Blood compatibility studies of Swarna bhasma (gold bhasma), an Ayurvedic drug

Investigating the Role of Classical Ayurveda-Based Incineration Process on the Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Based Jasada Bhasma Nanoparticles and Zn2+ Bioavailability

Jasada bhasma (JB) is a zinc oxide-based Indian traditional Ayurveda-based herbo-metallic nanoparticle used for the treatment of zinc (Zn) deficiency and autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. JB is made by following the Ayurveda-based guidelines using zinc oxide (ZnO) as a raw material and going through 17 cycles of the high-temperature incineration and trituration process known as "Ma̅raṇa" in the presence of herbal decoctions prepared from the leaves ofAzadirachta indica andAloe vera gel. These cycles improve the purity of the parent material and transform its physicochemical properties, converting it into nanoparticles. However, there still exists a knowledge gap regarding the role of incineration in the physicochemical transformation of the Zn raw material into JB nanoparticles and the biological interaction of the final product. In the present study, the JB samples obtained during different Ma̅raṇa cycles were carefully studied for their physicochemical transformation using analytical methods such as powdered X-ray diffraction (XRD), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering (DLS). According to the XRD results, the Zn and oxygen molecules in hexagonal ZnO wurtzite crystals gradually realigned as a result of repeated heat treatments that caused lattice tension and crystal size reduction from 53.14 to 42.40 nm. A morphological transition from 1.5 μm rod shape to 31 nm in the JB particles can be seen using FESEM and SAXS analyses. The existence of 10 nm-sized nanoparticles in the finished product was confirmed by HRTEM. The presence of ZnO was confirmed in all samples by FTIR and Raman spectroscopies. Cell viability analysis showed an inhibitory concentration 50% of >1000 μg/mL for JB nanoparticles, revealing no adverse effects in human colon Caco-2 cells. A dose-dependent uptake and intracellular accumulation of JB nanoparticles were observed in Caco-2 cells using inductively coupled plasma-based mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Bioavailability of Zn²⁺ ions (6% w/w) through JB dissolution in acidic pH 4.0 was observed, representing the stomach and intracellular lysosomal physiological conditions. Therefore, the study showed that the repeated incineration cycles produced biocompatible JB nanoparticles through the physicochemical transformation at molecular levels capable of delivering bioavailable Zn²⁺ ions under physiological conditions. In conclusion, the medicinal properties of JB nanoparticles described in Ayurveda were found to originate from their small size and dissolution properties, formed through the classical incineration-based synthesis process.

A Review on the Use of Gold Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatment

According to a 2020 WHO study, cancer is responsible for one in every six fatalities. One in four patients die due to side effects and intolerance to chemotherapy, making it a leading cause of patient death. Compared to traditional tumor therapy, emerging treatment methods, including immunotherapy, gene therapy, photothermal therapy, and photodynamic therapy, have proven to be more effective. The aim of this review is to highlight the role of gold nanoparticles in advanced cancer treatment. A systematic and extensive literature review was conducted using the Web of Science, PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, NCBI, and various websites. Highly relevant literature from 141 references was chosen for inclusion in this review. Recently, the synergistic benefits of nano therapy and cancer immunotherapy have been shown, which could allow earlier diagnosis, more focused cancer treatment, and improved disease control. Compared to other nanoparticles, the physical and optical characteristics of gold nanoparticles appear to have significantly greater effects on the target. It has a crucial role in acting as a drug carrier, biomarker, anti-angiogenesis agent, diagnostic agent, radiosensitizer, cancer immunotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and photothermal therapy. Gold nanoparticle-based cancer treatments can greatly reduce current drug and chemotherapy dosages.

Nanoscale Diamond-Based Formulation as an Immunomodulator and Potential Therapeutic for Lymphoma

