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Heseker P, Bergmann T, Scheumann M, Traulsen I, Kemper N, Probst J. Detecting tail biters by monitoring pig screams in weaning pigs. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4523. [PMID: 38402339 PMCID: PMC10894255 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55336-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Early identification of tail biting and intervention are necessary to reduce tail lesions and their impact on animal health and welfare. Removal of biters has become an effective intervention strategy, but finding them can be difficult and time-consuming. The aim of this study was to investigate whether tail biting and, in particular, individual biters could be identified by detecting pig screams in audio recordings. The study included 288 undocked weaner pigs housed in six pens in two batches. Once a tail biter (n = 7) was identified by visual inspection in the stable and removed by the farm staff, the previous days of video and audio recordings were analyzed for pig screams (sudden increase in loudness with frequencies above 1 kHz) and tail biting events until no biting before the removal was observed anymore. In total, 2893 screams were detected in four pens where tail biting occurred. Of these screams, 52.9% were caused by tail biting in the observed pen, 25.6% originated from other pens, 8.8% were not assignable, and 12.7% occurred due to other reasons. In case of a tail biting event, screams were assigned individually to biter and victim pigs. Based on the audio analysis, biters were identified between one and nine days prior to their removal from the pen after visual inspection. Screams were detected earlier than the increase in hanging tails and could therefore be favored as an early warning indicator. Analyzing animal vocalization has potential for monitoring and early detection of tail biting events. In combination with individual marks and automatic analysis algorithms, biters could be identified and tail biting efficiently reduced. In this way, biters can be removed earlier to increase animal health and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Heseker
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behavior (ITTN), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
- Department of Animal Sciences, Livestock Systems, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Tjard Bergmann
- Institute for Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marina Scheumann
- Institute for Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Imke Traulsen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Livestock Systems, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nicole Kemper
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behavior (ITTN), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jeanette Probst
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behavior (ITTN), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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Lu J, Tian Z, Shofer FS, Yao L, Sandroni AZ, Sun H, Qin L, Zhang Y. Tnfa , Il6 , Cxcl1 , and Adam8 Genes Are the Early Markers After Mouse Tail Intervertebral Disc Injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2023; 102:1063-1069. [PMID: 37208807 PMCID: PMC10618411 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000002278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The early molecular events after intervertebral disc injury remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to compare inflammatory markers from 1 day to 4 wks after injury to have a comprehensive understanding of the intervertebral disc response to injury. DESIGN Mouse tail intervertebral disc injury was induced by a needle puncture. Inflammatory marker gene expression and morphological changes were recorded at 1 day, 1 wk, and 4 wks after injury. RESULTS Tnfa , Il6 , and Cxcl1 gene expression peaked at day 1 post-needle puncture of the mouse intervertebral disc, Adam8 gene expression peaked at 1-wk time point, while Tipe2 gene expression was upregulated at week 4 postinjury. F4/80 positive cells, likely to be macrophages, are present as early as day 1 in the injured intervertebral discs and consistently present at week 4 postinjury. Loss of Safranin O staining and increased histological scores of the injured intervertebral discs are consistent with progressive degeneration after injury. CONCLUSIONS Inflammatory cytokines including Tnfa precede Tipe2 , suggesting that Tipe2 is likely induced by Tnfa . Upregulation of Adam8 and Cxcl1 gene expression persisted at week 4, suggesting that they play a role in the transition to chronic phase of intervertebral disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Lu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Rd, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Zuozhen Tian
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Frances S. Shofer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Lutian Yao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Alec Z. Sandroni
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Honghong Sun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Yejia Zhang
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Section of Rehabilitation Medicine, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
