1
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Madrid NY, Mejia LF, Urrego JFG. Left knee septic monoarthritis in a pediatric patient due to shewanella putrefaciens: case report and literature review. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2024; 23:43. [PMID: 38730467 PMCID: PMC11088002 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-024-00702-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shewanella putrefaciens is a gram-negative, nonfermenting, oxidase-positive, hydrogen sulfide-producing bacillus and a halophilic bacterium, known for causing unusual infections in humans and often regarded as an opportunistic pathogen. Its diverse symptoms have a significant impact on human health, with 260 documented disorders reported in the literature over the last 40 years, highlighting its potential danger. CASE PRESENTATION We present the case of a previously healthy 15-year-old male patient who sustained a self-inflicted sharp-object injury while working in the field, resulting in secondary septic monoarthritis due to Shewanella putrefaciens. CONCLUSIONS This case highlights the bacteriological and clinical characteristics, as well as the antibiogram, of Shewanella spp. Given the recent increase in notifications of Shewanella infections, predominantly by S. algae and S. putrefaciens, it is essential to consider these pathogens in patients with a history of contact with bodies of water. Special attention must be paid to their resistance patterns in patient management to prevent the development of intrinsic antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Yepes Madrid
- Pediatric specialty resident, Universidad Libre Sectional Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia.
- Pediatrics Specialty Research Group (GRINPED), Valle del Cauca, Colombia.
| | - Luis Fernando Mejia
- Fundación Clínica Infantil Club Noel, Pediatric Specialty Program, Universidad Libre Sectional Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
- Pediatrics Specialty Research Group (GRINPED), Valle del Cauca, Colombia
| | - José Fernando Gomez Urrego
- Fundación Clínica Infantil Club Noel, Postgraduate coordinator of the Specialty Program, Universidad Libre Sectional Cali, Epidemiologist, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
- Pediatrics Specialty Research Group (GRINPED), Valle del Cauca, Colombia
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2
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Oliveira M, Ferreira P, Barcelos V. Acute cellulitis with Shewanella algae bacteremia. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2023; 56:e01462023. [PMID: 37493741 PMCID: PMC10367205 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0146-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Shewanella algae are gram-negative bacteria commonly found in aquatic environments. Infections caused by this agent are rarely documented; however, they are increasingly reported, mainly in countries with warm to temperate climates. Herein, we present a case of a 46-year-old immunocompetent woman with acute cellulitis and S. algae bacteremia (the first isolation culture performed at our hospital). To better understand the epidemiology, clinical outcomes, and treatment possibilities for S. algae bacteremia, we searched literature for similar cases; however, we did not find any cases of infections caused by this microorganism reported in Portugal or the Azores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Oliveira
- Hospital Divino Espírito Santo, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal
| | - Pamela Ferreira
- Hospital Divino Espírito Santo, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Barcelos
- Hospital Santo Espírito da Ilha Terceira, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal
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3
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Müller S, von Bonin S, Schneider R, Krüger M, Quick S, Schröttner P. Shewanella putrefaciens, a rare human pathogen: A review from a clinical perspective. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1033639. [PMID: 36817694 PMCID: PMC9933709 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1033639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Shewanella putrefaciens is a gramnegative, facultatively anaerobic, rod shaped bacterium. It belongs to the class of the Gammaproteobacteria and was first described in 1931. S. putrefaciens is part of the marine microflora and especially present in moderate and warm climates. The bacterium is a rare oppurtonistic human pathogen associated mainly with intra-abdominal as well as skin and soft tissue infections. However, it has also been reported in association with more severe diseases such as pneumonia, intracerebral and ocular infections and endocarditis. In these cases the clinical courses are often associated with underlying, predisposing diseases and risk factors. For successful treatment of S. putrefaciens, a combination of appropriate local therapy, e.g. surgical treatment or drainage, and antibiotic therapy should be performed. Since multiple resistances to antibiotics are described, the results of the antimicrobial susceptibility testing must be considered for effective therapy as well. Furthermore, a main challenge in clinical practice is the accurate microbiological identification, and especially the correct differentiation between S. putrefaciens and S. algae. Under certain circumstances, Shewanella-infections can have severe, sometimes even fatal consequences. Therefore, we decided to present the current state of knowledge as well as further aspects with regard to future diagnostics, therapy and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Müller
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany,*Correspondence: Stephanie Müller,
| | - Simone von Bonin
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ralph Schneider
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Krüger
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne Quick
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Percy Schröttner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
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4
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Cerbino GN, Traglia GM, Ayala Nuñez T, Parmeciano Di Noto G, Ramírez MS, Centrón D, Iriarte A, Quiroga C. Comparative genome analysis of the genus Shewanella unravels the association of key genetic traits with known and potential pathogenic lineages. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1124225. [PMID: 36925471 PMCID: PMC10011109 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1124225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Shewanella spp. are Gram-negative rods widely disseminated in aquatic niches that can also be found in human-associated environments. In recent years, reports of infections caused by these bacteria have increased significantly. Mobilome and resistome analysis of a few species showed that they are versatile; however, comprehensive comparative studies in the genus are lacking. Here, we analyzed the genetic traits of 144 genomes from Shewanella spp. isolates focusing on the mobilome, resistome, and virulome to establish their evolutionary relationship and detect unique features based on their genome content and habitat. Shewanella spp. showed a great diversity of mobile genetic elements (MGEs), most of them associated with monophyletic lineages of clinical isolates. Furthermore, 79/144 genomes encoded at least one antimicrobial resistant gene with their highest occurrence in clinical-related lineages. CRISPR-Cas systems, which confer immunity against MGEs, were found in 41 genomes being I-E and I-F the more frequent ones. Virulome analysis showed that all Shewanella spp. encoded different virulence genes (motility, quorum sensing, biofilm, adherence, etc.) that may confer adaptive advantages for survival against hosts. Our data revealed that key accessory genes are frequently found in two major clinical-related groups, which encompass the opportunistic pathogens Shewanella algae and Shewanella xiamenensis together with several other species. This work highlights the evolutionary nature of Shewanella spp. genomes, capable of acquiring different key genetic traits that contribute to their adaptation to different niches and facilitate the emergence of more resistant and virulent isolates that impact directly on human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela N Cerbino