Integrative medicine practices, such as Ayurveda, are popular in India and many South Asian countries, yet basic research to investigate the concepts, procedures, and medical benefits of ayurvedic products has received little attention and is not fully understood. Here, we report a functional nanodiamond-based traditional Ayurvedic herbomineral formulation, Heerak Bhasma (Ayu_ND), for the treatment of solid tumors called Dalton’s lymphoma generated in CD1 mice. Ayu_ND-mediated immunostimulation significantly reduces tumor cell proliferation and induces apoptosis aided by the active participation of dendritic cells. Immunomodulatory Ayu_ND treatment is highly immunostimulatory and drives dendritic cells to produce TNF-α. Treatment with Ayu_ND significantly reduces the tumor volume, inhibits metastasis in distant vascularized organs, and increases the life span of tumor-bearing animals compared with untreated littermates. These events were associated with elevated serum levels of the protective cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α and downregulated the disease, exacerbating TGF-β. Ayu_ND-mediated therapeutic success was also accompanied by the depletion of regulatory T cells and enhanced vaccine-induced T-cell immunity, guided by the restoration of the memory CD8⁺ T-cell pool and prevention of PD-1-mediated T cell exhaustion. The results provide a basis for further evaluation of ayurvedic formulations and drug efficacy in treating cancers.

Swarna Prashana - faith in the embrace of research

Childhood needs diverse nutritional requirements. Poor appetite, lifestyle changes, and poor digestion affects child immunity and make them prone to diseases. Kaumarabhritya, a branch of Ayurveda which deals in child and adolescent health care, has a unique concept of Swarna Prashana (SP) to promote generalized immunity and intellect. SP is commonly recommended to children between 0 and 12 years of age and given as a general health promoter to improve intellect, digestion, strength, immunity, longevity, and complexion. Multiple benefits of SP are mentioned in different Samhitas which needs to be explored on scientific background. Authors have highlighted content variabilities, plausible mechanisms, research tasks and potentials, lacunae, and future prospects about SP. This manuscript is a spotlight on current social, clinical, marketing, and scientific information of Swarna Prashana. SP can be a cost-effective, safe, infrastructure compatible, and prevention-centric approach to improve children's overall health status and has the potential to serve as a positive health care program for children.

Nanostructured gold in ancient Ayurvedic calcined drug 'swarnabhasma'

BACKGROUND

Swarnabhasma (calcined gold) is a famous ancient Ayurvedic medicine. However, its detail characteristic investigations are very limited.

OBJECTIVE

Herein, investigation of swarnabhasma is demonstrated using ancient and ultramodern techniques to understand the physicochemical nature of this drug, and to understand whether the mercury [Parada] used during preparation method marks its presence in swarnabhasma.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The investigated swarnabhasma was prepared by repeated incinerations of Au-Hg-Lemon juice amalgamation and sulphur. The bhasma was tested by all traditional tests of rasashastra. It was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), Field Emission Transmission Electron Microscopy (FE-TEM), Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and gravimetric analysis.

RESULTS

Traditional tests of rasashastra were complied by the sample. XRD confirms that swarnabhasma consists of principally pure gold at nanoscale. FE-SEM showed agglomerated particles. FE-TEM showed that swarnabhasma contains highly crystalline nanostructured gold comprised with spherical gold nanoparticles of size, 5-20 nm. ICP-AES exhibited absolute absence of Hg and presence of Au, Si, Ag, Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Sr, Ti, and Zn. EDXRF confirmed the absence of mercury and confirmed the presence of Au, Si, Zr, Nb, S, Cl, K, Ca, Fe, and Ni. FTIR confirmed presence of water molecules adsorbed over surface of bhasma. Gravimetric analysis confirmed presence of 95% gold.

CONCLUSION

Nano-structuring of gold enhances the surface area as well as activity. The present investigation shows that the entire process from rasashastra confers the unique nanostructure to gold and same is responsible for its medicinal potential. This nanomedicine is highly stable, which is specified as niruttha and apunarbhava in rasashastra.

Swarna Bindu Prashana-an Ancient Approach to Improve the Infant's Immunity

Swarna bindu prashana (SBP) is a metallic medicinal preparation widely used in Ayurveda pediatrics. The main ingredients of SBP are swarna prashan (gold nanoparticle), gou ghrita (cow ghee), madhu (honey), and other medhya dravyas (drugs which enhance intellectual, memory). According to the Indian classical text, SBP has been proposed as a potent medicine for immunotherapies and vaccine development due to its indefinite size, shapes, charges, and surface functionality. In this review, we describe the plausible mechanism of SBP in dendritic cells maturation and subsequent T cell activation. But being herbo-metallic preparation, its safety and efficacy are well supported by the classical publications of Ayurveda. To conclude, SBP is an immune booster for infants against any viral disease, and it is necessary to validate its safety and efficacy through systematic methodological research.

