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Sudhakaran G, Priya PS, Haridevamuthu B, Murugan R, Kannan J, Almutairi MH, Almutairi BO, Guru A, Arockiaraj J. Mechanistic interplay of dual environmental stressors: Bisphenol-A and cadmium-induced ovarian follicular damage and hepatocyte dysfunction in vivo. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171706. [PMID: 38490420 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the individual and combined toxic effects of Bisphenol A (BPA) and Cadmium (Cd) in zebrafish, recognizing the complex mixture of pollutants organisms encounter in their natural environment. Examining developmental, neurobehavioral, reproductive, and physiological aspects, the study reveals significant adverse effects, particularly in combined exposures. Zebrafish embryos exposed to BPA + Cd exhibit synergistically increased mortality, delayed hatching, and morphological abnormalities, emphasizing the heightened toxicity of the combination. Prolonged exposure until 10 days post-fertilization underscores enduring effects on embryonic development. BPA and Cd induce oxidative stress, as evidenced by increased production of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation. This oxidative stress disrupts cellular functions, affecting lipid metabolism and immune response. Adult zebrafish exposed to BPA and Cd for 40 days display compromised neurobehavioral functions, altered antioxidant defenses, and increased oxidative stress, suggesting potential neurotoxicity. Additionally, disruptions in ovarian follicle maturation and skeletal abnormalities indicate reproductive and skeletal impacts. Histological analysis reveals significant liver damage, emphasizing the synergistic hepatotoxicity of BPA and Cd. Molecular assessments further demonstrate compromised cellular defense mechanisms, synaptic function, and elevated cellular stress and inflammation-related gene expression in response to combined exposures. Bioaccumulation analysis highlights differential tissue accumulation patterns. In conclusion, this study provides comprehensive insights into the multifaceted toxicological effects of BPA and Cd in zebrafish, raising concerns about potential adverse impacts on environmental ecosystems and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokul Sudhakaran
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - P Snega Priya
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203 Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B Haridevamuthu
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203 Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raghul Murugan
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203 Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jagan Kannan
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Arts and Science College, Kattankulathur, 603203 Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mikhlid H Almutairi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bader O Almutairi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ajay Guru
- Department of Cardiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203 Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Madesh S, Sudhakaran G, Meenatchi R, Guru A, Arockiaraj J. Interconnected environmental challenges: heavy metal-drug interactions and their impacts on ecosystems. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38658397 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2024.2342956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Industrial expansion and inadequate environmental safety measures are major contributors to environmental contamination, with heavy metals (HMs) and pharmaceutical waste playing crucial roles. Their negative effects are most noticeable in aquatic species and vegetation, where they accumulate in tissues and cause harmful results. Interactions between HMs and pharmaceutical molecules result in the production of metal-drug complexes (MDCs), which have the potential to disturb diverse ecosystems and their interdependence. However, present studies frequently focus on individual pollutants and their effects on specific environmental parameters, leaving out the cumulative effects of pollutants and their processes across several environmental domains. To address this gap, this review emphasizes the environmental sources of HMs, elucidates their emission pathways during anthropogenic activities, investigates the interactions between HMs and pharmaceutical substances, and defines the mechanisms underlying the formation of MDCs across various ecosystems. Furthermore, this review underscores the simultaneous occurrence of HMs and pharmaceutical waste across diverse ecosystems, including the atmosphere, soil, and water resources, and their incorporation into biotic organisms across trophic levels. It is important to note that these complex compounds represent a higher risk than individual contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Madesh
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gokul Sudhakaran
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramu Meenatchi
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ajay Guru
- Department of Cariology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, SIMATS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
