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Liu YT, Mao ZW, Ding Y, Wang WL. Macrophages as Targets in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Therapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2024; 23:780-790. [PMID: 38310642 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumor with a complex and diverse immunosuppressive microenvironment. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are an essential component of the tumor immune microenvironment. TAMs typically exist in two primary states: anti-tumor M1 macrophages and protumor M2 macrophages. Remarkably, TAMs possess high plasticity, enabling them to switch between different subtypes or alter their biological functions in response to the tumor microenvironment. Based on research into the biological role of TAMs in the occurrence and development of malignant tumors, including HCC, TAMs are emerging as promising targets for novel tumor treatment strategies. In this review, we provide a detailed introduction to the origin and subtypes of TAMs, elucidate their interactions with other cells in the complex tumor microenvironment of HCC, and describe the biological roles, characteristics, and mechanisms of TAMs in the progression of HCC. Furthermore, we furnish an overview of the latest therapeutic strategies targeting TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology for Hepatocellular Carcinoma of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- National Innovation Center for Fundamental Research on Cancer Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- ZJU-Pujian Research & Development Center of Medical Artificial Intelligence for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zheng-Wei Mao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuan Ding
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology for Hepatocellular Carcinoma of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- National Innovation Center for Fundamental Research on Cancer Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- ZJU-Pujian Research & Development Center of Medical Artificial Intelligence for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei-Lin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology for Hepatocellular Carcinoma of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- National Innovation Center for Fundamental Research on Cancer Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- ZJU-Pujian Research & Development Center of Medical Artificial Intelligence for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Mei S, Peng S, Vong EG, Zhan J. A dual-functional oncolytic adenovirus ZD55-aPD-L1 scFv armed with PD-L1 inhibitor potentiates its antitumor activity. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 128:111579. [PMID: 38278066 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical data indicate that a substantial portion of cancer patients, though eligible for immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy, cannot fully benefit from ICI monotherapy due to the poor immunogenicity of tumors and lack of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes within the 'cold' tumor microenvironment (TME). In addition to poor antibody penetrance into the TME, systemic delivery of ICIs is associated with immune-related adverse events (irAEs) among recipients, some of which are life-threatening. Oncolytic virotherapy is a potentially viable approach to improving the efficacy of ICI therapy because of their ability to selectively replicate and lyse tumor cells, release tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), induce inflammatory response and promote lymphocyte infiltration in tumors. METHODS A recombinant oncolytic adenoviruses (OAd), denoted ZD55-aPD-L1 scFv, which carried the expression cassette for anti-PD-L1 scFv was constructed by molecular cloning. Western blot and ELISA assay were performed to detect aPD-L1 scFv expression. Flow cytometry were used to analyse PD-L1 expression and count tumor cells. Co-culture assay of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with tumor cells in vitro and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) MDA-MB-231 tumor-bearing model in vivo were evaluated the antitumor effects of recombinant oncolytic adenoviruses ZD55-aPD-L1 scFv. RESULTS We found that cells infected with recombinant oncolytic adenovirus ZD55-aPD-L1 scFv can effectively express aPD-L1 scFv, which function similarly to its full-length anti-PD-L1 antibody. PBMCs have inherently very limited killing effect on tumor cells even with administration of anti-PD-L1 antibody as observed from our in vitro co-cultures. Treatment consisting of ZD55 alone or ZD55 combined with anti-PD-L1 antibody yielded mediocre antitumor efficacy in subsequent in vitro and in vivo investigations, but were all substantially surpassed by the synergistic antitumor effects observed with ZD55-aPD-L1 scFv treatment. We show that the concomitant direct oncolysis by the recombinant OAd and localized autocrine/paracrine interception of PD-1:PD-L1 checkpoint interaction mediated by ZD55-aPD-L1 scFv-infected cells is exceedingly superior to co-administration of ZD55 and anti-PD-L1 antibody in the human TNBC mice model. CONCLUSIONS Our results provided evidence for the development of novel strategies, in this case an anti-PD-L1 scFv-armed OAd, to bolster immune responses to 'cold' tumors and to improve therapeutic responsiveness to ICIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengsheng Mei
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Peng
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Eu Gene Vong
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinbiao Zhan
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Abdi H, Arabi L, Montazer M, Askarizadeh A, Zamani P, Hosseinzadeh H, Jaafari MR, Mosaffa F. The effect of m2 peptide targeted nanoliposomes containing crocin on induction of phenotypic change in tumor macrophages to M1 state. Life Sci 2023; 330:121992. [PMID: 37524160 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Crocin has immunomodulatory and anticancer effects. In this study, crocin was used to induce the M1 phenotype in mouse tumor macrophages. MAIN METHODS A targeted liposomal formulation with m2 peptide was prepared and characterized to deliver crocin to the M2 macrophages present in the tumor environment. RT-qPCR and IHC were performed for in vitro and in vivo (in C26 colon carcinoma mouse model at a dose of 50 mg/kg) assessment of M1 induction, respectively. KEY FINDINGS In vitro results indicated that liposome modified with m2 peptide was non-toxic to macrophages and had an improved uptake by macrophages compared to the non-targeted formulation and induced M1 phenotype through an IL6-independent pathway. M2 peptide- modified liposome showed considerable tumor accumulation and anti-tumor effects and significantly shifted the phenotype of tumor macrophages towards an anti-tumor M1 phenotype. SIGNIFICANCE Probably the remarkable anti-tumor responses observed in this study with m2 peptide-targeted liposomal formulations containing crocin were due to the enhanced delivery of crocin to the tumor macrophage and the subsequent initiation of anti-tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakimeh Abdi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Arabi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Montazer
- Department of Pathology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Anis Askarizadeh
