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Aydogan A, Ozmen O, Haligur M, Sipahi C, Ileri D, Haligur A. Immunohistochemical evaluation of bcl-2, ER-alpha, caspase -3, -8, -9, PCNA and Ki-67 expressions in canine mammary carcinomas. Biotech Histochem 2018; 93:286-292. [PMID: 29565181 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2018.1434680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the expression of bcl-2, estrogen receptor alpha (ER-alpha), caspase-3, -8, -9, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki-67 in canine mammary carcinomas. We used 65 paraffin embedded and re-diagnosed archival canine mammary tumor samples to which we applied the routine streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase technique. Seventeen cases were re-diagnosed as tubulopapillary carcinoma, 31 were re-diagnosed as complex carcinoma and 17 were re-diagnosed as carcinosarcoma. Differences of expression of bcl-2 and PCNA were statistically significant according to tumor type. Differences in expression of ER-alpha, caspase-3, -8, -9 and Ki-67 were not statistically significant. Differences of expression of bcl-2 and PCNA were statistically significant compared to ER-alpha, caspase-3, -8, -9 and Ki-67 in carcinosarcomas. We report the prognostic significance of bcl-2 and PCNA expression in canine mammary carcinosarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aydogan
- a University of Cukurova , Faculty of Ceyhan Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology , Adana
| | - O Ozmen
- b University of Mehmet Akif Ersoy , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology , Burdur
| | - M Haligur
- a University of Cukurova , Faculty of Ceyhan Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology , Adana
| | - C Sipahi
- c University of Mehmet Akif Ersoy , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Health Economics and Management , Burdur
| | - D Ileri
- b University of Mehmet Akif Ersoy , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology , Burdur
| | - A Haligur
- d University of Cukurova , Faculty of Ceyhan Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy , Adana , Turkey
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Ferreira JA, Peixoto A, Neves M, Gaiteiro C, Reis CA, Assaraf YG, Santos LL. Mechanisms of cisplatin resistance and targeting of cancer stem cells: Adding glycosylation to the equation. Drug Resist Updat 2016; 24:34-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Liu HT, Lu CL. Effect of silencing Bcl-2 expression by small interfering RNA on radiosensitivity of gastric cancer BGC823 cells. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2013; 6:49-52. [PMID: 23317885 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(12)60199-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the influence of silencing Bcl-2 expression by small interfering RNA (siRNA) on Bcl-2 protein expression, cell apoptosis rate and radiosensitivity of gastric cancer BGC823 cells. METHODS siRNA segment for Bcl-2 gene was designed and synthesized, then was induced into gastric cancer BGC 823 cells by liposome transfection. Bcl-2 protein expression was detected by Western Blotting. After X radiation, flow cytometry and clone forming assay were used to determine the effects of RNA interference on BGC823 cell apoptosis rate and radiosensitivity. RESULT After the transfection of Bcl-2 siRNA, the positive expression rate of Bcl-2 protein in BGC823 cells was (35.45±2.35)%. Compared with the control group and negative siRNA transfection group, the rate was significantly decreased (P<0.01). The apoptosis rate of BGC823-RNAi cell was (10.81±0.91)%, which was significantly higher than the control group and negative siRNA transfection group (P<0.01). After 48h X radiation, the apoptosis rate of BGC823-RNAi was (28.91±1.40)%, which was significantly higher than the control group and the group without radiation (P<0.01). During clone forming assay D(0), D(q) and SF(2) values in Bcl-2 siRNA1 transfection group were all lower than those in the control group. The radiosensitivity ratio was 1.28 (the ratio of D(0)) and 1.60 (the ratio of D(q)). CONCLUSIONS Specific siRNA of Bcl-2 gene can effectively inhibit the expression of Bcl-2 gene, enhance the radiosensitivity and apoptosis of gastric cancer BGC823 cells, having good clinical application perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Tao Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhengzhou People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Han ZX, Wang HM, Jiang G, Du XP, Gao XY, Pei DS. Overcoming paclitaxel resistance in lung cancer cells via dual inhibition of stathmin and Bcl-2. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2013; 28:398-405. [PMID: 23496232 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2012.1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of death from malignancy in people and over 85% of these patients eventually die from disseminated disease. Paclitaxel (TAX) is widely used as an antimicrotubule agent for the treatment of lung cancer. Unfortunately, the resistance to this antimicrotubule agent occurs frequently. Stathmin (STMN1) is a ubiquitous microtubule destabilizing protein linked to cancer and cell health and its expression level often correlates with cancer stage progression and prognosis for survival. Overexpression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 has been shown to prolong drug-induced growth arrest, potentially inducing resistance. In this study, we used a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) approach to evaluate the effect of STMN1 and Bcl-2 downregulation in the sensitivity to TAX in lung cancer cells. We achieved significant downregulation of STMN1 and Bcl-2 mRNA and protein expression by a combination of double shRNA treatment strategy. Our experimental data showed that inhibition of STMN1 and Bcl-2 expression with RNA interference can sensitize lung cancer cells to TAX. These findings suggest a novel approach to improve the efficacy of certain antimicrotubule agents against lung cancer by regulating the function of STMN1 and Bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Xiang Han
