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Lesiów T, Xiong YL. Heat/Cold Stress and Methods to Mitigate Its Detrimental Impact on Pork and Poultry Meat: A Review. Foods 2024; 13:1333. [PMID: 38731703 PMCID: PMC11083837 DOI: 10.3390/foods13091333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper aims to provide an updated review and current understanding of the impact of extreme temperatures-focusing on heat stress (HS)-on the quality of pork and poultry meat, particularly amidst an unprecedented global rise in environmental temperatures. Acute or chronic HS can lead to the development of pale, soft, and exudative (PSE) meat during short transportation or of dark, firm, and dry (DFD) meat associated with long transportation and seasonal changes in pork and poultry meat. While HS is more likely to result in PSE meat, cold stress (CS) is more commonly linked to the development of DFD meat. Methods aimed at mitigating the effects of HS include showering (water sprinkling/misting) during transport, as well as control and adequate ventilation rates in the truck, which not only improve animal welfare but also reduce mortality and the incidence of PSE meat. To mitigate CS, bedding on trailers and closing the tracks' curtains (insulation) are viable strategies. Ongoing efforts to minimize meat quality deterioration due to HS or CS must prioritize the welfare of the livestock and focus on the scaleup of laboratory testing to commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Lesiów
- Department of Agri-Engineering and Quality Analysis, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, 53-345 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Youling L. Xiong
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA;
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Čobanović N, Čalović S, Suvajdžić B, Grković N, Stanković SD, Radaković M, Spariosu K, Karabasil N. Consequences of Transport Conditions on the Welfare of Slaughter Pigs with Different Health Status and RYR-1 Genotype. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:191. [PMID: 38254360 PMCID: PMC10812478 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the influence of transport conditions on welfare indicators of slaughter pigs with different health status and RYR-1 genotype. The group of pigs, predominantly consisting of Nn (56.67%) and subclinically diseased (60.00%) individuals, that were exposed to short transportation (<30 min) at high loading density (~235 kg/m2) had the highest slipping (p < 0.0001), falling (p = 0.0009), turning back (p < 0.0001), reluctance to move (p < 0.0001), panting (p < 0.0001) and shivering (p < 0.0001) frequencies at unloading. Subclinically diseased Nn pigs subjected to short transportation (<30 min) and high loading density (~235 kg/m2) had the highest lactate (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001), glucose (p = 0.0450 and p = 0.0002), CK (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0010), LDH (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0484), AST (p = 0.0208 and p = 0.0170), ALT (p = 0.0500 and p = 0.00081), ceruloplasmin (p = 0.0334 and p < 0.0001) and MDA (p = 0.0048 and p < 0.0001) concentrations, but the lowest sodium (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001), chloride (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.0432), albumin (p < 0.0090 and p < 0.0001), PON-1 (p = 0.0122 and p = 0.0500) and GSH (p = 0.0042 and p = 0.0340) levels, respectively. In the group consisting of of stress-resistant (100%) and predominantly healthy (60.00%) pigs subjected to short transportation (<30 min) at high loading density (~235 kg/m2), none of the individuals showed irregular behavioural reactions during unloading. Healthy NN pigs that underwent short transportation (<30 min) at high loading density (~235 kg/m2) had the lowest lactate (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001), glucose (p = 0.0450 and p = 0.0002), CK (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0010), LDH (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0484) and ceruloplasmin (p = 0.0334 and p < 0.0001) levels, but the highest sodium (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001) and chloride (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.0432) concentrations, respectively. In conclusion, the most compromised welfare was recorded in subclinically diseased Nn pigs exposed to short transportation (<30 min) and high loading density (~235 kg/m2), while under the same conditions, the welfare of healthy NN pigs was not compromised. Therefore, stress-carrier pigs with subclinical pathological lesions should not be considered fit for transportation, indicating that the health status and genotype are the key factors for optimising pig welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Čobanović
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (B.S.); (N.G.); (N.K.)
| | - Sara Čalović
- Department of Animal Breeding, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Branko Suvajdžić
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (B.S.); (N.G.); (N.K.)
| | - Nevena Grković
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (B.S.); (N.G.); (N.K.)
| | - Sanja Dj Stanković
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Milena Radaković
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobođenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.R.); (K.S.)
| | - Kristina Spariosu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobođenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.R.); (K.S.)
| | - Nedjeljko Karabasil
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (B.S.); (N.G.); (N.K.)
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Botelho-Fontela S, Ferreira S, Paixão G, Pereira-Pinto R, Vaz-Velho M, Pires MDA, Payan-Carreira R, Patarata L, Lorenzo JM, Silva JA, Esteves A. Seasonal Variations on Testicular Morphology, Boar Taint, and Meat Quality Traits in Traditional Outdoor Pig Farming. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:102. [PMID: 38200834 PMCID: PMC10778027 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditional outdoor pig farming is renowned for its emphasis on animal welfare and the production of highly valued, quality meat. While seasonality is known to impact certain animals, particularly those raised outdoors, there is a lack of research on Bísaro boars, a native Portuguese breed. This research study was conducted on a total of 20 male entire Bísaro pigs, reared in outdoor pens from 4 to 13 months old, and subsequently slaughtered. The animals were divided into two groups: one slaughtered in winter (Wi, n = 9), and the other in summer (Su, n = 11). The objective was to evaluate testicular morphometry, boar taint compounds, and meat quality traits, including sensory analysis and fatty acid profile. Testicles from the Su group exhibited reduced volume, indicating diminished functionality during that season. While no significant differences were observed in the boar taint compound analysis, panelists could discern a more intense aroma and flavor of boar taint in the Su meat. Other meat quality traits showed no significant variations, but the fatty acid profile displayed higher values in the Wi group. This study reveals that Bísaro boars experience reproductive seasonality, leading to variations in boar taint compounds across the seasons. This information is crucial for farm planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Botelho-Fontela
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), AL4AnimalS, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (S.F.); (G.P.); (M.d.A.P.); (L.P.); (J.A.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Sílvia Ferreira
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), AL4AnimalS, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (S.F.); (G.P.); (M.d.A.P.); (L.P.); (J.A.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Gustavo Paixão
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), AL4AnimalS, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (S.F.); (G.P.); (M.d.A.P.); (L.P.); (J.A.S.); (A.E.)
