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Feeding Bakery Former Foodstuffs and Wheat Distiller’s as Partial Replacement for Corn and Soybean Enhances the Environmental Sustainability and Circularity of Beef Cattle Farming. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14094908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the partial substitution of corn and soybean meals with bakery former foodstuffs (BFF) and wheat wet distiller’s grains (WDGs) on environmental sustainability, production performance, and health status were evaluated in beef cattle. Newly arrived Limousine beef heifers (n = 408) housed an intensive farm in Campagnatico (Grosseto, Italy) were balanced for initial weight and body conformation and then randomly divided in two groups: (i) Traditional corn–soybean meal diet; (ii) Circular diet with average as-fed 1.5 kg BFF and 1.5 kg WDGs as substitute for 1.6 kg corn and 0.3 kg soybean meal. The environmental impact of the diet was analyzed considering greenhouse gases emissions (GHG, kg CO2 eq), water (H2O, L), and land use (LU, m2) as well as consumption of human-edible feeds (HE, kg). The growth performance, feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), carcass characteristics, apparent total tract digestibility (aTTD), and health status of heifers were evaluated. The Circular diet led to a reduction per kg of cold carcass weight (CCW) of 1.00 kg CO2 eq of GHG, 72.38 L of H2O, 1.20 m2 of LU, and 0.95 kg of HE (p < 0.0001). Growth performances, carcass characteristics, and health status were not affected (p > 0.05). Sugar and pectin aTTD were significantly higher (p < 0.0001) in the Circular group. Replacing traditional feed ingredients with BFF and WDGs reduced the environmental impact of the diet of fattening Limousine heifers and the food competition between humans and beef cattle in accordance with circular economy principles.
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Jeon S, Lee M, Seo J, Kim JH, Kam DK, Seo S. High-level dietary crude protein decreased backfat thickness and increased carcass yield score in finishing Hanwoo beef cattle ( Bos taurus coreanae). JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:1064-1075. [PMID: 34796347 PMCID: PMC8564310 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a high level of dietary crude protein (CP) has become of interest as a
possible practice to improve the carcass quality of beef cattle, and its level
has been increasing in the field. However, there is little scientific evidence
that supports this. This study was conducted to test whether a high dietary CP
level would improve growth performance, body metabolism, and carcass traits in
Hanwoo beef cattle. A total of 32 Hanwoo finishing beef cattle (18 multiparous
cows, six heifers, and eight steers) participated in a 12-weeks feeding trial.
Two kinds of total mixed rations were prepared to contain two different CP; 156
g/kg for the control (CON) and 173 g/kg of CP for the treatment (HCP), while
maintaining a similar level of metabolizable energy. The experiment was ended
when more than half of the steers reached the target body weight (730 kg). Blood
was collected at the end of the experiment. After harvesting, the carcass trait
was evaluated at the slaughterhouse according to Korean standards. The carcass
yield score and grade were also calculated based on revised criteria. Overall,
dry matter intake, average daily gain, blood metabolites concentration, and the
carcass traits, except for backfat thickness and the yield score, did not differ
between the treatments. The HCP had lower backfat thickness than those of CON.
There was no difference in the carcass yield grade, but the yield score was
higher in the HCP treatment. According to the newly revised carcass grading
criteria, both yield score and grade were higher in HCP than in CON. Increasing
CP supply decreased the carcass’s backfat thickness without altering
growth performance and body metabolism, resulting in improved yield score and
grade. Therefore, feeding a high CP diet may be beneficial in the farm income,
although it may also increase feed cost and nitrogen excretion to the
environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoyoung Jeon
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Mingyung Lee
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jakyeom Seo
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.,Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Department of Animal Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
| | | | | | - Seongwon Seo
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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Abudabos AM, Abdelrahman MM, Alatiyat RM, Aljumaah MR, Al Jassim R, Stanley D. Effect of dietary inclusion of graded levels of distillers dried grains with solubles on the performance, blood profile and rumen microbiota of Najdi lambs. Heliyon 2021; 7:e05683. [PMID: 33553711 PMCID: PMC7848638 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design to evaluate the effect of including graded levels (0, 20, 30, 40 and 50% of diet) of dried distiller's grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth performance, slaughter parameters, blood serum metabolites and rumen microbiota in weaned Najdi male lambs. Thirty-five lambs, initial body weight of 33.45 ± 0.75 kg, and approximately three-month old were used in a 94-day feeding experiment. Performance measurements were conducted biweekly and blood samples were collected monthly. Inclusion of DDGS in the diets of growing Najdi lambs at levels up to 50% did not affect body weight gain (BWG) compared with the lambs fed the control diet (CON, 0% DDGS). Lambs fed the 50% DDGS diet consumed less feed compared with lambs in other groups (98 vs 112.5 kg DM) but had no adverse effect on BWG. Rumen pH values at 0, 6, 12 and 18 h post feeding and concentrations of blood serum total proteins, glucose, triglycerides, urea-N or albumin were similar across treatments. Slaughter parameters including slaughter weight, hot and cold carcass weights and dressing % (hot and cold carcass) were not affected by the treatments. There was no difference in the weights of full compartmental stomach and intestines, liver, omental fat, Kidney Knob and Channel Fat (KKCF) and tail fat between DDGS treatments and CON. The study concluded that the inclusion of DDGS in the diets of growing Najdi lambs had no adverse effects on growth performance and slaughter parameters. Rumen microbiota was not affected, however, our data suggest significant interactions between DDGS and selected bacterial groups and DDGS driven rearrangement of Prevotella species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Abudabos
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - M M Abdelrahman
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - R M Alatiyat
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - M R Aljumaah
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - R Al Jassim
- Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - D Stanley
- Central Queensland University, Institute for Future Farming Systems, Rockhampton QLD 4702, Australia
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Karaca S, Erdoğan S, Güney M, Çakmakçı C, Sarıbey M, Kor A, Ülker H. Does the length of time dried distillers' grain with solubles substitution for soybean meal affect physiological indicators and meat quality in finishing lambs? Anim Sci J 2021; 92:e13561. [PMID: 34018642 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This study examined how inclusion of dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS) in finishing lamb diets for different periods affects some physiological indicators and meat quality. A total of 40 male lambs were divided into four groups according to feeding regimen during the 120-day finishing period as follows: C120: no DDGS included in diet for 120 days; D120: DDGS included in diet for 120 days; D75: no DDGS included in diet for 45 days + DDGS included in diet for 75 days; D45: no DDGS included in diet for 75 days + DDGS included in diet for 45 days. Dietary inclusion rate of DDGS was 27.5%. Fattening performance and rumen parameters were not affected by treatment. Feeding regimens had no significant effect on meat quality except the instrumental tenderness and juiciness score. DDGS fed lambs had higher level of total trans fatty acids and n-6/n-3 ratio in meat. 10t-C18:1, 11t-C18:1 and 9c,11t conjugated linoleic acid contents of adipose tissue were higher in all the DDGS groups compared with C120 lambs (p < .001). These results suggest that soybean meal can be replaced with corn DDGS in lamb diets for up to 120 days during the finishing period with no adverse effects on some physiological response feedlot performance and meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhat Karaca
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Van Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Sibel Erdoğan
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Van Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Mehtap Güney
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Van Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Cihan Çakmakçı
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Van Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Muammer Sarıbey
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Van Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Aşkın Kor
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Van Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Hasan Ülker