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Dixit A, Pandey H, Rana R, Kumar A, Herojeet R, Lata R, Mukhopadhyay R, Mukherjee S, Sarkar B. Ecological and human health risk assessment of pharmaceutical compounds in the Sirsa River of Indian Himalayas. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 347:123668. [PMID: 38442820 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The Baddi-Barotiwala-Nalagarh (BBN) region of Indian Himalayas is one of the most important pharmaceutical industrial clusters in Asia. This study investigated the distribution, and ecological and human health risks of four most frequently used pharmaceuticals [ciprofloxacin (CIP), norfloxacin (NOR), cetirizine (CTZ) and citalopram oxalate (ECP)] when co-occurring with metal ions in the Sirsa river water of the BBN region. The concentration range of the selected pharmaceuticals was between 'not detected' to 50 μgL-1 with some exception for CIP (50-100 μgL-1) and CTZ (100-150 μgL-1) in locations directly receiving wastewater discharges. A significant correlation was found between the occurrences of NOR and Al (r2 = 0.65; p = 0.01), and CTZ and K (r2 = 0.50; p = 0.01) and Mg (r2 = 0.50; p = 0.01). A high-level ecological risk [risk quotient (RQ) > 1] was observed for algae from all the pharmaceuticals. A medium-level risk (RQ = 0.01-0.1) was observed for Daphnia from CIP, NOR and ECP, and a high-level risk from CTZ. A low-level risk was observed for fishes from CIP and NOR, whereas CTZ and ECP posed a high-level risk to fishes. The overall risk to ecological receptors was in the order: CTZ > CIP > ECP > NOR. Samples from the river locations receiving water from municipal drains or situated near landfill and pharmaceutical factories exhibited RQ > 1 for all pharmaceuticals. The average hazard quotient (HQ) values for the compounds followed the order: CTZ (0.18) > ECP (0.15) > NOR (0.001) > CIP (0.0003) for children (0-6 years); ECP (0.49) > CTZ (0.29) > NOR (0.005) > CIP (0.001) for children (7-17 years), and ECP (0.34) > CTZ (0.21) > NOR (0.007) > CIP (0.001) for adults (>17 years). The calculated risk values did not readily confirm the status of water as safe or unsafe because the values of predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) would depend on various other environmental factors such as quality of the toxicity data, and species sensitivity and distribution, which warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arohi Dixit
- School of Agriculture Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India; Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
| | - Himanshu Pandey
- School of Agriculture Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Rajiv Rana
- School of Agriculture Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- School of Agriculture Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India; School of Health Sciences, Amity University Punjab, Mohali, 140306, India
| | - Rajkumar Herojeet
- Department of Environmental Studies, Post Graduate Government College, Sector 11, Chandigarh, India
| | - Renu Lata
- G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Mohal-Kullu, 175126, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Raj Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Mellon College of Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, 15213, United States; Division of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Santanu Mukherjee
- School of Agriculture Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India.
| | - Binoy Sarkar
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA14YQ, United Kingdom; Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
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Rumph JT, Stephens VR, Martin JL, Brown LK, Thomas PL, Cooley A, Osteen KG, Bruner-Tran KL. Uncovering Evidence: Associations between Environmental Contaminants and Disparities in Women's Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031257. [PMID: 35162279 PMCID: PMC8835285 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, industrial accidents and military actions have led to unintentional, large-scale, high-dose human exposure to environmental contaminants with endocrine-disrupting action. These historical events, in addition to laboratory studies, suggest that exposure to toxicants such as dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls negatively impact the reproductive system and likely influence the development of gynecologic diseases. Although high-level exposure to a single toxicant is rare, humans living in industrialized countries are continuously exposed to a complex mixture of manmade and naturally produced endocrine disruptors, including persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals. Since minorities are more likely to live in areas with known environmental contamination; herein, we conducted a literature review to identify potential associations between toxicant exposure and racial disparities in women's health. Evidence within the literature suggests that the body burden of environmental contaminants, especially in combination with inherent genetic variations, likely contributes to previously observed racial disparities in women's health conditions such as breast cancer, endometriosis, polycystic ovarian syndrome, uterine fibroids, and premature birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelonia T. Rumph
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (J.T.R.); (J.L.M.); (L.K.B.); (P.L.T.); (A.C.)
- Women’s Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (V.R.S.); (K.G.O.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Victoria R. Stephens
- Women’s Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (V.R.S.); (K.G.O.)
