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Pozza A, Ragucci F, Angelo NL, Pugi D, Cuomo A, Garcia-Hernandez MD, Rosa-Alcazar AI, Fagiolini A, Starcevic V. Worldwide prevalence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 172:360-381. [PMID: 38452635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic governments worldwide implemented contagion-containing measures (i.e., physical distancing, hand sanitizing, mask wearing and quarantine). The similarities between these measures and obsessive-compulsive phenomenology (e.g., contamination concerns and repetitive washing and/or checking) led to inquiries about the frequency with which obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) were encountered during the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to ascertain the prevalence of OCS in individuals of any age during the pandemic (i.e., any obsessive-compulsive symptoms that are clinically significant as shown by a score above the cut-off score of a scale, without necessarily fulfilling the diagnostic threshold for a diagnosis of OCD). A systematic search of relevant databases identified 35 studies, which were included in the systematic review following our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Most of the studies were conducted in adults from the general population and adopted an online assessment method, with 32 studies being eligible for meta-analysis. The meta-analysis resulted in a 20% average prevalence of OCS during the pandemic, with very high heterogeneity among the included studies (I2 99.6%). The highest prevalence of OCS was found in pregnant women (36%, n = 5), followed by individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 (22%, n = 4) and general population (22%, n = 19), undergraduates (21%, n = 5), and healthcare workers (5%, n = 5). The prevalence rates of OCS were higher in Asia (26%, n = 17) and North America (25%, n = 3) than in Europe (13%, n = 12) and Africa (7%, n = 4). Among the studies included, rates appeared higher in certain countries, though this difference did not reach statistical significance and was limited by very few studies conducted in certain countries. When compared to pre-pandemic rates, there seemed to be higher rates of OCS during the COVID-19 pandemic in Asia, Europe, and pregnant women. These findings are discussed considering the impact of the pandemic and contagion-containing measures on the perception and reporting of OCS, and susceptibility of the vulnerable population groups to experiencing OCS during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pozza
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Psychology Unit, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy.
| | - Federica Ragucci
- Neuromotor and Rehabilitation Department, Azienda USL-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Nicole Loren Angelo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Daniele Pugi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cuomo
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Division of Psychiatry, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Psychiatry Unit, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Ana Isabel Rosa-Alcazar
- Department of Personality, Assessment & Psychological Treatment, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Andrea Fagiolini
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Division of Psychiatry, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Psychiatry Unit, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Vladan Starcevic
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Nepean Clinical School, University of Sydney, Australia
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Fazeli A, Zolghadriha A, Pirzeh R, Fatehi Chenar A, Dadashi M. Comparing the effectiveness of CBT and low-frequency rTMS in reducing symptom severity and depression and improving working memory in adults with OCD: a clinical trial. Int J Neurosci 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37938152 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2023.2279500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and low-frequency (LF) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in reducing symptom severity and depression and improving working memory in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). METHODS This is a randomized clinical trial conducted on 24 adults with OCD, randomly assigned into two groups of CBT (n = 12, received CBT with exposure and response prevention (ERP) individually at 20 sessions) and rTMS (n = 12, received LF (1-Hz) rTMS over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) at 10 sessions). They completed the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and two N-Back tasks before, immediately, and 1 month after interventions. RESULTS Results showed a significant difference between the two methods in reducing the severity of OCD symptoms (p < 0.05) and depression (p = 0.002) immediately after interventions where the CBT with ERP was more effective, but no significant difference was found in terms of working memory (p > 0.05). No significant difference was found between groups in any study variables 1 month after interventions. CONCLUSION Individual CBT with ERP is superior to LF rTMS for reducing the severity of symptoms and depression in OCD patients. However, there is no difference between them in improving working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Fazeli
- Department of Psychology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Zolghadriha
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Reza Pirzeh
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Atefeh Fatehi Chenar
- Department of Psychology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Dadashi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Jalalifar E, Arad A, Rastkar M, Beheshti R. The COVID-19 pandemic and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review of comparisons between males and females. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2023; 35:270-291. [PMID: 36861432 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2023.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease, one of the most disastrous epidemics, has caused a worldwide crisis, and the containment measures applied to decelerate the progression of the pandemic can increase the risk of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Identifying vulnerable groups in this area can lead us to better resource expenditure, and therefore, this systematic review aims to make a comparison between males and females to determine which of the two groups was most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic regarding OCD. Also, a meta-analysis was designed to investigate the prevalence of OCD during the COVID-19 pandemic. A comprehensive search was conducted among three databases (Medline, Scopus, Web of Science) until August 2021 which resulted in 197 articles, and 24 articles met our inclusion criteria. Overall, more than half of the articles stated the role of gender in OCD during the COVID-19 pandemic. Several articles emphasized the role of the female gender, and some others the role of the male gender. The meta-analysis revealed a 41.2% overall prevalence of OCD during the COVID pandemic and 47.1% and 39.1% OCD prevalence for female and male genders respectively. However, the difference between the two genders was not statistically significant. Generally, it seems that females are at greater risk of OCD during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the following groups, the female gender may have acted as a risk factor: under-18 years students, hospital staff, and the studies in the Middle East. In none of the categories, male gender was clearly identified as a risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfan Jalalifar
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amirreza Arad
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Rastkar
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasa Beheshti
- Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Iranian EBM Centre: A Joanna Briggs Institute Affiliated Group, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Davoudi M, Sadoughi M, Pourshahbaz A, Dolatshahi B, Astaneh AN. Exploring the structure of the university-students obsessive-compulsive tendency scale in Iranian university students: a network analysis study. BMC Res Notes 2023; 16:193. [PMID: 37661261 PMCID: PMC10476335 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06474-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A risk factor for developing obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in non-clinical samples is obsessive-compulsive tendencies (OCT). An OCT scale has recently been developed for university students (UOC) and showed promising psychometric properties. However, no validated Persian language scale evaluates OCT in non-clinical samples. Accordingly, this study aimed to validate the Persian version of the UOC in Iranian university students. METHODS Three hundred sixty-eight university students (54.6% females, mean ages: 22.4 ± 4.51) entered the study. The Persian version of UOC was evaluated concerning the structure of Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and Exploratory graph analysis (EGA). Regarding the construct validity, the concurrent validity was assessed between the UOC and The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R), Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10), and Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS). We calculated Cronbach's alpha to evaluate the reliability of the UOC. All statistical calculations were done in R programming language (in R-Studio Desktop version 4.2.1). RESULTS The Persian version of UOC showed a convenient internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the total scale 0.88. UOC scores were significantly correlated with OCI-R, K-10, and YBOCS. The EFA and EGA showed four and three-factor solutions with 25 and 28 items, respectively. Also, CFA showed that these two solutions were reliable, and the three-factors solution showed higher fit indexes. Finally, the results showed that item-27 was the most central item in the UOC network structure. CONCLUSION The findings from the present study indicated that the Persian version of UOC has acceptable psychometric properties. So, this scale can be used for examining obsessive-compulsive tendencies in Iranian university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Davoudi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Sadoughi
