Abnormal characterization of dynamic functional connectivity in Alzheimer's disease

APOE ε4 influences the dynamic functional connectivity variability and cognitive performance in Alzheimer's disease

BackgroundApolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 is the most significant genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, its impact on the dynamic changes in resting-state functional connectivity (FC), particularly concerning network formation, interaction, and dissolution over time, remains largely unexplored in AD.ObjectiveThis study aims to explore the effect of APOE ε4 on dynamic FC (dFC) variability and cognitive performance in AD.MethodsWe analyzed the dFC of AD patients, comparing APOE ε4 carriers (n = 33) with non-carriers (n = 41). The whole-brain dFC was assessed by calculating dynamic fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (dfALFF) and dynamic regional homogeneity (dReHo). To further explore the relationship between cognitive function and dFC in AD patients, we conducted a correlation analysis. Mediation analysis was also performed to determine whether dFC mediates the link between the APOE ε4 and cognitive decline in AD patients.ResultsAD patients carrying the APOE ε4 exhibited more severe cognitive impairment, along with reduced dReHo and dfALFF in both the left and right posterior cerebellar lobes. In these carriers, the dFC analysis showed lower dFC between the left posterior cerebellar lobe and the left middle temporal gyrus, which was positively correlated with executive function and information processing speed. Additionally, mediation analysis indicated that APOE ε4 influences dFC in this brain region, contributing to executive dysfunction in AD.ConclusionsThese findings offer preliminary evidence that APOE ε4 modulates fluctuating communication within the cerebellar lobe and the dFC between the cerebellar lobe and the temporal gyrus in AD.

A group based network analysis for Alzheimer's disease fMRI data

Network modeling are widely using in resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) for Alzheimer's disease (AD) research. Typically, Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) was widely applied to construct brain connectivity network from BOLD signals of regions of interest. However, it often results in significant intra-group variability and complicates the identification of disease-specific functional connectivity patterns. To address this issue, we propose a novel brain network construction strategy, called SNBG, which uses aggregated information from the control group to derive a single-sample network. We compare SNBG and the PCC based method on a dataset from an Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) study. SNBG method captures more stable connections between regions of interest (ROIs) and increases classification accuracy from 89.24% of PCC based method to 97.13%. In addition, in AD-related local networks, such as default mode network (DMN), medial frontal network (MFN) and frontoparietal network (FPN), SNBG demonstrates lower intra-group heterogeneity than the PCC based method.

Static and dynamic brain functional connectivity patterns in patients with unilateral moderate-to-severe asymptomatic carotid stenosis

Background and purpose

Asymptomatic carotid stenosis (ACS) is an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke and vascular cognitive impairment, affecting cognitive function across multiple domains. This study aimed to explore differences in static and dynamic intrinsic functional connectivity and temporal dynamics between patients with ACS and those without carotid stenosis.

Methods

We recruited 30 patients with unilateral moderate-to-severe (stenosis ≥ 50%) ACS and 30 demographically-matched healthy controls. All participants underwent neuropsychological testing and 3.0T brain MRI scans. Resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) was used to calculate both static and dynamic functional connectivity. Dynamic independent component analysis (dICA) was employed to extract independent circuits/networks and to detect time-frequency modulation at the circuit level. Further imaging-behavior associations identified static and dynamic functional connectivity patterns that reflect cognitive decline.

Results

ACS patients showed altered functional connectivity in multiple brain regions and networks compared to controls. Increased connectivity was observed in the inferior parietal lobule, frontal lobe, and temporal lobe. dICA further revealed changes in the temporal frequency of connectivity in the salience network. Significant differences in the temporal variability of connectivity were found in the fronto-parietal network, dorsal attention network, sensory-motor network, language network, and visual network. The temporal parameters of these brain networks were also related to overall cognition and memory.

Conclusions

These results suggest that ACS involves not only changes in the static large-scale brain network connectivity but also dynamic temporal variations, which parallel overall cognition and memory recall.

FAST functional connectivity implicates P300 connectivity in working memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease

Measuring transient functional connectivity is an important challenge in electroencephalogram (EEG) research. Here, the rich potential for insightful, discriminative information of brain activity offered by high-temporal resolution is confounded by the inherent noise of the medium and the spurious nature of correlations computed over short temporal windows. We propose a methodology to overcome these problems called filter average short-term (FAST) functional connectivity. First, a long-term, stable, functional connectivity is averaged across an entire study cohort for a given pair of visual short-term memory (VSTM) tasks. The resulting average connectivity matrix, containing information on the strongest general connections for the tasks, is used as a filter to analyze the transient high-temporal resolution functional connectivity of individual subjects. In simulations, we show that this method accurately discriminates differences in noisy event-related potentials (ERPs) between two conditions where standard connectivity and other comparable methods fail. We then apply this to analyze an activity related to visual short-term memory binding deficits in two cohorts of familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Reproducible significant differences were found in the binding task with no significant difference in the shape task in the P300 ERP range. This allows new sensitive measurements of transient functional connectivity, which can be implemented to obtain results of clinical significance.

Static and Dynamic Functional Network Connectivity in Parkinson's Disease Patients With Postural Instability and Gait Disorder

AIMS

The exact cause of the parkinsonism gait remains uncertain. We first focus on understanding the underlying neurological reasons for these symptoms through the examination of both static functional network connectivity (SFNC) and dynamic functional network connectivity (DFNC).

METHODS

We recruited 64 postural instability and gait disorder-dominated Parkinson's disease (PIGD-PD) patients, 31 non-PIGD-PD (nPIGD-PD) patients, and 54 healthy controls (HC) from Nanjing Brain Hospital. The GIFT software identified five distinct independent components: the basal ganglia (BG), cerebellum (CB), sensory networks (SMN), default mode network (DMN), and central executive network (CEN). We conducted a comparison between the SFNC and DFNC of the five networks and analyzed their correlations with postural instability and gait disorder (PIGD) symptoms.