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
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He ML, Stanford K, Dugan MER, Marquess L, McAllister TA. Association of leptin genotype with growth performance, adipocyte cellularity, meat quality, and fatty acid profile in beef steers fed flaxseed or high-oleate sunflower seed diets with or without triticale dried distiller's grains. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skaa104. [PMID: 32277699 PMCID: PMC7185023 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin genotypes can be identified as homozygous normal (CC), homozygous mutant (TT), and heterozygous (CT) based on a single-nucleotide polymorphism in exon 2 of the leptin gene, which has been associated with feed intake and fat deposition in cattle. The experiment was designed as 2 × 2 × 2 factorial with three main factors: (1) genotype (CT or TT) and diets fed 2) with or without triticale dried distiller's grains with solubles (DDG), and 3) with either flaxseed (FS) or high-oleate sunflower seed (SS). Evaluations included growth performance, subcutaneous fat deposition, adipocyte cellularity, meat quality, and fatty acid (FA) profile of various depots. Beef steers (n = 40, 459 ± 31 kg) of either CT or TT genotypes were housed in individual pens with ad libitum access to one of the four diets: 75% steam-rolled barley + 10% barley silage with 10% FS or SS (non-DDG diets, NDG) and 46.5% barley + 10% barley silage + 30% DDG, with 8.5% FS or SS, all on a dry matter basis. Growth performance, ultrasound subcutaneous fat thickness, rib eye area (REA), and plasma FA were measured prior to and during the finishing period. At slaughter, samples of subcutaneous fat, perirenal fat, and Longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle were collected for FA analysis and carcass and meat quality were measured. Compared with CT cattle, TT tended to have less (P = 0.06) C18:2-c9,t11 (rumenic acid) in plasma and subcutaneous fat and a greater proportion (P < 0.05) of C18:0 in subcutaneous, perirenal, and LT fat. Cattle with TT genotype also tended (P < 0.1) to have more total saturated and less unsaturated (USFA) and monounsaturated fats (MUFA) and had less (P = 0.04) linoleic acid in LT. Ultrasound fat thickness, REA, and average diameter of adipocytes in subcutaneous fat at 12 wk were not affected (P > 0.39) by genotype. Generally, carcass and meat quality were similar (P > 0.1) among diets, although adding FS tended to increase (P = 0.06) total USFA of subcutaneous fat including omega-3 FA (P < 0.001). For the high-fat diets evaluated, CT cattle would have more potential to produce beef with enhanced health benefits than would TT cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maolong L He
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Kim Stanford
- Agriculture Centre, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Michael E R Dugan
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Canada
| | | | - Tim A McAllister
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Canada
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Hellwing ALF, Lund P, Mogensen L, Vestergaard M. Growth, feed intake, methane emissions and carbon footprint from Holstein bull calves fed four different rations. Livest Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Obeidat BS. Influence of corn-dried distiller’s grain with solubles on growth performance and blood metabolites of Awassi lambs offered a concentrate diet. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2017.1404946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Belal S. Obeidat
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Nair J, Christensen D, Yu P, Beattie AD, McAllister T, Damiran D, Preston N, Fuhr L, McKinnon JJ. A nutritional evaluation of common barley varieties grown for silage by beef and dairy producers in western Canada. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2016-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the nutritional and neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) characteristics of seven barley varieties (‘Conlon’, ‘CDC Copeland’, ‘CDC Cowboy’, ‘Falcon’, ‘Legacy’, ‘AC Metcalfe’, and ‘Xena’) grown for silage. Commercial samples (n = 80) harvested at the mid-dough stage were collected over 2 years (2012 and 2013). Average pH and dry matter (DM) content were 4.05% ± 0.17% and 36.8% ± 4.1%, respectively. ‘Falcon’ and ‘AC Metcalfe’ had higher (P < 0.05) CP relative to ‘CDC Copeland’ and ‘Xena’, with intermediate values for the other varieties. Acid (ADF) and neutral (NDF) detergent fiber contents were higher (P < 0.05) for ‘CDC Cowboy’ relative to ‘Conlon’. Starch was higher (P < 0.05) for ‘Legacy’ and ‘Conlon’ than ‘CDC Cowboy’, with intermediate values for other varieties. Legacy had a greater (P < 0.05) 6-h NDFD while ‘CDC Cowboy’ had a greater (P < 0.05) 30-h NDFD. Indigestible NDF (INDF; % NDF) was greater (P < 0.05) for ‘AC Metcalfe’ relative to ‘CDC Cowboy’ and ‘Falcon’. These results indicate that barley varieties vary with respect to chemical composition and NDFD and INDF contents. Selection for higher 30-h NDFD could result in improvements in DM and DE intake and performance of growing beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayakrishnan Nair
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - David Christensen
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Peiqiang Yu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Aaron D. Beattie
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Tim McAllister
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Daalkhaijav Damiran
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Natalie Preston
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Leland Fuhr
- Dairysmart Nutrition, Saskatoon, SK S7W 0K7, Canada
| | - John J. McKinnon
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
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9
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Xu L, He M, Liang R, McAllister T, Yang W. Effects of grain source and monensin level on growth performance, carcass traits and fatty acid profile in feedlot beef steers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zenobi MG, Lardner HA, Jefferson PG, McKinnon JJ. Blended by-product feed pellets for backgrounding cattle. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas-2014-035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. G. Zenobi
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A1
| | - H. A. Lardner
- Western Beef Development Centre, Humboldt, Saskatchewan, Canada S0K 2A0
| | - P. G. Jefferson
- Western Beef Development Centre, Humboldt, Saskatchewan, Canada S0K 2A0
| | - J. J. McKinnon
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A1
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Amat S, McKinnon JJ, Simko E, Hendrick S. Evaluation of feeding corn or wheat dried distillers’ grains with solubles on animal health of finishing feedlot steers. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2013-182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Amat
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4
| | - J. J. McKinnon
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A8
| | - E. Simko
- Department of Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4
| | - S. Hendrick
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4
- Coaldale Veterinary Clinic, 141 Broxburn Blvd., Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4P4
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Inclusion of sunflower seed and wheat dried distillers' grains with solubles in a red clover silage-based diet enhances steers performance, meat quality and fatty acid profiles. Animal 2014; 8:1999-2010. [PMID: 25075808 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114001955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study compared beef production, quality and fatty acid (FA) profiles of yearling steers fed a control diet containing 70 : 30 red clover silage (RCS) : barley-based concentrate, a diet containing 11% sunflower seed (SS) substituted for barley, and diets containing SS with 15% or 30% wheat dried distillers' grain with solubles (DDGS). Additions of DDGS were balanced by reductions in RCS and SS to maintain crude fat levels in diets. A total of two pens of eight animals were fed per diet for an average period of 208 days. Relative to the control diet, feeding the SS diet increased (P<0.05) average daily gain, final live weight and proportions of total n-6 FA, non-conjugated 18:2 biohydrogenation products (i.e. atypical dienes) with the first double bond at carbon 8 or 9 from the carboxyl end, conjugated linoleic acid isomers with the first double bond from carbon 7 to 10 from the carboxyl end, t-18:1 isomers, and reduced (P<0.05) the proportions of total n-3 FA, conjugated linolenic acids, branched-chain FA, odd-chain FA and 16:0. Feeding DDGS-15 and DDGS-30 diets v. the SS diet further increased (P<0.05) average daily gains, final live weight, carcass weight, hot dressing percentage, fat thickness, rib-eye muscle area, and improved instrumental and sensory panel meat tenderness. However, in general feeding DGGS-15 or DDGS-30 diets did not change FA proportions relative to feeding the SS diet. Overall, adding SS to a RCS-based diet enhanced muscle proportions of 18:2n-6 biohydrogenation products, and further substitutions of DDGS in the diet improved beef production, and quality while maintaining proportions of potentially functional bioactive FA including vaccenic and rumenic acids.
