Hepatoprotective effect of kaempferol glycosides isolated from Cedrela odorata L. leaves in albino mice: involvement of Raf/MAPK pathway

Research progress on pharmacological effects against liver and eye diseases of flavonoids present in Chrysanthum indicum L., Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat., Buddleja officinalis Maxim. and Sophora japonica L

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Chrysanthemum indicum L., Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat., Buddleja officinalis Maxim., and Sophora japonica L. have the effects of "Clearing the liver" and "Improving vision". Flavonoids are their main active ingredients, but there are few reports on their simultaneous liver and eye protective effects.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Overview of the role of flavonoids of the four medicinal flowers (FFMF) in the prevention and treatment of liver and eye diseases.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The Web of Science, PubMed, CNKI, Google Scholar, and WanFang databases were searched for FFMF. Using "hepatitis", "liver fibrosis", "liver cancer", "dry eye syndrome", "cataracts", "glaucoma", "age-related macular degeneration", and "diabetic retinopathy" as the keywords, we summarized the main pathological mechanisms of these diseases and the role of FFMF in their prevention and treatment.

RESULTS

We found that the four medicinal flowers contained a total of 125 flavonoids. They can maintain liver and eye homeostasis by regulating pathological mechanisms such as oxidative stress, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, glucose and lipid metabolism disorders, and programmed cell death, exerting the effect of "clearing the liver and improving vision".

CONCLUSION

FFMF have a series of beneficial properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antifibrotic activity, and the regulation of angiogenesis, glycolipid metabolism and programmed cell death, which may explain the efficacy of the four traditional Chinese medicines for "Clearing the liver" and "Improving vision".

Evidence for the efficacy of anti-inflammatory plants used in Brazilian traditional medicine with ethnopharmacological relevance

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

When exacerbated, inflammatory processes can culminate in physical and emotional disorders and, if not stopped, can be lethal. The high prevalence of inflammation has become a public health problem, and the need for new drugs to treat this pathology is imminent. The use of medicinal plants has emerged as an alternative, and a survey of data that corroborates its application in inflammatory diseases is the starting point. Furthermore, Brazil harbors a megadiversity, and the traditional use of plants is relevant and needs to be preserved and carefully explored for the discovery of new medicines.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This review sought to survey the medicinal plants traditionally used in Brazil for the treatment of inflammatory processes and to perform, in an integrative way, a data survey of these species and analysis of their phytochemical, pharmacological, and molecular approaches.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Brazilian plants that are traditionally used for inflammation (ophthalmia, throat inflammation, orchitis, urinary tract inflammation, ear inflammation, and inflammation in general) are listed in the DATAPLAMT database. This database contains information on approximately 3400 native plants used by Brazilians, which were registered in specific documents produced until 1950. These inflammatory disorders were searched in scientific databases (PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Lilacs, Scielo, Virtual Health Library), with standardization of DECS/MESH descriptors for inflammation in English, Spanish, French, and Portuguese, without chronological limitations. For the inclusion criteria, all articles had to be of the evaluated plant species, without association of synthesized substances, and full articles free available in any of the four languages searched. Duplicated articles and those that were not freely available were excluded.

RESULTS

A total of 126 species were identified, culminating in 6181 articles in the search. After evaluation of the inclusion criteria, 172 articles representing 40 different species and 38 families were included in the study. Comparison of reproducibility in intra-species results became difficult because of the large number of extraction solvents tested and the wide diversity of evaluation models used. Although the number of in vitro and in vivo evaluations was high, only one clinical study was found (Abrus precatorius). In the phytochemical analyses, more than 225 compounds, mostly phenolic compounds, were identified.

CONCLUSION

This review allowed the grouping of preclinical and clinical studies of several Brazilian species traditionally used for the treatment of many types of inflammation, corroborating new searches for their pharmacological properties as a way to aid public health. Furthermore, the large number of plants that have not yet been studied has encouraged new research to revive traditional knowledge.