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Parvin Zamani
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mosaffa
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Chen W, Bao L, Ren Q, Zhang Z, Yi L, Lei W, Yang Z, Lu Y, You B, You Y, Gu M. SCARB1 in extracellular vesicles promotes NPC metastasis by co-regulating M1 and M2 macrophage function. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:323. [PMID: 37644041 PMCID: PMC10465564 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01621-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Distant metastasis is currently the main factor affecting the prognosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), and understanding the mechanisms of metastasis and identifying reliable therapeutic targets are critical for improving prognosis and achieving clinical translation. Macrophages, as important immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), have been shown to regulate metastasis. And extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by stromal cells and tumor cells play the important role in intercellular communication in the tumor microenvironment. However, the role of NPC-EVs on macrophages and their function in regulating macrophages to affect metastasis has not been fully clarified. In this study, we report that NPC-EVs can be uptake by macrophages and alter macrophage polarization, for the first time, we identified the genes implicated in these regulatory functions: SCARB1, HAAO, and CYP1B1. Moreover, we found that SCARB1 was positively associated with metastasis and poor prognosis of NPC. Interestingly, we found that SCARB1-rich EVs promoted M1 macrophages ferroptosis to decrease M1 macrophages infiltration by upregulating the HAAO level while decreasing phagocytosis of M2 macrophages by upregulating the CYP1B1 level. Finally, we identified the SCARB1-binding gene KLF9, which is involved in the transcription of HAAO and CYP1B1. Our findings showed that SCARB1-EVs promoted metastasis by co-regulating M1 and M2 macrophage function. The related mechanism will provide a new therapeutic strategy to help patients with NPC improve their prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lili Bao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qianqian Ren
- Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zixiang Zhang
- Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lu Yi
- Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Lei
- Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yang
- Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yingna Lu
- Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bo You
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Yiwen You
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Miao Gu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Jaber NF, Paoli J, Jerkovic SG. Rapid regression of multiple melanocytic nevi in an individual with history of melanoma with the CDKN2A mutation. JAAD Case Rep 2023; 38:113-116. [PMID: 37484656 PMCID: PMC10362735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2023.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nor Fazil Jaber
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Ryhov County Hospital, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - John Paoli
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sandra Gulin Jerkovic
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Ryhov County Hospital, Jönköping, Sweden
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Targeting tumor-associated macrophages in hepatocellular carcinoma: biology, strategy, and immunotherapy. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:65. [PMID: 36792608 PMCID: PMC9931715 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01356-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the most malignant tumors, is characterized by its stubborn immunosuppressive microenvironment. As one of the main members of the tumor microenvironment (TME) of HCC, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a critical role in its occurrence and development, including stimulating angiogenesis, enhancing immunosuppression, and promoting the drug resistance and cancer metastasis. This review describes the origin as well as phenotypic heterogeneity of TAMs and their potential effects on the occurrence and development of HCC and also discusses about various adjuvant therapy based strategies that can be used for targeting TAMs. In addition, we have highlighted different treatment modalities for TAMs based on immunotherapy, including small molecular inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, antibodies, tumor vaccines, adoptive cellular immunotherapy, and nanocarriers for drug delivery, to explore novel combination therapies and provide feasible therapeutic options for clinically improving the prognosis and quality of life of HCC patients.
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Kumaresan T, Rodriguez D, Preece J, Kmeid M, Foulke L, Gildener-Leapman N. Oral Tongue Spontaneous Tumor Regression after Biopsy: A Case Report and Genomic Profile. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2022:1455613221100034. [PMID: 35536761 DOI: 10.1177/01455613221100034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous regression of a neoplasm is a rare oncologic phenomenon. Certain neoplasms, such as melanomas and neuroblastomas, display this phenomenon. To date, spontaneous regression of oral cavity squamous cell carcinomas has been documented in only a handful of case reports. We present a novel case of spontaneous regression of an oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma following biopsy. We discuss the tumor's unique genetic profile, immune response to cancer, and review the literature on possible mechanisms of spontaneous regression. Small-volume persistent cancer in our patient reinforces that tissue confirmation remains crucial to avoid missing remaining tumor. Further investigation is required to understand mechanisms of spontaneous regression and how these may be exploited to improve head and neck squamous cell carcinoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michel Kmeid
- Department of Pathology, 138207Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Llewellyn Foulke
- Department of Pathology, 138207Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Neil Gildener-Leapman
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head-Neck Surgery, 138207Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
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Ishiguro S, Upreti D, Bassette M, Singam ERA, Thakkar R, Loyd M, Inui M, Comer J, Tamura M. Local immune checkpoint blockade therapy by an adenovirus encoding a novel PD-L1 inhibitory peptide inhibits the growth of colon carcinoma in immunocompetent mice. Transl Oncol 2022; 16:101337. [PMID: 34990908 PMCID: PMC8741604 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel inhibitory peptide interfering with the PD-L1/PD-1 immune checkpoint pathway, dubbed PD-L1ip3, was designed. The affinity of PD-L1ip3 for PD-L1 was only a few times weaker than that of its natural ligand, PD-1. Direct treatment with PD-L1ip3 enhanced the ability of CD8+ T cells primed with cancer antigens to kill cancer cells in culture. A combination treatment including transduction into cancer cells of a gene encoding PD-L1ip3 coupled with direct administration of PD-L1ip3 in peptide form significantly attenuated the growth of murine colon carcinoma in mice.