RESULTS

Compared with nPIGD-PD patients, the PIGD-PD patients demonstrated reduced connectivity between CEN and DMN while spending less mean dwell time (MDT) in state 4. This is characterized by strong connections. Compared with HC, PIGD-PD patients exhibited enhanced connectivity in the SFNC between CB and CEN, as well as the network between CB and DMN. Patients with PIGD-PD spent more MDT in state 1, which is characterized by few connections, and less MDT in state 4. In state 3, there was an increase in the functional connectivity between the CB and DMN in patients with PIGD-PD. The nPIGD patients showed increased SFNC connectivity between CB and DMN compared to HC. These patients spent more MDT in state 1 and less in state 4. The MDT and fractional windows of state 2 showed a positive link with PIGD scores.

CONCLUSION

Patients with PIGD-PD exhibit a higher likelihood of experiencing reduced brain connectivity and impaired information processing. The enhanced connection between the cerebellum and DMN networks is considered a type of dynamic compensation.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging of depression: a bibliometrics and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES

This study aims to reveal the current knowledge map, research hotspots of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies on depression, as well as identify the brain regions associated with depression.

METHODS

CiteSpace was conducted to analyze the publication outputs, country, institution, cited journals, author and cited author, references, keyword cocurrence and burst keywords of fMRI studies in depression from 2010 to 2024. And a meta-analysis of fMRI was used to identify brain regions associated with depression using Neurosynth.

RESULTS

A total of 4,049 publications were included, and Gong Qiyong was the most prolific authors. Neuroimage, Biological Psychiatry, and Human Brain Mapping were prominent journals. Default mode network (DMN), prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and anterior cingulate cortex were the popular keywords. The fMRI studies on depression have mainly focused on major depression, especially the DMN. Functional connectivity and regional homogeneity of brain regions were research hotspots. The meta-analysis revealed significant differences in brain regions between patients with depression and healthy controls, including the Amygdala_L, Insula_R, Frontal_Inf_Oper_R, Cingulum_Post_L, Putamen_L, Thalamus_R, Angular_L, Precuneus_R, Frontal_Sup_R, Occipital_Inf_L.

CONCLUSIONS

This study sheds light on key issues and future directions in fMRI research on depression, elucidating the brain regions related to depression.

Cortical activation in elderly patients with Alzheimer's disease dementia during working memory tasks: a multichannel fNIRS study

Objective

This study aimed to investigate cortical activation and functional connectivity in the cortex during working memory (WM) tasks in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS).

Methods

A total of 17 older adults with AD and 17 cognitively normal (CN) participants were recruited. fNIRS was utilized to monitor oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) concentrations in the frontotemporal lobe, while participants performed WM tasks to examine WM impairments in subjects with AD. Student's t-test for continuous variables and the chi-square test for categorical variables were used to compare the clinical and HbO variables between the AD and CN groups. Functional connectivity was analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient between the time series of each channel-to-channel pair.

Results

The changes in HbO concentrations and cortical activations during the WM task showed that the HbO concentration curve of the CN group was higher than that of the AD group during the encoding and maintenance phases of the WM task. Although in the brain region scale, there were no significant differences in average HbO concentrations between the two groups, many channels located in the frontal and temporal lobes showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in the average HbO (channels 7 and 32) and slope HbO values (channels 7, 8, 9, 23, 30, 34, and 38) during the WM task. The average functional connectivity of the AD group was significantly lower than that of the CN group (p < 0.05). The functional connectivity was stronger in the frontopolar (FP) region than in other areas in both groups.

Conclusion

This study revealed there were significant differences in HbO concentration in older adult patients with AD compared to CN during the WM task. The characteristics of HbO measured by the fNIRS technique can be valuable for distinguishing between AD and CN in older adults.

Association between clinical features and decreased degree centrality and variability in dynamic functional connectivity in the obsessive-compulsive disorder

Neuroimaging studies have indicated widespread brain structural and functional disruptions in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, the underlying mechanism of these changes remains unclear. A total of 45 patients with OCD and 42 healthy controls (HC) were enrolled. The study investigated local degree centrality (DC) abnormalities and employed abnormal regions of DC as seeds to investigate variability in dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) in the whole brain using a sliding window approach to analyze resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. The relationship between abnormal DC and dFC as well as the clinical features of OCD were examined using correlation analysis. Our findings suggested decreased DC in the bilateral thalamus, bilateral precuneus, and bilateral cuneus in OCD patients and a nominally negative correlation between the DC value in the thalamus and illness severity measured using the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS). In addition, seed-based dFC analysis showed that compared to measurements in the HC, the patients had decreased dFC variability between the left thalamus and the left cuneus and right lingual gyrus, and between the bilateral cuneus and bilateral postcentral gyrus, and a nominally positive correlation between the duration of illness and dFC variability between the left cuneus and left postcentral gyrus. These results indicated that OCD patients had decreased hub importance in the bilateral thalamus and cuneus throughout the entire brain. This reduction was associated with impaired coupling with dynamic function in the visual cortex and sensorimotor network and provided novel insights into the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying OCD.

Regional-based static and dynamic alterations in Alzheimer disease: a longitudinal study

BACKGROUND

 Alzheimer disease (AD) leads to cognitive decline and alters functional connectivity (FC) in key brain regions. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) assesses these changes using static-FC for overall correlation and dynamic-FC for temporal variability.

OBJECTIVE

 In AD, there is altered FC compared to normal conditions. The present study investigates possible region-specific functional abnormalities occurring longitudinally over 1 year. Our aim is to evaluate the potential usefulness of the static and dynamic approaches in identifying biomarkers of AD progression.

METHODS

 The study involved 15 AD and 20 healthy participants from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative 2 (ADNI2) database, tracked over 2 visits within 1 year. Using constrained-independent component analysis, we assessed FC changes across 80-regions of interest in AD over the year, examining both static and dynamic conditions.