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Joanie L. Martin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (J.T.R.); (J.L.M.); (L.K.B.); (P.L.T.); (A.C.)
| | - LaKendria K. Brown
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (J.T.R.); (J.L.M.); (L.K.B.); (P.L.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Portia L. Thomas
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (J.T.R.); (J.L.M.); (L.K.B.); (P.L.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Ayorinde Cooley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (J.T.R.); (J.L.M.); (L.K.B.); (P.L.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Kevin G. Osteen
- Women’s Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (V.R.S.); (K.G.O.)
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Kaylon L. Bruner-Tran
- Women’s Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (V.R.S.); (K.G.O.)
- Correspondence:
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Kocadal K, Alkas FB, Ulutas OK, Kurt MA, Battal D, Sardas S, Etikan I, Saygi S. Biomonitoring of Heavy Metal(oid)s in the Residents of Abandoned Mining District in Northern Cyprus. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:3667-3676. [PMID: 33409917 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02520-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several heavy metal(oid)s are known mutagens and/or carcinogens. Exposure to these elements can lead to the development of malignancies. Gemikonagi, which is in the western part of Cyprus, was the hometown of mining operations. It is believed that the mining site is a significant heavy metal(oid) source for the environment and residents. In this biomonitoring study, a total of 60 blood samples from Gemikonagi region (n = 30) and from a control region located 40 km northeast from the mining site, Tepebasi (n = 30), and 5 soil samples from each region were collected to conduct heavy metal analysis using ICP-MS. To conduct genotoxicity analysis, alkaline comet assay and in vivo micronucleus assays were used. t test for independent samples and Mann-Whitney U tests were applied. Copper and iron were found to be enriched in Gemikonagi, while arsenic was found to be enriched in Tepebasi. Genotoxicity analyses demonstrated a statistically significant increase in parameters of micronuclei frequency (p value = 0.0001) and Comet Assay statistics upon exposure to some elements, such as arsenic (p value = 0.04) and copper (p value = 0.012). The results indicate that a general enrichment in heavy elements is not endemic to Gemikonagi, but a problem that might be generalized to the entirety of Cyprus. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumsal Kocadal
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, 99138, Nicosia, North Cyprus
| | - Fehmi Burak Alkas
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, 99138, Nicosia, North Cyprus
| | - Onur Kenan Ulutas
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ali Kurt
- Department of Env. Eng., Faculty of Engineering, Mersin University, 33169, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Dilek Battal
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, 99138, Nicosia, North Cyprus.
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, 33169, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Semra Sardas
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, 99138, Nicosia, North Cyprus
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istinye University, 34010, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ilker Etikan
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, 99138, Nicosia, North Cyprus
| | - Sahan Saygi
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, 99138, Nicosia, North Cyprus
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Beltifa A, Alibi S, Turco VL, Mansour HB, Di Bella G. Identification and quantification of plasticizers, bisphenol, and environmental toxic mineral elements residues in medicines from Tunisian markets. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:50462-50470. [PMID: 33956323 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14221-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 18 plasticizer (phthalates, adipates, sebacates, and others) residues in sixteen medicines available in Tunisian pharmaceutical markets are evaluated by MSPD combined with GC-MS. In parallel, in this research, UPLC-MS/MS technique was performed to detect bisphenol A, and cadmium, lead, chromium, cobalt, nickel, mercury, selenium, and arsenic levels were determined by ICP-MS. The maximum daily ingested mass of mineral elements was calculated and compared with permissible daily exposure limits published by USP NF 2013. Our results demonstrated that the 50% of drugs contained similar concentrations of di-ethyl adipate. Di-isobutyl phthalate was found in a single sample with a high concentration (1.07mgkg-1). Di-methyladipate was also present in only one sample. Diethyl phthalate was detected in three medicines: the highest concentration (17.03mgkg-1) was found in capsules. The other plasticizers and bisphenol A levels were below the limits of quantification in the all samples. All tested products were safe for use, except two clay-originated products. Concentrations and the maximum daily ingested mass of lead and arsenic were higher than recommended limits. The use of these medicines should require more attention taking into account the serious hazards of heavy metals to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Beltifa
- Research Unit: Analysis and Process Applied on the Environment UR17ES32, ISSAT Mahdia, Rejiche, Tunisia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Sana Alibi
- Research Unit: Analysis and Process Applied on the Environment UR17ES32, ISSAT Mahdia, Rejiche, Tunisia
| | - Vincenzo Lo Turco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Hedi Ben Mansour
- Research Unit: Analysis and Process Applied on the Environment UR17ES32, ISSAT Mahdia, Rejiche, Tunisia.