Manikya Bhasma is a nanomedicine to affect cancer cell viability through induction of apoptosis

Background

Ayurveda is an ancient medicine system practiced in the Indian sub-continent. Ayurvedic Bhasma is incinerated herbo-metallic/mineral preparations that consist of the particles in the range of nano/micrometers with therapeutic effects against different diseases. Manikya Bhasma (MB) is composed of purified ruby, orpiment, and purified arsenic sulfide.

Objective

This study was conducted to identify the potential of MB as a nanomedicine that can be used for the treatment of cancer.

Materials and methods

Biophysical characterization to determine the morphology and composition of bhasma particles was done using several techniques such as DLS, FTIR, FETEM, FESEM, EDX, and XRD. Cell viability assays were conducted to identify the cytotoxic effect of MB against different cancer cell lines and also to determine the mode of death caused by MB.

Results

The biophysical characterization of MB indicates that it is crystalline with a particle size of 70 nm. MB exhibits anticancer activity against MDAMB-231, HeLa, HCT-116, DLD-1, MG-63 cancer cells with an IC₅₀ in the range of 105–155 μg/mL. MB induces oxidative stress in cancer cells, which in turn affects their cell-cycle with an accumulation of cells in the G1-phase. Also, apoptosis induced by MB involves loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, the release of Cyt c, activation of caspases, and DNA degradation.

Conclusion

Our study highlights the dual potential of MB as a nano-carrier to deliver the drugs and exerting cytotoxic effects against cancer cells.

Role of gold nanoparticles in advanced biomedical applications

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have generated keen interest among researchers in recent years due to their excellent physicochemical properties. In general, GNPs are biocompatible, amenable to desired functionalization, non-corroding, and exhibit size and shape dependent optical and electronic properties. These excellent properties of GNPs exhibit their tremendous potential for use in diverse biomedical applications. Herein, we have evaluated the recent advancements of GNPs to highlight their exceptional potential in the biomedical field. Special focus has been given to emerging biomedical applications including bio-imaging, site specific drug/gene delivery, nano-sensing, diagnostics, photon induced therapeutics, and theranostics. We have also elaborated on the basics, presented a historical preview, and discussed the synthesis strategies, functionalization methods, stabilization techniques, and key properties of GNPs. Lastly, we have concluded this article with key findings and unaddressed challenges. Overall, this review is a complete package to understand the importance and achievements of GNPs in the biomedical field.

Physico-chemical characterization of traditionally prepared Yashada bhasma

BACKGROUND

Yashada bhasma has been found to be very useful for the treatment of ailments like diabetes, eye disorder, urinary disorder etc. Since bhasma is a metallic preparation, so to prove its non-toxicity; modern standardization of the prepared samples is a must apart from other organoleptic tests as mentioned in the ancient text.

OBJECTIVES

The present study is aimed to synthesize bio-compatible Yashada bhasma from bio-incompatible zinc metal. Further, comparative study of their chemical and physical properties through some quality control tests, physico-chemical tests and modern tests like XRD, DLS, Zeta potential, SEM and EDAX are carried out.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Yashada bhasma is prepared by a three step process i.e. Shodhan, Jarana and Marana. The inclusion of plant extracts and herbs during calcination process enhances its medicinal qualities, and reduces it to a nano size.

RESULTS

The XRD analysis of Yashada bhasma shows hexagonal ZnO crystalline phase whereas the raw metal confirms the presence of crystallite Zinc metal. DLS shows reduction in particle size of Yashada Bhasma (339.8 nm) as compared to raw metal (2063 nm) and this reduction is further supported by SEM which shows the particle size of Yashada bhasma (324 nm) and raw metal (1-2μ). The zeta potential value confirms the stability of Yashada bhasma. EDAX revealed difference in concentration of Zinc and Oxygen in both the samples.

CONCLUSION

An effort has been made to characterize the preparation of Yashada bhasma using sophisticated analytical tools as a step towards standardization of the bhasma. The results help in scientifically establishing the findings in line with the principle of Ayurveda.