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPAM), Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - German M Traglia
- Laboratorio de Biología Computacional, Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Teolincacihuatl Ayala Nuñez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPAM), Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gisela Parmeciano Di Noto
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPAM), Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Soledad Ramírez
- Center for Applied Biotechnology Studies, Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, United States
| | - Daniela Centrón
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPAM), Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrés Iriarte
- Laboratorio de Biología Computacional, Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cecilia Quiroga
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPAM), Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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5
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Shewanella algae Causing Pediatric Orbital Abscess With Leptomeningitis. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2022; 38:e101-e104. [DOI: 10.1097/iop.0000000000002138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Zakataeva NP. Microbial 5'-nucleotidases: their characteristics, roles in cellular metabolism, and possible practical applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:7661-7681. [PMID: 34568961 PMCID: PMC8475336 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11547-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
5′-Nucleotidases (EC 3.1.3.5) are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolytic dephosphorylation of 5′-ribonucleotides and 5′-deoxyribonucleotides to their respective nucleosides and phosphate. Most 5′-nucleotidases have broad substrate specificity and are multifunctional enzymes capable of cleaving phosphorus from not only mononucleotide phosphate molecules but also a variety of other phosphorylated metabolites. 5′-Nucleotidases are widely distributed throughout all kingdoms of life and found in different cellular locations. The well-studied vertebrate 5′-nucleotidases play an important role in cellular metabolism. These enzymes are involved in purine and pyrimidine salvage pathways, nucleic acid repair, cell-to-cell communication, signal transduction, control of the ribo- and deoxyribonucleotide pools, etc. Although the first evidence of microbial 5′-nucleotidases was obtained almost 60 years ago, active studies of genetic control and the functions of microbial 5′-nucleotidases started relatively recently. The present review summarizes the current knowledge about microbial 5′-nucleotidases with a focus on their diversity, cellular localizations, molecular structures, mechanisms of catalysis, physiological roles, and activity regulation and approaches to identify new 5′-nucleotidases. The possible applications of these enzymes in biotechnology are also discussed. Key points • Microbial 5′-nucleotidases differ in molecular structure, hydrolytic mechanism, and cellular localization. • 5′-Nucleotidases play important and multifaceted roles in microbial cells. • Microbial 5′-nucleotidases have wide range of practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia P Zakataeva
- Ajinomoto-Genetika Research Institute, 1st Dorozhny Proezd, b.1-1, Moscow, 117545, Russia.
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7
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Rathish B, Mohammed SM, Ullal K, Hassan S, Wilson A. Tropical Aquatic Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: A Series of Three Cases. Cureus 2021; 13:e13170. [PMID: 33692929 PMCID: PMC7938669 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections following aquatic exposure occur frequently and most commonly present as skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI). Aquatic SSTI bacterial infections are usually caused by a limited number of organisms. Here we present three cases from the same geographical region, caused by three different organisms in patients who had exposure to an aquatic environment: Mycobacterium marinum, Shewanella algae, and Vibrio vulnificus. We wish to highlight that aquatic bacterial infections can cause varying degrees of morbidity and even mortality. Each of these three cases represents an aquatic, tropical SSTI with a delayed diagnosis, most likely as a result of the lack of widespread awareness about these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Arun Wilson
- Infectious Diseases, Aster Medcity, Kochi, IND
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8
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Malayil L, Ramachandran P, Chattopadhyay S, Cagle R, Hittle L, Ottesen A, Mongodin EF, Sapkota AR. Metabolically-active bacteria in reclaimed water and ponds revealed using bromodeoxyuridine DNA labeling coupled with 16S rRNA and shotgun sequencing. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 184:116185. [PMID: 32726735 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the complex microbiota of agricultural irrigation water is vital to multiple sectors of sustainable agriculture and public health. To date, microbiome characterization methods have provided comprehensive profiles of aquatic microbiotas, but have not described which taxa are likely metabolically-active. Here, we combined 5‑bromo‑2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling with 16S rRNA and shotgun sequencing to identify metabolically-active bacteria in reclaimed and agricultural pond water samples (n = 28) recovered from the Mid-Atlantic United States between March 2017 and January 2018. BrdU-treated samples were significantly less diverse (alpha diversity) compared to non-BrdU-treated samples. The most abundant taxa in the metabolically-active fraction of water samples (BrdU-treated samples) were unclassified Actinobacteria, Flavobacterium spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Aeromonas spp. Interestingly, we also observed that antimicrobial resistance and virulence gene profiles seemed to be more diverse and more abundant in non-BrdU-treated water samples compared to BrdU-treated samples. These findings raise the possibility that these genes may be associated more with relic (inactive) DNA present in the tested water types rather than viable, metabolically-active microorganisms. Our study demonstrates that the coupled use of BrdU labeling and sequencing can enhance understanding of the metabolically-active fraction of bacterial communities in alternative irrigation water sources. Agricultural pond and reclaimed waters are vital to the future of sustainable agriculture, and thus, the full understanding of the pathogenic potential of these waters is important to guide mitigation strategies that ensure appropriate water quality for intended purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Malayil
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Padmini Ramachandran
- Food and Drug Administration, Office of Regulatory Science, Division of Microbiology, HFS-712, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD20740, United States
| | - Suhana Chattopadhyay
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Robin Cagle
- Food and Drug Administration, Office of Regulatory Science, Division of Microbiology, HFS-712, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD20740, United States
| | - Lauren Hittle
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201United States
| | - Andrea Ottesen
- Food and Drug Administration, Office of Regulatory Science, Division of Microbiology, HFS-712, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD20740, United States
| | - Emmanuel F Mongodin
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201United States
| | - Amy R Sapkota
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, United States.