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Niu X, Li S, Wei F, Huang J, Wu G, Xu L, Xu D, Wang S. Apogossypolone induces autophagy and apoptosis in breast cancer MCF-7 cells in vitro and in vivo. Breast Cancer 2012; 21:223-30. [PMID: 22711315 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-012-0372-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apogossypolone (ApoG2), a new derivative of gossypol, is a potent cell-growth inhibitor. ApoG2 has been demonstrated to have superior anti-tumor activity than gossypol in Bcl-2 transgenic mice. The purpose of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of ApoG2 on breast cancer cell line MCF-7 in vitro and in vivo, and to investigate its anti-tumor mechanism. METHODS MCF-7 cell line in culture was treated with ApoG2. The inhibitory effects of ApoG2 on cell growth were measured by MTT and colony-formation assay. The cell apoptotic rate and cell cycle were analyzed by use of flow cytometry (FCM). The ultrastructural changes were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Autophagy was detected by acridine orange staining. Expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and Beclin 1 proteins was measured by western blot analysis. RESULTS The inhibitory effect of ApoG2 on MCF-7 cell proliferation was dose and time-dependent. The maximum effect was observed when cells were incubated for 72 h with 40 μM ApoG2. ApoG2 at 5 μM also inhibited colony formation. FCM assay indicated that ApoG2 induced cell apoptosis and caused cell arrest in the S phase and G2/M phase. Transmission electron microscopic examination and acridine orange staining showed that ApoG2 induced intracellular autolysosome formation. Furthermore, ApoG2 reduced Bcl-2 expression, and enhanced expression of Bax and Beclin 1. Xenografting of MCF-7 cells in mice can also be inhibited by ApoG2. CONCLUSION ApoG2, a novel anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 agent, inhibits proliferation of breast cancer cell line MCF-7 by inducing cell apoptosis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoge Niu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Zhujiang Hospital, Guangzhou, 510282, People's Republic of China
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Toton E, Lisiak N, Rubis B, Budzianowski J, Gruber P, Hofmann J, Rybczynska M. The tetramethoxyflavone zapotin selectively activates protein kinase C epsilon, leading to its down-modulation accompanied by Bcl-2, c-Jun and c-Fos decrease. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 682:21-8. [PMID: 22381066 PMCID: PMC3318187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Zapotin, a tetramethoxyflavone, is a natural compound with a wide spectrum of activities in neoplastic cells. Protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε) has been shown to be oncogenic, with the ability to increase cell migration, invasion and survival of tumor cells. Here we report that zapotin inhibits cell proliferation. In wild-type HeLa cells with basal endogenous expression of PKCε, the IC(50) was found to be 17.9 ± 1.6 μM. In HeLa cells overexpressing doxycycline-inducible constitutively active PKCε (HeLaPKCεA/E), the IC(50) was 7.6 ± 1.3 μM, suggesting that PKCε enhances the anti-proliferative effect of zapotin. Moreover, we found that zapotin selectively activated PKCε in comparison with other PKC family members, but attenuated doxycycline-induced PKCε expression. As a result of zapotin treatment for 6, 12 and 24h, the doxycycline-induced levels of the two differently phosphorylated PKCε forms (87 kDa and 95 kDa) were decreased. Migration assays revealed that increasing concentrations of zapotin (from 3.5 to 15 μM) decreased migration of HeLaPKCεA/E cells. Furthermore, zapotin significantly increased the fraction of apoptotic cells in doxycycline-induced (HeLaPKCεA/E) cells after 24h and decreased the levels of Bcl-2, c-Jun, c-Fos. This was accompanied by a degradation of PARP-1. In summary, activation of PKCε and down-modulation of the induced PKCε level by zapotin were associated with decreased migration and increased apoptosis. These observations are consistent with the previously reported chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic action of zapotin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Toton
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Natalia Lisiak
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Blazej Rubis
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jaromir Budzianowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-861 Poznan, Poland
| | - Peter Gruber
- Biocenter, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Innsbruck Medical University, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johann Hofmann
- Biocenter, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Innsbruck Medical University, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Corresponding author. Tel.: + 43 512 9003 70130; fax: + 43 512 9003 73130.