A novel peptide that interferes with the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint pathway, termed PD-L1 inhibitory peptide 3 (PD-L1ip3), was computationally designed, experimentally validated for its specific binding to PD-L1, and evaluated for its antitumor effects in cell culture and in a mouse colon carcinoma syngeneic murine model. In several cell culture studies, direct treatment with PD-L1ip3, but not a similar peptide with a scrambled sequence, substantially increased death of CT26 colon carcinoma cells when co-cultured with murine CD8+ T cells primed by CT26 cell antigens. In a syngeneic mouse tumor model, the growth of CT26 tumor cells transduced with the PD-L1ip3 gene by an adenovirus vector was significantly slower than that of un-transduced CT26 cells in immunocompetent mice. This tumor growth attenuation was further enhanced by the coadministration of the peptide form of PD-L1ip3 (10 mg/kg/day). The current study suggests that this peptide can stimulate host antitumor immunity via blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway, thereby increasing CD8+ T cell-induced death of colon carcinoma cells. The tumor site-specific inhibition of PD-L1 by an adenovirus carrying the PD-L1ip3 gene, together with direct peptide treatment, may be used as a local immune checkpoint blockade therapy to inhibit colon carcinoma growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Ishiguro
- Departments of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Deepa Upreti
- Departments of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Molly Bassette
- Departments of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - E R Azhagiya Singam
- Departments of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; Molecular Graphics and Computation Facility, College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Ravindra Thakkar
- Departments of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Mayme Loyd
- Departments of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Makoto Inui
- Departments of Pharmacology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Jeffrey Comer
- Departments of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Masaaki Tamura
- Departments of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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Link B, Torres Crigna A, Hölzel M, Giordano FA, Golubnitschaja O. Abscopal Effects in Metastatic Cancer: Is a Predictive Approach Possible to Improve Individual Outcomes? J Clin Med 2021; 10:5124. [PMID: 34768644 PMCID: PMC8584726 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10215124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with metastatic cancers often require radiotherapy (RT) as a palliative therapy for cancer pain. RT can, however, also induce systemic antitumor effects outside of the irradiated field (abscopal effects) in various cancer entities. The occurrence of the abscopal effect is associated with a specific immunological activation in response to RT-induced cell death, which is mainly seen under concomitant immune checkpoint blockade. Even if the number of reported apscopal effects has increased since the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibition, its occurrence is still considered rare and unpredictable. The cases reported so far may nevertheless allow for identifying first biomarkers and clinical patterns. We here review biomarkers that may be helpful to predict the occurrence of abscopal effects and hence to optimize therapy for patients with metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Link
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (B.L.); (A.T.C.); (F.A.G.)
| | - Adriana Torres Crigna
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (B.L.); (A.T.C.); (F.A.G.)
| | - Michael Hölzel
- Institute of Experimental Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Frank A. Giordano
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (B.L.); (A.T.C.); (F.A.G.)
| | - Olga Golubnitschaja
- Predictive, Preventive, Personalised (3P) Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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Spontaneous regression of advanced stage oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 2021; 136:882-884. [PMID: 34641983 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215121002899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Radha G, Lopus M. The spontaneous remission of cancer: Current insights and therapeutic significance. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101166. [PMID: 34242964 PMCID: PMC8271173 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous remission (SR) of cancer is a rare but well-documented phenomenon. Mechanisms of SR are described in detail. Knowing the intricacies of SR would help in devising novel treatment strategies.
Many diseases heal spontaneously. The common cold, for example, remedies itself within a few days in people with an uncompromised immune system. If a disease with a poor prognosis heals in the absence of a targeted therapeutic, many even call it a miracle cure. Such is the case with the spontaneous regression (SR) of malignant neoplasms, a rare but well-documented phenomenon that finds its first mention in the Ebers Papyrus of 1550 BCE. Given the challenges associated with current cancer treatment modalities such as rapidly evolving drug resistance mechanisms, dose-limiting side effects, and a failure to completely eliminate cancer cells, knowledge of how a tumour heals itself would be immensely helpful in developing more effective therapeutic modalities. Although the intricate mechanisms of SR have yet to be fully elucidated, it has been shown that infection-mediated immune system activation, biopsy procedures, and disruptions of the tumour microenvironment play pivotal roles in the self-healing of many tumours. Bacterial and viral infections are especially well-documented in instances of SR. Insights from these findings are paving the way for novel therapeutic strategies. Inspired by bacteria-mediated SR, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has been used as an approved treatment option for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Similarly, Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC), the first engineered oncolytic herpes simplex virus (HSV), has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of some forms of advanced melanoma. Here we describe the current understanding of SR, explore its therapeutic significance, and offer perspectives on its future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudapureddy Radha
- School of Biological Sciences, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Mumbai, Vidyanagari, Mumbai, India
| | - Manu Lopus
- School of Biological Sciences, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Mumbai, Vidyanagari, Mumbai, India.