- CISAS—Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal; (R.P.-P.); (M.V.-V.)
| | - Ricardo Pereira-Pinto
- CISAS—Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal; (R.P.-P.); (M.V.-V.)
| | - Manuela Vaz-Velho
- CISAS—Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal; (R.P.-P.); (M.V.-V.)
| | - Maria dos Anjos Pires
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), AL4AnimalS, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (S.F.); (G.P.); (M.d.A.P.); (L.P.); (J.A.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Rita Payan-Carreira
- CHRC—Comprehensive Health Research Centre, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Évora, Pole at Mitra, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal;
| | - Luís Patarata
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), AL4AnimalS, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (S.F.); (G.P.); (M.d.A.P.); (L.P.); (J.A.S.); (A.E.)
| | - José M. Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia 4, 32900 San Cibrao das Viñas, Spain;
| | - José A. Silva
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), AL4AnimalS, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (S.F.); (G.P.); (M.d.A.P.); (L.P.); (J.A.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Alexandra Esteves
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), AL4AnimalS, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (S.F.); (G.P.); (M.d.A.P.); (L.P.); (J.A.S.); (A.E.)
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An J, Kim Y, Song M, Choi J, Yun W, Oh H, Chang S, Go Y, Song D, Cho H, Park S, Kim Y, Park Y, Park G, Oh S, Cho J. Effect of loading density and weather conditions on animal welfare and meat quality of slaughter pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 65:1323-1340. [PMID: 38616884 PMCID: PMC11007295 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2023.e34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
There are several factors that affect the welfare and meat quality of pigs during pre-slaughter transport. Among various factors, the effects of weather conditions and loading density were studied. A total of 3,726 finishing pigs were allotted to one of nine groups arranged in a 3 × 3 factorial design according to the weather conditions (low temperature [LT], under 10°C; normal temperature [NT], 10°C-24°C; high temperature [HT], upper 24°C), and loading density (low density [LD], upper 0.43 m2/100 kg; normal density [ND], 0.37-0.43 m2/100 kg; high density [HD], under 0.37 m2/100 kg). Each treatment group follow as: LTLD, LTND, LTHD, NTLD, NTND, NTHD, HTLD, HTND, HTHD. In terms of carcass composition, pigs had the highest carcass weight and backfat thickness at LT. Comparing the HD transport to the ND transport, the meat quality indicated a lower pH and more drip loss. The incidence rate of pale, soft, exudative (PSE) pork was high in the order of the HD, LD, and the ND transport (20%, 9%, and 2%, respectively). The HT transport showed the lowest pH and greatest L* value under the given weather conditions. Pigs transported under the HTHD and LTLD conditions had the greatest rates of PSE pork (40% and 20%, respectively). Pigs exposed to HD transport had the shortest laying time and the highest overplap behavior. The LDLT transport pigs had a shorter laying time than the LDNT and LDHT transport pigs. In conclusion, too high or too low density transport is generally not excellent for meat quality or animal welfare, however it is preferable to transport at a slightly low density at high temperature and at a slightly high density at low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewoo An
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Yongju Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Minho Song
- Department of Animal Science and
Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134,
Korea
| | - Jungseok Choi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Won Yun
- Central Research Institute, Woosung Feed
Co., Ltd, Daejeon 34379, Korea
| | - Hanjin Oh
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Seyeon Chang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Youngbin Go
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Dongcheol Song
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hyunah Cho
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Sanghun Park
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Yuna Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Yunhwan Park
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Gyutae Park
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Sehyuk Oh
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jinho Cho
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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Amatucci L, Luise D, Luppi A, Virdis S, Prosperi A, Cirelli A, Bosco C, Trevisi P. Evaluation of carcass quality, body and pulmonary lesions detected at the abattoir in heavy pigs subjected or not to tail docking. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:4. [PMID: 36788627 PMCID: PMC9930331 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00297-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nowadays, body and tail lesions and respiratory disease are some of the greatest problems affecting the health and welfare of pigs. The aim of the study was to measure the prevalence of pleurisy, bronchopneumonia (enzootic pneumonia like lesions) and lesions on tail and body of heavy pigs subjected or not to tail docking through the inspection in Italian abattoirs. Additionally, the effect of tail docking and season was investigated on carcass quality (weight, % of lean meat, and Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) classification). For this purpose, a total 17.256 carcasses belonging to 171 batches from 103 farms were inspected in an Italian abattoir between 2019 and 2022. Enzootic pneumonia (EP) like lesions were scored according to the Madec and Derrien method, while pleurisy was scored using the Italian Slaughterhouse pleuritic evaluation system (SPES). For the tail and body, the lesions were scored according to Welfare Quality. The lesion score index (LSI) was calculated for each area. Data were analysed using a general linear model (GLM) including tail caudectomy, season and distance of the farm from the abattoir. RESULTS The warm season increased the percentage of lesions in carcasses in all parts of the body observed (P < 0.0001). The presence of undocked tail increased the LSI of the tail (P < 0.0001). The percentage of limbs lesions with score 2 and limbs LSI increase with increasing duration of transport (coef. = 0.003, P < 0.001; coef. = 0.008, P < 0.001; respectively). The hot carcass weight and the percentage of carcasses included in the PDO were higher in batches with docked tails (P = 0.027; P < 0.001, respectively), while the percentage of lean meat was higher in batches with undocked tails (P < 0.001). There was a negative correlation between the percentage of carcasses included in PDO and the LSI of tail (r = - 0.422; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the presence of the undocked tail and the warm season can be considered risk factors for the prevalence of tail lesions, while long transport can increase limb lesions. Furthermore, the carcass weight and meat quality were negatively influenced by tail lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Amatucci
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Diana Luise
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Luppi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), "Bruno Ubertini"-Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Virdis
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alice Prosperi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), "Bruno Ubertini"-Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Agatha Cirelli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Bosco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), "Bruno Ubertini"-Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Trevisi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy.