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He ZX, He ML, Walker ND, McAllister TA, Yang WZ. Using a fibrolytic enzyme in barley-based diets containing wheat dried distillers grains with solubles: ruminal fermentation, digestibility, and growth performance of feedlot steers. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:3978-87. [PMID: 24987082 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of adding an exogenous fibrolytic enzyme (FE) on ruminal pH and fermentation, digestibility, and growth performance of feedlot beef cattle fed a finishing diet containing wheat dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). In Exp. 1, 4 ruminally cannulated Angus heifers (average BW of 807 ± 93.9 kg) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. Treatments were 1) control (CON; 10% barley silage and 90% barley grain-based concentrate), 2) CON diet substituting 30% wheat DDGS for barley grain (WDG), 3) WDG diet supplemented with low FE (WDGL), and 4) WDG diet supplemented with high FE (WDGH). Heifers fed WDG had less (P = 0.01) total tract DM digestibility than heifers fed CON. Increasing FE linearly (P < 0.05) increased starch digestibility without affecting digestibility of other nutrients. Addition of FE also reduced (P = 0.03) ruminal ammonia-N (NH3-N) concentration but did not affect VFA concentration. Moreover, application of FE to wheat DDGS linearly increased in situ ruminal DM (P < 0.01) and NDF (P = 0.02) disappearance after 48 h of incubation. In Exp. 2, 160 yearling steers (initial BW = 495 ± 37.9 kg) were fed the same diets as in Exp. 1. No differences in DMI, final BW, ADG, dietary NEg, or carcass characteristics were observed among diets. However, the steers fed WDG had less (P < 0.05) G:F and greater number of (P < 0.01) abscessed livers than steers fed CON. Increasing FE application in wheat DDGS diets did not affect DMI, final BW, or ADG but tended (P < 0.09) to linearly improve feed efficiency and decreased (P = 0.03) the incidence of abscessed livers. These results demonstrated adverse effects of including wheat DDGS in finishing diets on feed digestion, feed efficiency, and animal health. Application of FE in wheat DDGS-based diets potentially improved starch digestion, protein metabolism in the rumen, feed efficiency, and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z X He
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - M L He
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - N D Walker
- AB Vista Feed Ingredients, Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 4AN, UK
| | - T A McAllister
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - W Z Yang
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada
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Phoemchalard C, Uriyapongson S, Berg EP. Effect of cassava bioethanol by-product and crude palm oil in Brahman x Thai native yearling heifer cattle diets: I. Nutrient digestibility and growth performance. Trop Anim Health Prod 2014; 46:663-8. [PMID: 24510198 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-014-0549-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of cassava bioethanol by-product (CEP) and crude palm oil (CPO) on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, and growth performance of yearling heifers were investigated in a 150-day feeding trial. Eighteen, crossbred heifers (Brahman x Thai native) were randomly allotted according to 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. Low or high levels of CEP (15 or 30% of concentrate, LCEP, or HCEP) were basal treatments and 0, 2, and 4% CPO were daily top-dressed. Concentrate was supplemented at 1.75% of body weight (BW) and rice straw offered ad libitum. CEP level had no significance on feed intake. CPO increased roughage intake, concentrate intake, and total feed intake when expressed as %BW/d (P < 0.01) and as metabolic BW (kg(0.75)/d, P < 0.05). Intakes of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), and crude protein (CP) were similar (P > 0.05). Intake of fat increased with higher levels of CPO (P < 0.001). The DM, OM, CP, and EE digestibility of cattle-fed HCEP was lower than LCEP, but adding 4% CPO increased digestibility. Growth performance was similar for all diets (P > 0.05). We concluded that CEP can be used up to 30% in the diet, with or without additional fat inclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirasak Phoemchalard
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, KhonKaen, 40002, Thailand
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He ML, McAllister TA, Hernandez-Calva LM, Aalhus JL, Dugan MER, McKinnon JJ. Effect of dietary inclusion of triticale dried distillers' grain and oilseeds on quality and fatty acid profile of meat from feedlot steers. Meat Sci 2014; 97:76-82. [PMID: 24530992 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study compared carcass, meat quality and fatty acid profiles of longissimus thoracis (LT) from feedlot cattle fed barley grain with or without oilseed (OS). Six diets containing no oilseed (No-OS), 10% ground flaxseed (FS), 10% high oleate sunflower seeds (SS) with or without 30% triticale dried distiller's grain (DDGS) were prepared. Feeding DDGS increased chroma at 24 and 144 h post mortem. Feeding FS increased weight% of LT PUFA (P<0.05) compared to No-OS or SS. An OS by DDGS interaction occurred for 18:3n-3 (P<0.05) where FS increased weight% of 18:3n-3 (P<0.05), a response accentuated (P<0.05) by DDGS. Feeding DDGS increased weight% of LT 18:2n-6 (P<0.05), but neither OS nor DDGS affected conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, t7,c9 &c9,t11-18:2). Feeding FS increased weight% of n-3 FA, and both FS and SS increased t10-18:1 with no effect on CLA or t11-18:1. Combination feeding of DDGS and FS further increased weight% of n-3 FA and tempered increases in t10-18:1 with no effect on CLA or t11-18:1. The findings suggest a new strategy to increase beef omega-3 fatty acids efficiently through inclusion of a combination of DDGS and FS in feedlot diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L He
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - T A McAllister
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada.