RESULTS

 The average regional FC decreased in AD compared to healthy subjects at baseline and after 1 year. The dynamic condition identifies similarities with a few additional changes in the FC compared to the static condition. In both analyses, the baseline assessment revealed reduced connectivity between the following regions: right-middle-occipital and left-superior-occipital, left-hippocampus and right-postcentral, left-lingual and left-fusiform, and precuneus and left-thalamus. Additionally, increased connectivity was found between the left-superior-occipital and precuneus regions. In the 1-year AD assessment, increased connectivity was noted between the right-superior-temporal-pole and right-insular, right-hippocampus and left-caudate, right-middle-occipital and right-superior-temporal-pole, and posterior-cingulate-cortex and middle-temporal-pole regions.

CONCLUSION

 Significant changes were observed at baseline in the frontal, occipital, and core basal-ganglia regions, progressing towards the temporal lobe and subcortical regions in the following year. After 1 year, we observed the aforementioned region-specific neurological differences in AD, significantly aiding diagnosis and disease tracking.

Investigation of hemispheric asymmetry in Alzheimer's disease patients during resting state revealed BY fNIRS

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the gradual deterioration of brain structures and changes in hemispheric asymmetry. Meanwhile, healthy aging is associated with a decrease in functional hemispheric asymmetry. In this study, functional connectivity analysis was used to compare the functional hemispheric asymmetry in eyes-open resting-state fNIRS data of 16 healthy elderly controls (mean age: 60.4 years, MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination): 27.3 ± 2.52) and 14 Alzheimer's patients (mean age: 73.8 years, MMSE: 22 ± 4.32). Increased interhemispheric functional connectivity was found in the premotor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, primary motor cortex, inferior parietal cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, and supramarginal gyrus in the control group compared to the AD group. The study revealed that the control group had stronger interhemispheric connectivity, leading to a more significant decrease in hemispheric asymmetry than the AD group. The results show that there is a difference in interhemispheric functional connections at rest between the Alzheimer's group and the control group, suggesting that functional hemispheric asymmetry continues in Alzheimer's patients.

Alterations in Dynamic Functional Connectivity in Patients with Cerebral Small Vessel Disease

Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is a common disease that seriously endangers people's health, and is easily overlooked by both patients and clinicians due to its near-silent onset. Dynamic functional connectivity (DFC) is a new concept focusing on the dynamic features and patterns of brain networks that represents a powerful tool for gaining novel insight into neurological diseases. To assess alterations in DFC in CSVD patients, and the correlation of DFC with cognitive function. We enrolled 35 CSVD patients and 31 normal control subjects (NC). Resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) with a sliding-window approach and k-means clustering based on independent component analysis (ICA) was used to evaluate DFC. The temporal properties of fractional windows and the mean dwell time in each state, as well as the number of transitions between each pair of DFC states, were calculated. Additionally, we assessed the functional connectivity (FC) strength of the dynamic states and the associations of altered neuroimaging measures with cognitive performance. A dynamic analysis of all included subjects suggested four distinct functional connectivity states. Compared with the NC group, the CSVD group had more fractional windows and longer mean dwell times in state 4 characterized by sparse FC both inter-network and intra-networks. Additionally, the CSVD group had a reduced number of windows and shorter mean dwell times compared to the NC group in state 3 characterized by highly positive FC between the somatomotor and visual networks, and negative FC in the basal ganglia and somatomotor and visual networks. The number of transitions between state 2 and state 3 and between state 3 and state 4 was significantly reduced in the CSVD group compared to the NC group. Moreover, there was a significant difference in the FC strength between the two groups, and the altered temporal properties of DFC were significantly related to cognitive performance. Our study indicated that CSVD is characterized by altered temporal properties in DFC that may be sensitive neuroimaging biomarkers for early disease identification. Further study of DFC alterations could help us to better understand the progressive dysfunction of networks in CSVD patients.

Frequency-dependent alterations in functional connectivity in patients with Alzheimer's Disease spectrum disorders

Background

In the spectrum of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and related disorders, the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) signals within the cerebral cortex may exhibit distinct characteristics across various frequency ranges. Nevertheless, this hypothesis has not yet been substantiated within the broader context of whole-brain functional connectivity. This study aims to explore potential modifications in degree centrality (DC) and voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) among individuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and AD, while assessing whether these alterations differ across distinct frequency bands.

Methods

This investigation encompassed a total of 53 AD patients, 40 aMCI patients, and 40 healthy controls (HCs). DC and VMHC values were computed within three distinct frequency bands: classical (0.01-0.08 Hz), slow-4 (0.027-0.073 Hz), and slow-5 (0.01-0.027 Hz) for the three respective groups. To discern differences among these groups, ANOVA and subsequent post hoc two-sample t-tests were employed. Cognitive function assessment utilized the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Pearson correlation analysis was applied to investigate the associations between MMSE and MoCA scores with DC and VMHC.

Results

Significant variations in degree centrality (DC) were observed among different groups across diverse frequency bands. The most notable differences were identified in the bilateral caudate nucleus (CN), bilateral medial superior frontal gyrus (mSFG), bilateral Lobule VIII of the cerebellar hemisphere (Lobule VIII), left precuneus (PCu), right Lobule VI of the cerebellar hemisphere (Lobule VI), and right Lobule IV and V of the cerebellar hemisphere (Lobule IV, V). Likewise, disparities in voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) among groups were predominantly localized to the posterior cingulate gyrus (PCG) and Crus II of the cerebellar hemisphere (Crus II). Across the three frequency bands, the brain regions exhibiting significant differences in various parameters were most abundant in the slow-5 frequency band.

Conclusion

This study enhances our understanding of the pathological and physiological mechanisms associated with AD continuum. Moreover, it underscores the importance of researchers considering various frequency bands in their investigations of brain function.

