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Kaur S, Shukla P. Cerebral sparganosis masquerading brain neoplasm: A rare incidental case. Indian J Med Microbiol 2023; 41:101-103. [PMID: 36404193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sparganosis is a parasitic infection caused by plerocercoid larvae of the genera Spirometra. Cerebral sparganosis is one of its most serious complications wherein clinical and imaging findings may pose diagnostic challenge. Here we present a case of cerebral sparganosis which mimicked as brain tumour on clinicoradiological examination. The case is reported in view of its rarity in India and the need for awareness of the entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhpreet Kaur
- Department of Pathology, Institution - Bhopal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Under ICMR, GOI, Bhopal, India.
| | - Prakriti Shukla
- Department of Pathology, Institution - Bhopal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Under ICMR, GOI, Bhopal, India
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Tsao TF, Liang KW, Huang HH, Tyan YS, Chao YH. Sonography of perinephric fluid collections: A pictorial essay. J Clin Ultrasound 2019; 47:150-160. [PMID: 30635920 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.22680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Teng-Fu Tsao
- Department of Medical Imaging, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Keng-Wei Liang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hui Huang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yeu-Sheng Tyan
- Department of Medical Imaging, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hua Chao
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Lupi O, Downing C, Lee M, Bravo F, Giglio P, Woc-Colburn L, Tyring SK. Mucocutaneous manifestations of helminth infections: Trematodes and cestodes. J Am Acad Dermatol 2015; 73:947-57; quiz 957-8. [PMID: 26568338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the 21st century, despite increased international travel for vacation, work, and medical missions and immigration into the United States, there is little published in the dermatology literature regarding the cutaneous manifestations of helminth infections. It has been estimated that 20% to 70% of international travelers suffer from some travel-related health problem. Approximately 17% of travelers seek medical care because of cutaneous disorders, many related to infectious etiologies. This review will focus on cutaneous diseases caused by helminth infections. Part I of the review focused on nematode infections; part II will focus on trematode and cestode infections. Nematodes are roundworms that cause diseases with cutaneous manifestations, such as cutaneous larval migrans, onchocerciasis, filariasis, gnathostomiasis, loiasis, dracunculiasis, strongyloidiasis, ascariasis, streptocerciasis, dirofilariasis, and trichinosis. Tremadotes, also known as flukes, cause schistosomiasis, paragonimiasis, and fascioliasis. Cestodes (tapeworms) are flat, hermaphroditic parasites that cause diseases such as sparganosis, cysticercosis, and echinococcus.
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Liu Q, Li MW, Wang ZD, Zhao GH, Zhu XQ. Human sparganosis, a neglected food borne zoonosis. Lancet Infect Dis 2015; 15:1226-1235. [PMID: 26364132 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(15)00133-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human sparganosis is a food borne zoonosis caused by the plerocercoid larvae (spargana) of various diphyllobothroid tapeworms of the genus Spirometra. Human infections are acquired by ingesting the raw or undercooked meat of snakes or frogs, drinking untreated water, or using raw flesh in traditional poultices. More than 1600 cases of sparganosis have been documented worldwide, mostly in east and southeast Asia. Sporadic cases have been reported in South America, Europe, and Africa, and several cases have been described in travellers returning from endemic regions. Epidemiological data suggest that the increased effect of sparganosis on human health is because of greater consumption of raw meat of freshwater frogs and snakes. This Review provides information about the Spirometra parasites and their lifecycles, summarises clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of human sparganosis, and describes geographical distribution and infection characteristics of Spirometra parasites in host animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China; Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ming-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural College, Guangdong Ocean University, Huguangyan, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ze-Dong Wang
- Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Guang-Hui Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.
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Abstract
Sparganosis is caused by plerocercoid larvae of the Pseudophyllidea tapeworms of the genus Spirometra. Though prevalent in East Asian and south east Asian countries like China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam, Thailand; yet very few cases are reported from India. We report a case of migrating sub-conjunctival ocular sparganosis mimicking scleritis which later on developed into orbital cellulitis from Dibrugarh, Assam, North-eastern part of India. This case is reported for its rarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reema Nath
- Department of Microbiology, Assam Medical College and Hospital, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Rajendra Nath Gogoi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Assam Medical College and Hospital, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
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Sabu L, Lakshmanan B, Devada K, Sundaresh Kumar P. Occurrence of human sparganosis in Kerala. J Parasit Dis 2015; 39:777-9. [PMID: 26688651 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-014-0421-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human sparganosis is a rare zoonotic disease caused by the larval stages of Spirometra sp. A seven cm worm recovered from a painful swelling in the right inguinal region of a 9 year old boy from Kunnamkulam in Thrissur District, Kerala was identified as sparganum based on morphology. This is the first case report of the disease from Kerala state. Possible mode of infection and control measures are suggested. Increased public awareness about risks associated with drinking contaminated water is important to prevent further incidence in the locality.