| | - L M Hernandez-Calva
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - J L Aalhus
- Lacombe Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - M E R Dugan
- Lacombe Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - J J McKinnon
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
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Xu L, Jin Y, He ML, Li C, McAllister TA, Yang WZ. Effects of increasing levels of corn dried distillers grains with solubles and monensin on intake, digestion, and ruminal fermentation in beef heifers fed high-barley grain diets. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:5390-8. [PMID: 24045473 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine whether increasing corn-based dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) in high-barley grain diets reduces the merit of using higher levels of monensin by assessing intake, digestibility, and ruminal pH and fermentation in feedlot heifers. Five ruminally and duodenally cannulated Angus heifers (average BW of 599±36 kg) were used in a 5×5 Latin square with a 2×2+1 factorial arrangement. Treatments were control (CON, 10% barley silage, 90% barley-based concentrate, and 28 mg monensin/kg DM) and diets substituting 20% (LDG) or 40% (HDG) DDGS for barley grain with 28 mg (ML) or 48 mg (MH) monensin/kg diet DM: 1) CONML, 2) LDGML, 3) HDGML, 4) LDGMH, and 5) HDGMH. Contrasts compared LDG vs. HDG, ML vs. MH, interactions between DDGS and monensin, and the effect of increasing DDGS in the diet. Increasing DDGS quadratically (P<0.01) increased DMI. There was no interaction for DMI between the dietary inclusion rate of DDGS and the dose of monensin; however, DMI was reduced (P<0.05) for heifers fed MH vs. ML. Ruminal digestibility of OM, NDF, and starch linearly decreased (P<0.01), but intestinal digestibility linearly increased (P<0.01) with increasing DDGS, resulting in no differences in total tract digestibility. Ruminal digestibility of OM was greater (P<0.04) in heifers fed MH than ML; however, the total tract digestibility of OM was not affected. Intake of N, flows of total N, nonammonia N, and dietary N were linearly (P<0.02) increased, and the efficiency of ruminal microbial synthesis linearly (P<0.04) improved with increasing DDGS. Increasing DDGS inclusion linearly decreased (P<0.04) the acetate to propionate ratio. Inclusion of MH decreased (P<0.04) acetate and increased (P<0.05) NH3-N compared to ML, but high monensin did not affect mean ruminal pH, the duration of pH<5.8, 5.5, 5.2, or the area below the curve at pH 5.8, 5.5, and 5.2, indicating that there was no evidence that it modulated ruminal pH. These results suggest that feeding monensin at 48 vs. 28 mg/kg diet DM altered nutrient availability and site of feed digestion, likely as a result of reduced DMI and increased ruminal digestion of DM. High levels of monensin may reduce the risk of acidosis through a reduction in DMI, but in the present study this was not evident in differences in the ruminal pH profiles between heifers fed ML and MH diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010018, China
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Hünerberg M, McGinn SM, Beauchemin KA, Okine EK, Harstad OM, McAllister TA. Effect of dried distillers’ grains with solubles on enteric methane emissions and nitrogen excretion from finishing beef cattle. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2012-151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hünerberg, M., McGinn, S. M., Beauchemin, K. A., Okine, E. K., Harstad, O. M. and McAllister, T. A. 2013. Effect of dried distillers’ grains with solubles on enteric methane emissions and nitrogen excretion from finishing beef cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 373–385. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of corn- or wheat-based dried distillers’ grains with solubles (CDDGS, WDDGS) on enteric methane (CH4) emissions from finishing beef cattle, and to determine if any observed reductions were a result of the fat content of CDDGS. A second objective was to compare the effect of CDDGS or WDDGS on N excretion. The experiment was designed as replicated 4×4 Latin square with 28-d periods using 16 ruminally fistulated crossbred heifers. The control diet contained 87% barley grain, 8% barley silage and 5% supplement (dry matter; DM basis). Treatment diets were formulated by replacing 40% DM of barley grain with CDDGS, WDDGS, or corn oil supplemented WDDGS (WDDGS+oil). For the WDDGS+oil diet 6.5% corn oil was added to WDDGS (3.4% fat DM) to achieve a similar fat level as in CDDGS (9.7% DM). All diets were fed as total mixed rations once daily ad libitum. Total collection of urine and faeces was conducted between days 18 and 21. Methane was measured between days 25 and 28 using four identical open circuit respiratory chambers. Compared with WDDGS, feeding CDDGS and WDDGS+oil reduced (P<0.05) CH4emissions as a percentage of gross energy intake (GEI) from 5.5 to 4.0 and 4.2%, respectively. Feeding CDDGS also reduced (P<0.05) CH4emissions compared with the control (5.0% of GEI), while WDDGS+oil tended (P=0.08) to elicit a similar response. Methane (% of GEI) between WDDGS and the control did not differ (P=0.29). Excretion of total N was greater (P<0.001) for CDDGS, WDDGS and WDDGS+oil (220, 253, and 265 g d−1) compared with the control (143 g d−1). Although oil appears to be responsible for reducing CH4emissions when DDGS is included in the diet, increased N excretion requires that a complete life cycle assessment be conducted to assess the full impact of DDGS on greenhouse gas emissions from finishing cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Hünerberg
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - S. M. McGinn
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - K. A. Beauchemin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - E. K. Okine
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | | | - T. A. McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
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Increasing concentrations of wheat dry distillers’ grains with solubles in iso-nitrogenous finishing diets reduce lamb performance. Small Rumin Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Yang WZ, Xu L, Li C, Beauchemin KA. Short Communication: Effects of supplemental canola meal and various types of distillers’ grains on growth performance of backgrounded steers. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2012-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Yang, W. Z., Xu, L., Li, C. and Beauchemin, K. A. 2012. Short Communication: Effects of supplemental canola meal and various types of distillers’ grains on growth performance of backgrounded steers. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 281–286. A growth study was conducted to investigate the effects of protein source on growth performance of backgrounded steers. Partly replacing barley grain with canola meal (CM), corn dried distillers’ grains with solubles (cDDGS) or fractionated corn dried distillers grains with solubles (fDDGS) increased averaged daily gain and feed conversion efficiency of backgrounded steers. Steers fed corn DDGS (cDDGS, fDDGS) improved feed conversion efficiency compared with steers fed wheat dried distillers’ grain with solubles (wDDGS). These results indicate that inclusion of protein ingredients in barley-based diets is necessary to improve growth performance of growing cattle. To maximize profits, the choice of protein source in cattle rations will depend upon availability and cost of ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Z. Yang
- Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - L. Xu
- Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China
| | - C. Li
- Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, 028000 China. Contribution no. 387-1203. 6
| | - K. A. Beauchemin
- Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
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Avila-Stagno J, Chaves AV, Graham AS, McAllister TA. Effects of replacing barley grain with wheat dry distillers' grains on growth performance, eating behavior, and subcutaneous fatty acid profiles of lambs. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09064702.2013.800906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Graham AS, Jonas E, Tanner A, Avila-Stagno J, Bush RD, Chaves AV. Effects of replacing rolled barley grain with wheat dry distillers' grains with solubles in Merino sheep rations. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09064702.2013.824020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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He ML, Gibb D, McKinnon JJ, McAllister TA. Effect of high dietary levels of canola meal on growth performance, carcass quality and meat fatty acid profiles of feedlot cattle. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2012-090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