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Ollagnier C, Kasper C, Wallenbeck A, Keeling L, Bee G, Bigdeli SA. Machine learning algorithms can predict tail biting outbreaks in pigs using feeding behaviour records. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0252002. [PMID: 36602982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tail biting is a damaging behaviour that impacts the welfare and health of pigs. Early detection of precursor signs of tail biting provides the opportunity to take preventive measures, thus avoiding the occurrence of the tail biting event. This study aimed to build a machine-learning algorithm for real-time detection of upcoming tail biting outbreaks, using feeding behaviour data recorded by an electronic feeder. Prediction capacities of seven machine learning algorithms (Generalized Linear Model with Stepwise Feature Selection, random forest, Support Vector Machines with Radial Basis Function Kernel, Bayesian Generalized Linear Model, Neural network, K-nearest neighbour, and Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis) were evaluated from daily feeding data collected from 65 pens originating from two herds of grower-finisher pigs (25-100kg), in which 27 tail biting events occurred. Data were divided into training and testing data in two different ways, either by randomly splitting data into 75% (training set) and 25% (testing set), or by randomly selecting pens to constitute the testing set. In the first data splitting, the model is regularly updated with previous data from the pen, whereas in the second data splitting, the model tries to predict for a pen that it has never seen before. The K-nearest neighbour algorithm was able to predict 78% of the upcoming events with an accuracy of 96%, when predicting events in pens for which it had previous data. Our results indicate that machine learning models can be considered for implementation into automatic feeder systems for real-time prediction of tail biting events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Kasper
- Animal GenoPhenomics, Agroscope, Posieux, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Anna Wallenbeck
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ultuna, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Linda Keeling
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ultuna, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Giuseppe Bee
- Swine Research Unit, Agroscope, Posieux, Fribourg, Switzerland
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D’Eath RB, Foister S, Jack M, Bowers N, Zhu Q, Barclay D, Baxter EM. Changes in tail posture detected by a 3D machine vision system are associated with injury from damaging behaviours and ill health on commercial pig farms. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258895. [PMID: 34710143 PMCID: PMC8553069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To establish whether pig tail posture is affected by injuries and ill health, a machine vision system using 3D cameras to measure tail angle was used. Camera data from 1692 pigs in 41 production batches of 42.4 (±16.6) days in length over 17 months at seven diverse grower/finisher commercial pig farms, was validated by visiting farms every 14(±10) days to score injury and ill health. Linear modelling of tail posture found considerable farm and batch effects. The percentage of tails held low (0°) or mid (1-45°) decreased over time from 54.9% and 23.8% respectively by -0.16 and -0.05%/day, while tails high (45-90°) increased from 21.5% by 0.20%/day. Although 22% of scored pigs had scratched tails, severe tail biting was rare; only 6% had tail wounds and 5% partial tail loss. Adding tail injury to models showed associations with tail posture: overall tail injury, worsening tail injury, and tail loss were associated with more pigs detected with low tail posture and fewer with high tails. Minor tail injuries and tail swelling were also associated with altered tail posture. Unexpectedly, other health and injury scores had a larger effect on tail posture- more low tails were observed when a greater proportion of pigs in a pen were scored with lameness or lesions caused by social aggression. Ear injuries were linked with reduced high tails. These findings are consistent with the idea that low tail posture could be a general indicator of poor welfare. However, effects of flank biting and ocular discharge on tail posture were not consistent with this. Our results show for the first time that perturbations in the normal time trends of tail posture are associated with tail biting and other signs of adverse health/welfare at diverse commercial farms, forming the basis for a decision support system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone Foister
- Innovent Technology Ltd, Turriff, Aberdeenshire, United Kingdom
| | - Mhairi Jack
- Animal Behaviour & Welfare, SRUC, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Bowers
- Garth Pig Practice Ltd, Driffield, Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Qiming Zhu
- Innovent Technology Ltd, Turriff, Aberdeenshire, United Kingdom
| | - David Barclay
- Innovent Technology Ltd, Turriff, Aberdeenshire, United Kingdom
| | - Emma M. Baxter
- Animal Behaviour & Welfare, SRUC, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Yang X, Wang C, Liu Y, Niu H, Zhao W, Wang J, Dai K. Inherent Antibacterial and Instant Swelling ε-Poly-Lysine/ Poly(ethylene glycol) Diglycidyl Ether Superabsorbent for Rapid Hemostasis and Bacterially Infected Wound Healing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:36709-36721. [PMID: 34264626 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Severe traumatic bleeding control and wound-related anti-infection play a crucial role in saving lives and promoting wound healing for both the military and the clinic. In this contribution, an inherent antibacterial and instant swelling ε-poly-lysine/poly (ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (EPPE) superabsorbent was developed by a simple mild ring-opening reaction. The as-prepared EPPE1 displayed a porous structure and rough surface and exhibited instant water-triggered expansion with approximately 6300% swelling ratio in deionized water. Moreover, EPPE1 presented