| | - Maria Rybczynska
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
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Gonidi M, Athanassiadou AM, Patsouris E, Tsipis A, Dimopoulos S, Kyriakidou V, Chelidonis G, Athanassiadou P. Mitochondrial UCP4 and bcl-2 expression in imprints of breast carcinomas: relationship with DNA ploidy and classical prognostic factors. Pathol Res Pract 2011; 207:377-82. [PMID: 21621926 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the bioenergetic and metabolic centers of cells and play an important role in the regulation of cell death. The mitochondrial apoptosis pathway is controlled by the bcl-2 protein family. Overexpression of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 4 (UCP4) can promote proliferation and inhibit apoptosis and differentiation. Imprint smears obtained from 124 tumors were studied immunocytochemically, and results were correlated with prognostic markers. There were 112 ductal and 12 lobular carcinomas. The positivity of UCP4 was correlated with lymph node metastases (p=0.005), positive ER and PR expression (p<0.0001 for both), as well as positivity for p53 (p<0.0001) and Ki-67 (p<0.0001). Decreased expression of bcl-2 correlated with increased expression of UCP4 (p=0.001). Regarding DNA ploidy, UCP4 positivity was correlated with aneuploid tumors (p=0.002). Negative expression of bcl-2 was correlated with poorly differentiated carcinomas (p<0.0001), as well as with positive expression of p53 (p<0.0001) and Ki-67 (p<0.0001). Logistic regression revealed that ploidy and p53 expression had an impact on UCP4. These findings encourage future investigations regarding the potential role of UCPs not only into mechanisms underlying breast cancer, but also as a novel candidate to the design and development of more effective therapeutic strategies.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Breast Neoplasms/chemistry
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/surgery
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/secondary
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/surgery
- Carcinoma, Lobular/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Lobular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Lobular/secondary
- Carcinoma, Lobular/surgery
- Cell Differentiation
- Chi-Square Distribution
- Female
- Greece
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Ki-67 Antigen/analysis
- Logistic Models
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Membrane Transport Proteins/analysis
- Middle Aged
- Mitochondrial Uncoupling Proteins
- Neoplasm Staging
- Ploidies
- Prognosis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/analysis
- Receptor, ErbB-2/analysis
- Receptors, Estrogen/analysis
- Receptors, Progesterone/analysis
- Risk Assessment
- Risk Factors
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gonidi
- 1st Pathology Department and Cytology Unit, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, 75 Mikras Asias, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Relationship between receptors for insulin-like growth factor - I, steroid hormones and apoptosis-associated proteins in canine mammary tumors. Pol J Vet Sci 2011; 14:245-51. [DOI: 10.2478/v10181-011-0037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Relationship between receptors for insulin-like growth factor - I, steroid hormones and apoptosis-associated proteins in canine mammary tumors
In the veterinary literature there are few data concerning the expression of insulin-like growth factor type I (IGF-IR) in the canine mammary gland tumors. The aim of the present study was the evaluation of IGF-IR expression and its correlation to the expression of estrogen receptor α (ERα) and progesterone receptor (PR), proteins: Bcl-2, Bax, p53 in canine mammary gland tumors, and also a correlation with other features: bitch's age, tumor diameter, histologic type of tumor, degree of histologic malignancy, proliferate activity. The study was done on 112 epithelial neoplasms: 21 (19%) were adenoma, 38 (34%) complex carcinoma (adenocarcinoma), 47 (42%) simple carcinoma (adenocarcinoma) and 6 (5%) solid carcinoma. Histochemistry and immunohistochemistry methods were employed. It was shown that more common and/or higher IGF-IR expression in cells of canine mammary gland tumors was related to the histologic type of cancer of worse prognostic (solid and simple carcinoma), high histologic degree of malignancy (III°) but the statistical analysis did not reveal any significant differences. We observed the high degree of IGF-IR expression in tumors which displayed the high ERα and PR expression. These results suggest the involvement of IGF-IR in the development of hormonosensitive canine mammary tumors. Additionally, the significant positive correlation between expression of IGF-IR and p53, Bax was found. Our study provides some evidence that interactions exist between the IGF-IR and these apoptosis-associated proteins may contribute to the development and progression of canine mammary gland tumors. These results require further investigations.