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Prevalence of carcass lesions and their effects on welfare, carcass composition and meat quality in slaughtered pigs. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2022-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of carcass lesions in slaughtered pigs and to quantify their relationships with different animal characteristics, pre-slaughter factors, blood measurements, performance indices, carcass composition and meat quality traits. Data was recorded for 30 journeys referring to 1080 market-weight pigs that originated from 15 commercial small-scale finishing farms. Carcass lesions were visually assessed on the slaughterline in different parts of the carcass, i.e., anterior, middle and posterior, using a three-point scale. Complete blood count was investigated. The following performance indices and carcass composition traits were measured: average lifetime daily weight gain, live, hot and cold carcass weights, cooler shrinkage, dressing percentage, backfat thickness and meatiness. Meat pH and temperature were measured 45 minutes postmortem. Of the 1080 pigs slaughtered in 30 batches, 70.28% displayed some degree of lesions on the carcass (moderate – 30.00%; severe – 40.28%). The carcass lesions were the most prevalent (50.20%) in the posterior part of the pig carcass. RYR1 genotype, live weight, loading density, lairage time, lairage density and slaughter season affected the carcass lesion prevalence. The presence of carcass lesions, irrespective of severity, was associated with alterations in blood measurements in slaughtered pigs, indicating compromised animal welfare. The presence of severe carcass lesions in slaughtered pigs was significantly associated with increased meat pH45min, which led to the highest occurrence of dark, firm and dry pork. In contrast, there was strong evidence of association between the presence of moderate carcass lesions in slaughtered pigs and both decreased meat pH45min and increased meat T45min, which led to the highest occurrence of pale, soft and exudative pork among the carcass lesion groups. In conclusion, this study showed a high prevalence of carcass lesions in slaughtered pigs, whereby the risk of their occurrence was affected by both animal characteristics and pre-slaughter conditions. Also, the presence of carcass lesions in slaughtered pigs, irrespective of severity, was significantly associated with alterations in the blood measurements and pork quality.
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Moak KA, Bergeron R, Conte S, Bohrer BM, Arrazola A, Devillers N, Faucitano L. Use of two novel trailer types for transportation of pigs to slaughter. 1. Effects on trailer microclimate, pig behaviour, physiological response, and meat quality under Canadian summer conditions. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2022-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A total of 3,366 pigs were transported to slaughter in summer (six replicates/trailer type; July-August in southwestern Ontario) using three trailers: a modified triple-deck pot-belly (MPB), an advanced flat-deck (AFD), and a standard pot-belly (SPB). Within trailers, ambient conditions, temperature (T°C ), relative humidity (RH%), and temperature-humidity-index (THI), were monitored in three compartments (bottom front, BF, middle deck, MM, and top rear, TR). A total of 324 pigs were selected for the analysis of hematocrit, lactate, and creatine kinase (CK) levels in exsanguination blood and for the evaluation of pork quality as assessed in the longissimus (LM), semimembranosus (SM), and adductor (AD) muscles. The AFD and MPB trailers presented lower (P < 0.01) T°C and THI compared to the SPB during transit. In the SPB trailer, pigs transported in the MM compartment showed higher (P < 0.01) blood CK concentrations than those transported in the BF compartment and lower pHu values in the SM and AD muscles (P = 0.02 and P = 0.04, respectively) than those transported in the TR compartment. Although the AFD trailer design provided a better microclimate for pigs, the improvements in the design of the novel trailers only slightly reduced stress in pigs during summer transits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A.T. Moak
- University of Guelph, 3653, Animal Biosciences, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Renée Bergeron
- University of Guelph, Animal Biosciences, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sabine Conte
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Sherbrooke R & D Centre , Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Aitor Arrazola
- Purdue University, 311308, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
| | - Nicolas Devillers
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6337, Sherbrooke R & D Centre, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luigi Faucitano
- Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke R&D Centre, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada,
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Moak KA, Bergeron R, Conte S, Bohrer BM, Agostinis Ferreira G, Gonçalves Vero J, Aboagye G, Arrazola A, Devillers N, Faucitano L. Use of two novel trailer types for transportation of pigs to slaughter. 2. Effects on trailer microclimate, pig behaviour, physiological response, and meat quality under Canadian winter conditions. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2022-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In total, 3,654 market pigs were transported to slaughter in winter (six replicates/treatment; January-February in southwestern Ontario) using three trailers: a modified triple-deck pot-belly (MPB), an advanced flat-deck (AFD) trailer, and a standard pot-belly (SPB). Within trailers, ambient conditions, temperature (T°C), relative humidity (RH%) and temperature and humidity index (THI), were monitored in three compartments (bottom front, BF, middle middle deck, MM, and top rear, TR). In total, 324 pigs were selected for the analysis of hematocrit, lactate, and creatine kinase (CK) levels in exsanguination blood and for the evaluation of pork quality as assessed in the longissimus (LM), semimembranosus (SM), and adductor (AD) muscles. The SPB trailer overall was approximately 2.5°C warmer (P = 0.01) compared to the MPB and AFD trailers while stationary at the farm. No differences (P > 0.10) in blood variables were found between trailers. The pHu value of the SM muscle was greater (P = 0.05) for pigs transported in the SPB trailer than in the AFD and MPB trailers. Given the few substantial effects of trailer models on animal welfare and meat quality, these three trailer models can be used indifferently for short-distance transportation in winter conditions in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A.T. Moak
- University of Guelph, 3653, Animal Biosciences, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Renée Bergeron
- University of Guelph, Animal Biosciences, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sabine Conte
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Sherbrooke R&D Centre, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benjamin M Bohrer
- The Ohio State University, 2647, Food Science, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | | | - Jessica Gonçalves Vero
- State University of Londrina Centre of Agricultural Sciences, 495591, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Gizella Aboagye