- Department of Educational Sciences, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Abbas Pourshahbaz
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Behrooz Dolatshahi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Nazeri Astaneh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Khorshidian F, Hamidia A, Kheirkhah F, Moghadamnia AA, Bijani A, Mirtabar SM, Koutanaei SJ. Comparison of Aripiprazole and Risperidone effectiveness in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder in patients with bipolar disorder: Double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1531. [PMID: 37645033 PMCID: PMC10460930 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental illness with a chronic coarse and waxing and waning of symptoms. Treatment of OCD in patients with bipolar disorder (BD) remains challenging. Objectives The present study aims to compare the safety and effectiveness of Risperidone and Aripiprazole as adjunctive therapy with valproate sodium, in treating mania, depression, and OCD in patients with comorbidity of OCD-BD. Methods This research is 3 phase, double-blind, randomized clinical trial, with a total number of 64 patients. The diagnostic psychiatrist clinical interview was based on diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) criteria. For assessing severity of OCD, mania, and depression, Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale (Y-BOCS), young mania rating scale (YMRS), and Hamilton depression rating scale (HAM-D) scores were used. Patients were randomly assigned to the two parallel groups. All patients in both group were received valproate sodium, one group was treated with Aripiprazole and the other group was treated with Risperidon as adjective therapy with valproate sodium.The SPSS software (version 22), χ 2 test, t-test, and analysis of variance with repeated measures were used to analyze the data. Results The dosage and time of both drugs were statistically significant in reducing the mean score of all three mentioned scales, but the effect of group was not statistically significant in HAM-D and YMRS scores, only in terms of OCD, the mean of the Y-BOCS score was significantly lower in the Aripiprazole group (p < 0.001). In relation to side effects, Risperidone induced statistically significant weight gain (p < 0.001) and Aripiprazole induced statistically significant sleep disturbance (p < 0.05). Conclusions Both Aripiprazole and Risperidone can be used effectively as adjunctive therapy with valproate sodium in treating OCD in patients with BD without any serious and life threatening adverse effect. Aripiprazole is more effective than Risperidone in treating OCD in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Khorshidian
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Health Research InstituteBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
| | - Angela Hamidia
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Health Research InstituteBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
| | - Farzan Kheirkhah
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Health Research InstituteBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
| | - Ali Akbar Moghadamnia
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Health Research InstituteBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
| | - Ali Bijani
- Department of Epidemiology, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Research InstituteBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
| | - Seyedeh Mahbobeh Mirtabar
- Student Committee ResearchBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Rouhani HospitalBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
| | - Sakineh Javadian Koutanaei
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Health Research InstituteBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
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Hazan-Liran B, Miller P. Psychological capital's mediation of anxiety-related patterns of thinking and academic adjustment among university students. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37437029 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2023.2232867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The study examined psychological capital's (PsyCap) role in the relations between anxiety-related patterns of thinking (rumination, obsessive-compulsive disorder, test anxiety) and students' academic adjustment. It argued the relations are not direct but are mediated by PsyCap. Participants: Participants were 250 s-year or higher university undergraduates in Israel; 60.4% in second year, 35.6% in third, 4% in fourth; 111 men (44%), 139 women (56%); age 18-40 years (mean age = 25, SD = 2.52). Participants were recruited through flyers distributed on campus. Methods: Six questionnaires tested study hypotheses: one gathered demographic information; five assessed anxiety-related patterns of thinking, PsyCap, and academic adjustment. Results: Findings showed PsyCap mediated relations between anxiety-related patterns of thinking (rumination, obsessive-compulsive disorder, test anxiety) and academic adjustment and was a crucial factor in explaining variance in academic adjustment. Conclusions: University policymakers may consider developing short-term intervention programs to foster PsyCap and thus possibly promote students' academic adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batel Hazan-Liran
- Faculty of Education, Tel-Hai Academic College, Qiryat Shemona, Israel
| | - Paul Miller
- Department of Special Education, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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Awasthi S, Satapthy R. How Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms Correlate with other Symptoms and Quality of Life in Schizophrenia? A Cross-Sectional Study. Indian J Psychol Med 2023; 45:383-389. [PMID: 37483586 PMCID: PMC10357916 DOI: 10.1177/02537176231174063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Early psychiatrists inferred that obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) represent a defense against psychosis and prevent the progression of schizophrenia. However, recent clinical research has yielded inconsistent results across studies regarding the link between OCS and the symptom domains of schizophrenia and the influence OCS have on a patient's functioning and quality of life (QOL).This study aimed to determine whether OCS has any association with the symptom severity, functioning, and QOL of schizophrenia patients. Methods This cross-sectional study done in a tertiary care hospital consecutively recruited 85 outpatients of schizophrenia in clinical remission over one year. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), WHO Quality of Life Brief Version (WHO QOL-BREF), and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scales were applied. Results Eighteen patients (21.2%) had OCS (Y-BOCS score of ≥8). Patients with OCS had higher PANSS scores (mean±SD of total score 77.16± 16.4, P < 0.001), suggestive of more severe psychosis, poor functioning overall (mean GAF score 37.35 ± 15.62, P < 0.001), and poor QOL in the psychological domain (P < 0.001). In addition, significant associations were present between the Y-BOCS score and the PANSS (r = 0.65), GAF (r = -0.61), and WHO QOL BREF scores in the physical (r = -0.39), and psychological domains (r = -0.41) (P < 0.001 on all of the above). Conclusions Patients with OCS have more severe symptoms and a lower QOL. A significant association exists between the intensity of OCS and schizophrenia symptoms, global functioning, and QOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snigdha Awasthi
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Manipal Tata Medical College, Baridih, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India
| | - Ramananda Satapthy
- Government Hospital for Mental Care, Pedda Waltair, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Hammoudi Halat D, Hallit S, Younes S, AlFikany M, Khaled S, Krayem M, El Khatib S, Rahal M. Exploring the effects of health behaviors and mental health on students' academic achievement: a cross-sectional study on lebanese university students. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1228. [PMID: 37365573 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16184-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High academic achievement, an important determinant of future success, is known to be influenced by many factors including dietary behavior, lifestyle and mental health, among others. The objectives of the current study were to explore university students' nutritive habits, daily lifestyle, and mental status, and to scrutinize the associations between these factors and students' academic achievement. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among students of a private Lebanese university, using an electronic survey. Diet, eating habits, physical activity, sleep, and smoking were evaluated, and mental health was assessed using a validated Arabic version of the combined Depression, Anxiety, Stress Score (DASS-8). Academic achievement was measured using the Subjective Academic Achievement Scale (SAAS). RESULTS A total of 1677 students participated in the questionnaire. The results of a linear regression taking the SAAS score as the dependent variable, showed that students who have a non-scientific versus scientific major (Beta = 0.53), and having breakfast ≥ 4 days per week compared to less than 2 days (Beta = 0.28) were significantly associated with higher SAAS scores. More psychological distress (Beta = - 0.06) and a higher number of days of eating out (Beta = - 0.07) were significantly associated with lower SAAS scores. CONCLUSIONS This is the first investigation on a Lebanese university students' academic success in relation to lifestyle and mental profiles. Better academic achievement was demonstrated by students having healthier dietary and lifestyle habits, as well as less distressing mental status. Such results, in light of the compounded and unprecedented crises with which Lebanon has been assailed, suggest the need to focus on promoting healthy habits among students in higher education as a possible driver of better academic success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalal Hammoudi Halat
- Academic Quality Department, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Bekaa, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon.
- Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan.
- Department of Research, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon.