Physicochemical characterization of Suvarna Bhasma, its toxicity profiling in rat and behavioural assessment in zebrafish model

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Suvarna Bhasma is a gold-based Ayurved medicine that has a wide range of therapeutic indications like tuberculosis, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis and nervous diseases. Suvarna Bhasma is also used in Suvarnaprashana, an Ayurved advocated therapy being practised to improve immunity in children.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To augment traditional understanding, here we present an evidence-based study on Suvarna Bhasma regarding its physicochemical properties, toxicity and efficacy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Suvarna Bhasma was characterised by physicochemical characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Toxicity of Suvarna Bhasma was studied in Holtzman rats with daily oral dose from 3 mg/kg (therapeutic dose, TD) up to 30 mg/kg (10 TD) body weight for 90 days. Behavioural study, such as motor and geotactic behaviour were examined in zebrafish model to find out any sign of neurotoxicity or behavioural changes due to Suvarna Bhasma administration.

RESULTS

Suvarna Bhasma has two types of gold particles, large ones (~60 μm) having irregular shapes, and nano-sized spherical particles (starting from ~10 nm), the latter coated with Fe, Si, O, P and Na. XRD study revealed that all the peaks of Suvarna Bhasma match well with pure gold (face centred cube) with crystallites size 45 ± 2.8 nm. In rat studies, some change in biochemical parameters such as urea, creatinine and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was observed mainly at the higher therapeutic dose; however, those parameters were within the normal range. There were no significant macroscopic as well as microscopic treatment-related alteration observed, in any of the organs and tissues evaluated. In zebrafish behavioural study, the motor parameters of Suvarna Bhasma treated fish showed normal behaviour analogous to the vehicle control group. Interestingly, the geotactic behaviour showed anxiolytic effects of Suvarna Bhasma as evidenced by the time spent in the upper zone, and average swimming height. The anxiolytic effects persisted for more than 30 days after withdrawing the Suvarna Bhasma treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Suvarna Bhasma contained spherical gold nanoparticles. It was nontoxic in rat model at the does tested. Suvarna Bhasma has anxiolytic effects in zebrafish behavioural model.

New Approaches in Breast Cancer Therapy Through Green Nanotechnology and Nano-Ayurvedic Medicine - Pre-Clinical and Pilot Human Clinical Investigations

PURPOSE

The overarching objective of this investigation was to investigate the intervention of green nanotechnology to transform the ancient holistic Ayurvedic medicine scientifically credible through reproducible formulations and rigorous pre-clinical/clinical evaluations.

METHODS

We provide, herein, full details: (i) on the discovery and full characterization of gold nanoparticles-based Nano Swarna Bhasma (henceforth referred to as NSB drug); (ii) In vitro anti-tumor properties of NSB drug in breast tumor cells; (iii) pre-clinical therapeutic efficacy studies of NSB drug in breast tumor bearing SCID mice through oral delivery protocols and (iv) first results of clinical translation, from mice to human breast cancer patients, through pilot human clinical trials, conducted according to the Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (abbreviated as AYUSH) regulatory guidelines of the Government of India in metastatic breast cancer patients.

RESULTS

The preclinical in vitro and in vivo investigations, in breast tumor bearing mice, established unequivocally that the NSB Nano-Ayurvedic medicine-gold nanoparticles-based drug is highly effective in controlling the growth of breast tumors in a dose dependent fashion in vivo. These encouraging pre-clinical results prompted us to seek permission from the Indian Government's holistic medicine approval authority, AYUSH, for conducting clinical trials in human patients. Patients treated with the NSB drug capsules along with the "standard of care treatment" (Arm B) exhibited 100% clinical benefits when compared to patients in the treatment Arm A, thus indicating the tremendous clinical benefits of NSB drug in adjuvant therapy.

CONCLUSION

We have succeeded in clinically translating, from mice to humans, in using proprietary combinations of gold nanoparticles and phytochemicals to develop the Nano-Ayurvedic drug: Nano Swarna Bhasma (NSB), through innovative green nanotechnology, for treating human metastatic breast cancer patients.

Adverse events with ayurvedic medicines- possible adulteration and some inherent toxicities

Ayurvedic medicine, a traditional system of medicine practiced in the Indian subcontinent is considered to be devoid of adverse events. We report three cases which highlight the possibility of adverse events related with the use of ayurvedic products. A 35 year old woman with hepatitis took ayurvedic powder medicine and swarnabhasma (gold salt) and had her liver injury worsened, possibly due to alkaloids, and developed nephrotic syndrome, possibly due to gold salt. A 57 year old hypertensive man was taking ayurvedic medicine containing reserpine which had long been withdrawn from the allopathic system of medicine due to wide range of side effects. A 47 year old woman with rheumatoid arthritis was taking an unknown tablet containing steroid as an adulterant for 2 years and developed side effects typical of steroid excess. We would like to highlight the fact that ayurvedic medicines do have propensity to cause adverse events due to adulteration or inherent constituents like alkaloids, and hence may not always be completely safe.