Artificial intelligence-assisted repair of peripheral nerve injury: a new research hotspot and associated challenges

Artificial intelligence can be indirectly applied to the repair of peripheral nerve injury. Specifically, it can be used to analyze and process data regarding peripheral nerve injury and repair, while study findings on peripheral nerve injury and repair can provide valuable data to enrich artificial intelligence algorithms. To investigate advances in the use of artificial intelligence in the diagnosis, rehabilitation, and scientific examination of peripheral nerve injury, we used CiteSpace and VOSviewer software to analyze the relevant literature included in the Web of Science from 1994-2023. We identified the following research hotspots in peripheral nerve injury and repair: (1) diagnosis, classification, and prognostic assessment of peripheral nerve injury using neuroimaging and artificial intelligence techniques, such as corneal confocal microscopy and coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy; (2) motion control and rehabilitation following peripheral nerve injury using artificial neural networks and machine learning algorithms, such as wearable devices and assisted wheelchair systems; (3) improving the accuracy and effectiveness of peripheral nerve electrical stimulation therapy using artificial intelligence techniques combined with deep learning, such as implantable peripheral nerve interfaces; (4) the application of artificial intelligence technology to brain-machine interfaces for disabled patients and those with reduced mobility, enabling them to control devices such as networked hand prostheses; (5) artificial intelligence robots that can replace doctors in certain procedures during surgery or rehabilitation, thereby reducing surgical risk and complications, and facilitating postoperative recovery. Although artificial intelligence has shown many benefits and potential applications in peripheral nerve injury and repair, there are some limitations to this technology, such as the consequences of missing or imbalanced data, low data accuracy and reproducibility, and ethical issues (e.g., privacy, data security, research transparency). Future research should address the issue of data collection, as large-scale, high-quality clinical datasets are required to establish effective artificial intelligence models. Multimodal data processing is also necessary, along with interdisciplinary collaboration, medical-industrial integration, and multicenter, large-sample clinical studies.

Abnormal characteristic static and dynamic functional network connectivity in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus

AIMS

Idiopathic Normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by gait disturbance, dementia, and urinary dysfunction. The neural network mechanisms underlying this phenomenon is currently unknown.

METHODS

To investigate the resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC) abnormalities of iNPH-related brain connectivity from static and dynamic perspectives and the correlation of these abnormalities with clinical symptoms before and 3-month after shunt. We investigated both static and dynamic functional network connectivity (sFNC and dFNC, respectively) in 33 iNPH patients and 23 healthy controls (HCs).

RESULTS

The sFNC and dFNC of networks were generally decreased in iNPH patients. The reduction in sFNC within the default mode network (DMN) and between the somatomotor network (SMN) and visual network (VN) were related to symptoms. The temporal properties of dFNC and its temporal variability in state-4 were sensitive to the identification of iNPH and were correlated with symptoms. The temporal variability in the dorsal attention network (DAN) increased, and the average instantaneous FC was altered among networks in iNPH. These features were partially associated with clinical symptoms.

CONCLUSION

The dFNC may be a more sensitive biomarker for altered network function in iNPH, providing us with extra information on the mechanisms of iNPH.

Abnormal stability of spontaneous neuronal activity as a predictor of diagnosis conversion from major depressive disorder to bipolar disorder

OBJECTIVE

Bipolar disorder (BD) is often misdiagnosed as major depressive disorder (MDD) in the early stage, which may lead to inappropriate treatment. This study aimed to characterize the alterations of spontaneous neuronal activity in patients with depressive episodes whose diagnosis transferred from MDD to BD.

METHODS

532 patients with MDD and 132 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited over 10 years. During the follow-up period, 75 participants with MDD transferred to BD (tBD), and 157 participants remained with the diagnosis of unipolar depression (UD). After excluding participants with poor image quality and excessive head movement, 68 participants with the diagnosis of tBD, 150 participants with the diagnosis of UD, and 130 HCs were finally included in the analysis. The dynamic amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (dALFF) of spontaneous neuronal activity was evaluated in tBD, UD and HC using functional magnetic resonance imaging at study inclusion. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to evaluate sensitivity and specificity of the conversion prediction from MDD to BD based on dALFF.

RESULTS

Compared to HC, tBD exhibited elevated dALFF at left premotor cortex (PMC_L), right lateral temporal cortex (LTC_R) and right early auditory cortex (EAC_R), and UD showed reduced dALFF at PMC_L, left paracentral lobule (PCL_L), bilateral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), right orbital frontal cortex (OFC_R), right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC_R), right posterior cingulate cortex (PCC_R) and elevated dALFF at LTC_R. Furthermore, tBD exhibited elevated dALFF at PMC_L, PCL_L, bilateral mPFC, bilateral OFC, DLPFC_R, PCC_R and LTC_R than UD. In addition, ROC analysis based on dALFF in differential areas obtained an area under the curve (AUC) of 72.7%.

CONCLUSIONS

The study demonstrated the temporal dynamic abnormalities of tBD and UD in the critical regions of the somatomotor network (SMN), default mode network (DMN), and central executive network (CEN). The differential abnormal patterns of temporal dynamics between the two diseases have the potential to predict the diagnosis transition from MDD to BD.

Metacognitive beliefs of efficacy about daily life situations and use of cognitive strategies in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: a cross-sectional study

Metacognition, the ability to monitor and regulate cognitive processes, is essential for individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) to accurately identify their deficits and effectively manage them. However, previous studies primarily focused on memory awareness in MCI, neglecting other domains affected in daily life. This study aimed to investigate how individuals with MCI perceive their abilities to handle various cognitively challenging situations representing real-life scenarios and their use of compensatory strategies. Thus 100 participants were recruited, including 50 with amnestic MCI with multiple deficits (aMCI) and 50 cognitively healthy controls (HC) matched in age and education. Participants completed three metacognitive scales assessing self-perceived efficacy in everyday life scenarios and one scale evaluating use of cognitive strategies. Results indicated that aMCI participants reported significantly lower self-efficacy in memory and divided-shifted attention scenarios compared to HC. Surprisingly, no significant group differences were found in the self-reports about the use of cognitive strategies. This suggests a potential gap in understanding or applying effective strategies for compensating cognitive deficits. These findings emphasize the importance of cognitive training programs targeting metacognitive knowledge enhancement and practical use of cognitive strategies that could enhance the quality of life for individuals with MCI.