He, M. L., Gibb, D., McKinnon, J. J. and McAllister, T. A. 2013. Effect of high dietary levels of canola meal on growth performance, carcass quality and meat fatty acid profiles of feedlot cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 269–280. This study investigated the effect of substituting canola meal (CM) for barley grain on growth performance, carcass quality and meat fatty acid (FA) profiles of feedlot cattle. Cross bred calves (n=140; 285±27 kg) were individually fed diets comprised of a barley grain based concentrate (including 5% supplement) and barley silage at ratios of 45:55 and 92:8 (DM basis) during growing and finishing periods, respectively. Pressed CM from Brassica napus, containing 11.4% residual oil and solvent-extracted CM derived from B. napus or Brassica juncea canola seed were compared. Canola meal was substituted for 0 (control), 15, or 30% barley grain (DM basis) in both growing and finishing diets. Regardless of diet, cattle did not differ (P>0.05) in average daily gain in either the growing or finishing period. For the overall feeding period, inclusion of 30% CM increased (P<0.01) DMI of cattle compared with 15% CM groups, but reduced (P<0.05) gain: feed (G:F) as compared with control and 15% B. juncea and 15% pressed CM. Gain: feed of cattle fed CM was also reduced (P<0.05) during the finishing period as compared with the control diet with this reduction being more notable at the 30% level. Carcass quality and incidence of liver abscesses were not affected (P>0.05) by inclusion of CM. Inclusion of 30% pressed CM resulted in higher (P<0.05)%FAME of total polyunsaturated fatty acid, n-3, alpha-linolenic acid and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), and a decrease (P<0.05) in n-6/n-3 ratio in the pars costalis diaphragmatis muscle as compared with the control diet. In conclusion, inclusion of CM did not alter the growth performance or G:F of beef cattle during the growing period, but did lower G:F during the finishing period. The inclusion of 15 or 30% solvent-extracted CM did not alter carcass quality, whereas 30% pressed CM increased the levels of desirable fatty acids (i.e., n-3 and CLA) in beef.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. L. He
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E2
| | - D. Gibb
- Hi-Pro Feeds, 1810 39 St. N., Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1H 5J2
| | - J. J. McKinnon
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E2
| | - T. A. McAllister
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
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Hünerberg M, McGinn SM, Beauchemin KA, Okine EK, Harstad OM, McAllister TA. Effect of dried distillers grains plus solubles on enteric methane emissions and nitrogen excretion from growing beef cattle1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:2846-57. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Hünerberg
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - S. M. McGinn
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - K. A. Beauchemin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - E. K. Okine
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | | | - T. A. McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada
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Damiran D, Jonker A, Zhang X, Yari M, McKinnon JJ, McAllister T, Abeysekara S, Yu P. Evaluation of the feed value for ruminants of blends of corn and wheat distillers dried grains. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:4387-4395. [PMID: 23581833 DOI: 10.1021/jf400595n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recently, biofuel processing has produced a large amount of biofuel coproducts. However, to date, there is little information on the metabolic characteristics of proteins and energy in biofuel coproduct-based rations. The objective of this study was to study the metabolic characteristics of proteins and energy in biofuel coproduct-based rations in terms of (1) chemical and nutrient profiles, (2) protein and carbohydrate subfraction associated with various degradation rate, (3) rumen and intestinal degradation and digestion kinetics, and (4) metabolic characteristics of proteins. Two sources of grain corn were mixed with two sources of biofuel coproducts (wheat-based dried distillers grains with solubles, wDDGS) in ratios of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75%. The study revealed that increasing the biofuel coproduct inclusion level increased most of the nutritional components linearly (P < 0.05) except starch, which linearly decreased. With increasing biofuel coproduct inclusion level, the rumen degradation rate and the effective degradability of organic matter were not affected (P > 0.05), but the effective degradability of starch was decreased (P < 0.05). Effective degradation of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber as well as predicted truly absorbed protein supply in the small intestine and degraded protein balance were increased (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the inclusion of the biofuel coproduct up to 25-50% in rations improved potential nitrogen and energy synchronization for microbial growth and improved truly absorbable protein supply to the small intestine, without altering energy value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daalkhaijav Damiran
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Hallewell J, Barbieri LR, Thomas JE, Stanford K, McAllister TA. Fecal shedding in cattle inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 and fed corn or wheat distillers' dried grain with solubles. J Food Prot 2013; 76:114-8. [PMID: 23317865 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Feeding corn dried distillers' grain with solubles (DDGS) has been linked to increased fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle. A study was conducted to compare the impact of three diets containing (dry matter basis) 40% corn DDGS, 40% wheat DDGS, or 20% corn and 20% wheat mixed DDGS to a standard barley grain finishing diet on fecal shedding in cattle challenged with a 10(10) CFU mixture of four nalidixic acid-resistant E. coli O157:H7 strains. Rectal grab samples (n = 544) were collected over 70 days and screened for E. coli O157:H7 by direct plating and immunomagnetic bead separation. Feeding diets containing DDGS had no effect (P > 0.05) on the intensity or duration of fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 compared with the standard barley grain finishing diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hallewell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K 3M4
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Hünerberg M, Beauchemin KA, Okine EK, Holtshausen L, McGinn SM, Harstad OM, McAllister TA. In vitroproduction of methane with increasing levels of corn- or wheat-based dried distillers' grains with solubles in a barley silage-based diet. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/09064702.2013.773057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Salim H, Wood KM, Abo-Ismail MK, McEwen PL, Mandell IB, Miller SP, Cant JP, Swanson KC. Influence of feeding increasing levels of dry corn distillers grains plus solubles in whole corn grain-based finishing diets on total tract digestion, nutrient balance, and excretion in beef steers1,2. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:4441-8. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Gamage IH, Jonker A, Christensen DA, Yu P. Metabolic characteristics of proteins and biomolecular spectroscopic profiles in different batches of feedstock (wheat) and their co-products (wheat distillers dried grains with solubles) from the same bioethanol processing plant. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:6695-715. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Triticale dried distillers' grain increases alpha-linolenic acid in subcutaneous fat of beef cattle fed oilseeds. Lipids 2012; 47:1209-20. [PMID: 23054550 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-012-3720-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of triticale dried distillers' grain with solubles (DDGS), flax (FS) and sunflower (SS) seed on growth and the fatty acid profile of subcutaneous (SQ) fat in individually housed steers (n = 15 per diet) fed ad libitum (DM basis); (1) control (CON) 90% barley grain + 10% barley silage; or substitution of barley grain for: (2) 30% DDGS; (3) 10% FS; (4) 30% DDGS + 8.5% FS; (5) 10% SS and (6) 30% DDGS + 8.5% SS. Oilseeds in the combination diets were reduced to maintain diet lipid levels below 9% DM and to determine if favorable changes in the fatty acid profile could be maintained or enhanced at reduced levels of oilseed. Plasma and SQ fat biopsies were collected at 0, 6, and 12 weeks. Inclusion of DDGS decreased (P < 0.05) average daily gain, feed conversion and backfat thickness. Feeding FS increased (P < 0.05) plasma ALA compared to CON and SS and consistently increased (P < 0.01) ALA and non-conjugated and non-methylene interrupted dienes (NCD), whereas SS tended to decrease ALA in fat. Inclusion of DDGS with FS further increased (P < 0.02) ALA and decreased (P < 0.05) NCD and 18:1-t10 in fat. The fact that the levels of n-3 fatty acids in SQ fat from steers fed DDGS + FS were higher than those obtained with FS alone, has obvious benefits to the practical cost of favorably manipulating fatty acid profiles in beef.
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Abstract
Bioethanol production has led to the production of considerable quantities of different coproducts. Variation in nutrient profiles as well as nutrient availability among these coproducts may lead to an imbalance in the formulation of diets. The objectives of this study were to fractionate protein and carbohydrates by an in situ approach, to determine ruminal availability of nutrients for microbial protein synthesis and to determine protein availability to dairy cattle for three types of dried distiller's grains with solubles (DDGS; 100% wheat DDGS (WDDGS); DDGS blend1 (BDDGS1, corn to wheat ratio 30 : 70); DDGS blend2 (BDDGS2, corn to wheat ratio 50 : 50)) and for different batches within DDGS type using the 2010 DVE/OEB protein evaluation system. The results indicated that all DDGS types are quantitatively good sources of true protein digested and absorbed in the small intestine (DVE values; 177, 184 and 170 g/kg dry matter (DM) for WDDGS, BDDGS1 and BDDGS2, respectively). Rumen degraded protein balances (OEB) values were 159, 82, 65 g/kg DM in WDDGS, BDDGS1 and BDDGS2, respectively. Despite the differences in ruminal availability of nutrients among the different batches of DDGS, the DVE values only differed between the batches of BDDGS1 (194 v. 176 g/kg DM). In conclusion, when DDGS is included in the rations of dairy cattle, variation in its protein value due to factors such as DDGS batch should be taken into consideration.