- University of Bologna, 9296, Agricultural and Food Sciences, Division of Animal Science, Bologna, Italy
| | - Aitor Arrazola
- Purdue University, 311308, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
| | - Nicolas Devillers
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6337, Sherbrooke R&D Centre, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luigi Faucitano
- Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke R & D Centre, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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Romero MH, Sánchez JA, Hernandez RO. Field Trial of Factors Associated With the Presence of Dead and Non-ambulatory Pigs During Transport Across Three Colombian Slaughterhouses. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:790570. [PMID: 35141312 PMCID: PMC8820205 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.790570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transport by land is an essential component for the commercialization of fattening pigs and can have a negative impact on animal welfare. In slaughterhouses, the presence of dead and non-ambulatory animals is an indicator of poor welfare during transport. The objective of the study was to identify risk factors associated with the frequency of dead and non-ambulatory pigs during transport. A survey was conducted in three Colombian slaughterhouses. Data were collected from 372 batches (n = 18,437 gilts barrows) and transported directly from the farms to the slaughterhouses. Each truck was individually evaluated; a structured survey was administered to drivers, non-ambulatory and dead pigs on arrival were identified and blood samples were obtained from non-ambulatory pigs to assess physiological indicators of stress. Mortality rates per batch at arrival ranged from 0.08 to 0.17% and prevalence of non-ambulatory pigs per batch ranged from 0.84 to 1.37%.The results of the multilevel mixed effects linear regression model identified the following as risk factors associated with the frequency of total transport losses: truck speed (P = 0.04), distance (P < 0.01), transport time (P < 0.01), load size (P < 0.01) and the driver (P < 0.01) including the farm as a fixed effect. This study identified risk factors that increased the probability of total transport losses during land transport under Colombian commercial conditions. But more research that involves commercial drivers is needed to develop effective strategies to improve Colombian pig's transportation chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlyn H. Romero
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Agrarian and Animal Sciences, University of Caldas, Manizales, Colombia
- *Correspondence: Marlyn H. Romero
| | - Jorge Alberto Sánchez
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Agrarian and Animal Sciences, University of Caldas, Manizales, Colombia
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Čobanović N, Novaković S, Tomašević I, Karabasil N. Combined effects of weather conditions, transportation time and loading density on carcass damages and meat quality of market-weight pigs. Arch Anim Breed 2021; 64:425-435. [PMID: 34712773 PMCID: PMC8546884 DOI: 10.5194/aab-64-425-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the interactive effects of weather conditions, transportation time and loading density on carcass damages and meat quality
traits of market-weight pigs under commercial conditions. The following pork quality parameters were measured: pH and temperature; colour; drip,
thawing and cooking loss; and textural traits. Pigs were assigned to one of eight groups arranged in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design
according to the weather conditions (hot and cold), transportation time (short and long) and loading density (high and
low). A three-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-test (multiple comparisons) were performed to assess the differences between groups in examined pork quality
traits. Pigs exposed to short transportation (∼ 20 min) at high loading density (0.29 m2/100kg) during hot weather conditions produced meat with the lowest
initial and ultimate meat pH value and sensory colour scores, and the highest initial temperature and the occurrence of pale, soft and exudative
pork. The occurrence of pale, soft and exudative pork was reduced 5-fold during hot weather conditions when pigs were exposed to longer
transportation (∼ 210 min) and low loading density (0.53 m2/100kg). Pigs exposed to short transportation
(∼ 20 min) at high loading density (0.41 m2/100kg) during cold weather conditions produced the highest quality pork (the
highest percentage of red, firm and non-exudative pork) characterised by lowest drip loss and b∗ value and the highest sensory colour
scores. The highest percentages of carcass damages were recorded in pigs exposed to both low (0.50 m2/100kg) and high
(0.33 m2/100kg) loading density during long transportation (∼ 210 min) in cold weather conditions. In conclusion, weather
conditions and loading density are of greater importance for the occurrence of carcass damages and pork quality variation than transportation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Čobanović
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Saša Novaković
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Igor Tomašević
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nedjeljko Karabasil
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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11
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Urrea VM, Bridi AM, Ceballos MC, Paranhos da Costa MJR, Faucitano L. Behavior, blood stress indicators, skin lesions, and meat quality in pigs transported to slaughter at different loading densities. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6226921. [PMID: 33860321 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 1,936 pigs were transported through 8 trips (8.4 ± 0.5 hr) from 2 grow-to-finish farms to a commercial slaughter plant, all located in Southern Brazil. On each trip, a sub-sample of each load (36 barrows/load, weighing 118.9 ± 9.8 kg) was randomly allocated into one of the following loading densities during transport: 200 kg/m2 (D200), 235 kg/m2 (D235), and 270 kg/m2 (D270). Behavioral recordings of postures and activities were made during transportation and lairage using video-cameras. At slaughter, blood samples were collected to assess the concentrations of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate. Carcass weights and skin lesion scores were assessed on-line, and meat quality was evaluated in the longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle by assessing pH, color, and drip loss. During transportation, the proportion of animals lying down was higher (P < 0.05) in D200 and D235 groups compared with D270. The proportion of sitting animals during transportation was higher (P < 0.01) in D270 compared with D200. In lairage, D200 and D235 pigs stood more compared with D270 (P = 0.01), while the proportion of lying pigs was higher (P = 0.02) for D270 pigs compared with D200 and D235. The frequency of drinking bouts in lairage was higher (P < 0.05) for D200 group compared with D235 and D270. The levels of CK were lower (P < 0.05) in D200 pigs transported compared with D270. Lesion scores tended to be higher (P = 0.06) in D270 carcasses compared with D200 and D235. A tendency for lower (P = 0.10) pH1 values in the LT muscle of D270 pigs compared with D200 pigs was also found. Based on the results of this study, the application of lower loading densities (≤235 kg/m2) in the truck allows pigs to have sufficient space to rest, travel more comfortably and arrive less fatigued at the slaughter plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Montoya Urrea