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Devleesschauwer B, Ale A, Torgerson P, Praet N, Maertens de Noordhout C, Pandey BD, Pun SB, Lake R, Vercruysse J, Joshi DD, Havelaar AH, Duchateau L, Dorny P, Speybroeck N. The burden of parasitic zoonoses in Nepal: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2634. [PMID: 24392178 PMCID: PMC3879239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parasitic zoonoses (PZs) pose a significant but often neglected threat to public health, especially in developing countries. In order to obtain a better understanding of their health impact, summary measures of population health may be calculated, such as the Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY). However, the data required to calculate such measures are often not readily available for these diseases, which may lead to a vicious circle of under-recognition and under-funding. Methodology We examined the burden of PZs in Nepal through a systematic review of online and offline data sources. PZs were classified qualitatively according to endemicity, and where possible a quantitative burden assessment was conducted in terms of the annual number of incident cases, deaths and DALYs. Principal Findings Between 2000 and 2012, the highest annual burden was imposed by neurocysticercosis and congenital toxoplasmosis (14,268 DALYs [95% Credibility Interval (CrI): 5450–27,694] and 9255 DALYs [95% CrI: 6135–13,292], respectively), followed by cystic echinococcosis (251 DALYs [95% CrI: 105–458]). Nepal is probably endemic for trichinellosis, toxocarosis, diphyllobothriosis, foodborne trematodosis, taeniosis, and zoonotic intestinal helminthic and protozoal infections, but insufficient data were available to quantify their health impact. Sporadic cases of alveolar echinococcosis, angiostrongylosis, capillariosis, dirofilariosis, gnathostomosis, sparganosis and cutaneous leishmaniosis may occur. Conclusions/Significance In settings with limited surveillance capacity, it is possible to quantify the health impact of PZs and other neglected diseases, thereby interrupting the vicious circle of neglect. In Nepal, we found that several PZs are endemic and are imposing a significant burden to public health, higher than that of malaria, and comparable to that of HIV/AIDS. However, several critical data gaps remain. Enhanced surveillance for the endemic PZs identified in this study would enable additional burden estimates, and a more complete picture of the impact of these diseases. Various parasites that infect humans require animals in some stage of their life cycle. Infection with these so-called zoonotic parasites may vary from asymptomatic carriership to long-term morbidity and even death. Although data are still scarce, it is clear that parasitic zoonoses (PZs) present a significant burden for public health, particularly in poor and marginalized communities. So far, however, there has been relatively little attention to this group of diseases, causing various PZs to be labeled neglected tropical diseases. In this study, the authors reviewed a large variety of data sources to study the relevance and importance of PZs in Nepal. It was found that a large number of PZs are present in Nepal and are imposing an impact higher than that of malaria and comparable to that of HIV/AIDS. These results therefore suggest that PZs deserve greater attention and more intensive surveillance. Furthermore, this study has shown that even in settings with limited surveillance capacity, it is possible to quantify the impact of neglected diseases and, consequently, to break the vicious circle of neglect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Faculty of Public Health, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Anita Ale
- National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Center, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Paul Torgerson
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Praet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Basu Dev Pandey
- Everest International Clinic and Research Center, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sher Bahadur Pun
- Clinical Research Unit, Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Rob Lake
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jozef Vercruysse
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Durga Datt Joshi
- National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Center, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Arie H. Havelaar
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Niko Speybroeck
- Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Faculty of Public Health, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Robertson LJ, Sprong H, Ortega YR, van der Giessen JW, Fayer R. Impacts of globalisation on foodborne parasites. Trends Parasitol 2014; 30:37-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Humans are known to serve as the secondary intermediate host for some larval forms of canine or feline tapeworms. Sparganosis is caused by plerocercoid larva of Spirometra of which there are three main species; Spirometra mansoni (or Spirometra erinaceieuropaei), Spirometra mansonoides and Spirometra proliferum. A one-and-half-year-old patient presenting with febrile illness was diagnosed radiologically as a case of liver abscess. The aspirate from the abscess cavity had a thin thread-like worm which was identified as a larval stage of Pseudophyllidea that was further confirmed as belonging to genus Spirometra. Aspiration of the worm and antiparasitic therapy with metronidazole led to complete recovery. Reports of sparganosis from Indian subcontinent are scanty and these cases had involvement of brain, kidney and eye. To the best of our knowledge this is the first case of hepatic sparganosis from India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeeta Khurana
- Department of Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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Abstract
AbstractCerebral involvement in parasitoses is an important clinical manifestation of most of the human parasitoses. Parasites that have been described to affect the central nervous system (CNS), either as the dominant or as a collateral feature, include cestodes (Taenia solium (neurocysticerciasis), Echinococcus granulosus (cerebral cystic echinococcosis), E. multilocularis (cerebral alveolar echinococcosis), Spirometra mansoni (neurosparganosis)), nematodes (Toxocara canis and T. cati (neurotoxocariasis), Trichinella spiralis (neurotrichinelliasis), Angiostrongylus cantonensis and A. costaricensis (neuroangiostrongyliasis), Gnathostoma spinigerum (gnathostomiasis)), trematodes (Schistosoma mansoni (cerebral bilharziosis), Paragonimus westermani (neuroparagonimiasis)), or protozoa (Toxoplasma gondii (neurotoxoplasmosis), Acanthamoeba spp. or Balamuthia mandrillaris (granulomatous amoebic encephalitis), Naegleria (primary amoebic meningo-encephalitis), Entamoeba histolytica (brain abscess), Plasmodium falciparum (cerebral malaria), Trypanosoma brucei gambiense/rhodesiense (sleeping sickness) or Trypanosoma cruzi (cerebral Chagas disease)). Adults or larvae of helminths or protozoa enter the CNS and cause meningitis, encephalitis, ventriculitis, myelitis, ischaemic stroke, bleeding, venous thrombosis or cerebral abscess, clinically manifesting as headache, epilepsy, weakness, cognitive decline, impaired consciousness, confusion, coma or focal neurological deficits. Diagnosis of cerebral parasitoses is dependent on the causative agent. Available diagnostic tools include clinical presentation, blood tests (eosinophilia, plasmodia in blood smear, antibodies against the parasite), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) investigations, imaging findings and occasionally cerebral biopsy. Treatment relies on drugs and sometimes surgery. Outcome of cerebral parasitoses is highly variable, depending on the effect of drugs, whether they are self-limiting (e.g. Angiostrongylus costaricensis) or whether they remain undetected or asymptomatic, like 25% of neurocysticerciasis cases.
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