efficient pro-coagulation capacity by hemadsorption that can facilitate blood cell gathering and activation in vitro and exhibited a shorter in vivo hemostasis time than that of commercial gelatin sponge and CELOX in both rat tail amputation and noncompressible rat liver lethal defect model. Also, EPPE1 showed excellent antibacterial capacity, prominent biocompatibility, and great biodegradability. Additionally, EPPE1 significantly promotes in vivo wound healing in a full-thickness skin defect model due to its great hemostasis behavior and remarkable bactericidal performance. Hence, EPPE has great potential for serving as an extensively applied hemostatic agent under varied clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Chengwei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yihao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Haoyi Niu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Weijing Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jinwu Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Kerong Dai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
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Wei Y, Tian Z, Tower RJ, Gullbrand S, Yao L, Shetye SS, Mauck RL, Qin L, Zhang Y. The Inner Annulus Fibrosus Encroaches on the Nucleus Pulposus in the Injured Mouse Tail Intervertebral Disc. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2021; 100:450-457. [PMID: 32858534 PMCID: PMC8121249 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000001575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to identify the source of cells within the center of the abnormal fibrocartilage tissue of the degenerative intervertebral disc after injury. DESIGN Cross-breeding of mice with an inducible type II promoter collagen construct (Col2CreER) to Rosa26-TdTomato mice has been shown to result in Cre-recombinase activity and Tomato expression in inner annulus fibrosus cells after tamoxifen injection. To investigate the role of the inner annulus fibrosus in the intervertebral disc injury response, tail intervertebral discs of Col2CreER/tdTomato mice were punctured with a needle and examined 1-4 wks after injury. N-cadherin was examined by immunostaining. RESULTS After the injury, the fibrocartilage in the degenerative intervertebral disc consisted of residual diseased nucleus pulposus cells and encroaching inner annulus fibrosus cells. The residual nucleus pulposus cells had lost their epithelial cell-like morphology and instead became oval shaped, with reduced adhesion to neighboring nucleus pulposus cells. This change in cellular morphology coincided with a loss of N-cadherin, which contributes to maintenance of healthy nucleus pulposus cell morphology. As expected, injured tail intervertebral discs showed reduced compressive properties as determined by biomechanical assessments. CONCLUSIONS The cellular composition of the degenerative intervertebral disc has been defined here, which is an important step in developing future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Wei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zuozhen Tian
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Robert J. Tower
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Sarah Gullbrand
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center (TMRC), Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lutian Yao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Department of Orthopaedics/Sports Medicine and Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Snehal S. Shetye
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Robert L. Mauck
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center (TMRC), Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Yejia Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center (TMRC), Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
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Chou JY, O’Driscoll K, Sandercock DA, D’Eath RB. Can increased dietary fibre level and a single enrichment device reduce the risk of tail biting in undocked growing-finishing pigs in fully slatted systems? PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241619. [PMID: 33125443 PMCID: PMC7598487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effectiveness of combined dietary and enrichment strategies to manage tail biting in pigs with intact tails in a conventional fully-slatted floor housing system. A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design was used. Pigs had either a high fibre (weaner 5.3% and finisher 11.6% of crude fibre) or standard fibre diet (weaner 3.7% and finisher 5.9% of crude fibre). In the weaner stage, pigs had either a spruce wooden post (supplied in a wall-mounted dispenser) or a rubber floor toy as a enrichment device, and in the finisher stage, they had either the same or alternate enrichment item. Six hundred and seventy-two pigs were assigned to 48 pens of 14 pigs and followed from weaning until slaughter. Individual tail lesion scores and pen level behaviours were directly recorded every 2 weeks. Twenty-six pens had tail biting outbreaks and 161 injured pigs needed removal for treatment. Pigs fed with the high fibre diet performed more tail biting (p < 0.05) and tended to have a worse tail damage scores than those fed the standard fibre diet (p = 0.08). Pigs which had the floor toy as weaners and wood as finishers tended to have fewer tail lesions in the finisher stage than their counterparts (p = 0.06). Pigs receiving the floor toy as enrichment interacted with the enrichment more frequently overall (p < 0.001) and performed fewer harmful behaviours in the weaner stage (p < 0.05). Overall, higher fibre in the diet in a relatively barren environment did not help reduce tail biting or tail lesions. Altering the fibre level in the pigs’ diet and providing a single enrichment device to undocked pigs on fully slatted floors resulted in a high level of tail biting and a large proportion of pigs with partial tail amputation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Yun Chou