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal 14.884-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Bridi
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Maria Camila Ceballos
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, T3R 1J3, Canada
| | - Mateus J R Paranhos da Costa
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal 14.884-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Luigi Faucitano
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal 14.884-900, SP, Brazil.,Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, J1M C08, Canada
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12
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Conte S, Pomar C, Paiano D, Duan Y, Zhang P, Lévesque J, Guay F, Devillers N, Faucitano L. The effects of feeding finishing pigs of two genders with a high fiber and high fat diet on muscle glycolytic potential at slaughter and meat quality. Meat Sci 2021; 177:108484. [PMID: 33756246 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2021.108484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A total of 160 pigs, in groups of 8 pigs of mixed genders, were fed four finishing feeding strategies with the aim to reduce muscle glycolytic potential and improve meat quality. Pigs were fed a control diet (C; fat = 5.0%, ADF = 3.0%, NDF = 8.8%), a high-fat and high-fiber diet (HFF; fat = 11.2%, ADF = 9.1%, NDF = 19.5%), a blend of 50-50% C and HFF diets (fat = 8.2%, ADF = 6.7%, NDF = 14.2%) or the C diet and transferred to the HFF diet after a diet transition. Dietary treatments alone or in interaction with gender had no effect on pig growth performance, carcass quality traits, Longissimus and Semimembranosus muscle glycolytic potential and meat quality (P > 0.10). The inefficiency of the dietary treatments applied in this study may be due to the low ratio between fat and digestible carbohydrate in the diets combined with the mild pre-slaughter stress conditions pigs were exposed to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Conte
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Candido Pomar
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Diovani Paiano
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Chapecó 89815-630, Brazil
| | - Yan Duan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Janie Lévesque
- Centre de Recherche en Sciences Animales, Deschambault, QC G0A 1S0, Canada
| | - Frederic Guay
- Université Laval, Department of Animal Science, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Nicolas Devillers
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Luigi Faucitano
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada.
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Zequan X, Yonggang S, Guangjuan L, Shijun X, Li Z, Mingrui Z, Yanli X, Zirong W. Proteomics analysis as an approach to understand the formation of pale, soft, and exudative (PSE) pork. Meat Sci 2021; 177:108353. [PMID: 33721680 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated ten pale, soft, and exudative (PSE), and ten normal meat samples from pig carcasses. The meat quality at 0, 5, 12, and 24 h post-mortem and the key enzyme activities at 0 and 24 h post-mortem were determined. We selected three PSE and three normal samples for proteomics analysis at 0 h and 24 h post-mortem. No remarkable differences in pyruvate kinase (PK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were observed between samples at 0 h post-mortem; however, creatine kinase (CK) activity was significantly higher in PSE meat. Hexokinase (HK) activity in PSE samples was higher than that in normal samples at 24 h post-mortem. Bioinformatics analysis of the proteome showed that PSE was related to glycolysis, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, muscle tissue structure, signal transduction, and molecular chaperones. This research found that proteins such as troponin T slow skeletal muscle isoform X, GADPH, L-lactate dehydrogenase A chain, and gamma-enolase isoform X1 might be responsible for PSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zequan
- College of Food Science and Pharmaceutics, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Xinjiang, China; Tecon Biology Ltd, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shao Yonggang
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Liu Guangjuan
- College of Food Science and Pharmaceutics, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xing Shijun
- College of Food Science and Pharmaceutics, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhang Li
- College of Food Science and Pharmaceutics, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhu Mingrui
- College of Food Science and Pharmaceutics, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xu Yanli
- College of Food Science and Pharmaceutics, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wang Zirong
- College of Food Science and Pharmaceutics, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Xinjiang, China.
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14
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Čobanović N, Stajković S, Blagojević B, Betić N, Dimitrijević M, Vasilev D, Karabasil N. The effects of season on health, welfare, and carcass and meat quality of slaughter pigs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2020; 64:1899-1909. [PMID: 32734425 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-020-01977-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the effects of season on health, behaviour, physiological stress parameters, and carcass and meat quality in a total of 480 slaughter pigs. The following health indicators were recorded: pneumonia, pleurisy, milk spots, and pericarditis. Behaviour was monitored during unloading (slipping, falling, turning back, reluctance to move, panting, shivering) and lairaging (panting, shivering, huddling). Blood lactate and glucose concentrations were determined at exsanguination. Performance indices (live weight, daily weight gain), carcass (carcass weight, backfat and loin thickness, lean meat content, carcass lesion score), and meat quality (pH, temperature, drip, thawing and cooking losses, colour, marbling) traits were measured postmortem. Pigs slaughtered in winter had the highest live weight, carcass weight, loin thickness, and carcass lesion score, while the lowest live weight, carcass weight, and backfat thickness were recorded in pigs slaughtered in summer. The highest lactate and glucose concentrations were recorded in pigs slaughtered in summer. The highest prevalence of red, soft, and exudative meat was recorded in pigs slaughtered in winter. Pigs slaughtered in summer had the lowest pH, the highest thawing loss, L* value, b* value, and occurrence of pale, soft, and exudative meat. Pigs slaughtered in autumn had the lowest drip loss, cooking loss, L* value, b* value, and the greatest percentage of red, firm, and nonexudative meat. In conclusion, the summer and winter temperatures compromised health and welfare and reduced carcass and meat quality in slaughter pigs, indicating that protection against heat and cold stress is not yet effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Čobanović
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.