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Duan Z, Luo Y. Targeting macrophages in cancer immunotherapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:127. [PMID: 33767177 PMCID: PMC7994399 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00506-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is regarded as the most promising treatment for cancers. Various cancer immunotherapies, including adoptive cellular immunotherapy, tumor vaccines, antibodies, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and small-molecule inhibitors, have achieved certain successes. In this review, we summarize the role of macrophages in current immunotherapies and the advantages of targeting macrophages. To better understand and make better use of this type of cell, their development and differentiation characteristics, categories, typical markers, and functions were collated at the beginning of the review. Therapeutic strategies based on or combined with macrophages have the potential to improve the treatment efficacy of cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Duan
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yunping Luo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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13
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Divakar P, Khan MJ, Polacco M, Kerr DA, Paydarfar JA. Spontaneous regression of squamous cell carcinoma in the setting of dental infection and needle biopsy. Clin Case Rep 2020; 8:1919-1923. [PMID: 33088519 PMCID: PMC7562853 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.3024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of spontaneous regression of squamous cell carcinoma within a lymph node. We speculate that prior dental infection, fever, and biopsy incited an antitumor immune reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanthi Divakar
- Section of OtolaryngologyDepartment of SurgeryDartmouth Hitchcock Medical CenterLebanonNHUSA
| | | | - Marc Polacco
- Section of OtolaryngologyDepartment of SurgeryDartmouth Hitchcock Medical CenterLebanonNHUSA
| | - Darcy A. Kerr
- Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthHanoverNHUSA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineDartmouth Hitchcock Medical CenterLebanonNHUSA
| | - Joseph A. Paydarfar
- Section of OtolaryngologyDepartment of SurgeryDartmouth Hitchcock Medical CenterLebanonNHUSA
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14
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Ishiguro S, Upreti D, Robben N, Burghart R, Loyd M, Ogun D, Le T, Delzeit J, Nakashima A, Thakkar R, Nakashima A, Suzuki K, Comer J, Tamura M. Water extract from Euglena gracilis prevents lung carcinoma growth in mice by attenuation of the myeloid-derived cell population. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 127:110166. [PMID: 32361165 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The partially purified water extract from Euglena gracilis (EWE) was evaluated for its antitumor and immunomodulatory effects in cell cultures and in a mouse orthotopic lung carcinoma allograft model. In two-dimensional cell culture, the EWE treatment inhibited cell growth of both murine Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) and human lung carcinoma cells (A549 and H1299) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In contrast, the growth of mouse bone marrow cells (BMCs), but not mouse splenocytes (SPLs), was stimulated by the treatment with EWE. In three-dimensional spheroid culture, spheroid growth of LLC cells was significantly attenuated by EWE treatment. In a mouse LLC orthotopic allograft model, pretreatment with EWE (150-200 mg/kg/day, via drinking water) three weeks prior to the LLC cell inoculation, but not post-treatment after LLC cell inoculation, significantly attenuated the growth of LLC tumors in immunocompetent syngeneic mouse lung. This tumor growth attenuation coincided with a significant decrease in the population of myeloid-derived cells, primarily neutrophils. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the EWE treatment significantly attenuated growth of granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (gMDSC) in BMCs and that this decrease was due to induction of gMDSC-specific apoptosis and differentiation of monocytic MDSCs (mMDSC) to macrophages. The present study provides evidence that EWE pretreatment inhibits lung carcinoma growth mainly by stimulating host antitumor immunity through attenuation of growth of gMDSCs and decreasing the number of peripheral granulocytes. This study suggests that the partially purified extract derived from Euglena gracilis contains significant bioactive materials that prevent lung carcinoma growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Ishiguro
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
| | - Deepa Upreti
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
| | - Nicole Robben
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
| | - Riley Burghart
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
| | - Mayme Loyd
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
| | - Damilola Ogun
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
| | - Tran Le
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
| | - Jennifer Delzeit
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
| | - Arashi Nakashima
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
| | - Ravindra Thakkar
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
| | | | - Kengo Suzuki
- Euglena Co., Ltd., Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0014, Japan.
| | - Jeffrey Comer
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
| | - Masaaki Tamura
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
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15
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Distinct inactivated bacterial-based immune modulators vary in their therapeutic efficacies for treating disease based on the organ site of pathology. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5901. [PMID: 32246043 PMCID: PMC7125210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62735-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in understanding how the functional phenotype of the innate immune system is programmed has led to paradigm-shifting views on immunomodulation. These advances have overturned two long-held dogmas: (1) only adaptive immunity confers immunological memory; and, (2) innate immunity lacks specificity. This work describes the observation that innate immune effector cells appear to be differentially recruited to specific pathological sites when mobilized by distinct inactivated bacterial-based stimuli administered subcutaneously. The studies presented suggest that the immune system, upon detecting the first signs of a potential infection by a specific pathogen, tends to direct its resources to the compartment from which that pathogen is most likely originating. The findings from this work puts forth the novel hypothesis that the immunotherapeutic efficacy of a microbial-based stimulus for innate immune mobilization depends on the correct selection of the microbial species used as the stimulant and its relationship to the organ in which the pathology is present.