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Mutation of thyroid hormone receptor-β in mice predisposes to the development of mammary tumors. Oncogene 2011; 30:3381-90. [PMID: 21399657 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Correlative data suggest that thyroid hormone receptor-β (TRβ) mutations could increase the risk of mammary tumor development, but unequivocal evidence is still lacking. To explore the role of TRβ mutants in vivo in breast tumor development and progression, we took advantage of a knock-in mouse model harboring a mutation in the Thrb gene encoding TRβ (Thrb(PV) mouse). Although in adult nulliparous females, a single ThrbPV allele did not contribute to mammary gland abnormalities, the presence of two ThrbPV alleles led to mammary hyperplasia in ∼36% Thrb(PV/PV) mice. The ThrbPV mutation further markedly augmented the risk of mammary hyperplasia in a mouse model with high susceptibility to mammary tumors (Pten(+/-) mouse), as demonstrated by the occurrence of mammary hyperplasia in ∼60% of Thrb(PV/+)Pten(+/-) and ∼77% of Thrb(PV/PV)Pten(+/-) mice versus ∼33% of Thrb(+/+)Pten(+/-) mice. The Thrb(PV) mutation increased the activity of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT5) to increase cell proliferation and the expression of the STAT5 target gene encoding β-casein in the mammary gland. We next sought to understand the molecular mechanism underlying STAT5 overactivation by TRβPV. Cell-based studies with a breast cancer cell line (T47D cells) showed that thyroid hormone (T3) repressed STAT5 signaling in TRβ-expressing cells through decreasing STAT5-mediated transcription activity and target gene expression, whereas sustained STAT5 signaling was observed in TRβPV-expressing cells. Collectively, these findings show for the first time that a TRβ mutation promotes the development of mammary hyperplasia via aberrant activation of STAT5, thereby conferring a fertile genetic ground for tumorigenesis.
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Tosovic A, Bondeson AG, Bondeson L, Ericsson UB, Malm J, Manjer J. Prospectively measured triiodothyronine levels are positively associated with breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. Breast Cancer Res 2010; 12:R33. [PMID: 20540734 PMCID: PMC2917028 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The potential association between hypo- and hyperthyroid disorders and breast cancer has been investigated in a large number of studies during the last decades without conclusive results. This prospective cohort study investigated prediagnostic levels of thyrotropin (TSH) and triiodothyronine (T3) in relation to breast cancer incidence in pre- and postmenopausal women. Methods In the Malmö Preventive Project, 2,696 women had T3 and/or TSH levels measured at baseline. During a mean follow-up of 19.3 years, 173 incident breast cancer cases were retrieved using record linkage with The Swedish Cancer Registry. Quartile cut-points for T3 and TSH were based on the distribution among all women in the study cohort. A Cox's proportional hazards analysis was used to estimate relative risks (RR), with a confidence interval (CI) of 95%. Trends over quartiles of T3 and TSH were calculated considering a P-value < 0.05 as statistically significant. All analyses were repeated for pre- and peri/postmenopausal women separately. Results Overall there was a statistically significant association between T3 and breast cancer risk, the adjusted RR in the fourth quartile, as compared to the first, was 1.87 (1.12 to 3.14). In postmenopausal women the RRs for the second, third and fourth quartiles, as compared to the first, were 3.26 (0.96 to 11.1), 5.53 (1.65 to 18.6) and 6.87 (2.09 to 22.6), (P-trend: < 0.001). There were no such associations in pre-menopausal women, and no statistically significant interaction between T3 and menopausal status. Also, no statistically significant association was seen between serum TSH and breast cancer. Conclusions This is the first prospective study on T3 levels in relation to breast cancer risk. T3 levels in postmenopausal women were positively associated with the risk of breast cancer in a dose-response manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Tosovic
- Department of Surgery, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden.
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