Immunomodulatory activity of Swarna Prashana (oral administration of gold as electuary) in infants - A randomized controlled clinical trial

Background

Swarna Prashana (oral administration of gold as electuary) is a form of electuary depicted in the classics of Ayurveda under the ambit of pediatrics. A specific action on immune system has been highlighted in infants if gold is administered along with Ghrita and honey for a period of 28 days.

Aim

The present trial was conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of Swarna Bhasma (calcined powder), Madhu (honey) and Ghrita in infants with respect to anthropometrical, hematological and immunological parameters.

Methodology

The trial was a randomized, controlled, single-blind study in 102 healthy infants allocated into trial and control groups. Trial group received a mixture of Swarna Bhasma, honey and Ghrita, while control group received a mixture of honey and Ghrita, both in drops form for a period of 4 weeks with 8 weeks follow-up. Safety was assessed on the basis of biochemical parameters and efficacy was based on the values of IgG before and after the treatment.

Results

Anthropometrical and biochemical parameters did not showed any statistically significant difference between the effect of trial and control drugs, which suggested that the trial drugs did not hamper normal growth of the infants and were safe to be administered in infants. Both trial and control drugs showed statistically significant changes in IgG levels individually before and after the treatment; however, when compared between the groups, there was no significant differences. However, the number needed to treat (NNT) to assess the normalization of immunoglobulins, which is suggestive of its immunomodulatory activity, was 1 out of every 4.535 infants who received Swarna Prashana which was significant.

Conclusion

Swarna Prashana did not interfere with normal growth of the infants. As evident by NNT, it showed immunomodulatory activity and was tolerated by the infants with no adverse effects during the trial or follow-up period.

Assessment of bioavailability of gold bhasma in human participants - A pilot study

Bioavailability of the well-known Ayurvedic drug Swarnabhasma (gold bhasma or calcined gold) is unknown. It is orally administered either sublingually or directly with various Anupanas like black pepper powder (Piper nigrum Linn.) and cow ghee in the dose range of 15–240 mg by Ayurvedic physicians. Study of bioavailability of Swarnabhasma is necessary as this metal-derived drug is administered for long duration for rejuvenation. The pilot study was carried out in healthy human male participants to assess bioavailability of Swarnabhasma in three doses, viz. 30 mg plain sublingual, 30 mg oral dose mixed with black pepper powder (250 mg) and cow ghee (2.5 gm); and 240 mg oral dose mixed with black pepper powder (250 mg) and cow ghee (2.5 gm). Blood samples were withdrawn at 0, 1, 2 and 4 h after administration of dose. Estimation of gold levels in blood was carried out by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results show that gold is absorbed in traces from single dose of Swarnabhasma. Maximum concentration of gold was bioavailable from 30 mg sublingual dose with C_max 0.983 μg/L at 2 h (T_max). Oral dose of 30 mg Swarnabhasma mixed with black pepper powder and ghee showed faster absorption with T_max at 1 h and C_max 0.867 μg/L, and 240 mg dose with black pepper and ghee showed C_max 0.668 μg/L and T_max at 2 h.

Protection against osteoarthritis in experimental animals by nanogold conjugated snake venom protein toxin gold nanoparticle-Naja kaouthia cytotoxin 1

Background & objectives:

Increased severity of osteoarthritis (OA) and adverse side effects of its treatment led to the search for alternative therapies. It was previously reported that snake venom protein toxin Naja kaouthia cytotoxin 1 (NKCT1) and gold nanoparticle (GNP) individually have potential against excremental arthritis. In this study, we analyzed the protective activity of GNP conjugated protein toxin NKCT1 (GNP-NKCT1) against experimental OA.

Methods:

Gold nanoparticle conjugation with NKCT1 (GNP-NKCT1) was done and its physiochemical properties were studied. OA was induced in male albino rats by intra-articular injection of bacterial collagenase and treatment was done with NKCT1/GNP-NKCT1/standard drug (indomethacin). Physical parameter (ankle diameter), urinary markers (hydroxyproline, glucosamine, pyridinoline, deoxypyridinoline), serum and synovial membrane pro-inflammatory markers [tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-17, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)] and matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1) were measured. Joint histopathology and scanning electron microscopy imaging of articular cartilage surface were also done.