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Amat S, Hendrick S, McAllister TA, Block HC, McKinnon JJ. Effects of distillers’ dried grains with solubles from corn, wheat or a 50:50 corn:wheat blend on performance, carcass characteristics and serum sulphate levels of feedlot steers. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2011-127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Amat, S., Hendrick, S., McAllister, T. A., Block, H. C. and McKinnon, J. J. 2012. Effects of distillers’ dried grains with solubles from corn, wheat or a 50:50 corn:wheat blend on performance, carcass characteristics and serum sulphate levels of feedlot steers. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 343–351. Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of corn (CDDGS), wheat (WDDGS) or a 50:50 corn:wheat blend (BDDGS) dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS) on performance (Trials 1 and 2), carcass traits (Trial 2) and serum sulphate level (Trial 2) of steers. In Trial 1, 396 steers (281.1±19.6 kg) were fed one of three backgrounding diets. The control diet was 34.3% barley grain, 26.0% grass hay, 10.3% barley straw, 22.8% barley silage and 6.7% supplement [dry matter (DM) basis]. For the two treatments, 17% of the barley was replaced with CDDGS or WDDGS. In Trial 2, 288 steers (273.9±18.5 kg) were backgrounded and finished. Backgrounding diets were identical to Trial 1, with a third treatment where 17% of the barley grain was replaced with BDDGS. The control finishing diet was 86.8% barley grain, 7.4% barley silage and 5.8% supplement (DM basis). Treatments included replacement of 40% of the barley grain (DM basis) with CDDGS, BDDGS or WDDGS. In Trial 1, there was no effect of DDGS on dry matter intake (DMI) (P=0.49), average daily gain (ADG) (P=0.64), feed efficiency (P=0.06), ultrasound fat (USFAT) (P=0.90) or longissimus dorsi (USLD) (P=0.071) area. In Trial 2, overall, DMI of cattle fed WDDGS was higher (P=0.03) than control or CDDGS cattle, with BDDGS intermediate. In contrast, ADG was higher (P<0.01) for the CDDGS and BDDGS than either the control or WDDGS fed cattle. The CDDGS and BDDGS cattle were more efficient (P<0.01) than those fed WDDGS with the controls intermediate. Cattle fed CDDGS or WDDGS exhibited higher (P<0.01) serum sulphate levels compared with BDDGS or control cattle, reflecting differences in sulphur intake. The results indicate that CDDGS is a superior energy source to WDDGS and that both sources of DDGS can be used as a partial replacement for barley in backgrounding and finishing diets for cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Amat
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4
| | - S. Hendrick
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4
| | - T. A. McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - H. C. Block
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada R7A5Y3
| | - J. J. McKinnon
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A8
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He M, Yang W, Dugan M, Beauchemin K, McKinnon J, McAllister T. Substitution of wheat dried distillers grains with solubles for barley silage and barley grain in a finishing diet increases polyunsaturated fatty acids including linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids in beef. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zhang X, Beltranena E, Christensen C, Yu P. Use of a dry fractionation process to manipulate the chemical profile and nutrient supply of a coproduct from bioethanol processing. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:6846-6854. [PMID: 22703236 DOI: 10.1021/jf3009487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
With an available processing technology (fractionation), coproducts from bioethanol processing (wheat dried distillers grains with solubles, DDGS) could be fractionated to a desired/optimal chemical and nutrient profile. There is no study, to the author's knowledge, on manipulating nutrient profiles through fractionation processing in bioethanol coproducts in ruminants. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of fractionation processing of a coproduct from bioethanol processing (wheat DDGS) on the metabolic characteristics of the proteins and to study the effects of fractionation processing on the magnitude of changes in chemical and nutrient supply to ruminants by comparing chemical and nutrient characterization, in situ rumen degradation kinetics, truly absorbed protein supply, and protein degraded balance among different fractions of coproduct of wheat DDGS. In this study, wheat DDGS was dry fractionationed into A, B, C, and D fractions according to particle size, gravity, and protein and fiber contents. The results showed that the fractionation processing changed wheat DDGS chemical and nutrient profiles. NDF and ADF increased from fraction A to D (NDF, from 330 to 424; ADF, from 135 to 175 g/kg DM). Subsequently, CP decreased (CP, from 499 to 363 g/kg DM), whereas soluble CP, NPN, and carbohydrate increased (SCP, from 247 to 304 g/kg CP; NPN, from 476 to 943 g/kg SCP; CHO, from 409 to 538 g/kg DM) from fraction A to D. The CNCPS protein and carbohydrate subfractions were also changed by the fractionation processing. Effective degradability of DM and CP and total digestible protein decreased from fraction A to D (EDDM, from 734 to 649; EDCP, from 321 to 241; TDP, from 442 to 312 g/kg DM). Total truly absorbed protein in the small intestine decreased from fraction A to D (DVE value, from 186 to 124 g/kg DM; MP in NRC-2001, from 193 to 136 g/kg DM). Degraded protein balance decreased from wheat DDGS fractions A-D (DPB in the DVE/OEB system, from 245 to 161 g/kg DM; DPB in NRC-2001, from 242 to 158 g/kg DM). The fractionation processing had a great impact on the chemical and nutrition profiles. Total truly digested and absorbed protein supply and degraded protein balance were decreased. The processing relatively optimized the protein degraded balance of the coproducts to dairy cattle. Compared with the original wheat DDGS (without fractionation), fractionation processing decreased truly absorbed protein supply of DVE and MP values. In conclusion, fractionation processing can be used to manipulate the nutrient supply and N-to-energy degradation synchronization ratio of coproducts from bioethanol processing. Among the fractions, fraction A was the best in terms of its highest truly absorbed protein DVE and MP values. Fractionation processing has great potential to fractionate a coproduct into a desired and optimal chemical and nutrient profile. To the author's knowledge, this is the first paper to show that with fractionation processing, the coproducts from bioethanol processing (wheat DDGS) could be manipulated to provide a desired/optimized nutrient supply to ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Zhang
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Abdelqader M, Oba M. Lactation performance of dairy cows fed increasing concentrations of wheat dried distillers grains with solubles. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:3894-904. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zhang X, Yu P. Relationship of carbohydrate molecular spectroscopic features in combined feeds to carbohydrate utilization and availability in ruminants. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 92:225-233. [PMID: 22446771 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
To date, there is no study on the relationship between carbohydrate (CHO) molecular structures and nutrient availability of combined feeds in ruminants. The objective of this study was to use molecular spectroscopy to reveal the relationship between CHO molecular spectral profiles (in terms of functional groups (biomolecular, biopolymer) spectral peak area and height intensity) and CHO chemical profiles, CHO subfractions, energy values, and CHO rumen degradation kinetics of combined feeds of hulless barley with pure wheat dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) at five different combination ratios (hulless barley to pure wheat DDGS: 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100). The molecular spectroscopic parameters assessed included: lignin biopolymer molecular spectra profile (peak area and height, region and baseline: ca. 1539-1504 cm(-1)); structural carbohydrate (STCHO, peaks area region and baseline: ca. 1485-1186 cm(-1)) mainly associated with hemi- and cellulosic compounds; cellulosic materials peak area (centered at ca. 1240 cm(-1) with region and baseline: ca. 1272-1186 cm(-1)); total carbohydrate (CHO, peaks area region and baseline: ca. 1186-946 cm(-1)). The results showed that the functional groups (biomolecular, biopolymer) in the combined feeds are sensitive to the changes of carbohydrate chemical and nutrient profiles. The changes of the CHO molecular spectroscopic features in the combined feeds were highly correlated with CHO chemical profiles, CHO subfractions, in situ CHO rumen degradation kinetics and fermentable organic matter supply. Further study is needed to investigate possibility of using CHO molecular spectral features as a predictor to estimate nutrient availability in combined feeds for animals and quantify their relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Damiran D, Jonker A, Yari M, McKinnon JJ, McAllister T, Yu P. Effect of wheat-based dried distillers' grains with solubles inclusion on barley-based feed chemical profile, energy values, rumen degradation kinetics, and protein supply. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:4986-4993. [PMID: 22494317 DOI: 10.1021/jf205387e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of replacing the barley grain portion of the diet by wheat-based dried distillers' grains with solubles (wDDGS) at graded levels on feeding value for beef cattle. Two cultivars of barley were mixed with two sources of wDDGS in ratios of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75% (weight DM basis; denoted B0, B25, B50, and B75, respectively). This study revealed that increasing wDDGS inclusion level increased most of the nutritional composition linearly except for starch, which linearly decreased (from 609 to 320 g/kg of DM). Soluble, slowly degradable, and undegradable Cornel Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) protein and carbohydrate fractions linearly increased with increasing wDDGS inclusion level, whereas their rapidly and intermediately degradable fractions decreased. With increasing wDDGS inclusion, the rumen degradation rate of all measured parameters decreased linearly, the extent of degradability of organic matter was not affected, and the extent of CP degradability (g/kg DM) as well as the predicted protein supply in the small intestine and degraded protein balance in the rumen was increased. The inclusion of wDDGS in barley-based diets up to 50% did not alter energy values of the diet. Furthermore, optimum N to energy balance of the feed mixture for microbial growth in the rumen was reached by replacing 25% of barley by wDDGS. Thus, the nutritive value of the barley-based diets is manipulated by including wDDGS, which can be used to overcome the shortcomings of barley-dominated diets for beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daalkhaijav Damiran