Functional Connectivity Differences in Distinct Dentato-Cortical Networks in Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment

Recent research has implicated the cerebellum in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and cerebrocerebellar network connectivity is emerging as a possible contributor to symptom severity. The cerebellar dentate nucleus (DN) has parallel motor and non-motor sub-regions that project to motor and frontal regions of the cerebral cortex, respectively. These distinct dentato-cortical networks have been delineated in the non-human primate and human brain. Importantly, cerebellar regions prone to atrophy in AD are functionally connected to atrophied regions of the cerebral cortex, suggesting that dysfunction perhaps occurs at a network level. Investigating functional connectivity (FC) alterations of the DN is a crucial step in understanding the cerebellum in AD and in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Inclusion of this latter group stands to provide insights into cerebellar contributions prior to diagnosis of AD. The present study investigated FC differences in dorsal (dDN) and ventral (vDN) DN networks in MCI and AD relative to cognitively normal participants (CN) and relationships between FC and behavior. Our results showed patterns indicating both higher and lower functional connectivity in both dDN and vDN in AD compared to CN. However, connectivity in the AD group was lower when compared to MCI. We argue that these findings suggest that the patterns of higher FC in AD may act as a compensatory mechanism. Additionally, we found associations between the individual networks and behavior. There were significant interactions between dDN connectivity and motor symptoms. However, both DN seeds were associated with cognitive task performance. Together, these results indicate that cerebellar DN networks are impacted in AD, and this may impact behavior. In concert with the growing body of literature implicating the cerebellum in AD, our work further underscores the importance of investigations of this region. We speculate that much like in psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia, cerebellar dysfunction results in negative impacts on thought and the organization therein. Further, this is consistent with recent arguments that the cerebellum provides crucial scaffolding for cognitive function in aging. Together, our findings stand to inform future clinical work in the diagnosis and understanding of this disease.

Abnormal dynamic functional connectivity in the hippocampal subregions of patients with untreated moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the dynamic change characteristics of dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) between the hippocampal subregions (anterior and posterior) and other brain regions in obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and its relationship with cognitive function, and to explore whether these characteristics can be used to distinguish OSA from healthy controls (HCs).

METHODS

Eighty-five patients with newly diagnosed moderate-to-severe OSA and 85 HCs were enrolled. All participants underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The difference between dFC values between the hippocampal subregions and other brain regions in OSA patients and HCs was compared using the two-sample t tests. Correlation analyses were used to assess the relationship between dFC, clinical data, and cognitive functions in OSA patients. dFC values from different brain regions were used as classification features to distinguish between the two groups using a support vector machine.

RESULTS

Compared with HCs, the dFC values between the left anterior hippocampus and right culmen of the cerebellum anterior lobe, right anterior hippocampus and left lingual gyrus, and left posterior hippocampus and left precentral gyrus were significantly lower, and the dFC values between the left posterior hippocampus and precuneus were significantly higher in OSA patients. The dFC values between the left posterior hippocampus and the precuneus of OSA patients were associated with sleep-related indicators and Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores. Support vector machine analysis results showed that dFC values in different brain regions could distinguish OSA patients from HCs.

CONCLUSION

dFC patterns between the hippocampal subregions and other brain regions were altered in patients with OSA, including the cerebellum, default mode networks, sensorimotor networks, and visual function networks, which is possibly associated with cognitive decline. In addition, the dFC values of different brain regions could effectively distinguish OSA patients from HCs. These findings provide new perspectives on neurocognition in these patients.

Metacognitive Differences in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment and Healthy Cognition: A Cross-Sectional Study Employing Online Measures

This study aimed to examine metacognitive abilities in individuals diagnosed with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) by using online metacognitive measures during cognitive tasks. A total of 100 participants were enrolled, all aged 50 or older (mean age = 61.98; SD = 6.27), and with a minimum of six years of education (mean = 14.95; SD = 2.94). The sample included 50 individuals with aMCI (34 females) and 50 healthy controls (HC) (33 females). Both groups underwent metacognitive versions of memory tasks (Doors and People) and executive functions tasks (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test). Metacognition was assessed through confidence ratings given after each answer (referred to as metacognitive monitoring) and the accuracy of the participants' decisions to include or exclude answers from their final scores (known as metacognitive control). The results showed that although individuals with aMCI were aware of their cognitive limitations-evidenced by their lower confidence ratings across all tasks-they still exhibited overconfidence relative to their actual performance. Moreover, they included a greater number of incorrect answers in their final scores compared to the healthy control group. These findings suggest that while individuals with aMCI retain some level of awareness, their self-evaluations appear to lack precision. This observation was consistent across both types of cognitive tasks. The results underscore the need for additional research to better understand metacognition in MCI as well as the interplay between metacognitive monitoring and control.

Global brain activity and its coupling with cerebrospinal fluid flow is related to tau pathology

Amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau deposition constitute Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology. Cortical tau deposits first in the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus and then propagates to neocortex in an Aβ-dependent manner. Tau also tends to accumulate earlier in higher-order association cortex than in lower-order primary sensory-motor cortex. While previous research has examined the production and spread of tau, little attention has been paid to its clearance. Low-frequency (<0.1 Hz) global brain activity during the resting state is coupled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow and potentially reflects glymphatic clearance. Here we report that tau deposition in subjects with evaluated Aβ, accompanied by cortical thinning and cognitive decline, is strongly associated with decreased coupling between CSF flow and global brain activity. Substantial modulation of global brain activity is also manifested as propagating waves of brain activation between higher- and lower-order regions, resembling tau spreading. Together, the findings suggest an important role of resting-state global brain activity in AD tau pathology.

Association between Sleep and Alzheimer's Disease: A Bibliometric Analysis from 2003 to 2022

INTRODUCTION

Alzheimer's disease (AD) often presents with sleep disorders, which are also an important risk factor for AD, affecting cognitive function to a certain extent. This study aimed to reveal the current global status, present hotspots, and discuss emerging trends of sleep and AD using a bibliometric approach.

METHODS

Research and review articles related to sleep and AD from 2003 to 2022 were extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection. VOSviewer 1.6.18.0, Scimago Graphica, and CiteSpace 6.2.R2 were used to map the productive and highly cited countries, institutions, journals, authors, references, and keywords in the field.