| | - Silvana Stajković
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Bojan Blagojević
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Trg D. Obradovića 8, Novi Sad, 21101, Serbia
| | - Nikola Betić
- Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology, Kaćanskog 13, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Dimitrijević
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Dragan Vasilev
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Nedjeljko Karabasil
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
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15
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Pilot Study of the Relationship between Deck Level and Journey Duration on Plasma Cortisol, Epinephrine and Norepinephrine Levels in Italian Heavy Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091578. [PMID: 32899653 PMCID: PMC7552316 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the relationship between journey duration, deck level and activation patterns of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis (HPA) and sympathetic adrenal medullary system (SAM) in pigs. A total of 90 pigs were examined. The animals came from three different Italian farms associated with the same slaughterhouse located in Bari (Apulia region-Italy). A group of thirty animals was transported from Pordenone (11 h journey); a second group was transported from Terni (6.5 h journey); a third group was transported from Benevento (3 h journey). The animals were transported in the same vehicle, which complied with the structural characteristics indicated in the Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2005. The truck was composed of a lorry and a trailer, each one divided into three decks. Only the animals transported in the trailer were tested for the study. Before transportation, blood samples were collected on each farm, at 6:00 a.m., from 30 pigs randomly selected out of 135 pigs ready to be transported. Blood samples were also collected during slaughter to evaluate plasma cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine, around 6:00 a.m. A journey duration of 11 h was associated with significantly higher plasma concentrations of stress hormones compared with shorter journeys. This increase was proportional to the journey duration, with the pigs travelling for 6.5 h displaying intermediate concentrations between those noticed after 3 h and 11 h journeys. The interaction between deck and journey distance was not significant on epinephrine, norepinephrine or cortisol levels collected at arrival. There was a significant effect of deck level on norepinephrine levels (p < 0.0001), a tendency to influence epinephrine levels (p = 0.073) but no effect on cortisol levels (p = 0.945). Overall, we observed that an 11 h-long journey seemed to impact negatively on pigs' HPA-SAM activity, likely requiring the animals to spend more time in the lairage facilities to recover.
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16
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Effects of Housing, Short Distance Transport and Lairage on Meat Quality of Finisher Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10050788. [PMID: 32370126 PMCID: PMC7278422 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Knowledge of stressful stimuli is a fundamental aspect to improve and evaluate animal welfare. Animal stressors vary in function of, for example, housing, climate and handling technique. That is why it is important to investigate animal welfare in different circumstances (e.g., type of housing, climate and region). Belgian pig production is based on the Piétrain breed which is associated with the halothane gene and hence with the genetic susceptibility to stress. In pigs, there is a negative correlation between stress in the last few hours of their life and the final meat quality. In our research we investigated several potential parameters that could influence the meat quality of pork. We can conclude that numerous parameters on farm, during transport and in slaughterhouse influence meat quality. Specifically, reducing lung lesions by vaccination during raising, no mixing of pigs during the transport process, sufficient lairage time and transporting no extreme muscled pigs can improve meat quality. Adequate control and application of guidelines on farm, transport and slaughterhouse level are necessary to improve animal welfare, but also to reduce deterioration of meat quality important for the financial aspect and the appreciation of the consumer. Abstract Transport and associated handling can have adverse effects on pig welfare and meat quality. The purpose of the study was to determine (the variation of) effects of farm management, climate parameters, transport and lairage conditions on the meat quality of fattening pigs, heterozygous for the halothane gene. A total of 4763 fattening pigs were transported from 1 farm to a commercial slaughterhouse (distance 110 km) in 121 transports. From 2404 carcasses, carcass temperature and pH were measured 45 min post-mortem; 48 hours post-mortem pH, electrical conductivity, drip loss and meat color were registered. During the raising period sex, conditions at weaning (purchased or not as piglet, vaccination against mycoplasma) and (type of) pen during fattening (i.e., from about 22 kg to 105 kg) were registered to relate with pork quality. Transport season, weather parameters, regrouping or not during loading, transport combination (truck, trailer and driver), transport compartment and transport conditions (loading density, transport duration and unloading time) were monitored. At the slaughterhouse, duration of lairage and carcass conformation were followed up to examine correlations with meat quality parameters. Effects of farm management, climate parameters during transport, transport and slaughterhouse conditions on pork quality were demonstrated. Specifically, reducing lung lesions by vaccination during raising, no mixing of pigs during the transport process, sufficient lairage time and transporting no extreme muscled pigs can improve meat quality.