| | - Giuseppa Di Bella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Azzopardi D, Liu C, Murphy J. Chemical characterization of tobacco-free "modern" oral nicotine pouches and their position on the toxicant and risk continuums. Drug Chem Toxicol 2021; 45:2246-2254. [PMID: 34034614 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2021.1925691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As compared with cigarette smoking, use of Swedish snus is associated with significantly fewer health risks. Nicotine pouches (NPs), a new form of oral nicotine product, are smokeless and tobacco-free, comprising a nicotine-containing cellulose matrix inside a fiber pouch. NPs are similar in appearance/use to snus, but without tobacco, have the potential to further reduce tobacco-related harm. This study aimed to evaluate toxicant levels of NPs to estimate their position on the tobacco/nicotine product continuums of toxicant delivery and risk. NPs, snus and nicotine replacement therapy products (NRTs) were analyzed for 24-26 compounds applicable to oral tobacco, and their levels were compared. Twenty of these compounds were further used to compare the toxicant profile of NPs, as well as estimated daily toxicant exposure from NP use, with that of tobacco/nicotine products spanning the risk continuum. Of the compounds measured, 22 (NPs), 22 (lozenge NRT), 20 (gum NRT), and 11 (snus) were not quantifiable. Compared with snus, NPs had lower levels of 10 HPHCs and comparable/undetectable levels of a further 13. Across the product categories, NPs and NRTs had the lowest toxicant profiles and estimations of relative toxicant exposure. Based on the present chemical analysis and estimated exposure, use of NPs appears likely to expose users to lower levels of toxic compounds than Swedish snus, which is recognized to offer reduced levels of harm than associated with tobacco smoking. We conclude that NPs should be placed close to NRTs on the tobacco/nicotine product toxicant delivery continuum, although further studies will be needed to confirm this.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Azzopardi
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Southampton, UK
| | - Chuan Liu
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Southampton, UK
| | - James Murphy
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Southampton, UK
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Ajani EO, Afolayan JS, Sabiu S. Characterization of Blighia sapida synthesized-copper nanoparticle and its application in periodic pharmaceutical effluent treatment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2021; 56:508-515. [PMID: 33656407 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2021.1890497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid increase in pharmaceutical wastewater treatment for diverse applications and to contribute to the understanding of suitability of nanoparticles (NPs) in pharmaceutical effluent treatment, this study was conceptualized. Here, we profiled the concentration of selected heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu and Ni) in pharmaceutical effluent samples over three sampling periods using atomic absorption spectroscopy and evaluated the effectiveness of B. sapida synthesized copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) in pharmaceutical effluent treatment. The results showed that there was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in the heavy metals concentration of the pharmaceutical effluents across the three sampling periods. This observation could be attributed to the low environmental concentration of the metals that prevented significant leaching into the company's water source through rainfall or the highly effective water treatment pathways that successfully reduced the metals concentration. Despite the observed increase in Cu ions in the treated samples due to the synthesized NPs, its concentration still conforms to the internationally accepted admissible limit in drinkable water. Studies seeking to understand the suitability and toxicological implications of use of the NP-treated effluents are highly encouraged and efforts are underway in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel O Ajani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria
| | - Juwon S Afolayan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria
| | - Saheed Sabiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Science, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
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Chaouali N, Nouioui A, Aouard M, Smaoui O, Amira D, Hedhili A. Mise au point et validation d’une méthode de dosage du plomb dans les matrices végétales par spectrométrie d’absorption atomique. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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