Kaempferol sophoroside glucoside mitigates acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity: Role of Nrf2/NF-κB and JNK/ASK-1 signaling pathways

APAP (Acetaminophen)-induced hepatic injury is a major public health threat that requires continuous searching for new effective therapeutics. KSG (Kaempferol-3-sophoroside-7-glucoside) is a kaempferol derivative that was separated from plant species belonging to different genera. This study explored the protective effects of KSG on ALI (acute liver injury) caused by APAP overdose in mice and elucidated its possible mechanisms. The results showed that KSG pretreatment alleviated APAP-induced hepatic damage as it reduced hepatic pathological lesions as well as the serum parameters of liver injury. Moreover, KSG opposed APAP-associated oxidative stress and augmented hepatic antioxidants. KSG suppressed the inflammatory response as it decreased the genetic and protein expression as well as the levels of inflammatory cytokines. Meanwhile, KSG enhanced the mRNA expression and level of anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10 (interleukin-10). KSG repressed the activation of NF-κB (nuclear-factor kappa-B), besides it promoted the activation of Nrf2 signaling. Additionally, KSG markedly hindered the elevation of ASK-1 (apoptosis-signal regulating-kinase-1) and JNK (c-Jun-N-terminal kinase). Furthermore, KSG suppressed APAP-induced apoptosis as it decreased the level and expression of Bax (BCL2-associated X-protein), and caspase-3 concurrent with an enhancement of anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl2 in the liver. More thoroughly, Computational studies reveal indispensable binding affinities between KSG and Keap1 (Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1), ASK1 (apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1), and JNK1 (c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase-1) with distinctive tendencies for selective inhibition. Taken together, our data showed the hepatoprotective capacity of KSG against APAP-produced ALI via modulation of Nrf2/NF-κB and JNK/ASK-1/caspase-3 signaling. Henceforth, KSG could be a promising hepatoprotective candidate for ALI.

Acacia sieberiana (Fabaceae) attenuates paracetamol and Bile Duct Ligation-Induced hepatotoxicity via modulation of biochemical and oxidative stress biomarkers

Background: The plant Acacia sieberiana (Fabaceae) is traditionally used to manage hepatitis. This research work aims to investigate the hepatoprotective effectiveness of root bark extract of Acacia sieberiana (ASE) against paracetamol (PCM) and bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced hepatotoxicity. The phytochemical and median lethal dose (LD50) investigations were conducted. The rats were pre-treated with the ASE (250, 750, and 1,500 mg/kg) once daily via oral route for 7 consecutive days. On the 8th day, liver injury was initiated by PCM administration (2 g/kg). Similarly, in the BDL-induced liver injury, the animals were administered ASE (125, 250, and 380 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for 7 consecutive days. After 24 h, blood samples and hepatic tissues were obtained for biochemical and histopathological investigations. Results: Phytocomponents determination revealed glycosides, triterpenes, glycosides, saponins, tannins, flavonoids and alkaloids. The oral and intraperitoneal LD50 values of the ASE were >5,000 and 1,300 mg/kg, respectively. The ASE efficiently (p < 0.05) decreased the alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels and elevated the albumin and total protein (TP) levels. The direct bilirubin effectively (p < 0.05) decreased at 750 mg/kg. Besides, the extract efficiently elevated the glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in relation to the PCM hepatotoxic group. Also, the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration was reduced by the ASE. Meanwhile, in the BDL-induced liver injury, the ASE remarkably (p < 0.05) declined the AST, ALP, bilirubin,and MDA. Besides, there was effective (p < 0.05) elevation in SOD, GPx and CAT in the ASE-treated groups. The morphology of liver tissue was preserved at 125 and 250 mg/kg ASE groups from BDL-induced necrosis and vascular congestion. Conclusion: The study shows that the ASE has hepatoprotective actions against liver damage by possible modulation of biochemical and oxidative stress biomarkers.