Vet World 2015; 8:1118-25. [PMID: 27047207 PMCID: PMC4774781 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.1118-1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Gastrointestinal diseases are among the leading causes of calf morbidity and mortality in Kenya and elsewhere. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidia, Eimeria, Giardia, and Strongyloides in calves on smallholder dairy farms (SDF) in Mukurwe-ini District, Nyeri County, Kenya. These infections have been associated with economic losses by decreased growth rates, decreased productivity, and increased susceptibility to other diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS An observational study was conducted on 109 farms in Mukurwe-ini District, Nyeri County, Kenya, where 220 calf fecal samples (each calf at 4 and 6 weeks of age) from 110 calves (1 set of twins) were collected and analyzed for Cryptosporidia, Eimeria, Giardia, and helminth parasites. RESULTS Eimeria oocysts, Cryptosporidia oocysts, and Strongyloides eggs were detected in the fecal samples examined, but no Giardia cysts were found. The overall period prevalence of Eimeria, Cryptosporidia, and Strongyloides was 42.7% (47/110), 13.6% (15/110), and 5.4% (6/110), respectively. The prevalence at 4 weeks of age for Eimeria, Cryptosporidia, and Strongyloides was 30.0% (33/110), 8.2% (9/110), and 3.7% (4/109), respectively, while the prevalence at 6 weeks of age was 20.2% (22/109), 6.5% (7/107), and 2.7% (3/110), respectively. There was, however, no significant difference in the prevalence at 4 and 6 weeks (p>0.05). CONCLUSION Findings from this study show that Eimeria, Cryptosporidia, and Strongyloides, are prevalent in the study area and indicate the need to adopt optimal management practices to control infections in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getrude Shepelo Peter
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Kangemi, Kenya
| | - George Karuoya Gitau
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Kangemi, Kenya
| | - Charles Matiku Mulei
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Kangemi, Kenya
| | - John Vanleeuwen
- Department of Health Management, Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown PEI Canada, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Shauna Richards
- Department of Health Management, Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown PEI Canada, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Jeff Wichtel
- Department of Health Management, Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown PEI Canada, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Fabienne Uehlinger
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon SK Canada, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Omwando Mainga
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology, and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Kangemi, Kenya
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Sequence variation in two mitochondrial DNA regions and internal transcribed spacer among isolates of the nematode Oesophagostomum asperum originating from goats in Hunan Province, China. J Helminthol 2014; 90:1-6. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x14000650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe present study examined sequence variability in two mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) regions, namely cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1), and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) among Oesophagostomum asperum isolates from goats in Hunan Province, China. A portion of the cox1 (pcox1), nad1 (pnad1) genes and the ITS (ITS1+5.8S rDNA+ITS2) rDNA were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) separately from adult O. asperum individuals and the representative amplicons were subjected to sequencing from both directions. The lengths of pcox1, pnad1 and ITS rDNA were 366 bp, 681 bp and 785 bp, respectively. The A+T contents of gene sequences were 71.5–72% for pcox1, 73.7–74.2% for pnad1 and 58–58.8% for ITS rDNA. Intra-specific sequence variations within O. asperum were 0–1.6% for pcox1, 0–1.9% for pnad1 and 0–1.7% for ITS rDNA, while inter-specific sequence differences among members of the genus Oesophagostomum were significantly higher, being 11.1–12.5%, 13.3–17.7% and 8.5–18.6% for pcox1, pnad1 and ITS rDNA, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses using combined sequences of pcox1 and pnad1, with three different computational algorithms (Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony), revealed distinct groups with high statistical support. These findings demonstrated the existence of intra-specific variation in mtDNA and rDNA sequences among O. asperum isolates from goats in Hunan Province, China, and have implications for studying molecular epidemiology and population genetics of O. asperum.
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