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9
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Bernshteyn M, Ashok Kumar P, Joshi S. Shewanella algae - A Novel Organism Causing Bacteremia: A Rare Case and Literature Review. Cureus 2020; 12:e10676. [PMID: 33133842 PMCID: PMC7592632 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.10676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Shewanella species are distributed ubiquitously in the soil and water, being common in the marine habitat. Although these bacilli were thought to be rarely pathogenic, there has been an increasing number of reports of them being implicated in a wide variety of clinically significant infections. Three distinct species were initially recognized by MacDonell and Colwell. They were Shewanella putrefaciens, hanedai and benthica. Shewanella algae, which is the most common human clinical isolate, was believed to be a strain of Shewanella putrefaciens by some authors, and was later grouped as a separate and distinct entity. With multi-drug resistance on the rise and the lack of large-scale systemic studies, we describe a case of bacteremia caused by this rare organism. We hope to increase the awareness among care providers on the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Bernshteyn
- Internal Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, USA
| | - Prashanth Ashok Kumar
- Internal Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, USA
| | - Sumendra Joshi
- Pulmonology and Critical Care, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University Hospital, Syracuse, USA
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10
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Phages as a Cohesive Prophylactic and Therapeutic Approach in Aquaculture Systems. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9090564. [PMID: 32882880 PMCID: PMC7558664 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9090564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Facing antibiotic resistance has provoked a continuously growing focus on phage therapy. Although the greatest emphasis has always been placed on phage treatment in humans, behind phage application lies a complex approach that can be usefully adopted by the food industry, from hatcheries and croplands to ready-to-eat products. Such diverse businesses require an efficient method for combating highly pathogenic bacteria since antibiotic resistance concerns every aspect of human life. Despite the vast abundance of phages on Earth, the aquatic environment has been considered their most natural habitat. Water favors multidirectional Brownian motion and increases the possibility of contact between phage particles and their bacterial hosts. As the global production of aquatic organisms has rapidly grown over the past decades, phage treatment of bacterial infections seems to be an obvious and promising solution in this market sector. Pathogenic bacteria, such as Aeromonas and Vibrio, have already proved to be responsible for mass mortalities in aquatic systems, resulting in economic losses. The main objective of this work is to summarize, from a scientific and industry perspective, the recent data regarding phage application in the form of targeted probiotics and therapeutic agents in aquaculture niches.
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11
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Shen S, Wu W, Grimes DJ, Saillant EA, Griffitt RJ. Community composition and antibiotic resistance of bacteria in bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus - Potential impact of 2010 BP Oil Spill. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 732:139125. [PMID: 32438143 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic contamination, oil spills in particular, could lead to the accumulation of antibiotic resistance by promoting selection for and/or transfer of resistance genes. However, there have been few studies on antibiotic resistance in marine mammals in relation to environmental disturbances, specifically oil contaminations. Here we initiated a study on antibiotic resistance bacteria in bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus in relation to oil contamination following the 2010 BP Oil Spill in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Bacterial communities and antibiotic resistance prevalence one year after the 2010 BP Oil Spill were compared between Barataria Bay (BB) and Sarasota Bay (SB) by applying the rarefaction curve method, and (generalized) linear mixed models. The results showed that the most common bacteria included Vibrio, Shewanella, Bacillus and Pseudomonas. The prevalence of antibiotic resistance was high in the bacterial isolates at both bays. Though bacterial diversity did not differ significantly among water or dolphin samples, and antibiotic resistance did not differ significantly among water samples between the two bays, antibiotic resistance and multi-drug resistance in dolphin samples was significantly higher in the BB than in the SB, mainly attributed to the resistance to E, CF, FEP and SXT. We also found sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim-resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia the first time in the natural aquatic environment. The higher antibiotic resistance in the dolphins in BB is likely attributed to 2010 BP Oil Spill as we expected SB, a more urbanized bay area, would have had higher antibiotic resistance based on the previous studies. The antibiotic resistance data gathered in this research will fill in the important data gaps and contributes to the broader spatial-scale emerging studies on antibiotic resistance in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Shen
- Division of Coastal Sciences, School of Ocean Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 703 East Beach Drive, Ocean Springs, MS 39564, United States of America.
| | - Wei Wu
- Division of Coastal Sciences, School of Ocean Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 703 East Beach Drive, Ocean Springs, MS 39564, United States of America.
| | - D Jay Grimes
- Division of Coastal Sciences, School of Ocean Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 703 East Beach Drive, Ocean Springs, MS 39564, United States of America.
| | - Eric A Saillant
- Division of Coastal Sciences, School of Ocean Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 703 East Beach Drive, Ocean Springs, MS 39564, United States of America.
| | - Robert J Griffitt
- Division of Coastal Sciences, School of Ocean Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 703 East Beach Drive, Ocean Springs, MS 39564, United States of America.
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12
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Condren AR, Costa MS, Sanchez NR, Konkapaka S, Gallik KL, Saxena A, Murphy BT, Sanchez LM. Addition of insoluble fiber to isolation media allows for increased metabolite diversity of lab-cultivable microbes derived from zebrafish gut samples. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:1064-1076. [PMID: 32202200 PMCID: PMC7524352 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1740073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a gap in measured microbial diversity when comparing genomic sequencing techniques versus cultivation from environmental samples in a laboratory setting. Standardized methods in artificial environments may not recapitulate the environmental conditions that native microbes require for optimal growth. For example, the intestinal tract houses microbes at various pH values as well as minimal oxygen and light environments. These microbes are also exposed to an atypical source of carbon: dietary fiber compacted in fecal matter. To investigate how the addition of insoluble fiber to isolation media could affect the cultivation of microbes from zebrafish intestines, an isolate library was built and analyzed using the bioinformatics pipeline IDBac. While all isolation media encouraged the growth of species from several phyla, the extent of growth was greater with the addition of fiber allowing for easier isolation. Furthermore, fiber addition altered the metabolism of the cultivated gut-derived microbes and induced the production of unique metabolites that were not produced when microbes were otherwise grown on standard isolation media. Addition of this inexpensive carbon source to the media supported the cultivation of a diverse community whose secondary metabolite production may more closely replicate their metabolite production in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna R. Condren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maria S Costa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Natalia Rivera Sanchez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sindhu Konkapaka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kristin L Gallik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ankur Saxena
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brian T Murphy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Laura M Sanchez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,CONTACT Laura M Sanchez Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60612, USA
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13