Results:

Physical parameters, urinary markers, serum and synovial membrane pro-inflammatory makers and MMP1 were increased in arthritic rats and significantly restored after GNP-NKCT1/NKCT1 treatment. Joint histopathology and scanning electron microscopy imaging of articular cartilage surface also indicated the protective effect of GNP-NKCT1 against inflammatory response and cartilage degradation in osteoarthritic rats.

Interpretation & conclusions:

In this study restoration of the arthritic markers and bone degradation by GNP-NKCT1 treatment indicated the anti-osteoarthritic property of GNP-NKCT1. Further studies need to be done to confirm these findings.

Synthesis and characterization of Vanga bhasma

Background

Bhasmas are unique Ayurvedic organometallic preparations used for medicinal purpose. Quality of bhasma depends upon quality of starting materials, processing ingredients, meticulous trituration and heating cycle. In Ayurveda, Vanga bhasma is traditional Indian medicine which is an organometallic preparation treated with plant extract. It is especially used in the treatments of diseases related to gastrointestinal tract and genitor urinary system. However detailed characterization studies after synthesis are important which shows authenticity of product.

Objective

The present study deals with the preparation of Vanga bhasma according to the procedure mentioned in the Ayurvedic literature. Synthesized bhasma was characterized by various analytical techniques and also compared with commercial sample.

Material and method

Different steps involved in synthesis of Vanga bhasma include shodhan (purification/detoxification), jaran (heating and stirring), bhavan (levigation) and maran (incineration). Bhasma was incinerated (maran process) by traditional method of heating as well as using muffle furnace. These two products obtained from Maran (incineration) and commercial sample were analyzed for quality control checks, on the parameters described in Ayurvedic texts as well as modern techniques such as TEM, SEM, EDX, XRD, DLS and FTIR were done to find out the nature and form of the drug prepared. The in vitro gastric and gastrointestinal (pancreatic) bioaccessibility of Bhasma were also determined.

Results

The study reveals that the synthesized Bhasma was converted into its nontoxic oxide form and had a highly reduced particle size observed from SEM images. These studies reveal that Vanga Bhasma prepared by traditional method of heating (Sn1) has 50% nanoparticles (150–300 nm range) that prepared by using electric muffle furnace (Sn2) has 100% nanoparticles (50–100 nm range) while commercial samples (Sn3) has 50% nanoparticles (100–300 nm range).

Conclusion

The study confirmed the formation of organometallic compound (SnO₂) at the end of the manufacturing process. The percentage bioaccessibility for gastrointestinal digestion is more than the gastric digestion. Hence, it is concluded that Vanga Bhasma can be useful nanomedicine.

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XRD studies reveal crystalline nature of Vanga Bhasma and formation of SnO₂.

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SEM studies reveals that Vanga Bhasma prepared by Muffle furnace heating are less than 50 nm.

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TEM analysis of Vanga Bhasma also reveals that bhasma are polycrystalline in nature while commercial sample shows presence of rod like structures.

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The HR-TEM shows that the inter planer distance in particle prepared by traditional method of heating is 0.373 nm while that of bhasma prepared by using the Furnace for heating shows 0.34 nm.

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DLS studies reveal that Vanga Bhasma prepared by traditional method of heating has 50% nanoparticles (150–300 nm range) that prepared by using electric muffle furnace has 100% nanoparticles (50–100 nm range) while commercial sample has 50% nanoparticles (100–300 nm range).

Intracellular Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using an Ectomycorrhizal Strain EM-1083 of Laccaria fraterna and Its Nanoanti-quorum Sensing Potential Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

In this research work different shapes and sizes of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized through an intracellular biogenic approach, exploiting the chloroauric acid reducing and Au0 stabilizing potential of Laccaria fraterna EM-1083 mycelia. The intracellularly synthesized AuNPs exhibits anti-quorum sensing inhibitory potential against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The synthesized AuNPs were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy; transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The characterization proved that the successful synthesis of highly stable crystalline AuNPs with various shapes. Here we tested inhibitory activity of AuNPs on QS-regulated biofilm development and pyocyanin production traits of P. aeruginosa. The qualitative and quantitative data demonstrated that AuNPs significantly inhibited the biofilm formation and pyocyanin production. In summary, our results signify the future use of intracellularly synthesized AuNPs in P. aeruginosa mediated diseases.