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16
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van den Brand AC, Damman J, Groenendijk FH, Waalboer-Spuij R. Eccrine porocarcinoma: A rare case of an in situ tumor with lymph node metastases. JAAD Case Rep 2019; 6:42-45. [PMID: 31909137 PMCID: PMC6938913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2019.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey Damman
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Floris H Groenendijk
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Waalboer-Spuij
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Roelofsen T, Wefers C, Gorris MAJ, Textor JC, Massuger LFAG, de Vries IJM, van Altena AM. Spontaneous Regression of Ovarian Carcinoma After Septic Peritonitis; A Unique Case Report. Front Oncol 2018; 8:562. [PMID: 30555799 PMCID: PMC6281979 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in therapy, ovarian cancer remains the most lethal gynecological malignancy and prognosis has not substantially improved over the past 3 decades. Immunotherapy is a promising new treatment option. However, the immunosuppressive cancer microenvironment must be overcome for immunotherapy to be successful. Here, we present a unique case of spontaneous regression of ovarian carcinoma after septic peritonitis. A 79-year-old woman was diagnosed with stage IIIc ovarian cancer. The omental cake biopsy was complicated by sepsis. Although the patient recovered, her physical condition did not allow further treatment for her ovarian cancer. After 6 months, spontaneous regression of the tumor was observed during surgery. Analysis of the immune infiltrate in the tissues showed a shift from a pro-tumorigenic to an anti-tumorigenic immune response after sepsis. Strong activation of the immune system during sepsis overruled the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and allowed for a potent anti-tumor immune response. More understanding of immunological responses in cases with cancer and septic peritonitis might be crucial to identify potential new targets for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Roelofsen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Christina Wefers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Mark A. J. Gorris
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Johannes C. Textor
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Leon F. A. G. Massuger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - I. Jolanda M. de Vries
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Anne M. van Altena
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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18
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Myers TR, Zittel M, Goldhamer AC. Follow-up of water-only fasting and an exclusively plant food diet in the management of stage IIIa, low-grade follicular lymphoma. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 2018:bcr-2018-225520. [PMID: 30093470 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2018-225520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Toshia R Myers
- Department of Research, TrueNorth Health Foundation, Santa Rosa, California, USA
| | - Mary Zittel
- Department of Research, TrueNorth Health Foundation, Santa Rosa, California, USA
| | - Alan C Goldhamer
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, TrueNorth Health Center, Santa Rosa, California, USA
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19
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Abstract
The standard definition of spontaneous regression (SR) of cancer is as follows, "…when a malignant tumor partially or completely disappears without treatment or in the presence of therapy which is considered inadequate to exert a significant influence on neoplastic disease." SR is also known as Saint Peregrine tumor, the name taken from a young priest, Peregrine Laziosi (1260 [5]-1345, exact date is unknown), who had been diagnosed with a tumor of the tibia. The mass eventually grew so large that it broke through the skin and became severely infected. The available treatment for this condition was limited to amputation. Historical records report that on the day of surgery, physicians found that the tumor had disappeared and reportedly never returned. To date, the medical literature consists only of individual case studies and overviews of this phenomenon. The most cited work on the subject was done by surgeons Tilden Everson and Warren Cole who reviewed 176 published cases of SR from 1900 to 1960. While a percentage of these were found not to be cases of SR, there remained a number of unexplained cases. A frequent theme in many cases of SR is the co-occurrence of infection. Given the current interest in immunotherapy in the treatment of cancer, this article discusses one of the very early pioneers of this theory, William Bradley Coley, MD, a surgeon who was clearly ahead of his time. Ostracized by colleagues for his belief that stimulation of the immune system could in fact produce a regression of cancer, Coley remained convinced that his theory was right and, while he was not familiar with cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interferons, and streptokinase, he knew instinctively that an innate immune response was taking place.