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Patel A, Ascha M, Punjabi A, Swanson M, Long TC. Pyogenic Flexor Tenosynovitis Caused by Shewanella putrefaciens. Cureus 2020; 12:e8113. [PMID: 32542166 PMCID: PMC7292706 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.8113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexor tenosynovitis is a surgical emergency due to the risk of tendon necrosis which can lead to subsequent amputation. We report a case of flexor tenosynovitis with Shewanella putrefaciens as the implicated organism, though the patient’s mechanism of penetrating trauma did not involve a marine exposure. Shewanella are Gram negative bacilli associated with marine environments and have rarely been implicated in human disease. This patient presented with all four of Kanavel’s signs and required open surgical irrigation and debridement; he was found to have purulence but no flexor tendon necrosis. This case emphasizes the importance of considering marine organisms as putative for flexor tenosynovitis, even if marine exposure does not occur at the time of the penetrating trauma. It also emphasizes the need to obtain a thorough patient history, especially in cases of infection, to assess for all possible environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anooj Patel
- Plastic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, USA
| | - Mona Ascha
- Plastic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, USA
| | | | - Marco Swanson
- Plastic Surgery, University Hospitals, Cleveland, USA
| | - Tobias C Long
- Plastic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, USA.,Plastic Surgery, University Hospitals, Cleveland, USA
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14
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Xu J, Bian G, Zheng M, Lu G, Chan WY, Li W, Yang K, Chen ZJ, Du Y. Fertility factors affect the vaginal microbiome in women of reproductive age. Am J Reprod Immunol 2020; 83:e13220. [PMID: 31925865 PMCID: PMC7078941 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Problem For women of reproductive age, achieving a successful pregnancy requires both the normal functioning of reproductive endocrine and the health of the reproductive tract environment. We aimed to study how these fertility factors, such as female age, baseline sexual hormone levels, tubal patency, and vaginal pH, affect the composition of vaginal microbiome. Method of study The 16S rRNA sequencing was carried on vaginal microbiome samples from 85 women of reproductive age without vaginal infections or reproductive endocrine diseases. The detailed correlations between fertility factors and vaginal microbiome were quantified by Spearman's rank tests. A linear discriminant analysis was carried out to explore the effects of fertility factors on the relative abundances of vaginal bacterial species. Results The vaginal pH, levels of basal E2, LH, and FSH all had significant effects on the distribution of vaginal microbiome. The relative abundances of vaginal bacterial species, including Escherichia coli, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Prevotella intermedia, were significantly different due to the host's state of reproductive endocrine and tubal patency. It was worth noting that women with tubal obstruction, or prolonged menstrual cycle, or antral follicle count >15, or vaginal pH > 4.5 all had a higher abundance of Escherichia coli in vagina. Conclusion The fertility factors associated with the reproductive endocrine and the genital tract environment affected vaginal microbiome in women of reproductive age. The species Escherichia coli, Streptococcus agalactiae, Prevotella intermedia, etc could be used as biomarkers to reflect the pathological state of reproductive endocrine and genital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieying Xu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Gaorui Bian
- Department of NGS Sequencing, Tianyi Health Sciences Institute, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Min Zheng
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Lu
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shandong University Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, The Key Laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wai-Yee Chan
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shandong University Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, The Key Laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Weiping Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaiping Yang
- Department of NGS Sequencing, Tianyi Health Sciences Institute, Zhenjiang, China.,Departments of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Physiology & Pharmacology, Children's Health Research Institute & Lawson Health Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Zi-Jiang Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, The Key Laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yanzhi Du
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
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15
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Erfanmanesh A, Beikzadeh B, Aziz Mohseni F, Nikaein D, Mohajerfar T. Ulcerative dermatitis in barramundi due to coinfection with Streptococcus iniae and Shewanella algae. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 134:89-97. [PMID: 31020947 DOI: 10.3354/dao03363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus iniae is a pathogenic bacterium which causes septicaemia, while Shewanella algae is an opportunistic pathogen found in marine environments. In this study, we investigated an uncommon coinfection of these 2 bacterial species which resulted in systemic disease and cutaneous ulcers in a barramundi Lates calcarifer farm in the Persian Gulf, Iran. Culture, molecular and histopathological specimens were taken from different organs. In histopathology, results indicated deep bacterial ulceration of skin and subcutaneous muscles. Haemorrhage and hyperaemia were the most common signs observed in visceral organs. In culture, Gram-positive cocci were grown from visceral organs while Gram-negative bacilli were isolated from ulcers. In molecular examination, Streptococcus iniae and Shewanella algae were identified from visceral and ulcer samples, respectively, by PCR of the 16S rRNA gene. The disk diffusion method was used to determine antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated bacteria, with Shewanella algae being resistant to most routinely used antibiotics. In this study, a mixed infection of 2 bacterial species was found; we conclude that systemic streptococcosis could act as a predisposing factor for Shewanella penetration into skin and subsequent ulcer formation. Coinfections are very common in mammals; however, this subject has received little attention in other species, such as fish, and particularly in aquaculture. This study highlights the potential significance of coinfections in barramundi, the effect on the severity of the disease and the potential for new opportunistic pathogens arising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Erfanmanesh
- Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran Organization, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Abstract
A 75-year-old male with a right eye history of chronic dry eye syndrome, glaucoma status post tube shunt, and Fuchs dystrophy status post Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty followed by penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) presented with a 2.7 × 4.2 mm corneal ulcer, culture positive for Shewanella algae and Klebsiella oxytoca. A topical antibiotic regimen of gentamicin 14 mg/mL and vancomycin 50 mg/mL was administered according to culture sensitivities. There was concurrent use of loteprednol 0.5% (Lotemax Gel, Bausch and Lomb, Rochester, NY, USA) and later addition of erythromycin 0.5% ointment. The corneal ulcer improved with antibiotic therapy but was complicated by poor patient follow-up. Descemetocele formation prompted PKP in the right eye. The graft was successful and visual acuity improved from a low of light perception to maximum of 20/200 Snellen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsey A Bravenec
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Texas Medical Branch College of Medicine, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Rahul T Pandit
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Texas Medical Branch College of Medicine, Galveston; Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston; Department of Ophthalmology, Houston Methodist Eye Associates, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX; Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hilary A Beaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Texas Medical Branch College of Medicine, Galveston; Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston; Department of Ophthalmology, Houston Methodist Eye Associates, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX; Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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17
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The Pathogenicity of Shewanella algae and Ability to Tolerate a Wide Range of Temperatures and Salinities. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2018; 2018:6976897. [PMID: 30363620 PMCID: PMC6180972 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6976897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Shewanella algae is a rod-shaped Gram-negative marine bacterium frequently found in nonhuman sources such as aquatic ecosystems and has been shown to be the pathogenic agent in various clinical cases due to the ingestion of raw seafood. The results of this study showed that S. algae was present in approximately one in four samples, including water and shellfish samples. Positive reactions (API systems) in S. algae strains were seen for gelatinase (gelatin); however, negative reactions were found for indole production (tryptophan). S. algae is adapted to a wide range of temperatures (4°C, 25°C, 37°C, and 42°C) and salinity. Temperature is a key parameter in the pathogenicity of S. algae as it appears to induce hemolysis at 25°C and 37°C. S. algae exhibits pathogenic characteristics at widely varying temperatures, which suggests that it may have the ability to adapt to climate change.