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17
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Rioja-Lang FC, Brown JA, Brockhoff EJ, Faucitano L. A Review of Swine Transportation Research on Priority Welfare Issues: A Canadian Perspective. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:36. [PMID: 30854374 PMCID: PMC6395376 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to present the best available scientific knowledge on key animal welfare issues during swine transport, such as transport duration and distance, time off feed and water, rest intervals, environmental conditions, loading density, and transport of young animals, based on their impact on stress, injury, fatigue, dehydration, body temperature, mortality, and carcass and meat quality. The review was limited to this set of priority welfare issues which were identified by the National Farm Animal Care Council (NFACC) Scientific Committee to help with the development of the livestock transportation Codes of Practice. This review focuses primarily on research related to the transport of market pigs (100–135 kg) which is a reflection of the current literature available on pig transportation. This information presented here can be used to support other animal welfare codes, guidelines, standards or legislations regulating the welfare of pigs during transport. Based on the available literature, clear conclusions can be drawn on the impact of vehicle design, pre-transport fasting, control of environmental conditions and loading density on the welfare of pigs during transport and on pork quality. However, the effects of journey duration are still unclear and a recommendation on the maximum transport time cannot be provided. Further studies investigating the impact of factors, such as ambient conditions within the transport vehicle, loading density at extreme ambient conditions, travel distances, maximum travel duration, rest/stop duration, and management of pigs during rest stops are required. More specifically, further research in relation to the welfare of market weight, newly weaned and breeding pigs, and cull sows and boars during transport is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona C Rioja-Lang
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer A Brown
- Prairie Swine Centre, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Luigi Faucitano
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke R&D Centre, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Bottacini M, Scollo A, Edwards SA, Contiero B, Veloci M, Pace V, Gottardo F. Skin lesion monitoring at slaughter on heavy pigs (170 kg): Welfare indicators and ham defects. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207115. [PMID: 30418998 PMCID: PMC6231647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to evaluate at the slaughterhouse external carcass lesions on heavy pigs (170 kg) as potential welfare indicators, and the prevalence of ham defects determining ham exclusion from Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) markets, 732 pig batches from northern Italy were monitored during a 12-month period, and then processed analysing the effect of slaughter season, overnight lairage, and production type. On the slaughter line, skin scratches were separately scored in the posterior region (defined as the area including the hind legs and the tail) and the anterior one (as the remaining area), while the whole carcass was examined for external hematomas. Chronic ear and tail lesions referable to the rearing phase, and bursitis were recorded as retrospective welfare indicators. The annual median prevalence of carcasses per batch with severe anterior scratches was 64% while 46.4% had severe posterior scratches. The highest autumn score for both skin scratches (P < 0.001) and traumatic ham defects (P = 0.005) is reflected in the positive correlation between severe posterior scratches and ham hematomas (r2 = 0.27; P < 0.001). Overnight lairage batches resulted in higher prevalence for scratches, while among ham defects only veining increased. Among binary records, only ear lesions were frequently recorded (annual median = 10%). A comparison analysis between pigs in and out of PDO circuit was performed to evaluate the variation related to the different genetics, showing differences for ear and tail lesions and for almost all the considered ham defects. The present study confirms that skin lesions represent a problem also for heavy pigs and that overnight lairage and season can affect their prevalence, with the associated possibility to give ham defects. Ear lesions are suitable to be used as retrospective welfare indicator, while tail lesions usage is nowadays limited by the extensive use of tail docking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Bottacini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Agripolis, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Sandra A. Edwards
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Contiero
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Agripolis, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Pace
- OPAS, Pig Farmer Association, San Giorgio, Mantova, Italy
| | - Flaviana Gottardo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Agripolis, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
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19
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Xiong Y, Gates RS, Green-Miller AR. Factors Affecting Trailer Thermal Environment Experienced by Market Pigs Transported in the US. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:ani8110203. [PMID: 30423983 PMCID: PMC6262555 DOI: 10.3390/ani8110203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Transport conditions can be a challenge for pigs being transported to market. In this study, 40 trips of commercial market pigs transported from the farms to an abattoir were monitored for thermal conditions including temperature and relative humidity in order to better understand thermal variability within the trailer during transport. Variation in thermal environment inside the pig transport trailer was used as an indicator of ventilation pattern during various weather conditions. During cold weather, the front top and bottom zones were warmer than in the rest of the trailer, indicating less ventilation toward the front of the trailer. Conditions were more uniform throughout the trailer for hot temperatures, indicating sufficient ventilation to limit temperature rise. Misting showed the potential to alleviate high temperatures, but resulted in higher THI conditions. No effect of boarding and bedding combination was observed for spatial distribution of trailer interior temperatures. Abstract Extreme weather conditions challenge pig thermoregulation during transport and are addressed by the National Pork Board (NPB) Transport Quality Assurance® (TQA) program that provides guidelines for trailer boarding, bedding, and misting. These guidelines are widely applied, yet very little is known about the microenvironment within the trailer. In this study, TQA guidelines (V4) were evaluated via extensive thermal environment measurements during transport in order to evaluate spatial variability and implications on ventilation pattern. Effects of trailer management strategies including bedding, boarding, and misting were examined and the trailer was monitored for interior temperature rise and THI responses within six separate zones. The trailer thermal environment was not uniformly distributed in the colder trips with the top front and bottom zones were the warmest, indicating these zones had the majority of outlet openings and experienced air with accumulated sensible and latent heat of the pigs. Relatively enhanced thermal environment uniformity was observed during hot trips, suggesting that ventilation patterns and ventilation rate were different for colder vs. warmer weather conditions. Misting applied prior to transport cooled interior air temperature, but also created high THI conditions in some cases. Neither boarding and bedding combinations in the TQA nor boarding position showed impacts on trailer interior temperature rise or spatial distribution of temperature inside the trailer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Xiong
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Pennsylvania Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Richard S Gates
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Pennsylvania Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Angela R Green-Miller
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Pennsylvania Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Faucitano L. Preslaughter handling practices and their effects on animal welfare and pork quality. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:728-738. [PMID: 29401265 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skx064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
At all times, prior to slaughter, pigs may experience stress from a range of handling practices, such as fasting, loading and transport, mixing, and interaction with humans. These factors can affect the welfare of pigs and carcass and meat quality, both individually and collectively. Preslaughter stress is both an animal welfare and a meat quality issue. Behavioral and physiological studies have revealed that poor handling practices at the farm, during transport and at the slaughter plant, have an adverse effect on pigs and may result in the loss of profits due to animal losses during transport and in lairage. Also, poor preslaughter handling can also lead to losses in carcass value as a result of reduced yield, the presence of lesions and bacterial contamination, and meat quality defects (e.g., pale, soft, exudative and dark, firm, dry pork). These economic losses can be limited by improving the design of facilities, controlling the environmental conditions, and implementing training programs for the correct animal handling at any stage preslaughter. The objective of this review was to review research findings on the effects of preslaughter practices on ante-mortem behavioral and physiological response in pigs, including muscle metabolism, and to provide recommendations aimed at limiting the impact of preslaughter handling on animal losses and pork quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Faucitano
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, Canada
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21
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Relationship between Deck Level, Body Surface Temperature and Carcass Damages in Italian Heavy Pigs after Short Journeys at Different Unloading Environmental Conditions. Animals (Basel) 2017; 7:ani7020010. [PMID: 28208592 PMCID: PMC5332931 DOI: 10.3390/ani7020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to evaluate the relationships between deck level, body surface temperature and carcass damages after a short journey (30 min), 10 deliveries of Italian heavy pigs, including a total of 1400 animals from one farm, were examined. Within 5 min after the arrival at the abattoir, the vehicles were unloaded. Environmental temperature and relative humidity were recorded and a Temperature Humidity Index (THI) was calculated. After unloading, maximum temperatures of dorsal and ocular regions were measured by a thermal camera on groups of pigs from each of the unloaded decks. After dehairing, quarters and whole carcasses were evaluated subjectively by a trained operator for skin damage using a four-point scale. On the basis of THI at unloading, deliveries were grouped into three classes. Data of body surface temperature and skin damage score were analysed in a model including THI class, deck level and their interaction. Regardless of pig location in the truck, the maximum temperature of the dorsal and ocular regions increased with increasing THI class. Within each THI class, the highest and lowest body surface temperatures were found in pigs located on the middle and upper decks, respectively. Only THI class was found to affect the skin damage score (p < 0.05), which increased on quarters and whole carcasses with increasing THI class. The results of this study on short-distance transport of Italian heavy pigs highlighted the need to control and ameliorate the environmental conditions in the trucks, even at relatively low temperature and THI, in order to improve welfare and reduce loss of carcass value.