RESULTS

Overall, 4,008 publications were included in this bibliometric analysis. The number of publications and citations showed an increasing trend over the past two decades. The USA and China had the largest and second largest, respectively, number of publications and citations and cooperated with other countries more closely. Ancoli-Israel Sonia published the most papers, and Holtzman David M was co-cited most frequently. The most productive journal was Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, and Neurology was the most frequently cited journal. The risk factors, β-amyloid (Aβ), tau, neuroinflammation, astrocytes, glymphatic system, orexin, functional connectivity, and management have been the main research directions of researchers over the past few years and may be the future trend of valuable research.

CONCLUSION

We identified hotspots and emerging trends including risk factors, Aβ, tau, neuroinflammation, the glymphatic system, orexin, and management, which may help identify new therapeutic targets and improve clinical efficacy of sleep and AD.

Neuroimaging modalities in the detection of Alzheimer's disease-associated biomarkers

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Neuropathological changes in AD patients occur up to 10-20 years before the emergence of clinical symptoms. Specific diagnosis and appropriate intervention strategies are crucial during the phase of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD. The detection of biomarkers has emerged as a promising tool for tracking the efficacy of potential therapies, making an early disease diagnosis, and prejudging treatment prognosis. Specifically, multiple neuroimaging modalities, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography, optical imaging, and single photon emission-computed tomography, have provided a few potential biomarkers for clinical application. The MRI modalities described in this review include structural MRI, functional MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and arterial spin labelling. These techniques allow the detection of presymptomatic diagnostic biomarkers in the brains of cognitively normal elderly people and might also be used to monitor AD disease progression after the onset of clinical symptoms. This review highlights potential biomarkers, merits, and demerits of different neuroimaging modalities and their clinical value in MCI and AD patients. Further studies are necessary to explore more biomarkers and overcome the limitations of multiple neuroimaging modalities for inclusion in diagnostic criteria for AD.

Individual-specific functional connectivity improves prediction of Alzheimer's disease's symptoms in elderly people regardless of APOE ε4 genotype

To date, reliable biomarkers remain unclear that could link functional connectivity to patients' symptoms for detecting and predicting the process from normal aging to Alzheimer's disease (AD) in elderly people with specific genotypes. To address this, individual-specific functional connectivity is constructed for elderly participants with/without APOE ε4 allele. Then, we utilize recursive feature selection-based machine learning to reveal individual brain-behavior relationships and to predict the symptom transition in different genotypes. Our findings reveal that compared with conventional atlas-based functional connectivity, individual-specific functional connectivity exhibits higher classification and prediction performance from normal aging to AD in both APOE ε4 groups, while no significant performance is detected when the data of two genotyping groups are combined. Furthermore, individual-specific between-network connectivity constitutes a major contributor to assessing cognitive symptoms. This study highlights the essential role of individual variation in cortical functional anatomy and the integration of brain and behavior in predicting individualized symptoms.

Decreased gray matter volume and dynamic functional alterations in medicine-free obsessive-compulsive disorder

BACKGROUND

Previous studies discovered the presence of abnormal structures and functions in the brain regions of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Nevertheless, whether structural changes in brain regions are coupled with alterations in dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) at rest in medicine-free patients with OCD remains vague.

METHODS

Three-dimensional T₁-weighed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and resting-state functional MRI were performed on 50 medicine-free OCD and 50 healthy controls (HCs). Firstly, the differences in gray matter volume (GMV) between OCD and HCs were compared. Then, brain regions with aberrant GMV were used as seeds for dFC analysis. The relationship of altered GMV and dFC with clinical parameters in OCD was explored using partial correlation analysis. Finally, support vector machine was applied to examine whether altered multimodal imaging data might be adopted to distinguish OCD from HCs.

RESULTS

Our findings indicated that GMV in the left superior temporal gyrus (STG) and right supplementary motor area (SMA) was reduced in OCD, and the dFC between the left STG and the left cerebellum Crus I and left thalamus, and between the right SMA and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and left precuneus was decreased at rest in OCD. The brain regions both with altered GMV and dFC values could discriminate OCD from HCs with the accuracy of 0.85, sensitivity of 0.90 and specificity of 0.80.

CONCLUSION

The decreased gray matter structure coupling with dynamic function in the left STG and right SMA at rest may be crucial in the pathophysiology of OCD.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Study on the mechanism of brain network in obsessive-compulsive disorder with multi-model magnetic resonance imaging (registration date: 08/11/2017; registration number: ChiCTR-COC-17,013,301).

Source space connectomics of neurodegeneration: One-metric approach does not fit all

Brain functional connectivity in dementia has been assessed with dissimilar EEG connectivity metrics and estimation procedures, thereby increasing results' heterogeneity. In this scenario, joint analyses integrating information from different metrics may allow for a more comprehensive characterization of brain functional interactions in different dementia subtypes. To test this hypothesis, resting-state electroencephalogram (rsEEG) was recorded in individuals with Alzheimer's Disease (AD), behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), and healthy controls (HCs). Whole-brain functional connectivity was estimated in the EEG source space using 101 different types of functional connectivity, capturing linear and nonlinear interactions in both time and frequency-domains. Multivariate machine learning and progressive feature elimination was run to discriminate AD from HCs, and bvFTD from HCs, based on joint analyses of i) EEG frequency bands, ii) complementary frequency-domain metrics (e.g., instantaneous, lagged, and total connectivity), and iii) time-domain metrics with different linearity assumption (e.g., Pearson correlation coefficient and mutual information). <10% of all possible connections were responsible for the differences between patients and controls, and atypical connectivity was never captured by >1/4 of all possible connectivity measures. Joint analyses revealed patterns of hypoconnectivity (patientsHCs) in both groups was mainly identified in frontotemporal regions. These atypicalities were differently captured by frequency- and time-domain connectivity metrics, in a bandwidth-specific fashion. The multi-metric representation of source space whole-brain functional connectivity evidenced the inadequacy of single-metric approaches, and resulted in a valid alternative for the selection problem in EEG connectivity. These joint analyses reveal patterns of brain functional interdependence that are overlooked with single metrics approaches, contributing to a more reliable and interpretable description of atypical functional connectivity in neurodegeneration.