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
- Animal & Veterinary Sciences Research Group, Scotland’s Rural College, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Dale A. Sandercock
- Animal & Veterinary Sciences Research Group, Scotland’s Rural College, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Rick B. D’Eath
- Animal & Veterinary Sciences Research Group, Scotland’s Rural College, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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Ural A, Bilgen F, Altıntaş Aykan D, Bahar AY, Bekerecioğlu M, Altıntaş Ural D. Effects of dabigatran and fondaparinux on degloving injuries: An experimental study. ULUS TRAVMA ACIL CER 2020; 26:343-350. [PMID: 32436968 DOI: 10.14744/tjtes.2020.26678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Management of the skin degloving injuries is still a problematic issue, and the avulsed part of the skin may become necrotic. We hypothesized that the anticoagulant pharmacological agents, fondaparinux and dabigatran may be beneficial in the treatment of degloving injuries by enhancing the viability of the reattached flap. METHODS Twenty four Wistar rats were divided into three groups as follows: control group (Group 1), fondaparinux group (Group 2) and dabigatran group (Group 3). A model of a degloving injury on the tail of rats was developed in all groups. After 15 minutes, the avulsed flaps were sutured back. Group 1 received 1ml/day saline intraperitoneally for 10 days. Group 2 received 0.3 ml/kg/day fondaparinux intraperitoneally for 10 days. Group 3 received 30 mg/kg/day dabigatran orally for 10 days. At the end of the treatments, gross morphological and histopathological tail tissue survivals were evaluated. RESULTS Histopathological examination of the fondaparinux and dabigatran groups revealed that the tail skin was mostly viable with mild inflammation. The mean necrotic length in tails and severity of inflammation was significantly higher in the control group compared to the fondaparinux and dabigatran groups (p<0.05). No statistically significant differences were noted between the fondaparinux and dabigatran groups in histopathologic evaluations. There was no significant difference in necrosis lengths and the other histopathological parameters between dabigatran and fondaparinux groups. CONCLUSION Dabigatran and fondaparinux improved tissue survival in skin degloving injuries concerning gross morphological and histopathological findings. However, the findings of this study should be supported and improved by new experimental and especially clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alper Ural
- Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaraş-Turkey
| | - Fatma Bilgen
- Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaraş-Turkey
| | - Duygun Altıntaş Aykan
- Department of Pharmacology, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaraş-Turkey
| | - Abdulkadir Yasir Bahar
- Department of Pathology, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaraş-Turkey
| | - Mehmet Bekerecioğlu
- Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaraş-Turkey
| | - Dilan Altıntaş Ural
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaraş-Turkey
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Brent JM, Tian Z, Shofer FS, Martin JT, Yao L, Acharte C, Chen YH, Qin L, Enomoto-Iwamoto M, Zhang Y. Influence of Genetic Background and Sex on Gene Expression in the Mouse ( Mus musculus) Tail in a Model of Intervertebral Disc Injury. Comp Med 2020; 70:131-139. [PMID: 32156324 PMCID: PMC7137552 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
To facilitate rational experimental design and fulfill the NIH requirement of including sex as a biologic variable, we examined the influences of genetic background and sex on responses to intervertebral disc (IVD) injury in the mouse tail. The goal of this study was to compare gene expression and histologic changes in response to a tail IVD injury (needle puncture) in male and female mice on the DBA and C57BL/6 (B6) backgrounds. We hypothesized that extracellular matrix gene expression in response to IVD injury differs between mice of different genetic backgrounds and sex. Consistent changes were detected in gene expression and histologic features after IVD injury in mice on both genetic backgrounds and sexes. In particular, expression of col1a1 and adam8 was higher in the injured IVD of DBA mice than B6 mice. Conversely, col2a1 expression was higher in B6 mice than DBA mice. Sex-associated differences were significant only in B6 mice, in which col2a1 expression was greater in male mice than in female. Histologic differences in response to injury were not apparent between DBA and B6 mice or between males and females. In conclusion, mouse tail IVD showed sex- and strain-related changes in gene expression and histology after needle puncture. The magnitude of change in gene expression differed with regard to genetic background and, to a lesser degree, sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Brent
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;,
| | - Zuozhen Tian
- Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Frances S Shofer
- Departments of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John T Martin
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael J Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lutian Yao
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Orthopaedics-Sports Medicine and Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Christian Acharte
- Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Youhai H Chen
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ling Qin
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Motomi Enomoto-Iwamoto
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yejia Zhang
- Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael J Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Prunier A, Averos X, Dimitrov I, Edwards SA, Hillmann E, Holinger M, Ilieski V, Leming R, Tallet C, Turner SP, Zupan M, Camerlink I. Review: Early life predisposing factors for biting in pigs. Animal 2020; 14:570-587. [PMID: 31436143 PMCID: PMC7026718 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119001940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The pig industry faces many animal welfare issues. Among these, biting behaviour has a high incidence. It is indicative of an existing problem in biters and is a source of physical damage and psychological stress for the victims. We categorize this behaviour into aggressive and non-aggressive biting, the latter often being directed towards the tail. This review focusses specifically on predisposing factors in early life, comprising the prenatal and postnatal periods up to weaning, for the expression of aggressive and non-aggressive biting later in life. The influence of personality and coping style has been examined in a few studies. It varies according to these studies and, thus, further evaluation is needed. Regarding the effect of environmental factors, the number of scientific papers is low (less than five papers for most factors). No clear influence of prenatal factors has been identified to date. Aggressive biting is reduced by undernutrition, cross-fostering and socialization before weaning. Non-aggressive biting is increased by undernutrition, social stress due to competition and cross-fostering. These latter three factors are highly dependent on litter size at birth. The use of familiar odours may contribute to reducing biting when pigs are moved from one environment to another by alleviating the level of stress associated with novelty. Even though the current environment in which pigs are expressing biting behaviours is of major importance, the pre-weaning environment should be optimized to reduce the likelihood of this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Prunier
- INRA, PEGASE, Agrocampus-Ouest, Saint Gilles 35590, France
| | - X. Averos
- Department of Animal Production, Neiker-Tecnalia Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01080, Spain
| | - I. Dimitrov
- Agricultural Institute, Stara Zagora 6000, Bulgaria
| | - S. A. Edwards
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - E. Hillmann
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Berlin 10115, Germany
| | - M. Holinger
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - V. Ilieski
- University Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Skopje 1000, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - R. Leming
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - C. Tallet
- INRA, PEGASE, Agrocampus-Ouest, Saint Gilles 35590, France
| | - S. P. Turner
- SRUC, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - M. Zupan
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Domžale 1230, Slovenia
| | - I. Camerlink
- University of Veterinary Medicine (Vetmeduni) Vienna, Institute of Animal Welfare Science, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria
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11
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Abstract
The provision of manipulable material to pigs is a legal requirement to ensure their good welfare. Loose straw is edible, chewable, investigable and manipulable, and has been proven to be effective in reducing abnormal behaviour. However, it is incompatible with slatted systems and therefore not a viable option for many intensive units. Thus, there is a need to identify enrichment materials that are as effective as loose straw and compatible with slatted floors. This study investigated the viability of using compressed straw blocks on a commercial farm in terms of cost and effectiveness in reducing biting relative to plastic hanging toys. A total of 880 slaughter pigs were used, among which half (n = 440, 8 groups) were provided with commercial pig toys (TOY) and the other half (n = 440, 8 groups) were provided compressed straw blocks (STRAW BLOCK). Animals were separated according to sex to investigate whether there was a higher propensity to tail and ear bite depending on sex. Pigs were monitored from weaning to slaughter, with tails being examined post scalding and any condemnations recorded at the abattoir. Throughout their life, the tails and ears of all pigs were examined individually, and behavioural observations of each pig group were conducted fortnightly. Salivary cortisol was also obtained from a subsample of pigs from each group every fortnight to monitor stress levels. The highest straw usage was recorded in the second weaner stage (39 to 67 days after weaning). Enrichment type or sex had no effect on tail lesion scores or cold carcass weight recorded at the abattoir. There was also no effect of enrichment type or sex on body, tail, or ear lesion scores during either the weaner (0 to 39 days after weaning) or finisher stage (67 to145 days after weaning). Female pigs showed more biting behaviour than males, and female pigs that were provided STRAW BLOCK performed better than those provided TOY. In both the weaner and finisher accommodation, more instances of interaction were recorded with TOY pens as enrichment than with STRAW BLOCK, but the interaction duration was not recorded. There was no effect of sex on either stage. More instances of aggression were observed with the TOY than with STRAW BLOCK in the weaner stage (P < 0.05). Enrichment type or sex had no effect on cortisol levels. Thus, relative to plastic hanging toys, compressed straw blocks provided in this manner did not benefit pig welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Haigh