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18
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Bronzato GF, Oliva MS, Alvin MG, Pribul BR, Rodrigues DP, Coelho SM, Coelho IS, Souza MM. MALDI-TOF MS as a tool for the identification of Vibrio alginolyticus from Perna perna mussels (Linnaeus, 1758). PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Vibrio species are ubiquitous in aquatic environments, including coastal and marine habitats. Vibrio alginolyticus is an opportunistic pathogen for fish, crustaceans and mussels and their identification by biochemical tests may be impaired due their nutritional requirements. The study used Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to identify 49 Vibrio spp. isolates associated with mussels (Perna perna) from different locations along the Rio de Janeiro coast. The rpoA gene was used as a genus-specific marker of Vibrio spp. and was positive in all 209 isolates. MALDI-TOF MS confirmed 87.8% of V. alginolyticus when compared to the results of the biochemical tests. Four isolates were identified as Shewanella putrefaciens (8.16%) and one was identified as V. parahaemolyticus (2.0%). Just one isolate was not identified by this technique (2.0%). The pyrH sequencing confirmed 75% of the proteomic technique results. MALDI-TOF MS is an excellent option for characterization of bacterial species, as it is efficient, fast and easy to apply. In addition, our study confirms its high specificity and sensitivity in these marine bacteria identification.
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19
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Bulat O, Bulat C, Blaj M, Lupusoru I, Scripcariu V. A Rare Colonization in Peritoneum After Blunt Abdominal Trauma: S. putrefaciens and S. cerevisiae. Balkan Med J 2018; 35:333-335. [PMID: 29449198 PMCID: PMC6060978 DOI: 10.4274/balkanmedj.2017.0773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Shewanella spp. are gram-negative bacteria, saprophytes, and rarely pathogenic. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the well-known yeast used for fermentation in industry and molecular biology for research. In humans, it is a very rare pathogen which colonizes the digestive tract, and its utility has been linked to the treatment and prevention of diarrhea associated with Clostridium difficile. Case Report: A 27-year-old male, victim of aggressive, blunt trauma with a 4-day history of symptoms was admitted to our surgery unit. Abdominal sonography revealed peritoneal fluid in all spaces with fibrin. We performed laparotomy and observed perforations on the ileum and general peritonitis with pus. Following surgery, patient was admitted to the intensive care unit with septic shock. The antibiogram from the peritoneal liquid revealed S. putrefaciens and S. cerevisiae. Conclusion: Although very rare, S. putrefaciens and S. cerevisiae may colonize in the peritoneum after blunt abdominal trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Bulat
- Department of Surgery, “Sf. Spiridon” Hospital, “Grigore T. Popa” University School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristian Bulat
- Department of Surgery, “Sf. Spiridon” Hospital, “Grigore T. Popa” University School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihaela Blaj
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, “Sf. Spiridon” Hospital, “Grigore T. Popa” University School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Ioana Lupusoru
- Department of Surgery, “Sf. Spiridon” Hospital, “Grigore T. Popa” University School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Viorel Scripcariu
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Regional Institute of Oncology, “Grigore T. Popa” University School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
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20
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Thompson R, Perry JD, Stanforth SP, Dean JR. Rapid detection of hydrogen sulfide produced by pathogenic bacteria in focused growth media using SHS-MCC-GC-IMS. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Fernández-Fernández E, Martín-Rodríguez AJ, Hernández M, Navarro-Marí JM, Römling U, Gutiérrez-Fernández J. First clinical isolation report of Shewanella algae from the stools of a patient with acute enteritis in Spain. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA : PUBLICACION OFICIAL DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA 2018; 31:160-163. [PMID: 29616510 PMCID: PMC6159372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of acute enteritis caused by Shewanella algae in a cirrhotic patient. Biochemical identification systems revealed to be insufficient to identify the Shewanella isolate at the species level, thus requiring 16S rRNA and gyrB partial gene sequencing. Even if co-infection by Clostridium difficile could not be ruled out, this is, to our knowledge, the first report of acute enteritis caused by Shewanella algae in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleazar Fernández-Fernández
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain,These authors contributed equally to this article
| | | | - Mariano Hernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de La Laguna, Spain and Instituto de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Ute Römling
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - José Gutiérrez-Fernández
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain,University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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22
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Torri A, Bertini S, Schiavone P, Congestrì F, Matteucci M, Sparacino M, Testa G, Pedna MF, Sambri V. Shewanella algae infection in Italy: report of 3 years' evaluation along the coast of the northern Adriatic Sea. New Microbes New Infect 2018; 23:39-43. [PMID: 29556408 PMCID: PMC5854895 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Shewanella algae are Gram-negative, nonfermentative, motile bacilli, classified in the genus Shewanella in 1985. These environmental bacteria are occasionally identified in human infections, with a relatively strong association with exposure to seawater during warm seasons. This report describes a case series of 17 patients with infection correlated to S. algae in the coastal area of Romagna, Italy, from 2013 to 2016. The types of infection included otitis, pneumonia, sepsis and soft tissue (wound). Exposure to the marine environment during hot months was confirmed in 12 of 17 patients. An apparent correlation between increased severity of infection and patient age was also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Torri
- Unit of Microbiology, The Great Romagna Hub Laboratory, Pievesestina (FC), Italy
| | - S Bertini
- Unit of Microbiology, The Great Romagna Hub Laboratory, Pievesestina (FC), Italy
| | - P Schiavone
- Unit of Microbiology, The Great Romagna Hub Laboratory, Pievesestina (FC), Italy
| | - F Congestrì
- Unit of Microbiology, The Great Romagna Hub Laboratory, Pievesestina (FC), Italy
| | - M Matteucci
- Unit of Microbiology, The Great Romagna Hub Laboratory, Pievesestina (FC), Italy
| | - M Sparacino
- Unit of Microbiology, The Great Romagna Hub Laboratory, Pievesestina (FC), Italy
| | - G Testa
- Unit of Microbiology, The Great Romagna Hub Laboratory, Pievesestina (FC), Italy
| | - M F Pedna
- Unit of Microbiology, The Great Romagna Hub Laboratory, Pievesestina (FC), Italy
| | - V Sambri
- Unit of Microbiology, The Great Romagna Hub Laboratory, Pievesestina (FC), Italy.,DIMES, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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23
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Davidson NL, Subedi S, Wilks K, Morgan J. A case of Shewanella algae endocarditis: an emerging pathogen with a diverse clinical spectrum. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 2018:bcr-2017-223396. [PMID: 29306859 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-223396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Shewanella algae is a rare pathogen related to water exposure in temperate climates. It is commonly associated with skin and soft tissue infections, peritonitis and bacteraemia. We report the first-ever case of S. algae infective endocarditis in a patient with previous splenectomy and explore the difficulties in treatment as well as highlight the importance of this organism as an emerging pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Lousie Davidson