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Sommavilla R, Faucitano L, Gonyou H, Seddon Y, Bergeron R, Widowski T, Crowe T, Connor L, Scheeren MB, Goumon S, Brown J. Season, Transport Duration and Trailer Compartment Effects on Blood Stress Indicators in Pigs: Relationship to Environmental, Behavioral and Other Physiological Factors, and Pork Quality Traits. Animals (Basel) 2017; 7:ani7020008. [PMID: 28208689 PMCID: PMC5332929 DOI: 10.3390/ani7020008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Factors, such as ambient conditions, travel duration and vehicle design/compartment location have an impact on the welfare of pigs during transport, carcass bruises and meat quality. Based on this, we aimed to assess the effects of these factors on blood creatine kinase, lactate and cortisol concentrations in 384 pigs and assess their relationships with trailer temperature, and pigs’ heart rate and gastrointestinal tract temperature, behavior, carcass damage scores and meat quality. Although increased blood cortisol and creatine-kinase levels appear to indicate a physical stress condition in transported pigs, the weak to moderate correlations with environmental and other animal welfare indicators suggest that blood stress parameters can only be used as a complementary measurement in the assessment of the pigs’ response to transport stress. Abstract The objective of this study was to assess the effects of the season, travel duration and trailer compartment location on blood creatine-kinase (CK), lactate and cortisol concentrations in 384 pigs and assess their relationships with trailer temperature, heart rate and gastrointestinal tract temperature (GTT), behavior, carcass damage scores and meat quality. Blood CK was greater in pigs transported in summer (p = 0.02), after 18 h transportation (p < 0.001) and in pigs located in C4, C5 and C10 (p = 0.002). In winter, the concentration of blood lactate was higher (p = 0.04) in pigs transported for 6 h in C5. Pigs located in C10 showed higher (p = 0.01) concentration of cortisol than those transported for 18h in C4 in summer. The highest correlations were between blood cortisol and GTT (r = 0.53; p < 0.001), and between blood CK and GTT (r = 0.41; p < 0.001), truck temperature (r = 0.42; p < 0.001), and pHu in the longissimus muscle (r = 0.41; p < 0.001). In conclusion, although increased blood cortisol and CK levels appear to indicate a physical stress condition in transported pigs, the weak to moderate correlations with environmental and other animal welfare indicators suggest that blood stress parameters can only be used as a complementary measurement in the assessment of the pigs’ response to transport stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Sommavilla
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada.
| | - Luigi Faucitano
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada.
| | - Harold Gonyou
- Prairie Swine Centre, Saskatoon, SK S7H 5N9, Canada.
| | | | - Renée Bergeron
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Tina Widowski
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Trever Crowe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2, Canada.
| | - Laurie Connor
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Marina Bergoli Scheeren
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada.
| | - Sébastien Goumon
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Animal Science, Pratelstvi 815, 104 00 Prague-Uhrineves, Czech Republic.
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Grandin T. Transport Fitness of Cull Sows and Boars: A Comparison of Different Guidelines on Fitness for Transport. Animals (Basel) 2016; 6:E77. [PMID: 27916798 PMCID: PMC5187500 DOI: 10.3390/ani6120077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Temple Grandin
- Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Effect of Transport Distance and Season on Some Defects of Fresh Hams Destined for DPO Production. Animals (Basel) 2014; 4:524-34. [PMID: 26480322 PMCID: PMC4494310 DOI: 10.3390/ani4030524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-slaughter handling is related to defects in fresh hams that result in exclusion from the DPO Parma chain, including hematomas, lacerations, microhaemorrhages and veining. To determine the effects of transport conditions on hams, we collected data on defects in 901,990 trimmed fresh hams from heavy pigs provided by 3,650 batches from slaughterhouse during 2012 and 2013. For all batches, transport distance (1-276 km) season and year of delivery were considered. A decrease of all defect occurrences was observed for increasing distance up to 170 km (P < 0.05). Above 170 km, however, all defects frequencies increased (P < 0.05). Season showed an effect on the incidence of defects, with an increasing of hematomas and lacerations in winter and autumn respectively (P < 0.05) and the highest percentage of veining and hemorrhages in spring (P < 0.05). Summer had the lowest incidence of defects on fresh hams. We concluded that the incidence of the examined defects and the subsequent rejection for DPO Parma ham production is lower in fresh hams transported 38-170 km during the summer.
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