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20
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Zakiryanova GK, Wheeler S, Shurin MR. Oncogenes in immune cells as potential therapeutic targets. Immunotargets Ther 2018; 7:21-28. [PMID: 29692982 PMCID: PMC5903485 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s150586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of deregulated expression of oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes in tumor development has been intensively investigated for decades. However, expression of oncogenes and their potential role in immune cell defects during carcinogenesis and tumor progression have not been thoroughly assessed. The defects in proto-oncogenes have been well documented and evaluated mostly in tumor cells, despite the fact that proto-oncogenes are expressed in all cells, including cells of the immune system. In this review, key studies from immune-mediated diseases that may be associated with oncogene signaling pathways are refocused to provide groundwork for beginning to understand the effects of oncogenes in and on the cancer-related immune system dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulnur K Zakiryanova
- Department Biophysics and Biomedicine, Faculty Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Sarah Wheeler
- Division of Clinical Immunopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael R Shurin
- Division of Clinical Immunopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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21
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Decatris MP, O'Byrne KJ. Immune checkpoint inhibitors as first-line and salvage therapy for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Future Oncol 2016; 12:1805-22. [DOI: 10.2217/fon-2016-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has a poor prognosis with few treatment options available for patients after failure of first-line therapy. Nivolumab is the first immune checkpoint inhibitor targeting the PD-1 to be approved in recurrent NSCLC with squamous and nonsquamous histology. More recently, pembrolizumab has also been approved as salvage therapy in PD-L1-positive recurrent NSCLC. The success of immunotherapy in malignant melanoma, previously a disease with no effective treatment, has generated optimism and expectation that some of the checkpoint inhibitors currently in clinical development will soon become available as first-line therapy and hence improve outcomes for the vast majority of patients with advanced NSCLC. This article summarizes the progress accomplished in the field and discusses controversies surrounding the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios P Decatris
- Gloucestershire Oncology Centre, Cheltenham General Hospital, Sandford Road, Cheltenham GL53 7AN, UK
| | - Kenneth J O'Byrne
- Princess Alexandra Hospital & Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
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22
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Spontaneous regression of tumour and the role of microbial infection--possibilities for cancer treatment. Anticancer Drugs 2016; 27:269-77. [PMID: 26813865 PMCID: PMC4777220 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review deals with the role of microorganisms in spontaneous regression of a tumour. Spontaneous cancer regression is a phenomenon that has been described for many centuries. One of the most well known methods of inducing spontaneous regression of cancer is the application of Coley's toxin (heat-killed Streptococcus pyogenes and Serratia marcescens), which has been used for the successful treatment of sarcomas, carcinomas, lymphomas, myelomas and melanomas. In clinical practice, the use of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine for the treatment of superficial urinary bladder cancer is the most common instance of the application of microorganisms for the treatment of cancer. This review provides further information on other tested bacteria--Clostridium spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp. and Salmonella spp.--in this field of study. Among new age methods, bactofection, alternative gene therapy, combination bacteriolytic therapy and bacteria-directed enzyme prodrug therapy are some of the potential cancer treatment modalities that use microorganisms. We have also provided information about the interconnection among microorganisms, immune system response, and the possible mechanisms involved in the spontaneous regression of tumours.
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23
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Mills CD, Lenz LL, Harris RA. A Breakthrough: Macrophage-Directed Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancer Res 2016; 76:513-6. [PMID: 26772756 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Successful immunotherapy of cancer is becoming a reality aided by the realization that macrophages play an important role in the growth or regression of tumors. Specifically, M2/repair-type macrophages predominate in human cancers and produce growth-promoting molecules that actively stimulate tumor growth in much the same way they help wounds heal. However, modulating M2/repair-type macrophages to M1/kill-type can slow or stop cancer growth. The effects involve direct activity of M1 kill-type as well as the ability of M1-type macrophages to stimulate Th1-type cytotoxic T cells and other effector cells. Macrophage responses can also predict cancer susceptibility; individuals with a high M1/kill to M2/repair ratio are less prone. That macrophages/innate immunity can be modulated to play a central role in directly or indirectly combating cancer is a breakthrough that seems likely to finally make successful immunotherapy of cancer a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurel L Lenz
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Robert A Harris
- Applied Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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Hepatocellular carcinoma in a cow: detection of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes implicated in anti-tumor immune response and partial spontaneous tumor regression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-015-2202-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Ghatalia P, Morgan CJ, Sonpavde G. Meta-analysis of regression of advanced solid tumors in patients receiving placebo or no anti-cancer therapy in prospective trials. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 98:122-36. [PMID: 26597016 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A meta-analysis of prospective trials systematically investigated regression of advanced solid tumors in patients receiving placebo or no anticancer therapy to inform on spontaneous regressions. PATIENT AND METHODS Arms of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of metastatic solid tumors receiving placebo or no anti-cancer therapy were used. Statistical analyses were conducted to calculate the overall response rate (ORR) and to detect differentials based on histology, progression at baseline and prior therapies. RESULTS A total of 7676 patients were evaluable from 61 RCTs evaluating 18 solid tumors. The ORR was 1.95% (95% CI: 1.52-2.48%). There was no significant effect of histology (p=0.110), baseline progressive disease (p>0.20) or the line of therapy (p>0.20) on ORR. CONCLUSIONS Spontaneous regressions are seen across all advanced solid tumors. Some malignancies demonstrated higher rates of spontaneous regressions and may be relatively immunotherapy responsive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Ghatalia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), AL, United States
| | - Charity J Morgan
- Department of Biostatistics, UAB School of Medicine, United States
| | - Guru Sonpavde
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, UAB Medical Center, United States.