| | - Samar Younes
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Bekaa, Lebanon
| | - Mira AlFikany
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Bekaa, Lebanon
| | - Sanaa Khaled
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Bekaa, Lebanon
| | - Maha Krayem
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Bekaa, Lebanon
| | - Sami El Khatib
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Bekaa, Lebanon
- Center for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics (CAMB), Gulf University for Science and Technology (GUST), Hawally, Kuwait
| | - Mohamad Rahal
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Bekaa, Lebanon
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Yektatalab S, Mohammadi A, Zarshenas L. The Prevalence of Misophonia and Its Relationship with Obsessive-compulsive Disorder, Anxiety, and Depression in Undergraduate Students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY BASED NURSING AND MIDWIFERY 2022; 10:259-268. [PMID: 36274664 PMCID: PMC9579453 DOI: 10.30476/ijcbnm.2022.92902.1888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Misophonia is a severe emotional response to repetitive sounds. This disorder may limit a person's communication, reduce his/her ability, or disrupt his/her social and personal life. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Misophonia and its relationship with obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety, and depression in undergraduate students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. METHODS The present study is an analytical descriptive study conducted in October 2020. The study samples consisted of 390 undergraduate students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. A relative and systematic sampling method was used. In this study, demographic questionnaire, misophonia questionnaire (A score of 7 or higher is considered as misophonia), Beck anxiety questionnaire, Beck depression questionnaire, and Maudsley obsessive-compulsive inventory questionnaire were used, and the data were analyzed using SPSS 24 software. In this study, chi-square test was used to examine the relationship between the variables. Due to the non-normality of the data, the Spearman correlation coefficient was used for data analysis. The significance level was considered equal to and less than 0.05. RESULTS Of the 390 participants in the study, 93 (23.8%) had experienced misophonia. Among these 93 students, 37 (39.8%) had obsessive-compulsive disorder, 8 (8.6%) suffered anxiety, and 9 (9.7%) were depressed. There was a significant and direct relationship between misophonia and obsessive-compulsive disorder,anxiety and depression respectively(P<0.001). CONCLUSION Due to the prevalence of misophonia among students and its direct relationship with obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety and depression, we recommend that future studies should be conducted to find the ways to prevent and reduce the incidence of misophonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Yektatalab
- Community Based Psychiatric Care Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,
Department of Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Agrin Mohammadi
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ladan Zarshenas
- Community Based Psychiatric Care Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,
Department of Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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A study in University of Ruhuna for investigating prevalence, risk factors and remedies for psychiatric illnesses among students. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12763. [PMID: 35896566 PMCID: PMC9326135 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16838-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no comprehensive study on the mental health of Sri Lankan undergraduate in higher education, as most existing studies have been done for medical students only. It is unknown how academic and environmental factors contribute for the prevalence of psychiatric illnesses. Further, there is no sufficient information on the student/university based remedies to reduce the psychological distress of students. This research is carried out to find the overall psychological distress, well-being, prevalence percentages of psychiatric illnesses, associated risk factors, and student/university remedies to overcome them. We use standard questionnaires to screen for psychiatric illnesses, and we analyze the responses for our own questionnaire using Binary logistic regression analysis to identify demographic factors, academic factors, and environmental factors causing each mental disorder. We use Pearson correlation coefficient to identify correlation between prevalence of each psychiatric illnesses. All 13 psychiatric illnesses were found with a moderate correlation among diseases having a mean prevalence percentage of 28 and a standard deviation of 14.36, despite the prevalence of well-being factors among students and only 8% are clinically diagnosed. 89% of the students were suffering from at least one psychiatric illness and 68% were found to be psychologically distressed. Sets of overall and individual demographic, academic, and environmental risk factors contributing for the prevalence of a psychiatric illness in general and in particular were identified respectively after a binary logistic regression analysis. 61% of the students don’t receive psychiatric help from the university and are using their own remedies. The universities must consider the environmental and academic risk factors associated with psychiatric illnesses and design curriculum, expand resources, and provide counseling services to reduce the impact of risk factors.
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Saha A, Maheshwari D, Das A, Biswas S, Saha P. Obsessive-Compulsive disorder is a severe threat to society. BIONATURA 2022. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2022.07.02.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To give an overview of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). In this review, the vital information about OCD and the possibility of linking suicide through this mental issue, getting to provide references for cover. OCD is a chronicle real unbalanced form of mental disorder that leads to an unreasonable configuration of obsession and compulsion. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is usually believed to follow a persistent, repetitive course. The onset of illness has a bimodal peak – in early adolescence and adulthood. Obsessions are the elevation of thoughts and feelings irrespective of common or genuine sentiments, infuriating and repetitive effects on mental beings. Compulsion is a short part tempo result after the obsession to repeat a particular activity. This anomalous situation helps us understand that it turns out to be critical and last for a short period; it gets back as before when done. Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a psycho-neurological issue that sets out to be impulsive and cause distress and uneasiness in a person's life. OCD has the potential to trigger suicide. An obsessive-compulsive disorder is outlined by the two proximity of continuous impulse and compulsions, and recent studies have also identified neuroimaging and neuropsychological correlations of a natural outcome, but these need further replication. After a comprehensive study, the evidence provided in this article presents that OCD may be a grueling mental issue and a significant threat to society.
Keywords. OCD; Obsession; Compulsion; Neuropsychiatric; Treatment; Survey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Saha
- M.Pharm, Pharmacology, NSHM College Of Pharmaceutical Technology, NSHM Knowledge Campus, B.L. Rd., Kolkata - 700053, W.B. India
| | - Drishti Maheshwari
- B. Pharm, Sardar Bhagwan Singh Post Graduate Institute Of Bio-medical Science and Research, Balawala, Dehradun- 248161, Uttarakhand
| | - Arijit Das
- Assistant Professor, Department Of Pharmacology, Bharat Technology, Uluberia, Howrah – 711316, W.B
| | - Souvik Biswas
- Assistant Professor, Department Of Pharmacology, Bharat Technology, Uluberia, Howrah – 711316, W.B
| | - Puja Saha
- Associate Professor, Department Of Pharmaceutics, Mata Gujri College of Pharmacy, Mata Gujri University, Purab Pali Road, Kishanganj, Bihar - 855107
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12
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Meraj MB, Singh S, Kar SK, Sharma E, Sarraf SR. Metacognitions in Symptomatic and Remitted Patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Preliminary Evidence for Metacognitive State and Trait Markers. Indian J Psychol Med 2022; 44:22-29. [PMID: 35509663 PMCID: PMC9022912 DOI: 10.1177/0253717620975295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phenomenon of metacognition is instrumental in the conceptualization and management of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Studies on the comparison between metacognitions in OCD patients and healthy controls or those with other clinical conditions have been conducted. We aimed to compare metacognitions among currently symptomatic OCD (S-OCD) patients, currently remitted OCD patients (R-OCD), and healthy controls (HC). METHOD This cross-sectional research was conducted in the Department of Psychiatry of a tertiary care hospital in North India. Purposive sampling method was used to recruit 40 OCD patients, including an equal number of R-OCD and S-OCD patients, and 20 HC matched for age and education. Meta-Cognition Questionnaire and Thought Control Questionnaire were used to assess metacognitive functions. RESULTS The findings showed a gradient of highest maladaptive metacognitions in the S-OCD group and lowest in HC. In the OCD subgroups, specific metacognitive beliefs (negative beliefs F = 65.52; need to control thoughts F = 61.03) and strategies (worry F = 83.55; low distraction F = 105.61) remained significantly different (P ≤ 0.001) between S-OCD and R-OCD patients. Certain other metacognitions remained consistently more or less stable between S-OCD and R-OCD patients, that is, metacognitive beliefs (cognitive confidence F = 11.43; cognitive self-consciousness F = 37.12) and strategies (punishment F = 17.45; low social control F = 12.89). This finding is further corroborated by positive correlations of severity of OCD with need to control thoughts (r = 0.66, P < 0.001), negative beliefs (r = 0.63, P < 0.001), and worry (r = 0.76, P < 0.001), and negative correlations with distraction (r = - 0.79, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The study provides preliminary evidence for specific metacognitions distinguished as potential state and trait markers for OCD, which needs to be established on a larger sample using a longitudinal study design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shweta Singh
- Dept. of Psychiatry, George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sujit K Kar
- Dept. of Psychiatry, George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Eesha Sharma
- Dept. of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Seema Rani Sarraf
- Dept. of Pediatrics, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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13
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Garg S, Dutta P, Tejan V, Tikka SK. OCD at the Advent of Fahr's Disease and Small-World Connectomics: A Case Report. Indian J Psychol Med 2022; 44:95-97. [PMID: 35509667 PMCID: PMC9022921 DOI: 10.1177/02537176211038472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shobit Garg
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Parth Dutta
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Veena Tejan
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sai Krishna Tikka