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Petri RM, Forster RJ, Yang W, McKinnon JJ, McAllister TA. Characterization of rumen bacterial diversity and fermentation parameters in concentrate fed cattle with and without forage. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 112:1152-62. [PMID: 22533638 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05295.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the effects of the removal of forage in high-concentrate diets on rumen fermentation conditions and rumen bacterial populations using culture-independent methods. METHODS AND RESULTS Detectable bacteria and fermentation parameters were measured in the solid and liquid fractions of digesta from cattle fed two dietary treatments, high concentrate (HC) and high concentrate without forage (HCNF). Comparison of rumen fermentation conditions showed that duration of time spent below pH 5·2 and rumen osmolality were higher in the HCNF treatment. Simpson's index of 16S PCR-DGGE images showed a greater diversity of dominant species in the HCNF treatment. Real-time qPCR showed populations of Fibrobacter succinogenes (P = 0·01) were lower in HCNF than HC diets. Ruminococcus spp., F. succinogenes and Selenomonas ruminantium were at higher (P ≤ 0·05) concentrations in the solid vs the liquid fraction of digesta regardless of diet. CONCLUSIONS The detectable bacterial community structure in the rumen is highly diverse. Reducing diet complexity by removing forage increased bacterial diversity despite the associated reduction in ruminal pH being less conducive for fibrolytic bacterial populations. Quantitative PCR showed that removal of forage from the diet resulted in a decline in the density of some, but not all fibrolytic bacterial species examined. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Molecular techniques such as DGGE and qPCR provide an increased understanding of the impacts of dietary changes on the nature of rumen bacterial populations, and conclusions derived using these techniques may not match those previously derived using traditional laboratory culturing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Petri
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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Walter LJ, McAllister TA, Yang WZ, Beauchemin KA, He M, McKinnon JJ. Comparison of wheat or corn dried distillers grains with solubles on rumen fermentation and nutrient digestibility by feedlot heifers1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:1291-300. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-3844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Alotaibi KD, Schoenau JJ. Biofuel Production Byproducts as Soil Amendments. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE REVIEWS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4113-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Holtshausen L, Beauchemin K, Schwartzkopf-Genswein K, González L, McAllister T, Gibb D. Performance, feeding behaviour and rumen pH profile of beef cattle fed corn silage in combination with barley grain, corn or wheat distillers’ grain or wheat middlings. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2011-037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Holtshausen, L., Beauchemin, K. A., Schwartzkopf-Genswein, K. S., González, L. A., McAllister, T. A. and Gibb, D. J. 2011. Performance, feeding behaviour and rumen pH profile of beef cattle fed corn silage in combination with barley grain, corn or wheat distillers’ grain or wheat middlings. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 703–710. This study compared growth performance, feeding behaviour and ruminal pH profile of growing beef heifers fed a total mixed ration (TMR) containing corn silage and either [400 g kg−1 dry matter (DM)] barley grain (CTL), corn dried distillers’ grain with solubles (CDDGS), wheat dried distillers’ grain with solubles (WDDGS) or wheat middlings (WM). Eighty beef heifers (16 ruminally cannulated; 301±34 kg) were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to eight feedlot pens for a 70-d backgrounding study. Pens were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments and equipped with the GrowSafe feed intake system for determining individual feed intake and monitoring feeding behaviour. Dry matter intake (DMI) was lower (P<0.01) and average daily gain (ADG) tended to be lower for CTL (P=0.06) heifers as compared with heifers on other treatments. Feed conversion efficiency (i.e., gain to feed ratio; P=0.41) and feeding behaviour and ruminal pH profile measurements (P>0.05) did not differ among treatments. This study illustrates that barley grain can be replaced by corn dried distillers’ grain, wheat dried distillers’ grain or wheat middlings in diets fed to growing beef cattle without compromising feed conversion efficiency, adversely affecting feeding behaviour (e.g., decreased meal frequency and duration) or increasing the incidence of ruminal acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - L.A. González
- Current address: CSIRO Livestock Industries, Townsville, Queensland, Australia 4814
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Dugan M, Aldai N, Aalhus J, Rolland D, Kramer J. Review:Trans-forming beef to provide healthier fatty acid profiles. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2011-044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Dugan, M. E. R., Aldai, N., Aalhus, J. L., Rolland, D. C. and Kramer, J. K. G. 2011. Review: Trans- forming beef to provide healthier fatty acid profiles. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 545–556.Trans fatty acids are found naturally in foods, particularly in those derived from ruminant animals, such as beef and dairy cattle. Over the past few decades, human consumption of trans fatty acids has increased, but this has been mainly from products containing partially hydrogenated vegetable oils. The correlation of trans fatty acid consumption with diseases such as coronary heart disease has been cause for concern, and led to recommendations to reduce their consumption. Trans fatty acids, however, have differing effects on human health. Therefore, in foods produced from ruminant animals, it is important to know their trans fatty acid composition, and how to enrich or deplete fatty acids that have positive or negative health effects. This review will cover the analysis of trans fatty acids in beef, their origin, how to manipulate their concentrations, and give a brief overview of their health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dugan
- Lacombe Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - Noelia Aldai
- Lacombe Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - Jennifer Aalhus
- Lacombe Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - David Rolland
- Lacombe Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - John Kramer
- Lacombe Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
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Yang WZ, Li YL, McAllister TA, McKinnon JJ, Beauchemin KA. Wheat distillers grains in feedlot cattle diets: feeding behavior, growth performance, carcass characteristics, and blood metabolites. J Anim Sci 2011; 90:1301-10. [PMID: 22100591 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate feed intake, ADG, carcass quality, eating behavior, and blood metabolites in feedlot beef steers fed diets that varied in proportion of wheat dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) replacing barley grain or barley silage. Two hundred crossbred steers (BW = 489 ± 30 kg) were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to 20 pens (5 pens per treatment). Steers were fed 1 of 4 diets: control without DDGS (CON), 25% (25DDGS), 30% (30DDGS), or 35% (35DDGS) wheat DDGS (DM basis). The CON diet consisted of 15% barley silage and 85% barley-based concentrate; the 3 wheat DDGS diets were formulated by substituting 20% barley grain and 5, 10, or 15% silage, respectively, with 25, 30, or 35% wheat DDGS so that the 35DDGS diet contained no silage. The diets were formulated such that wheat DDGS was substituted for both barley grain and barley silage to evaluate whether wheat DDGS can be fed as a source of both energy and fiber in feedlot finishing diets. Dry matter intake of steers fed 25DDGS was greater (P < 0.01), but final BW, ADG, and G:F were not different compared with steers fed CON diet. Carcass characteristics and liver abscess score were not different between CON and 25DDGS. Steers fed 25DDGS had longer eating time (min/d; P < 0.01), greater meal frequency (P < 0.04), but a slower eating rate (P < 0.04). Replacing barley silage with increasing amounts of wheat DDGS (from 25DDGS to 35DDGS) linearly reduced (P < 0.01) DMI. Final BW, ADG, and G:F were not affected by increasing amounts of wheat DDGS. Carcass traits were not different, whereas liver abscess scores linearly (P < 0.01) increased as more barley silage was replaced by wheat DDGS. Eating time (min/d) and duration of each meal linearly (P < 0.02) decreased, whereas eating rate (min/g of DM) linearly (P < 0.01) increased with increasing replacement of barley silage. Blood urea N was doubled (P < 0.01) compared with CON by inclusion of wheat DDGS. Results indicate that wheat DDGS can be used effectively in feedlot diets, decreasing the need for barley grain or silage without negatively affecting growth performance and carcass characteristics. A reduction in the amount of roughage required to maintain growth performance is a potential advantage in feedlot operations because forage is costly and often of limited availability. Thus, DDGS can be a possible alternative as long as they are available and cost effective; however, increased incidence of liver abscess and increased N content of manure need to be considered when greater amounts of wheat DDGS are included in finishing diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Z Yang
- Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada.