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27
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Liu B, Ezeogu L, Zellmer L, Yu B, Xu N, Joshua Liao D. Protecting the normal in order to better kill the cancer. Cancer Med 2015; 4:1394-403. [PMID: 26177855 PMCID: PMC4567024 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is the only option for oncologists when a cancer has widely spread to different body sites. However, almost all currently available chemotherapeutic drugs will eventually encounter resistance after their initial positive effect, mainly because cancer cells develop genetic alterations, collectively coined herein as mutations, to adapt to the therapy. Some patients may still respond to a second chemo drug, but few cases respond to a third one. Since it takes time for cancer cells to develop new mutations and then select those life-sustaining ones via clonal expansion, "run against time for mutations to emerge" should be a crucial principle for treatment of those currently incurable cancers. Since cancer cells constantly change to adapt to the therapy whereas normal cells are stable, it may be a better strategy to shift our focus from killing cancer cells per se to protecting normal cells from chemotherapeutic toxicity. This new strategy requires the development of new drugs that are nongenotoxic and can quickly, in just hours or days, kill cancer cells without leaving the still-alive cells with time to develop mutations, and that should have their toxicities confined to only one or few organs, so that specific protections can be developed and applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingya Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, 200025, China
| | - Lewis Ezeogu
- Hormel Institute, University of MinnesotaAustin, Minnesota, 55912
| | - Lucas Zellmer
- Hormel Institute, University of MinnesotaAustin, Minnesota, 55912
| | - Baofa Yu
- Beijing Baofa Cancer Hospital, Shahe Wangzhuang Gong Ye YuanChang Pin Qu, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Ningzhi Xu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical ScienceBeijing, 100021, China
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28
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Abstract
Advances in the understanding of the immunogenicity of tumors have provided the basis for immuno-oncology, the development of immunotherapeutic agents that augment the patient's antitumor immunity and disrupt the immune-regulatory circuits that allow tumors to evade the immune system. Two immunomodulatory agents recently have been introduced for the treatment of malignancy: sipuleucel-T and ipilimumab. Unlike cytotoxic chemotherapy, immunotherapies stimulate the patient's immune system to mount or augment existing endogenous antitumor immune responses. Both agents have demonstrated significant improvements in long-term overall survival in patients. Like other immunotherapies, sipuleucel-T and ipilimumab also are characterized by adverse events that manifest as immune-related inflammatory conditions that typically are low grade. Management guidelines have been developed and emphasize early recognition of the signs and symptoms of immune-related adverse events and treatment with corticosteroids. Because these events can manifest even after the cessation of therapy, patients treated with immunotherapies should continue to be followed by their oncology team and other healthcare providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Kannan
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Medical Center in New York City
| | - Kathleen Madden
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Medical Center in New York City
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29
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de Andrade Sousa A, Lopes Rena R, Souza Silva G, Marcos Arantes Soares J, Porcaro-Salles JM, Nunes L, Alves Mesquita R, Correia Jham B. Spontaneous remission of a squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2014; 42:1536-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2014.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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30
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Zhang J, Lou X, Jin L, Zhou R, Liu S, Xu N, Liao DJ. Necrosis, and then stress induced necrosis-like cell death, but not apoptosis, should be the preferred cell death mode for chemotherapy: clearance of a few misconceptions. Oncoscience 2014; 1:407-22. [PMID: 25594039 PMCID: PMC4284620 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death overarches carcinogenesis and is a center of cancer researches, especially therapy studies. There have been many nomenclatures on cell death, but only three cell death modes are genuine, i.e. apoptosis, necrosis and stress-induced cell death (SICD). Like apoptosis, SICD is programmed. Like necrosis, SICD is a pathological event and may trigger regeneration and scar formation. Therefore, SICD has subtypes of stress-induced apoptosis-like cell death (SIaLCD) and stress-induced necrosis-like cell death (SInLCD). Whereas apoptosis removes redundant but healthy cells, SICD removes useful but ill or damaged cells. Many studies on cell death involve cancer tissues that resemble parasites in the host patients, which is a complicated system as it involves immune clearance of the alien cancer cells by the host. Cancer resembles an evolutionarily lower-level organism having a weaker apoptosis potential and poorer DNA repair mechanisms. Hence, targeting apoptosis for cancer therapy, i.e. killing via SIaLCD, will be less efficacious and more toxic. On the other hand, necrosis of cancer cells releases cellular debris and components to stimulate immune function, thus counteracting therapy-caused immune suppression and making necrosis better than SIaLCD for chemo drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomin Lou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Longyu Jin
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Rongjia Zhou
- Department of Genetics & Center for Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Siqi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ningzhi Xu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cancer Institute, Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - D. Joshua Liao
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
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31
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Choi N, Cho JK, Baek CH, Ko YH, Jeong HS. Spontaneous regression of metastatic cancer cells in the lymph node: a case report. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:293. [PMID: 24885770 PMCID: PMC4025537 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spontaneous regression of a malignant tumor is the phenomenon of disappearance of cancer cells without any treatments and it can be induced by an enhanced tumor-targeting immune response. However, there has not been a comprehensive immunological overview to compare the tumor-regressed lymph nodes and metastatic lymph nodes in the same patient. Case presentation We conducted a histologic analysis of various immune cells in an Asian female patient with buccal cancer (squamous cell carcinomas), in which the spontaneous regression of metastatic lymphadenopathy was confirmed by surgical pathology. The immune cell profiles between the metastatic nodes and the tumor-regressed nodes were compared. Tumor regression was confirmed by hematoxylin & eosin and cytokeratin/Ki-67 staining. Distinct differences were observed in Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells and CD56(+) natural killer (NK) cells; a higher density of Foxp3(+) Treg cells was found in metastatic lymph nodes and more infiltration of CD56(+) NK cells in tumor regressed lymph nodes. Other immune cell populations (CD4, CD8, CD20, CD68, CD86, CD123, CD11c, and mannose receptor) showed no discernible differences in marker expression in the nodes examined. Conclusion Less recruitment of Treg and high infiltration of NK cells were key features in tumor-regressed lymph nodes. Modulation of Treg or NK cells may be a good therapeutic method to control lymph node metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Han-Sin Jeong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, Korea.