- Dept. of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Bibinagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Pelissier C, Viale M, Berthelot P, Poizat B, Massoubre C, Tiffet T, Fontana L. Factors Associated with Psychological Distress in French Medical Students during the COVID-19 Health Crisis: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182412951. [PMID: 34948562 PMCID: PMC8701192 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182412951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of psychological distress in medical students during the COVID-19 health crisis and to identify factors associated with psychological distress. METHODS A cross-sectional observational study was presented to 1814 medical students (from first to sixth year) in a French university hospital center. Sociodemographic, occupational and medical information (psychological distress measured on the French GHQ12 scale) were collected via an online anonymous self-administered questionnaire. Variables associated with psychological distress were investigated using univariate analysis and multivariate analysis (modified Poisson regression). RESULTS In total, 832 medical students responded (46%) and 699 completed the questionnaire in full (39%); 625 (75%) showed signs of psychological distress and 109 (15%) reported suicidal ideation. Female gender, psychological trauma during the COVID-19 health crisis, change in alcohol consumption, and difficulties with online learning emerged as risk factors for psychological distress, whereas a paid activity, a feeling of mutual aid and cooperation within the studies framework, and recognition of work appeared to be protective factors. CONCLUSIONS Mental health care or suicide prevention should be provided to students at risk in the aftermath of the pandemic. Knowing the educational and medical factors associated with psychological distress enables areas for prevention to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Pelissier
- Univ Lyon, Univ Lyon 1, Univ St Etienne, University Gustave Eiffel-IFSTARR, UMRESTTE, UMR_T9405, 42005 Saint-Etienne, France;
- Occupational Health Service, University Hospital Center of Saint-Etienne, 42005 Saint-Etienne, France;
- Correspondence:
| | - Manon Viale
- Occupational Health Service, University Hospital Center of Saint-Etienne, 42005 Saint-Etienne, France;
| | - Philippe Berthelot
- Infection Control Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, 42000 Saint-Etienne, France;
- Preventive Medicine Department, Jean Monnet University, 42000 Saint-Etienne, France;
| | - Brigitte Poizat
- Preventive Medicine Department, Jean Monnet University, 42000 Saint-Etienne, France;
| | - Catherine Massoubre
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Center of Saint-Etienne, 42005 Saint-Etienne, France;
| | - Theophile Tiffet
- Public Health Service, University Hospital Center of Saint-Etienne, 42005 Saint-Etienne, France;
| | - Luc Fontana
- Univ Lyon, Univ Lyon 1, Univ St Etienne, University Gustave Eiffel-IFSTARR, UMRESTTE, UMR_T9405, 42005 Saint-Etienne, France;
- Occupational Health Service, University Hospital Center of Saint-Etienne, 42005 Saint-Etienne, France;
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15
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Mitra S, Bult-Ito A. Bidirectional Behavioral Selection in Mice: A Novel Pre-clinical Approach to Examining Compulsivity. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:716619. [PMID: 34566718 PMCID: PMC8458042 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.716619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and related disorders (OCRD) is one of the most prevalent neuropsychiatric disorders with no definitive etiology. The pathophysiological attributes of OCD are driven by a multitude of factors that involve polygenic mechanisms, gender, neurochemistry, physiological status, environmental exposures and complex interactions among these factors. Such complex intertwining of contributing factors imparts clinical heterogeneity to the disorder making it challenging for therapeutic intervention. Mouse strains selected for excessive levels of nest- building behavior exhibit a spontaneous, stable and predictable compulsive-like behavioral phenotype. These compulsive-like mice exhibit heterogeneity in expression of compulsive-like and other adjunct behaviors that might serve as a valuable animal equivalent for examining the interactions of genetics, sex and environmental factors in influencing the pathophysiology of OCD. The current review summarizes the existing findings on the compulsive-like mice that bolster their face, construct and predictive validity for studying various dimensions of compulsive and associated behaviors often reported in clinical OCD and OCRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarup Mitra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Abel Bult-Ito
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States
- OCRD Biomed LLC, Fairbanks, AK, United States
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Franzoi IG, D’Ovidio F, Costa G, d’Errico A, Granieri A. Self-Rated Health and Psychological Distress among Emerging Adults in Italy: A Comparison between Data on University Students, Young Workers and Working Students Collected through the 2005 and 2013 National Health Surveys. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126403. [PMID: 34199210 PMCID: PMC8296246 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background. The present study aimed at comparing self-reported physical health and mental health among university students, workers, and working students aged between 19 years and 29 years. Method. Using data from National Health Surveys held in 2005 and 2013, a cross-sectional study was conducted on 18,612 Italian emerging adults grouped into three groups: university students, workers, and working students. The odds ratios of self-reported anxiety or depression, poor general health, and poor mental health and physical health (as assessed through SF-12) were estimated through logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders. Results. Compared with workers, students showed an increased risk of anxiety or depression and a lower risk of poor general health. Students and working students showed an increased risk of reporting weak mental health compared with that in workers, while students displayed a lower risk of poor physical health. Significant differences were not found between the 2005 and 2013 surveys. Conclusions. These results are of considerable importance for psychologists as well as educational and occupation-based institutions for planning prevention programs and clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabrizio D’Ovidio
- Department of Neurosciences “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Costa
- Department of Clinical and Biological Science, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy;
| | - Angelo d’Errico
- Department of Epidemiology, Azienda Sanitaria Locale TO3, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy;
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Akbari Zardkhaneh S, Poursharifi H, Rajabi M, Yaghoubi H. Mental Health of Iranian College Students in a Nationally Representative Sample of over 74,500 Individuals: Scale Development and Standardization. JOURNAL OF COLLEGE STUDENT PSYCHOTHERAPY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87568225.2021.1911527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamid Poursharifi
- Department of Health Psychology,University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences,Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Rajabi
- Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Yaghoubi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Dutta P, Dhyani M, Garg S, Tikka SK, Khattri S, Mehta S, Mishra J. Efficacy of intensive orbitofrontal continuous Theta Burst Stimulation (iOFcTBS) in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: A Randomized Placebo Controlled Study. Psychiatry Res 2021; 298:113784. [PMID: 33582525 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can non-invasively modulate specific brain regions in Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Citing orbito-frontal cortex (OFC) hyper-connectivity with striatum as the most consistent finding implicated in patho-physiologically of OCD, we aimed to study the effect of novel continuous Theta Burst Stimulation (cTBS) targeting OFC in OCD subjects on a randomized placebo control design. Thirty-three patients were randomly allocated to active cTBS (n= 18) and sham (n= 15) groups. They received 10 TBS sessions, 2 per day (total of 1200 pulses; intensive protocol) for 5 days in a week. The Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), and Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) scores were assessed at baseline, after last session and at 2 weeks post-rTMS. On repeated measures-ANOVA, a significant group*time effect (from pretreatment to 2 weeks post TBS) for obsessions, compulsions, HAM-A, HAM-D, and CGI scores was found. But when controlled for confounding variables, only HAM-A scores and CGI effect retained statistical significance. We conclude that intensive OFC cTBS (iOFcTBS) in OCD is well tolerated with clinically significant improvements in anxiety symptoms and global severity. This improvement in anxiety symptoms could be due to modulations of state dependent dysregulation in OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth Dutta
- Department of Psychiatry, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, 248001 Uttarakhand, India
| | - Mohan Dhyani
- Department of Psychiatry, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, 248001 Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shobit Garg
- Department of Psychiatry, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, 248001 Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Sai Krishna Tikka
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Raipur, India
| | - Sumit Khattri
- Department of Psychiatry, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, 248001 Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sumit Mehta
- Department of Psychiatry, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, 248001 Uttarakhand, India
| | - Jyoti Mishra
- Clinical Psychology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
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Granieri A, Franzoi IG, Chung MC. Editorial: Psychological Distress Among University Students. Front Psychol 2021; 12:647940. [PMID: 33828513 PMCID: PMC8019774 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.647940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Man C Chung
- Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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20
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Taher TMJ, Al-fadhul SAL, Abutiheen AA, Ghazi HF, Abood NS. Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) among Iraqi undergraduate medical students in time of COVID-19 pandemic. MIDDLE EAST CURRENT PSYCHIATRY 2021. [PMCID: PMC7868906 DOI: 10.1186/s43045-021-00086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common mental disorder affecting millions of people. Its onset and peak are during late teens making university students a priority target. Medical student perhaps is at greater risk for developing OCD while corona COVID-19 is expected to more exaggerate symptoms mainly with extra hygiene and cleanliness practices. The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of OCD symptoms among Iraqi medical students, and to assess the associated psychological symptoms and its correlates. An analytic cross-sectional study was conducted among Iraqi medical students during the period from August to October 2020. An online anonymous, voluntary, and self-administered questionnaire based on the 18 questions Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised scale (OCI-R) was used to collect the data. Results A total of 1644 students had filled the questionnaire. Females were 1116 (67.9%), while 1153 (70.1%) had reported accompanying mental symptoms. Of which worry and stress were the most prevalent with 674 (25.9%) and 617 (23.7%) respectively. However, 707 (43%) have probable OCD symptoms that need further assessment. Unpleasant thoughts were the most prevalent symptoms with 51.8%. Surprisingly, the washing and contamination scales were low at 14% and 19.4% while repeating certain numbers was the least with 8%. OCD symptoms were significantly related to younger age and earlier years of study. Further, all accompanied mental symptoms were significantly associated with probable OCD status. Conclusion High prevalence of OCD among medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic. No association of OCD with gender and family history. Younger students and early years of study were more likely to suffer from OCD symptoms.