- Infectious Diseases Department, Sunshine Coast Hospital and Health Service, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia.,University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shradha Subedi
- Infectious Diseases Department, Sunshine Coast Hospital and Health Service, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia.,Microbiology Department, Pathology Queensland, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kathryn Wilks
- Infectious Diseases Department, Sunshine Coast Hospital and Health Service, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia.,Microbiology Department, Pathology Queensland, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joanna Morgan
- Microbiology Department, Pathology Queensland, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia
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Abstract
Abstract
In recent years, Shewanella putrefaciens, commonly known as a halophilic bacteria, has been associated with serious health disorders in freshwater fish. Therefore, it has been described as a new aetiological agent of the disease, named shewanellosis. S. putrefaciens is a heterogeneous group of microorganisms, belonging to the Alteromonadaceae family. Based on different criteria, three biovars and biogroups as well as four genomic groups have been distinguished. The first infections of S. putrefaciens in fish were reported in rabbitfish (Siganus rivulatus) and European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Outbreaks in farmed fish were reported in Poland for the first time in 2004. The disease causes skin disorders and haemorrhages in internal organs. It should be noted that S. putrefaciens could also be associated with different infections in humans, such as skin and tissue infections, bacteraemia, otitis. Investigations on pathogenic mechanisms of S. putrefaciens infections are very limited. Enzymatic activity, cytotoxin secretion, adhesion ability, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the presence of siderophores are potential virulence factors of S. putrefaciens. Antimicrobial resistance of S. putrefaciens is different and depends on the isolates. In general, these bacteria are sensitive to antimicrobial drugs commonly used in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Paździor
- Department of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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25
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Fluke EC, Carayannopoulos NL, Lindsey RW. Pyogenic Flexor Tenosynovitis Caused by Shewanella algae. J Hand Surg Am 2016; 41:e203-6. [PMID: 27206398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis is an orthopedic emergency most commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus and streptococci and occasionally, when associated with water exposure, Mycobacterium marinum. Shewanella algae, a gram-negative bacillus found in warm saltwater environments, has infrequently been reported to cause serious soft tissue infections and necrosis. In this case, S. algae caused complicated flexor tenosynovitis requiring open surgical irrigation and debridement. Flexor tenosynovitis caused by S. algae rapidly presented with all 4 Kanavel cardinal signs as well as subcutaneous purulence, ischemia, and necrosis, thus meeting the requirements for Pang et al group III classification of worst prognosis. Because of its rarity and virulence, S. algae should always be considered in cases of flexor tenosynovitis associated with traumatic water exposure to treat and minimize morbidity appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin C Fluke
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | | | - Ronald W Lindsey
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
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26
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Muñoz-Gallego I, Chaves F, Orellana MA. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of Shewanella spp. infections in a tertiary hospital in Madrid. Infect Dis (Lond) 2016; 48:760-2. [PMID: 27300639 DOI: 10.3109/23744235.2016.1169554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Muñoz-Gallego
- a Servicio de Microbiología , Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre , Madrid , Spain
| | - Fernando Chaves
- a Servicio de Microbiología , Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre , Madrid , Spain
| | - M Angeles Orellana
- a Servicio de Microbiología , Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre , Madrid , Spain
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27
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Parmeciano Di Noto G, Jara E, Iriarte A, Centrón D, Quiroga C. Genome analysis of a clinical isolate of Shewanella sp. uncovered an active hybrid integrative and conjugative element carrying an integron platform inserted in a novel genomic locus. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2016; 162:1335-1345. [PMID: 27215217 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Shewanella spp. are currently considered to be emerging pathogens that can code for a blaOXA carbapenemase in their chromosome. Complete genome analysis of the clinical isolate Shewanella sp. Sh95 revealed that this strain is a novel species, which shares a lineage with marine isolates. Characterization of its resistome showed that it codes for genes drfA15, qacH and blaOXA-48. We propose that Shewanella sp. Sh95 acts as reservoir of blaOXA-48. Moreover, analysis of mobilome showed that it contains a novel integrative and conjugative element (ICE), named ICESh95. Comparative analysis between the close relatives ICESpuPO1 from Shewanella sp. W3-18-1 and ICE SXTMO10 from Vibrio cholerae showed that ICESh95 encompassed two new regions, a type III restriction modification system and a multidrug resistance integron. The integron platform contained a novel arrangement formed by gene cassettes drfA15 and qacH, and a class C-attC group II intron. Furthermore, insertion of ICESh95 occurred at a unique target site, which correlated with the presence of a different xis/int module. Mobility of ICESh95 was assessed and demonstrated its ability to self-transfer with high efficiency to different species of bacteria. Our results show that ICESh95 is a self-transmissible, mobile element, which can contribute to the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance; this is clearly a threat when natural bacteria from water ecosystems, such as Shewanella, act as vectors in its propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Parmeciano Di Noto
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eugenio Jara
- Laboratorio de Organización y Evolución del Genoma, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andrés Iriarte
- Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Genómica Microbianas & Departamento de Genómica, IIBCE, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Daniela Centrón
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Quiroga
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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29
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Dey S, Bhattacharya D, Roy S, Nadgir SD, Patil A, Kholkute SD. Shewanella algae in acute gastroenteritis. Indian J Med Microbiol 2015; 33:172-5. [PMID: 25560029 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.148442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Shewanella algae is an emerging bacteria rarely implicated as a human pathogen. Previously reported cases of S. algae have mainly been associated with direct contact with seawater. Here we report the isolation of S. algae as the sole etiological agent from a patient suffering from acute gastroenteritis with bloody diarrhoea. The bacterium was identified by automated identification system and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Our report highlights the importance of looking for the relatively rare aetiological agents in clinical samples that does not yield common pathogens. It also underscores the usefulness of automated systems in identification of rare pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - S Roy