Sources, distribution, bioavailability, toxicity, and risk assessment of heavy metal(loid)s in complementary medicines

The last few decades have seen the rise of alternative medical approaches including the use of herbal supplements, natural products, and traditional medicines, which are collectively known as 'Complementary medicines'. However, there are increasing concerns on the safety and health benefits of these medicines. One of the main hazards with the use of complementary medicines is the presence of heavy metal(loid)s such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg). This review deals with the characteristics of complementary medicines in terms of heavy metal(loid)s sources, distribution, bioavailability, toxicity, and human risk assessment. The heavy metal(loid)s in these medicines are derived from uptake by medicinal plants, cross-contamination during processing, and therapeutic input of metal(loid)s. This paper discusses the distribution of heavy metal(loid)s in these medicines, in terms of their nature, concentration, and speciation. The importance of determining bioavailability towards human health risk assessment was emphasized by the need to estimate daily intake of heavy metal(loid)s in complementary medicines. The review ends with selected case studies of heavy metal(loid) toxicity from complementary medicines with specific reference to As, Cd, Pb, and Hg. The future research opportunities mentioned in the conclusion of review will help researchers to explore new avenues, methodologies, and approaches to the issue of heavy metal(loid)s in complementary medicines, thereby generating new regulations and proposing fresh approach towards safe use of these medicines.

Comparative study on cellular entry of incinerated ancient gold particles (Swarna Bhasma) and chemically synthesized gold particles

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are used for a number of imaging and therapeutic applications in east and western part of the world. For thousands of years, the traditional Indian Ayurvedic approach to healing involves the use of incinerated gold ash, prepared with a variety of plant extracts and minerals depending on the region. Here, we describe the characterization of incinerated gold particles (IAuPs) in HeLa (human cells derived from cervical cancer) and HFF-1 (human foreskin fibroblast cells) in comparison to synthesized citrate-capped gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). We found that while individual IAuP crystallites are around 60 nm in size, they form large aggregates with a mean diameter of 4711.7 nm, some of which can enter cells. Fewer cells appeared to have IAuPs compared to AuNPs, although neither type of particle was toxic to cells. Imaging studies revealed that IAuPs were in vesicles, cytosol, or in the nucleus. We found that their nuclear accumulation likely occurred after nuclear envelope breakdown during cell division. We also found that larger IAuPs entered cells via macropinocytosis, while smaller particles entered via clathrin-dependent receptor-mediated endocytosis.

A critical appraisal on Swarnaprashana in children

Administration of processed gold in children is a unique practice mentioned in Ayurveda as “Swarnaprashana” by Acharya Kashyapa thousands of years back. He explained evidently the administration of Swarna (gold) in children for the benefits of improving intellect, digestion and metabolism, physical strength, immunity, complexion, fertility, and life span. There are various formulations of gold and even along with herbal drugs explained by different Acharya for prolonged usage in children. Swarnaprashana in children can be mainly implicated in two contexts of Ayurveda; Lehana (supplementary feeds) and Jatakarma Samskara (newborn care). This review is an effort to critically evaluate the available data, which may be helpful in clearing some of the existing fallacies on the topic. The age and method of administration, benefits and dosage as per various classical textbooks of Ayurveda are discussed here along with the reports of related scientific studies. This review proposes that the benefits of Swarnaprashana can be achieved at multiple levels like as a general health promoter and in specific to enhancement of intelligence, digestion, metabolism, immunity, physical strength, complexion, or fertility. Ayurveda recommends only purified and processed form of gold for internal administration. The age at which Swarnaprashana should be administered and its duration can be determined depending upon the desired effect in children as a positive health care program.