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Khan AS, Alalawi AH, Alalawi MH, Alsahaf HA, Albahrani MS, Alhasawi FA. Screening for depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorders among secondary school students in Al-Hasa Region, Saudi Arabia. J Family Community Med 2021; 28:28-34. [PMID: 33679186 PMCID: PMC7927964 DOI: 10.4103/jfcm.jfcm_386_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and assess their severity in both male and female secondary school students. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted among secondary school students in Al Hasa region. A sample of student was selected using multi-stage sampling technique. Data were collected using valid self administered questionnaires (Patient Health Questionnaire 9, Anxiety Disorder 7, and Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive scale). Study was approved by institutional ethical review committee, and informed consent was obtained from each participant. SPSS used for data entry and analysis. Chi-square test was used to test for statistical significance. RESULTS A total of 1783 of students, 930 males and 853 females, were enrolled in the study. The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and OCD was 76.2%, 49.9%, and 61.6%, respectively. Most of the diagnosed students had mild forms of the diseases, fewer had moderate form, and very few had severe forms. The most significant risk factor was gender, but other risk factors were significant for some of the diseases. CONCLUSION The prevalence of the three diseases is high and significantly associated with gender. Further work is needed to evaluate this high prevalence and assess the severity of the diseases and other risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul S Khan
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed H Alalawi
- Department of Opthalmology, Al-Jaber Hospital, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hassan A Alsahaf
- College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Fatimah A Alhasawi
- Department of Emergency Services, Al-Jafer Hospital, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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Pellegrini L, Maietti E, Rucci P, Casadei G, Maina G, Fineberg NA, Albert U. Suicide attempts and suicidal ideation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2020; 276:1001-1021. [PMID: 32750613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is controversy on the magnitude of suicide risk in OCD and on the psychopathological features that raise the risk. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to estimate the pooled prevalence of suicide attempts and suicidal ideation (current/lifetime) in subjects with OCD and identify sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with greater risk. METHODS We conducted a literature search in PubMed/Medline, PsycINFO, Web of Science and CINAHL databases up to June 20, 2019, according to PRISMA guidelines. Stata statistical software (Version 15) was used to obtain forest plots, execute subgroup analyses and perform univariate and multivariate meta-regressions. RESULTS We found 61 eligible studies including OCD patients: 52 investigated suicide attempts and reported a pooled prevalence of 0.135 (95% CI 0.123-0.147); 26 explored current suicidal ideation and reported a pooled prevalence of 0.273 (95% CI 0.214-0.335); 22 researched lifetime suicidal ideation and reported a pooled prevalence of 0.473 (95% CI 0.397-0.548). Severity of obsessions, comorbid substance use and depressive/anxious symptoms increased the risk, whereas compulsions had a comparatively protective effect. LIMITATIONS Owing to the small number of studies reporting completed suicide rates, this metric was not included in the meta-analysis. The degree of heterogeneity between the studies was high. CONCLUSION Clinicians should keep in mind that one out of ten patients with OCD attempts suicide during his/her lifetime, about one third has current suicidal ideation and about half has had suicidal ideation in the past. Several clinical features are associated with increased risk and should be factored into clinical risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pellegrini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Carlo Pepoli, 5, 40123, Bologna (BO), Italy; Highly Specialized Service for OCD and BDD, Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust and University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom.
| | - Elisa Maietti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Carlo Pepoli, 5, 40123, Bologna (BO), Italy
| | - Paola Rucci
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Carlo Pepoli, 5, 40123, Bologna (BO), Italy
| | - Giacomo Casadei
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Carlo Pepoli, 5, 40123, Bologna (BO), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maina
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Naomi A Fineberg
- Highly Specialized Service for OCD and BDD, Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust and University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom; University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Umberto Albert
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, UCO Clinica Psichiatrica, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina - ASUGI, Italy
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A Cross-Sectional Study on Cognitive Errors and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders among Young People During the Outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 62:137-142. [PMID: 33163111 PMCID: PMC7602764 DOI: 10.1007/s41470-020-00077-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Given that the lockdown measures taken so as to diminish the dissemination of the COVID-19 pandemic are likely to create major mental disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), the present study was conducted aiming to evaluate the prevalence of OCD and cognitive errors among young people during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019. The present study is a descriptive, cross-sectional study in which a total of 150 young people aged 13 to 19 were randomly included. Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory Questionnaire (MOCI) and Cognitive Error Questionnaire (CEQ) were completed, and then their results were analyzed by SPSS 22 software. The results revealed that 67.3% of the subjects who were evaluated may have demonstrated OCD symptomatology. The prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms in women was slightly higher than in men (72.1 compared to 60.3%). Likewise, the test results indicated that there was a significant difference between obsessive-compulsive disorder symptom in men and women (p = .001). There was also a significant difference between the two groups with OCD symptoms and without OCD symptoms in all the components of cognitive errors (p = .001). To the authors’ best of knowledge, this is the first study that has evaluated OCD symptoms at the time of COVID-19 prevalence. The findings suggest the need to enhance the prevention of relapse during social restrictions as well as to develop other strategies including online consultation and digital psychiatric management.