- Pig Development Department, Centre for Grassland Research and Innovation, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - J Yun-Chou
- Pig Development Department, Centre for Grassland Research and Innovation, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
- Animal & Veterinary Sciences Research Group, SRUC, Roslin Institute Building, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - K O'Driscoll
- Pig Development Department, Centre for Grassland Research and Innovation, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
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12
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Bottacini M, Scollo A, Edwards SA, Contiero B, Veloci M, Pace V, Gottardo F. Skin lesion monitoring at slaughter on heavy pigs (170 kg): Welfare indicators and ham defects. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207115. [PMID: 30418998 PMCID: PMC6231647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to evaluate at the slaughterhouse external carcass lesions on heavy pigs (170 kg) as potential welfare indicators, and the prevalence of ham defects determining ham exclusion from Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) markets, 732 pig batches from northern Italy were monitored during a 12-month period, and then processed analysing the effect of slaughter season, overnight lairage, and production type. On the slaughter line, skin scratches were separately scored in the posterior region (defined as the area including the hind legs and the tail) and the anterior one (as the remaining area), while the whole carcass was examined for external hematomas. Chronic ear and tail lesions referable to the rearing phase, and bursitis were recorded as retrospective welfare indicators. The annual median prevalence of carcasses per batch with severe anterior scratches was 64% while 46.4% had severe posterior scratches. The highest autumn score for both skin scratches (P < 0.001) and traumatic ham defects (P = 0.005) is reflected in the positive correlation between severe posterior scratches and ham hematomas (r2 = 0.27; P < 0.001). Overnight lairage batches resulted in higher prevalence for scratches, while among ham defects only veining increased. Among binary records, only ear lesions were frequently recorded (annual median = 10%). A comparison analysis between pigs in and out of PDO circuit was performed to evaluate the variation related to the different genetics, showing differences for ear and tail lesions and for almost all the considered ham defects. The present study confirms that skin lesions represent a problem also for heavy pigs and that overnight lairage and season can affect their prevalence, with the associated possibility to give ham defects. Ear lesions are suitable to be used as retrospective welfare indicator, while tail lesions usage is nowadays limited by the extensive use of tail docking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Bottacini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Agripolis, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Sandra A. Edwards
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Contiero
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Agripolis, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Pace
- OPAS, Pig Farmer Association, San Giorgio, Mantova, Italy
| | - Flaviana Gottardo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Agripolis, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
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13
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Abstract
Redox state sustained by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is crucial for regeneration; however, the interplay between oxygen (O2), ROS and hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) remains elusive. Here we observe, using an optic-based probe (optrode), an elevated and steady O2 influx immediately upon amputation. The spatiotemporal O2 influx profile correlates with the regeneration of Xenopus laevis tadpole tails. Inhibition of ROS production but not ROS scavenging decreases O2 influx. Inhibition of HIF-1α impairs regeneration and stabilization of HIF-1α induces regeneration in the refractory period. In the regeneration bud, hypoxia correlates with O2 influx, ROS production, and HIF-1α stabilization that modulate regeneration. Further analyses reveal that heat shock protein 90 is a putative downstream target of HIF-1α while electric current reversal is a de facto downstream target of HIF-1α. Collectively, the results show a mechanism for regeneration via the orchestration of O2 influx, ROS production, and HIF-1α stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Ferreira
- Department of Dermatology, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis, 95616, CA, USA.
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental (CBMA), Universidade do Minho, Braga, 4704, Portugal.
| | - VijayKrishna Raghunathan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, 77204, TX, USA
- The Ocular Surface Institute, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, 77204, TX, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, 77204, TX, USA
| | - Guillaume Luxardi
- Department of Dermatology, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis, 95616, CA, USA
| | - Kan Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis, 95616, CA, USA
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis, 95616, CA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis, 95817, CA, USA.