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research, Govt. of India), Nehru Nagar, Belgaum, India
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30
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Review of Risk Status of Groundwater Supply Wells by Tracing the Source of Coliform Contamination. WATER 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/w7073878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Charles MVP, Srirangaraj S, Kali A. Neonatal sepsis caused by Shewanella algae: A case report. Australas Med J 2015; 8:64-6. [PMID: 25810789 DOI: 10.4066/amj.2015.2292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis remains a leading cause of mortality among neonates, especially in developing countries. Most cases of neonatal sepsis are attributed to Escherichia coli and other members of the Enterobacteriaceae family. Shewanella algae (S. algae) is a gram-negative saprophytic bacillus, commonly associated with the marine environment, which has been isolated from humans. Early onset neonatal sepsis caused by S. algae is uncommon. We report a case of S. algae blood stream infection in a newborn with early onset neonatal sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sreenivasan Srirangaraj
- Department of Microbiology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Pondicherry, India
| | - Arunava Kali
- Department of Microbiology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Pondicherry, India
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Srinivas J, Pillai M, Vinod V, Dinesh RK. Skin and Soft Tissue Infections due to Shewanella algae - An Emerging Pathogen. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:DC16-20. [PMID: 25859455 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/12152.5585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Shewanella spp. are emerging human pathogens, the predominant species being Shewanella algae. Shewanella skin and soft tissue infections are more commonly seen in immunocompromised patients with a pre-existing cutaneous ulcer and most often associated with exposure to marine environments. AIM The study was conducted to investigate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of Shewanella skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) for a period of five years. MATERIALS AND METHODS All Gram-negative non-fermenting motile isolates which produced pigmented colonies and positive for oxidase and H2S were further identified with Vitek 2 system. RESULTS A total of 16 patients with SSTIs due to Shewanella species were identified during the period from 2010 to 2014. Majority of patients were urban, elderly and fisher men. Shewanella algae (n=12, 75%) was the predominant isolate. Skin or mucosal portal of entry was found in all patients and seawater contact was recorded in 56.25% of the patients. 81% of infections were polymicrobial, common concomitant pathogens being gut and marine flora. Peripheral vascular diseases were the predominant risk factors with comorbidities like diabetes, hypertension and hepatobiliary diseases. Third generation cephalosporins, meropenem and gentamicin were the most effective antibiotics while two of the isolates were multidrug resistant. 75% of the infected patients recovered completely and three patients died of complications. CONCLUSION Shewanella algae should be considered as an emerging pathogen of SSTIs mainly in patients with chronic ulcers and at times be multidrug resistant. These infections have a good clinical outcome if prompt medical, surgical and supportive treatment is offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jampala Srinivas
- Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Institute , Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Meera Pillai
- Senior Resident, Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Institute , Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Vivek Vinod
- Senior Scientist, Department of Nanosciences, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Institute , Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - R Kavitha Dinesh
- Clinical Professor, Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Institute , Kochi, Kerala, India
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Manzari C, Fosso B, Marzano M, Annese A, Caprioli R, D’Erchia AM, Gissi C, Intranuovo M, Picardi E, Santamaria M, Scorrano S, Sgaramella G, Stabili L, Piraino S, Pesole G. The influence of invasive jellyfish blooms on the aquatic microbiome in a coastal lagoon (Varano, SE Italy) detected by an Illumina-based deep sequencing strategy. Biol Invasions 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-014-0810-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Taherzadeh M, Katouli M, Amirinejad R, Farzaneh MR, Gharibi O. A case of wound infection caused by Shewanella algae in the south of Iran. New Microbes New Infect 2014; 2:29-30. [PMID: 25356336 PMCID: PMC4184621 DOI: 10.1002/2052-2975.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Shewanella algae was isolated from the purulent discharge in the navel area of a young male with a history of swimming in the Persian Gulf. A routine laboratory diagnosis procedure, followed by 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses, was used to avoid misidentification with other species of Shewanella. The bacterium was suscetible to ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, nitrophorantion, amikacin, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, gentamicin and co-trimoxazole but was resistant to amoxicillin, vancomycin, doxycycline, cephalexin, ampicillin, tetracycline, cephalothin and ceftizoxime. The patient successfully recovered after treatment with antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Taherzadeh
- The Persian Gulf Health Research Centre Bushehr, Iran ; Bushehr University of Medical Sciences Bushehr, Iran
| | - M Katouli
- Genecology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health and Education, University of the Sunshine Coast Queensland, Australia
| | - R Amirinejad
- The Persian Gulf Health Research Centre Bushehr, Iran
| | - M R Farzaneh
- Bushehr University of Medical Sciences Bushehr, Iran
| | - O Gharibi
- Bushehr University of Medical Sciences Bushehr, Iran
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Baruah FK, Grover RK. Case report and literature review of carbapenem resistant shewanella putrefaciens isolated from ascitic fluid. J Clin Diagn Res 2014; 8:DD01-2. [PMID: 25386433 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2014/9268.4819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Shewanella species are Gram-negative, non-fermentative, oxidase positive, motile bacilli with the major phenotypic characteristic of production of large amounts of hydrogen sulfide. Shewanella putrefaciens, primarily considered to be an environmental bacterium, is infrequently recovered from clinical specimens. Herein, we report a case of ascitic fluid infection with carbapenem resistant Shewanella putrefaciens in a patient with underlying liver disorder requiring repeated ascitic fluid tapping. Proper antibiotic therapy helped in complete recovery of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frincy Khandelwal Baruah
- Senior Resident, Department of Microbiology, Delhi State Cancer Institute , Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Grover
- Director & CEO, Department of Clinical Oncology, Delhi State Cancer Institute , Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India
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Abstract
Shewanella putrefaciens is a Gram-negative bacillus with a distinguishable characteristic of hydrogen sulfide production and routinely found in a marine environment. This organism has been cultured as a pathogen in a small number of soft tissue infections, but has rarely been the causative agent in osteomyelitis. This case report details calcaneal osteomyelitis due to S putrefaciens in a 77-year-old male with bilateral heel ulcerations and peripheral vascular disease.