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Ren F, Zhou R, Zhou X, Schneider SC, Storch EA. The latent structure of olfactory reference disorder symptoms: A taxometric analysis. J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord 2020; 27:100583. [PMID: 32901218 PMCID: PMC7470705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocrd.2020.100583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory reference disorder (ORD), a newly included disorder in the ICD-11, is characterized by 'pathological' concerns about emitting body odor. While research is emerging on the construct, no study has directly examined the boundary between ORD and normal body odor concerns. That is, should ORD be considered as categorical in nature versus a more dimensional construct? As such, the current study explored the extent to which ORD symptoms correspond to a distinct category or dimension in a mixed university student and community sample (n = 757). Three indicators, derived from the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Modified for Olfactory Reference Syndrome, were submitted to three independent taxometric procedures: MAMBAC, MAXEIG, and L-Mode. Two of three procedures showed that the latent structure of ORD is dimensional rather than categorical. The comparison curve fit index profile method yielded dimensional structure. Results suggested that researchers and clinical practitioners would be well-advised to conceptualize, assess, and treat ORD symptoms in a dimensional way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Ren
- School of Education and Psychology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ruichao Zhou
- Mathematics & Science College, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhou
- Research Institute for International and Comparative Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Ji G, Wei W, Yue KC, Li H, Shi LJ, Ma JD, He CY, Zhou SS, Zhao Z, Lou T, Cheng J, Yang SC, Hu XZ. Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms Among University Students: Prospective Cohort Survey Study. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22:e21915. [PMID: 32931444 PMCID: PMC7528732 DOI: 10.2196/21915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic is associated with common mental health problems. However, evidence for the association between fear of COVID-19 and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is limited. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine if fear of negative events affects Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) scores in the context of a COVID-19-fear-invoking environment. METHODS All participants were medical university students and voluntarily completed three surveys via smartphone or computer. Survey 1 was conducted on February 8, 2020, following a 2-week-long quarantine period without classes; survey 2 was conducted on March 25, 2020, when participants had been taking online courses for 2 weeks; and survey 3 was conducted on April 28, 2020, when no new cases had been reported for 2 weeks. The surveys comprised the Y-BOCS and the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS); additional items included questions on demographics (age, gender, only child vs siblings, enrollment year, major), knowledge of COVID-19, and level of fear pertaining to COVID-19. RESULTS In survey 1, 11.3% of participants (1519/13,478) scored ≥16 on the Y-BOCS (defined as possible OCD). In surveys 2 and 3, 3.6% (305/8162) and 3.5% (305/8511) of participants had scores indicative of possible OCD, respectively. The Y-BOCS score, anxiety level, quarantine level, and intensity of fear were significantly lower at surveys 2 and 3 than at survey 1 (P<.001 for all). Compared to those with a lower Y-BOCS score (<16), participants with possible OCD expressed greater intensity of fear and had higher SAS standard scores (P<.001). The regression linear analysis indicated that intensity of fear was positively correlated to the rate of possible OCD and the average total scores for the Y-BOCS in each survey (P<.001 for all). Multiple regressions showed that those with a higher intensity of fear, a higher anxiety level, of male gender, with sibling(s), and majoring in a nonmedicine discipline had a greater chance of having a higher Y-BOCS score in all surveys. These results were redemonstrated in the 5827 participants who completed both surveys 1 and 2 and in the 4006 participants who completed all three surveys. Furthermore, in matched participants, the Y-BOCS score was negatively correlated to changes in intensity of fear (r=0.74 for survey 2, P<.001; r=0.63 for survey 3, P=.006). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that fear of COVID-19 was associated with a greater Y-BOCS score, suggesting that an environment (COVID-19 pandemic) × psychology (fear and/or anxiety) interaction might be involved in OCD and that a fear of negative events might play a role in the etiology of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjun Ji
- Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wenjun Wei
- Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Kai-Chen Yue
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang City, China
| | - Heng Li
- Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Li-Jing Shi
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang City, China
| | - Jian-Dong Ma
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang City, China
| | | | - Sheng-Sheng Zhou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang City, China
| | - Zongya Zhao
- Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Tao Lou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang City, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang City, China
| | - Shi-Chang Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang City, China
| | - Xian-Zhang Hu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang City, China
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Abstract
Objective Frequency data on mental disorders is a crucial requirement for primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. However, such local data is sparse. The study aimed to estimate frequency and gender differences of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) in clinical population. Method Retrospective data of adult patients (18 years and above) reported in Out Patient Departments (OPD) of four teaching hospitals and a private clinic was collected. Successive three years record was consulted using OPD registers. Gender difference in frequency of OCD was estimated. Results Altogether 90119 patients were registered in five psychiatric settings in major cities of Punjab during three year period. As information was missing for over one third of the registered patients, hence analysis was carried out on valid cases only i.e. 59220 (65.8% of the total number of patients registered). It was revealed that the estimated frequency of OCD is 4.1%. There was no significant gender difference revealed in frequency of OCD (P>.05). Conclusion Frequency of OCD implicate the need for early detection and intervention of the disorder. Further, it elucidates the importance of community based research on other mental disorders. The need for accurate record keeping which is a core element for any research related with medical or psychological issue is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaista Jabeen
- Dr. Shaista Jabeen, PhD., Applied Psychology (Clinical Psychology). Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Forman Christian College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rukhsana Kausar
- Prof. Dr. Rukhsana Kausar, PhD & Post Doc. (UK). Director, Vice Chancellor, Govt. College Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan
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27
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S Chasson G, R Guillot C, J Zvolensky M, M Liautaud M, B Schmidt N, M Leventhal A. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms and cigarette smoking: an initial cross-sectional test of mechanisms of co-occurrence. Cogn Behav Ther 2020; 49:385-397. [PMID: 32324104 DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2020.1745878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco addiction and obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS; intrusive thoughts or impulses that cause distress and rituals) are both mediated by compulsivity and negative reinforcement. Little evidence exists to guide theory, research, treatment, and population-based prevention of this co-occurrence. We propose a conceptual model of OCS-smoking co-occurrence in which smokers with elevated OCS capitalize on smoking to assuage OCS. This secondary analysis examined associations between OCS levels and self-reported smoking motives that are model-concordant: i) negative reinforcement-smoking for relief; ii) sensorimotor-benefits of behaviors and sensations of the tobacco self-administration ritual; and iii) habitual-smoking without conscious control. A community sample of cigarette smokers enrolled in a cessation trial (N = 458; 47.2% female; M age = 36.9; SD = 13.6) completed pre-quit self-report measures of OCS levels and smoking motives. Regression models adjusted for sociodemographic covariates and non-OCS psychopathologies indicated that OCS level was positively associated with each model-concordant motive. OCS level was also correlated with tobacco dependence severity and greater withdrawal symptom severity experienced during previous quit attempts. Those with higher OCS report greater motivation to smoke for negative reinforcement, sensorimotor behavioral-ritualistic, habit/automaticity, and stimulation reasons. Further examination of the proposed model of OCS-smoking co-occurrence is warranted to guide theory and intervention for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Chasson
- Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Casey R Guillot
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas , Denton, TX, USA
| | - Michael J Zvolensky
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston , Houston, TX, USA.,University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA.,Health Institute, University of Houston , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Madalyn M Liautaud
- Department of Preventative Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine , Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Norman B Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University , Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Adam M Leventhal
- Department of Preventative Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine , Los Angeles, CA, USA.,USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center , Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA, USA
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28
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Liu W, Li J, Huang Y, Yu B, Qin R, Cao X. The relationship between left-behind experience and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in college students in China: the mediation effect of self-esteem. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2020; 26:644-655. [PMID: 32274935 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2020.1748667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
The number of left-behind children in China is gradually increasing, and college students with left-behind experience (LBE) have more severe mental health problems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of LBE and the obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms of college students, explore the mediation role of self-esteem in the relationship between them. A total of 4145 college students were recruited in Anhui province, China. The Chinese Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R) and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) were used to measure OC symptoms and self-esteem. Bootstrap program was used to test the mediation effect. The results showed that the detection rate of OC symptoms was 24.1%. Multiple linear regression analyses found that LBE was positively associated with OC symptoms (t = 2.928, p = 0.003). High self-esteem scores in college students were significantly associated with a lower probability of OC symptoms (t = -17.023, p < 0.001). Furthermore, the test of Bootstrap showed that the indirect effect of self-esteem between LBE and OC symptoms was significant for 95% CI (LLCI = 0.3586, ULCL = 0.7264) and the mediation effect was 0.5396. The ratio of the indirect effect to the total effect was 0.408. OC symptoms were common mental health problems among college students. LBE had a positive predictive effect for OC symptomsand self-esteem plays a mediating role between them. Improving self-esteem will be beneficial to prevent and control the OC symptoms of college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Maternal and Child Heath Care, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Maternal and Child Heath Care, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yixuan Huang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, the First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Faculty of Science, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Banglin Yu