Effective Connectivity Evaluation of Resting-State Brain Networks in Alzheimer's Disease, Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Normal Aging: An Exploratory Study

(1) Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with a high prevalence. Despite the cognitive tests to diagnose AD, there are pitfalls in early diagnosis. Brain deposition of pathological markers of AD can affect the direction and intensity of the signaling. The study of effective connectivity allows the evaluation of intensity flow and signaling pathways in functional regions, even in the early stage, known as amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). (2) Methods: 16 aMCI, 13 AD, and 14 normal subjects were scanned using resting-state fMRI and T1-weighted protocols. After data pre-processing, the signal of the predefined nodes was extracted, and spectral dynamic causal modeling analysis (spDCM) was constructed. Afterward, the mean and standard deviation of the Jacobin matrix of each subject describing effective connectivity was calculated and compared. (3) Results: The maps of effective connectivity in the brain networks of the three groups were different, and the direction and strength of the causal effect with the progression of the disease showed substantial changes. (4) Conclusions: Impaired information flow in the resting-state networks of the aMCI and AD groups was found versus normal groups. Effective connectivity can serve as a potential marker of Alzheimer's pathophysiology, even in the early stages of the disease.

Functional networks in prolonged disorders of consciousness

Prolonged disorders of consciousness (DoC) are characterized by extended disruptions of brain activities that sustain wakefulness and awareness and are caused by various etiologies. During the past decades, neuroimaging has been a practical method of investigation in basic and clinical research to identify how brain properties interact in different levels of consciousness. Resting-state functional connectivity within and between canonical cortical networks correlates with consciousness by a calculation of the associated temporal blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal process during functional MRI (fMRI) and reveals the brain function of patients with prolonged DoC. There are certain brain networks including the default mode, dorsal attention, executive control, salience, auditory, visual, and sensorimotor networks that have been reported to be altered in low-level states of consciousness under either pathological or physiological states. Analysis of brain network connections based on functional imaging contributes to more accurate judgments of consciousness level and prognosis at the brain level. In this review, neurobehavioral evaluation of prolonged DoC and the functional connectivity within brain networks based on resting-state fMRI were reviewed to provide reference values for clinical diagnosis and prognostic evaluation.

The human functional connectome in neurodegenerative diseases: relationship to pathology and clinical progression

INTRODUCTION

Neurodegenerative diseases can be considered as 'disconnection syndromes,' in which a communication breakdown prompts cognitive or motor dysfunction. Mathematical models applied to functional resting-state MRI allow for the organization of the brain into nodes and edges, which interact to form the functional brain connectome.

AREAS COVERED

The authors discuss the recent applications of functional connectomics to neurodegenerative diseases, from preclinical diagnosis, to follow up along with the progressive changes in network organization, to the prediction of the progressive spread of neurodegeneration, to stratification of patients into prognostic groups, and to record responses to treatment. The authors searched PubMed using the terms 'neurodegenerative diseases' AND 'fMRI' AND 'functional connectome' OR 'functional connectivity' AND 'connectomics' OR 'graph metrics' OR 'graph analysis.' The time range covered the past 20 years.

EXPERT OPINION

Considering the great pathological and phenotypical heterogeneity of neurodegenerative diseases, identifying a common framework to diagnose, monitor and elaborate prognostic models is challenging. Graph analysis can describe the complexity of brain architectural rearrangements supporting the network-based hypothesis as unifying pathogenetic mechanism. Although a multidisciplinary team is needed to overcome the limit of methodologic complexity in clinical application, advanced methodologies are valuable tools to better characterize functional disconnection in neurodegeneration.

Abnormal dynamic functional network connectivity in male obstructive sleep apnea with mild cognitive impairment: A data-driven functional magnetic resonance imaging study

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dynamic functional network connectivity (FNC) and its relationship with cognitive function in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients from normal cognition (OSA-NC) to mild cognitive impairment (OSA-MCI).

Materials and methods

Eighty-two male OSA patients and 48 male healthy controls (HC) were included in this study. OSA patients were classified to OSA-MCI (n = 41) and OSA-NC (n = 41) based on cognitive assessments. The independent component analysis was used to determine resting-state functional networks. Then, a sliding-window approach was used to construct the dynamic FNC, and differences in temporal properties of dynamic FNC and functional connectivity strength were compared between OSA patients and the HC. Furthermore, the relationship between temporal properties and clinical assessments were analyzed in OSA patients.

Results

Two different connectivity states were identified, namely, State I with stronger connectivity and lower frequency, and State II with lower connectivity and relatively higher frequency. Compared to HC, OSA patients had a longer mean dwell time and higher fractional window in stronger connectivity State I, and opposite result were found in State II, which was mainly reflected in OSA-MCI patients. The number of transitions was an increasing trend and positively correlated with cognitive assessment in OSA-MCI patients. Compared with HC, OSA patients showed extensive abnormal functional connectivity in stronger connected State I and less reduced functional connectivity in lower connected State II, which were mainly located in the salience network, default mode network, and executive control network.

Conclusion

Our study found that OSA patients showed abnormal dynamic FNC properties, which was a continuous trend from HC, and OSA-NC to OSA-MCI, and OSA patients showed abnormal dynamic functional connectivity strength. The number of transformations was associated with cognitive impairment in OSA-MCI patients, which may provide new insights into the neural mechanisms in OSA patients.