Toxicity Evaluation of Pũrṇa Cantirotaya Centũram, a Siddha Medicine in Wistar Rats

Pũrṇa Cantirotaya Centũram (PCC), a herbometallic formulation of Siddha medicine, consists of mercury, sulphur, and gold, processed with red cotton flower and plantain stem pith juices. To evaluate its safety, acute and 28-day repeated oral toxicity studies were performed following OECD test guidelines 423 and 407, respectively. In acute study, PCC was administered orally at 5, 50, 300, and 2000 mg/kg body weight. Animals were observed for toxic signs for 14 days. Gross pathology was performed at the end of the study. In repeated dose toxicity study, PCC was administered at 2.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg body weight daily for 28 days. Satellite groups (control and high dose) were also maintained to determine the delayed onset toxicity of PCC. In acute toxicity study, no treatment related death or toxic signs were observed. It revealed that the LD₅₀ cut-off value of PCC is between 2000 and 5000 mg/kg body weight. The repeated dose study did not show evidence of any treatment related changes in all observations up to the high dose level, when compared with the control. Histopathological examination revealed no abnormalities except mild hyperplasia of stomach in high dose group. This study provides scientific validation for the safety of PCC.

Bhasma : The ancient Indian nanomedicine

Ayurveda and other Indian system of medicine use metals, but their use is also amply described in Chinese and Egyptian civilization in 2500 B.C. Bhasma are unique ayurvedic metallic/minerals preparation, treated with herbal juice or decoction and exposed for Ayurveda, which are known in Indian subcontinent since 7^th century A.D. and widely recommended for treatment of a variety of chronic ailments. Animal's derivative such as horns, shells, feathers, metallic, nonmetallic and herbals are normally administered as Bhasma. A Bhasma means an ash obtained through incineration; the starter material undergoes an elaborate process of purification and this process is followed by the reaction phase, which involves incorporation of some other minerals and/or herbal extract. There are various importance of Bhasma like maintaining optimum alkalinity for optimum health, neutralizing harmful acids that lead to illness; because Bhasma do not get metabolized so they don’t produce any harmful metabolite, rather it breakdowns heavy metals in the body. Methods including for Bhasma preparation are parpati, rasayoga, sindora, etc., Bhasma which contain Fe, Cu, S or other manufacturing process plays a specific role in the final product(s). Particle size (1-2 μ) reduced significantly, which may facilitate absorption and assimilation of the drug into the body system. Standardization of Bhasma is utmost necessary to confirm its identity and to determine its quality, purity safety, effectiveness and acceptability of the product. But the most important challenges faced by these formulations are the lack of complete standardization by physiochemical parameters.

Characterization of Tarakeshwara Rasa: An Ayurvedic herbomineral formulation

Tarakeshwara Rasa (TR) is an Ayurvedic herbomineral compound formulation used in the intervention of Prameha vis-à-vis diabetes mellitus. The present study was executed to establish a fingerprint for this unique formulation, which can be adopted by the Ayurvedic pharmacies for drug standardization. TR is a formulation prepared by the trituration of four ingredients Abhraka Bhasma (AB), Loha Bhasma (LB), Vanga Bhasma (VB) and Rasa Sindhura (RS) in equal quantities with honey for one day. Each of the ingredients were prepared according to the norms of Ayurvedic classical texts and by employing Electric Muffle Furnace as heating device for incineration. To ensure the proper preparation of Bhasmas, standard tests (Bhasma Pariksha) were employed. After Bhasma complies these tests, TR was prepared and subjected for qualitative analysis, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) studies. LB, AB, VB, RS and TR were also studied for free metal presence by employing phosphomolybdic acid. Chemical analysis of TR reveals that it contains Fe, Sn, Hg, Al, Mn, Ca and Mg. XRD study indicates that TR contains Fe₂O₃ (maghamite) in major phase and SnO₂ (cassiterite), HgS, SiO₂, HgO in minor phases. SEM study revealed that the compound is an agglomeration of particles. The particle size was in between 0.5 and 2 μ. Free metal detection by phosphomolybdic acid revealed the absence of free metals in the final Bhasmas. This is the first study establishing the characterization of Tarakeshwara Rasa.

Swarna Bhasma in cancer: A prospective clinical study

Despite the advances in the treatment of cancer, mortality is still high. Complementary and alternative medicine is emerging as a potent modality in cancer treatment. 'Swarna Bhasma' (SB), containing gold particles, is an ancient Indian medicine has shown its anticancer activity. This present study was conducted to detect the effect of SB on solid malignancies. A total of 43 patients were included in this study received SB for 1 year. Seventeen patients showed response. The response was best in rectal cancer group 70% (7/10). Nearly 41.02% patients survived for 1 year after treatment but after 5 years this came down to 15.38%.