- Department of Maternal and Child Heath Care, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ruofang Qin
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiujing Cao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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29
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Ansari E, Mishra S, Tripathi A, Kar SK, Dalal PK. Cross-sectional study of internalised stigma and medication adherence in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. Gen Psychiatr 2020; 33:e100180. [PMID: 32215363 PMCID: PMC7066600 DOI: 10.1136/gpsych-2019-100180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients suffering from psychiatric disorders tend to stigmatise themselves which had been linked to poor adherence to treatment. Aims The aim of the present study was to study internalised stigma and medication adherence and to assess the relationship between them in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 112 patients diagnosed with OCD who were attending the Out-patient's department at Department of Psychiatry of a tertiary care hospital in North India. Internalised stigma and current medication adherence were assessed with Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale (ISMI) and Medication Adherence Rating Scale, respectively. Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale was used to assess the current severity of OCD symptoms. Sociodemographic and clinical details were also obtained from the patients by using a semistructured sociodemographic proforma. Results Most of the patients reported moderate level of internalised stigma with a mean ISMI score of 77.98 (10.82). Most of the patients were compliant while 41.96% reported poor medication adherence. Internalised stigma was negatively correlated with the current medication adherence. Current severity of OCD symptoms also showed a significant positive correlation with internalised stigma and a significant negative correlation with medication adherence. Conclusion High levels of internalised stigma were associated with lower adherence to treatment which suggests that internalised stigma may be a very important factor influencing medication adherence in patients with OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eram Ansari
- College of Nursing, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Sudha Mishra
- College of Nursing, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Adarsh Tripathi
- Department of Psychiatry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Sujita Kumar Kar
- Department of Psychiatry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Pronob Kumar Dalal
- Department of Psychiatry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
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30
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Rapinesi C, Kotzalidis GD, Ferracuti S, Sani G, Girardi P, Del Casale A. Brain Stimulation in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): A Systematic Review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 17:787-807. [PMID: 30963971 PMCID: PMC7059162 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666190409142555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a highly prevalent, severe, and chronic disease. There is a need for alternative strategies for treatment-resistant OCD. Objective This review aims to assess the effect of brain stimulation techniques in OCD. Method We included papers published in peer-reviewed journals dealing with brain stimulation techniques in OCD. We conducted treatment-specific searches for OCD (Technique AND ((randomized OR randomised) AND control* AND trial) AND (magnetic AND stimulation OR (rTMS OR dTMS)) AND (obsess* OR compuls* OR OCD)) on six databases, i.e., PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Web of Science to identify randomised controlled trials and ClinicalTrials.gov for possible additional results. Results Different add-on stimulation techniques could be effective for severely ill OCD patients unresponsive to drugs and/or behavioural therapy. Most evidence regarded deep brain stimulation (DBS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), while there is less evidence regarding transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), electroconvulsive therapy, and vagus nerve stimulation (for these last two there are no sham-controlled studies). Low-frequency TMS may be more effective over the supplementary motor area or the orbitofrontal cortex. DBS showed best results when targeting the crossroad between the nucleus accumbens and the ventral capsule or the subthalamic nucleus. Cathodal tDCS may be better than anodal in treating OCD. Limitations. We had to include methodologically inconsistent underpowered studies. Conclusion Different brain stimulation techniques are promising as an add-on treatment of
refractory OCD, although studies frequently reported inconsistent results. TMS, DBS, and tDCS could possibly find some use with adequate testing, but their standard methodology still needs to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Rapinesi
- Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University; "Sant'Andrea" University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Georgios D Kotzalidis
- Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University; "Sant'Andrea" University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Ferracuti
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University; Risk Management Unit, "Sant'Andrea" University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Sani
- Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University; "Sant'Andrea" University Hospital, Rome, Italy.,"Lucio Bini" Center, "Aretaeus Onlus", Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Girardi
- Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University; "Sant'Andrea" University Hospital, Rome, Italy.,"Lucio Bini" Center, "Aretaeus Onlus", Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Del Casale
- Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University; "Sant'Andrea" University Hospital, Rome, Italy
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31
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Albert U, De Ronchi D, Maina G, Pompili M. Suicide Risk in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Exploration of Risk Factors: A Systematic Review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 17:681-696. [PMID: 29929465 PMCID: PMC7059158 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180620155941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Historically, OCD has been considered to be associated with a relatively low risk of suicide. Recent studies, on the contrary, revealed a significant association between OCD and suicide attempts and ideation. A huge variation in prevalence rates, however, is reported. OBJECTIVE To estimate prevalence rates of suicide attempts and suicidal ideation in individuals with OCD, and to identify predictors of suicide risk among subjects with OCD. METHODS We systematically reviewed the literature on suicide risk (ideation and/or attempts) and OCD. We included studies with appropriate definition of OCD, cross-sectional or prospective design, separating clinical samples from epidemiological studies, that employed a quantitative measure of suicidality and/or reported an outcome measure of the association between suicidality and OCD or examined factors associated with suicidality. RESULTS In clinical samples, the mean rate of lifetime suicide attempts is 14.2% (31 studies: range 6- 51.7%). Suicidal ideation is referred by 26.3-73.5% of individuals (17 studies, mean 44.1%); current suicidal ideation rate ranges between 6.4 and 75% (13 studies, mean 25.9). Epidemiological studies found that OCD increases significantly the odds of having a lifetime suicidal ideation as compared to the general population (OR: 1.9-10.3) and a history of lifetime suicide attempts (OR: 1.6- 9.9). Predictors of greater suicide risk are severity of OCD, the symptom dimension of unacceptable thoughts, comorbid Axis I disorders, severity of comorbid depressive and anxiety symptoms, past history of suicidality and some emotion-cognitive factors such as alexithymia and hopelessness. CONCLUSION Overall, suicidality appears a relevant phenomenon in OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Albert
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Diana De Ronchi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maina
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pompili
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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32
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Ou W, Li Z, Zheng Q, Chen W, Liu J, Liu B, Zhang Y. Association Between Childhood Maltreatment and Symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Meta-Analysis. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:612586. [PMID: 33551875 PMCID: PMC7854900 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.612586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous studies have indicated that childhood maltreatment (CM) may potentially influence the clinical symptomatology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Here, we aimed to quantify the relationship between CM and obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) and depressive symptoms in OCD through a meta-analysis. Method: We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and PsycARTICLES databases for articles reporting the association between CM and OCD on April 15, 2020. Random-effect models were used to quantify the relationship between CM and the severity of OCS and depressive symptoms in OCD. Results: Ten records with 1,611 OCD patients were included in the meta-analysis. The results revealed that CM is positively correlated with the severity of OCS [r = 0.10, 95%Confidence Interval (CI): 0.01-0.19, P = 0.04] as well as depressive symptoms in OCD (r = 0.15, 95%CI: 0.07-0.24, P = 0.0002). For the subtypes of CM, childhood emotional abuse (CEA) and childhood sexual abuse (CSA) was related with the severity of OCS (r = 0.11, 95%CI: 0.03-0.19, P = 0.009) and obsession (r = 0.13, 95%CI: 0.03-0.23, P = 0.01), respectively. Conclusion: Our meta-analysis indicates that OCD patients who suffered more CM may exhibit more severe OCS and depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Ou
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Mental Health Institute of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhijun Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Mental Health Institute of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- Department of Psychiatry, Xianyue Psychiatric Hospital, Xiamen, China
| | - Wentao Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Mental Health Institute of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Mental Health Institute of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bangshan Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Mental Health Institute of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Mental Health Institute of Central South University, Changsha, China
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33
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Abstract
Mental health illnesses are increasing in severity and number among medical students. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of mental disorders among medical students and their associated factors. Nine hundred students were selected from Mansoura Faculty of Medicine by the cluster sampling method. Data were collected using an Arabic self-administered questionnaire and the Arabic version of the Symptoms Checklist 90 Revised. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were done. Approximately 59% of students had one or more mental disorders. The prevalence of high Positive Symptom Distress Index (PSDI), depression, and somatization was 30.1%, 25.2%, and 21.7%, respectively. Logistic regression revealed that being male, younger than 20 years age, living away from family, rural families, and very low or low social class were independent risk factors for most of the mental disorders studied. In conclusion, mental disorders were common among medical students. Mental health care should be mandatory for these students.