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Zhang B, Liu Y, Wang X, Jiang L, Lu Z, Zhang X, Li K, Hu H. A novel recombinant Salmonella vaccine enhances the innate immunity of NK cells against acute myeloid leukaemia cells Kasumi-1 in vitro. Cell Biol Int 2013; 37:1320-9. [PMID: 23956116 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Minor histocompatibility antigen HA-1-specific cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) clones have apparent anti-leukaemic efficacy, and the AML/ETO gene is a special fusion gene in leukaemic cells. Thus, we hypothesised that a vaccine targeting HA-1 and AML/ETO could stimulate NK cells to target leukaemia cells. Furthermore, we packaged the vaccine using attenuated Salmonella to enhance its immuno-activity. Expression of the NK cell-activating ligand ULBP2 was notably elevated upon packaging in a co-recombinant group. An AML/ETO single plasmid gave the weakest vaccine. The level of miR-182, which targets ULBP2, significantly decreased with increasing IFN-γ and granzyme B in a co-recombinant group. In summary, DNA vaccines including AML/ETO and HA-1 fragments significantly enhance the innate immunity of NK cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Sixth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Holubova M, Leba M, Sedmikova M, Vannucci L, Horak V. Characterization of three newly established rat sarcoma cell clones. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2012; 48:610-8. [PMID: 23150138 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-012-9563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Establishment of new animal models using selected cell lines with different behaviour is very important for cancer investigations. In this study, we describe three morphologically distinct rat sarcoma clones-C4, C7 and D6-isolated from the R5-28 cell line. Cells of all clones expressed vimentin, fibronectin, laminin, collagen IV and matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9. However, desmin, cytokeratins 8 and 18, ZO-1 and desmoplakins I and II were not detected. Significant proliferative capacity was documented by proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression and BrdU positivity. Karyotype of the C4, C7 and D6 cells greatly differed from diploid chromosome number of normal rat somatic cells. High expression of three cytokines-monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor-was observed in all three clones. However, they varied in concentration of chemokines associated with neutrophil migration and activation-cytokine induced neutrophil chemoattractant 2 and lipopolysaccharide induced CXC chemokine. The C4 clone showed spontaneous tumour regression in vivo that was associated with significant changes in lymphocyte subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Holubova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, AS CR v.v.i., 277 21, Libechov, Czech Republic.
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Reevaluating the concept of treating experimental tumors with a mixed bacterial vaccine: Coley's Toxin. Clin Dev Immunol 2012. [PMID: 23193416 PMCID: PMC3502841 DOI: 10.1155/2012/230625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Several decades after Coley's initial work, we here systematically analyzed tumoricidal as well as immunostimulatory effects of the historical preparation Coley's Toxin (CT), a safe vaccine made of heat-inactivated S. pyogenes and S. marcescens. First, by performing in vitro analysis, established human pancreatic carcinoma cell lines responded with dose- and time-dependent growth inhibition. Effects were attributed to necrotic as well as apoptotic cell death as determined by increased Caspase 3/7 levels, raised numbers of cells with sub-G1-DNA, and induced p21waf expression, indicative for cell cycle arrest. Besides, CT effectively stimulated human peripheral blood leukocytes (huPBL) from healthy volunteers. Quantitative gene expression analysis revealed upregulated mRNA levels of selected Toll-like receptors. Flow cytometric phenotyping of CT-stimulated huPBLs identified raised numbers of CD25+-activated leukocytes. In vivo, repetitive, local CT application was well tolerated by animals and induced considerable delay of Panc02 tumors. However, systemic treatment failed to affect tumor growth. Antitumoral effects following local therapy were primarily accompanied by stimulation of innate immune mechanisms. Data presented herein prove that the historical approach of using killed bacteria as active immunotherapeutic agents still holds promise, and further careful preclinical analyses may pave the way back into clinical applications.
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Onuigbo WIB. Spontaneous regression of breast carcinoma: review of English publications from 1753 to 1897. Oncol Rev 2012; 6:e22. [PMID: 25992220 PMCID: PMC4419628 DOI: 10.4081/oncol.2012.e22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regression is an important phenomenon in oncology. Two reviews in 2011 dealt at length with what in modern parlance may be called its permutations and combinations. Specifically, in both 1982 and 1987, when its occurrence in breast cancer was presented from two centers, the oldest accounts of it were dated back to 1900. Therefore, a search for much older English literature was undertaken in order to widen current knowledge of this important problem. Consequently, a published long case dating back to 1897 is abridged and a short 1846 case is also noted. Furthermore, general etiological concepts are exemplified as far back as 1753. It is concluded that the history of cancer regression is like fishing in an ocean of this illness. However, the findings are deemed to complement what modern historical accounts lack.
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Zhou SX, Li FS, Qiao YL, Zhang XQ, Wang ZD. Toll-like Receptor 5 Agonist Inhibition of Growth of A549 Lung Cancer Cells in Vivo in a Myd88 Dependent Manner. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:2807-12. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.6.2807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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