Consequences of inequity in the neurosurgical workforce: Lessons from traumatic brain injury

Women and minorities leave or fail to advance in the neurosurgical workforce more frequently than white men at all levels from residency to academia. The consequences of this inequity are most profound in fields such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), which lacks objective measures. We evaluated published articles on TBI clinical research and found that TBI primary investigators or corresponding authors were 86·5% White and 59·5% male. First authors from the resulting publications were 92.6% white. Most study participants were male (68%). 64·4% of NIH-funded TBI clinical trials did not report or recruit any black subjects and this number was even higher for other races and the Hispanic ethnicity. We propose several measures for mitigation of the consequences of the inequitable workforce in traumatic brain injury that could potentially contribute to more equitable outcomes. The most immediately feasible of these is validation and establishment of objective measures for triage and prognostication that are less susceptible to bias than current protocols. We call for incorporation of gender and race neutral metrics for TBI evaluation to standardize classification of injury. We offer insights into how socioeconomic factors contribute to increased death rates from women and minority groups. We propose the need to study how these disparities are caused by unfair health insurance reimbursement practices. Surgical and clinical research inequities have dire consequences, and until those inequities can be corrected, mitigation of those consequences requires system wide change.

Classification and Interpretability of Mild Cognitive Impairment Based on Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance and Ensemble Learning

The combination and integration of multimodal imaging and clinical markers have introduced numerous classifiers to improve diagnostic accuracy in detecting and predicting AD; however, many studies cannot ensure the homogeneity of data sets and consistency of results. In our study, the XGBoost algorithm was used to classify mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and normal control (NC) populations through five rs-fMRI analysis datasets. Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) is used to analyze the interpretability of the model. The highest accuracy for diagnosing MCI was 65.14% (using the mPerAF dataset). The characteristics of the left insula, right middle frontal gyrus, and right cuneus correlated positively with the output value using DC datasets. The characteristics of left cerebellum 6, right inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part, and vermis 6 correlated positively with the output value using fALFF datasets. The characteristics of the right middle temporal gyrus, left middle temporal gyrus, left temporal pole, and middle temporal gyrus correlated positively with the output value using mPerAF datasets. The characteristics of the right middle temporal gyrus, left middle temporal gyrus, and left hippocampus correlated positively with the output value using PerAF datasets. The characteristics of left cerebellum 9, vermis 9, and right precentral gyrus, right amygdala, and left middle occipital gyrus correlated positively with the output value using Wavelet-ALFF datasets. We found that the XGBoost algorithm constructed from rs-fMRI data is effective for the diagnosis and classification of MCI. The accuracy rates obtained by different rs-fMRI data analysis methods are similar, but the important features are different and involve multiple brain regions, which suggests that MCI may have a negative impact on brain function.

Triple Network Model-Based Analysis on Abnormal Core Brain Functional Network Dynamics in Different Stage of Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment

Background: Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) is considered to be a transitional stage of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) because it has the same clinical symptoms as AD but with lower severity. Studies have confirmed that patients with aMCI are more likely to develop to AD. Although studies on resting state functional connectivity have revealed the abnormal organization of brain networks, the dynamic changes of the functional connectivity across the scans have been ignored. Objective: Dynamic functional connectivity is a novel method to reveal the temporal variation of brain networks. This paper aimed to investigate the dynamic characteristics of brain functional connectivity in the early and late phases of aMCI. Methods: Based on the “triple network” model, we used the sliding time window approach to construct dynamical functional networks and then analyzed the dynamic characteristics of the functional connectivity across the entire scan. Results: The results showed that patients with aMCI had longer dwell times in weaker network connection than in the strong network. The transitions between different states become more frequent, and the stability of the patient’s brain core network deteriorates. This study also found the correlation between the altered dynamic properties of the core functional networks and the patient’s clinical Mini-Mental State Examination assessment scale sores. Conclusion: This study revealed that the characteristics of dynamic functional networks constructed by the core cognitive networks varied in distinct ways at different stages of aMCI, which could provide a new idea for exploring the neuro-mechanisms of neurological disorders.

The Effects of a Virtual Reality Rehabilitation Task on Elderly Subjects: An Experimental Study Using Multimodal Data

Ageing populations are becoming a global issue. Against this background, the assessment and treatment of geriatric conditions have become increasingly important. This study draws on the multisensory integration of virtual reality (VR) devices in the field of rehabilitation to assess brain function in young and old people. The study is based on multimodal data generated by combining high temporal resolution electroencephalogram (EEG) and subjective scales and behavioural indicators reflecting motor abilities. The phase locking value (PLV) was chosen as an indicator of functional connectivity (FC), and six brain regions, namely LPFC, RPFC, LOL, ROL, LMC and RMC, were analysed. The results showed a significant difference in the alpha band on comparing the resting and task states in the younger group. A significant difference between the two states in the alpha and beta bands was observed when comparing task states in the younger and older groups. Meanwhile, this study affirms that advancing age significantly affects human locomotor performance and also has a correlation with cognitive level. The study proposes a novel accurate and valid assessment method that offers new possibilities for assessing and rehabilitating geriatric diseases. Thus, this method has the potential to contribute to the field of rehabilitation medicine.

Transcriptional Profiling of Hippocampus Identifies Network Alterations in Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by rapid brain cell degeneration affecting different areas of the brain. Hippocampus is one of the earliest involved brain regions in the disease. Modern technologies based on high-throughput data have identified transcriptional profiling of several neurological diseases, including AD, for a better comprehension of genetic mechanisms of the disease. In this study, we investigated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from six Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets of hippocampus of AD patients. The identified DEGs were submitted to Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) and ClueGo to explore genes with a higher degree centrality and to comprehend their biological role. Subsequently, MCODE was used to identify subnetworks of interconnected DEGs. Our study found 40 down-regulated genes and 36 up-regulated genes as consensus DEGs. Analysis of the co-expression network revealed ACOT7, ATP8A2, CDC42, GAD1, GOT1, INA, NCALD, and WWTR1 to be genes with a higher degree centrality. ClueGO revealed the pathways that were mainly enriched, such as clathrin coat assembly, synaptic vesicle endocytosis, and DNA damage response signal transduction by p53 class mediator. In addition, we found a subnetwork of 12 interconnected genes (AMPH, CA10, CALY, NEFL, SNAP25, SNAP91, SNCB, STMN2, SV2B, SYN2, SYT1, and SYT13). Only CA10 and CALY are targets of known drugs while the others could be potential novel drug targets.