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34
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Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a debilitating mental illness characterized by an early onset and chronic course. Evidence from several lines of research suggests significant neuropsychological deficits in patients with OCD; executive dysfunction and nonverbal memory deficits have been reported consistently in OCD. These deficits persist despite controlling potential confounders such as comorbidity, severity of illness, and medications. Neuropsychological impairments are independent of illness severity, thus suggesting that the neuropsychological deficits are trait markers of the disease. In addition, these deficits are seen in first-degree relatives of individuals with OCD. These reports suggest that neuropsychological deficits are potential endophenotype markers in OCD. Neuropsychological studies in pediatric OCD are limited; they show impairments of small effect size across multiple domains but with doubtful clinical significance. Preliminary evidence shows that different symptom dimensions of OCD may have unique neuropsychological deficits suggestive of discrete but overlapping neuroanatomical regions for individual symptom dimensions. Overall, neuropsychological deficits further support the role of frontostriatal circuits in the neurobiology of OCD. In addition, emerging literature also suggests the important role of other areas, in particular parietal cortex. Preliminary evidence suggests the possible role of neuropsychological deficits to be markers of treatment response but needs to be examined in future. Longitudinal studies with examination of patients at different time points and examination of their potential utility as predictors of treatment response are needed in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Suhas
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Naren P Rao
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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35
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Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been seen to run in families and genetics help to understand its heritability. In this review, we summarize older studies which focused on establishing the familial nature of OCD, including its various dimensions of symptoms, and we focus on recent findings from studies using both the candidate gene approach and genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach. The family studies and twin studies establish the heritability of OCD. Candidate gene approaches have implicated genes in the serotonergic, glutamatergic, and dopaminergic pathways. GWAS has not produced significant results possibly due to the small sample size. Newer techniques such as gene expression studies in brain tissue, stem cell technology, and epigenetic studies may shed more light on the complex genetic basis of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Purty
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Gerald Nestadt
- Department of Behavioral Science and Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jack F. Samuels
- Department of Behavioral Science and Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Biju Viswanath
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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36
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Khazaie H, Najafi F, Hamzeh B, Chehri A, Rahimi-Movaghar A, Amin-Esmaeili M, Moradi-Nazar M, Zakiei A, Komasi S, Pasdar Y. Cluster analysis of psychiatric profile, its correlates, and using mental health services among the young people aged 15-34: findings from the first phase of Iranian youth cohort in Ravansar. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2018; 53:1339-1348. [PMID: 30145626 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-018-1580-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSES (1) Cluster analysis of psychiatric disorders and partitioning the youth; (2) determining socio-demographic correlates and parental histories for each one of the clusters; and (3) comparing clusters based on the extent and type of using psychotherapeutic services. METHODS The current cross-sectional study is a part of the first phase of PERSIAN Youth Cohort. The sample of the study includes 2991 participants aged 15-34 (27 ± 5.1 years, 55.6% female) from Ravansar district in western Iran. Enrollment and data collection for this phase were performed from October, 2014 to January, 2017. The data were collected through structured interviews, including the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI; version 2.1), mental health-related Sheehan Disability Scale, and Service Use Questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed using two-step cluster analysis, multinomial logistic regression, and Chi-square test. RESULTS Our model proposed three clusters: a clinical cluster with significant mental disability; a healthy cluster with significant disability; and a healthy cluster with mild disability. There is a direct relationship between widow/divorced marital status and psychiatric maternal history with the clinical cluster (P < 0.05). Clinical and non-clinical clusters with medium to severe disability used services for mental health more often that the healthy cluster with mild functional disability (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results of the study show that 28.7% of the youth in the general population of western Iran are suffering from psychiatric disorders and nearly two-thirds of the total population reported a medium-severe functional disability. Considering the wide range of mental disorders and the functional disability levels created by these disorders, cluster analysis could provide invaluable information regarding the partitioning of the youth population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibolah Khazaie
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farid Najafi
- Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Golha Boulevard, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Behrooz Hamzeh
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Azita Chehri
- Department of Psychology, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Amin-Esmaeili
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Moradi-Nazar
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali Zakiei
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Saeid Komasi
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Yahya Pasdar
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Bilgiç A, Çolak Sivri R, Kılınç İ. 8-F2-isoprostane, thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase levels in children with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Nord J Psychiatry 2018; 72:484-488. [PMID: 29927677 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2018.1484512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Accumulating data demonstrate that oxidative stress may play a crucial role in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This study aimed to investigate the role of 8-F2-isoprostane, thioredoxin (Trx), and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) in children with OCD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-three drug-free children with OCD and 35 healthy controls were included in this study. The severity of OCD symptoms was assessed via the Children's Yale Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. The severity of anxiety levels was determined through the Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders. Plasma levels of 8-F2-isoprostane, Trx, and TrxR were measured using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. RESULTS Plasma 8-F2-isoprostane, Trx, and TrxR levels did not show any significant differences between patient and control groups. There were no significant correlations between plasma levels of these antioxidants and severity of OCD. CONCLUSIONS Findings of this study did not support the involvement of oxidative stress in the etiology of childhood OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayhan Bilgiç
- a Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , Meram School of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University , Konya , Turkey
| | - Rukiye Çolak Sivri
- b Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , Ankara Education and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey
| | - İbrahim Kılınç
- c Department of Biochemistry , Meram School of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University , Konya , Turkey
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Hou H, Feng X, Li Y, Meng Z, Guo D, Wang F, Guo Z, Zheng Y, Peng Z, Zhang W, Li D, Ding G, Wang W. Suboptimal health status and psychological symptoms among Chinese college students: a perspective of predictive, preventive and personalised health. EPMA J 2018; 9:367-377. [PMID: 30538788 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-018-0148-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Background Suboptimal health status (SHS) is an intermediate health status between health and illness, a syndrome characterised by the perception of health complaints, general weakness and low energy. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of SHS and the correlation between SHS and psychological symptoms among Chinese college students and to identify the SHS-related risk factors from the perspective of predictive, preventive and personalised medicine (PPPM). Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 4119 college students who were enrolled from Taishan Medical University and Baoji Vocational and Technical College in the eastern and western areas of China. SHS levels of the participants were measured by an established self-reporting Suboptimal Health Status Questionnaire-25 (SHSQ-25). Psychosomatic conditions were estimated by the self-rating Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90) scale. Spearman correlation analysis was applied to analyse the relationship between SHSQ-25 scores and SCL-90 estimates. Logistic regression analysis was applied for multivariate analysis. Results The prevalence of SHS was 21.0% (864/4119), with 23.3% (701/3005) for female students and 14.6% (163/1114) for male students. The prevalence of general positive psychological symptom was 14.2% (586/4119), with 15.6% (470/3005) for female students and 10.4% (116/1114) for male students. A strong correlation was identified between SHS score and SCL-90 estimates, with the correlation coefficient (r) of 0.719. Logistic regression showed that variables significantly associated with SHS were somatisation (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 3.185, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.048-4.953), obsessive-compulsive (aOR = 3.518, 95% CI = 2.834-4.368), interpersonal sensitivity (aOR = 1.883, 95% CI = 1.439-2.463) and depression (aOR = 1.847, 95% CI = 1.335-2.554). Conclusions Our findings confirm that there is a high prevalence of SHS among college students and there is a strong association between SHS and psychological symptoms among Chinese college students. High susceptibility of SHS occurs particularly in vulnerable groups: female students, sophomore students, medical students and students from rural area. Identification of SHS and prompt application of personalised psychological health-supporting activities will promote college students' health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Hou
- 1School of Public Health, Taishan Medical University, 619 Changcheng Road, Taian, 271016 People's Republic of China.,2School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA 6027 Australia
| | - Xia Feng
- 1School of Public Health, Taishan Medical University, 619 Changcheng Road, Taian, 271016 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuejin Li
- 1School of Public Health, Taishan Medical University, 619 Changcheng Road, Taian, 271016 People's Republic of China
| | - Zixiu Meng
- 1School of Public Health, Taishan Medical University, 619 Changcheng Road, Taian, 271016 People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Guo
- Baoji Vocational and Technical College, Baoji, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Wang
- 1School of Public Health, Taishan Medical University, 619 Changcheng Road, Taian, 271016 People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Guo
- 2School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA 6027 Australia
| | - Yulu Zheng
- 2School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA 6027 Australia
| | - Zhiqi Peng
- Baoji Vocational and Technical College, Baoji, People's Republic of China
| | - Wangxin Zhang
- 4School of Basic Medical Science, Taishan Medical University, Taian, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Li
- 1School of Public Health, Taishan Medical University, 619 Changcheng Road, Taian, 271016 People's Republic of China
| | - Guoyong Ding
- 1School of Public Health, Taishan Medical University, 619 Changcheng Road, Taian, 271016 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- 1School of Public Health, Taishan Medical University, 619 Changcheng Road, Taian, 271016 People's Republic of China.,2School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA 6027 Australia
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