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Vignier N, Barreau M, Olive C, Baubion E, Théodose R, Hochedez P, Cabié A. Human infection with Shewanella putrefaciens and S. algae: report of 16 cases in Martinique and review of the literature. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013; 89:151-6. [PMID: 23690548 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Shewanella spp. are saprophytic bacteria that are part of the marine microflora in warm climates and are rarely pathogenic. However, Shewanella spp. infections are being increasingly reported, and there has been no comprehensive review of the literature describing these infections. This article reports 16 cases of Shewanella spp. infections in Martinique since 1997 and reviews another 239 cases reported in the literature since 1973. Patients experienced soft tissue infections, ear infection, or abdominal and biliary tract infections. A skin or mucosal portal of entry was found for 53% of the patients and exposure to the marine environment was reported for 44%; 79% of patients had an underlying condition. Bacteriema were frequent (28%). Most (87%) patients recovered, although ear infections can become chronic. Death occurred in 13% of the patients. Most Shewanella spp. isolates are susceptible to cefotaxime (95%), piperacillin and tazobactam (98%), gentamicin (99%), and ciprofloxacin (94%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Vignier
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort-de-France, Martinique.
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Ahmed N, Casey K, Liu E, Fune L. Necrotizing fasciitis of the lower extremity caused by Shewanella algae. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2013; 14:165-6. [PMID: 23451727 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2012.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Roger F, Lamy B, Jumas-Bilak E, Kodjo A, Marchandin H. Ribosomal multi-operon diversity: an original perspective on the genus Aeromonas. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46268. [PMID: 23032081 PMCID: PMC3459834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
16S rRNA gene (rrs) is considered of low taxonomic interest in the genus Aeromonas. Here, 195 Aeromonas strains belonging to populations structured by multilocus phylogeny were studied using an original approach that considered Ribosomal Multi-Operon Diversity. This approach associated pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to assess rrn operon number and distribution across the chromosome and PCR-temporal temperature gel electrophoresis (TTGE) to assess rrs V3 region heterogeneity. Aeromonads harbored 8 to 11 rrn operons, 10 operons being observed in more than 92% of the strains. Intraspecific variability was low or nul except for A. salmonicida and A. aquariorum suggesting that large chromosomic rearrangements might occur in these two species while being extremely rarely encountered in the evolution of other taxa. rrn operon number at 8 as well as PFGE patterns were shown valuable for taxonomic purpose allowing resolution of species complexes. PCR-TTGE revealed a high rate of strains (41.5%) displaying intragenomic rrs heterogeneity. Strains isolated from human samples more frequently displayed intragenomic heterogeneity than strains recovered from non-human and environmental specimens. Intraspecific variability ranged from 0 to 76.5% of the strains. The observation of species-specific TTGE bands, the recovery of identical V3 regions in different species and the variability of intragenomic heterogeneity (1-13 divergent nucleotides) supported the occurrence of mutations and horizontal transfer in aeromonad rrs evolution. Altogether, the presence of a high number of rrn operon, the high proportion of strains harboring divergent rrs V3 region and the previously demonstrated high level of genetic diversity argued in favor of highly adaptative capabilities of aeromonads. Outstanding features observed for A. caviae supported the ongoing process of adaptation to a specialized niche represented by the gut, previously hypothesized. 16S rRNA gene is an informative marker in the genus Aeromonas for both evolutionary and polyphasic taxonomic studies provided that multi-operon fingerprinting approaches are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Roger
- UMR 5119 ECOSYM, Equipe Pathogènes et Environnements, U.F.R. des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Brigitte Lamy
- UMR 5119 ECOSYM, Equipe Pathogènes et Environnements, U.F.R. des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Groupe d’Etude Français des Aeromonas (GFA), Lyon, France
| | - Estelle Jumas-Bilak
- UMR 5119 ECOSYM, Equipe Pathogènes et Environnements, U.F.R. des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire d’Hygiène hospitalière, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Angeli Kodjo
- Groupe d’Etude Français des Aeromonas (GFA), Lyon, France
- CNRS UMR 5557 Ecologie microbienne, VetAgro Sup Campus vétérinaire de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Marcy-l’Étoile, France
| | | | - Hélène Marchandin
- UMR 5119 ECOSYM, Equipe Pathogènes et Environnements, U.F.R. des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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Finkelstein R, Oren I. Soft tissue infections caused by marine bacterial pathogens: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2011; 13:470-7. [PMID: 21785929 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-011-0199-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are one of the most common infection syndromes and may be caused by a large number of microorganisms. Some principles of aquatic injuries are different than those of land-based trauma. Wounds sustained in marine environment are exposed to a milieu of bacteria rarely encountered in different settings. These include Vibrio spp., Aeromonas spp., Shewanella spp., Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Mycobacterium marinum, Streptococcus iniae, and other microbes. Failure to recognize and treat these uncommon pathogens in a timely manner may result in significant morbidity or death. These infections are frequently contracted as a result of recreational swimming, fishing injuries, or seafood handling. The spectrum of manifestations is wide, varying from cases of mild cellulitis, to severe life-threatening necrotizing fasciitis requiring radical surgery, to sepsis and death. This review will focus on the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment of SSTIs caused by the most important marine pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Finkelstein
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Rambam Healthcare Campus, 31096, Haifa, Israel,
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Nath R, Saikia L, Choudhury G, Das PP. Isolation of Shewanella algae from rectal swabs of patients with bloody diarrhoea. Indian J Med Microbiol 2011; 29:422-5. [DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.90186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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