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43
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Li YL, McAllister TA, Beauchemin KA, He ML, McKinnon JJ, Yang WZ. Substitution of wheat dried distillers grains with solubles for barley grain or barley silage in feedlot cattle diets: Intake, digestibility, and ruminal fermentation1. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:2491-501. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Hao X, Benke MB, Li C, Larney FJ, Beauchemin KA, McAllister TA. Nitrogen transformations and greenhouse gas emissions during composting of manure from cattle fed diets containing corn dried distillers grains with solubles and condensed tannins. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Effects of supplementing spring–calving beef cows grazing barley crop residue with a wheat–corn blend dried distillers grains with solubles on animal performance and estimated dry matter intake1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30477-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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46
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Azarfar A, Jonker A, Hettiarachchi-Gamage IK, Yu P. Nutrient profile and availability of co-products from bioethanol processing. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2011; 96:450-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01163.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yang HE, Yang WZ, McKinnon JJ, Alexander TW, Li YL, McAllister TA. Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ruminal or fecal contents incubated with corn or wheat dried distillers' grains with solubles. Can J Microbiol 2011; 56:890-5. [PMID: 21076479 DOI: 10.1139/w10-077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dried distillers' grain with solubles (DDGS) is a by-product of ethanol production, and its use as cattle feed has increased as a result of the expansion of the fuel ethanol industry. However, the inclusion of corn DDGS into feedlot diets may increase the shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7. This study investigated whether corn or wheat DDGS at 2 concentrations (20% or 40% vs. 100% barley grain) affected the survival of E. coli O157:H7 in incubations of ruminal digesta and feces. Neither the type nor the level of DDGS had any effect on fermentation or the survival of E. coli O157:H7 in ruminal digesta. However, there was a time by DDGS interaction (p < 0.05), where the numbers of E. coli O157:H7 in feces did not differ after 4 or 12 h of incubation but were greater after 24 h in both 40% wheat and 40% corn DDGS as compared with other treatments. Additionally, after 24 h, the numbers of E. coli O157:H7 were greater in fecal incubations with corn DDGS than with wheat DDGS (p < 0.05). The differences in the numbers of E. coli O157:H7 were not attributable to changes in pH or in concentrations of volatile fatty acids in the media. These results suggest that the inclusion of high levels of corn or wheat DDGS in feedlot diets of cattle may encourage the survival of E. coli O157:H7 in feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Yang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, 5403 - 1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
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O'Hara AS, Tanner A, McAllister TA, Gibb DJ, van Herk F, Chaves AV. Effect of low and high oil corn distillers' grain on rumen fermentation, growth performance and carcass characteristics of lambs. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1071/an11023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of replacing a mixture of canola meal and barley grain in the diet with (low and high oil) corn dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS) or wheat DDGS on rumen fermentation, feed intake, growth performance and carcass traits in lambs. Seventy Canadian Arcott lambs (24.7 ± 3.21 kg) were used in a completely randomised block design over a 14-week trial. Experimental diets were provided ad libitum as pelleted total mixed rations. In the treatment diets, canola meal and barley grain were replaced with 200 g/kg of dietary DM of either high oil corn DDGS, low oil corn DDGS or wheat DDGS. A positive control diet was added to match the lipid content of 39 g/kg DM of the high oil corn DDGS diet. An in vitro rumen digestibility trial was conducted using ruminal fluid obtained from three non-lactating Holstein dairy cows. Rumen contents were also collected from each lamb at the time of slaughter for testing in vivo rumen fermentation. Data from both the in vivo and in vitro results were analysed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. The in vitro incubations revealed both corn DDGS diets produced less microbial N and microbial DM than control and wheat DDGS diets; however, this difference was too minimal to affect growth performance. Similarly, there was no dietary effect on (P > 0.05) on in vivo ruminal fermentation or carcass characteristics (P ≥ 0.19) of the lambs. Lambs fed low oil corn DDGS had lower average daily gains (P < 0.03) than those fed either high oil corn DDGS or wheat DDGS however they did not differ from those fed the control. This research demonstrated that replacing canola meal and portions of barley grain with 200 g/kg DM of either high oil corn DDGS, low oil corn DDGS or wheat DDGS in finishing lamb ratios could effectively maintain healthy rumen function, growth performance and carcass characteristics.
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Effects of by-products from biofuel production on the performance of growing fattening bulls. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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50
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Au F, McKeown LE, McAllister TA, Chaves AV. Fermentation characteristics of corn-, triticale-, and wheat-based dried distillers' grains with solubles in barley-based diets determined using continuous and batch culture systems. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2010; 90:2074-2082. [PMID: 20597102 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS) are becoming increasingly available and popular as an alternative livestock feed. This study used continuous and batch culture techniques to compare the in vitro fermentation characteristics of diets containing corn-, triticale- or wheat-based DDGS at 200 g kg(-1) diet dry matter (DM) against a barley grain-based control diet. RESULTS In continuous fermentation of wheat DDGS diet, total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration was decreased by 15.7% across sampling times and NH(3) concentration was quadrupled compared with control, whereas fermentations of corn- and triticale-DDGS diets were similar to the barley-based control. In batch cultures, corn DDGS differed from control only in increased culture pH. Compared with control diet, triticale DDGS yielded lower total gas production (140.94 versus 148.78 mL g(-1) DM) and in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD; 0.509 versus 0.535). Wheat DDGS diet yielded decreased total gas production (123.49 mL g(-1) DM) and IVDMD (0.468), as well as total VFA production (105.84 versus 134.20 mmol L(-1)) and substantially increased ammonia concentration (151.61 versus 58.34 mg L(-1)) and acetate:propionate ratio (2.94 versus 1.11). CONCLUSION Corn- and triticale- DDGS diets exhibited fermentation characteristics similar to the barley based control diet, consistent with in vivo findings that these diets yielded no adverse effects on production. In vitro ruminal fermentation of wheat DDGS diet differed significantly from control in several aspects including 2.6 to 6X higher ammonia concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Findy Au
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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