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14
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Ren DL, Wang XB, Hu B. Circadian gene period1b regulates proinflammatory cytokine expression through NF-κB signalling in zebrafish. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2018; 80:528-533. [PMID: 29958979 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The circadian clock plays a critical role in regulating the immune system. Our previous publication revealed that a mutation in the circadian gene period1b (per1b) in zebrafish significantly decreased proinflammatory gene expression, particularly under constant darkness (DD) conditions; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, using per1b-null mutant zebrafish and a larval tail fin injury model, we observed that the loss of per1b resulted in the downregulation expression of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α, at protein level. Furthermore, the loss of per1b downregulated ERK phosphorylation and inhibited p65 phosphorylation, leading to reduced NF-κB activation, which could downregulate the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α, in zebrafish. These results provided insight into the communication between the circadian clock and immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Long Ren
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Bo Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, PR China
| | - Bing Hu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, PR China.
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15
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Li YZ, Zhang HF, Johnston LJ, Martin W, Peterson JD, Coetzee JF. Effects of tail docking and tail biting on performance and welfare of growing-finishing pigs in a confinement housing system. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:4835-4845. [PMID: 29293713 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of tail docking on the welfare and performance of victimized pigs by tail biting and tail biters. Pigs ( = 240; 25.7 ± 2.9 kg average weight), including 120 pigs that were tail docked at birth and 120 pigs that remained with intact tails, were used. Pigs were housed in 8 pens of 30 pigs in a confinement barn for 16 wk, with 4 pens each housing pigs of both sexes with docked or intact tails. Tail biters and victimized pigs with damaged tails were identified during outbreaks of tail biting. Growth performance was monitored, and skin lesions on the tail, ears, and body were assessed. Blood samples were collected from focal tail biters, victimized pigs, and nonvictimized pigs for analysis of total serum protein, IgG, and substance P concentrations. When pigs were marketed, carcass weights and the number of pigs with carcass trim loss were recorded. During the growing-finishing period, 48% of pigs with docked tails and 89% of pigs with intact tails experienced lesions on their tails, including 5% of docked pigs and 30% of intact pigs identified as victimized pigs that experienced puncture wounds with signs of infection on their tails or loss of tails ( < 0.001). Victimized pigs tended to gain less weight ( = 0.07) between 17 and 21 wk of age than other pigs when tail biting prevailed in this study. Victimized pigs were more frequently ( = 0.04) sold for less than full value and had a lower dressing percentage ( < 0.001) compared with nonvictimized pigs. For victimized pigs, total serum protein and IgG concentrations were elevated 5 d after tails were injured, suggesting that tail damage can cause inflammation, which may lead to carcass abscesses and trim loss. Compared with victimized pigs and nonvictimized pigs, tail biters had lower total serum protein ( = 0.01) and IgG ( = 0.01) concentrations, indicating that tail biters may experience poor immune functions. Results of this study demonstrated that tail docking reduced tail damage in pigs kept in a confinement system. Tail damage can cause inflammation and reduce the value of market pigs. More research is needed to test whether compromised immune functions predispose pigs to tail biting.
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16
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Sato K, Umesono Y, Mochii M. A transgenic reporter under control of an es1 promoter/enhancer marks wound epidermis and apical epithelial cap during tail regeneration in Xenopus laevis tadpole. Dev Biol 2017; 433:404-415. [PMID: 29291984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rapid wound healing and subsequent formation of the apical epithelial cap (AEC) are believed to be required for successful appendage regeneration in amphibians. Despite the significant role of AEC in limb regeneration, its role in tail regeneration and the mechanisms that regulate the wound healing and AEC formation are not well understood. We previously identified Xenopus laevis es1, which is preferentially expressed in wounded regions, including the AEC after tail regeneration. In this study we established and characterized transgenic Xenopus laevis lines harboring the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene under control of an es1 gene regulatory sequence (es1:egfp). The EGFP reporter expression was clearly seen in several regions of the embryo and then declined to an undetectable level in larvae, recapitulating the endogenous es1 expression. After amputation of the tadpole tail, EGFP expression was re-activated at the edge of the stump epidermis and then increased in the wound epidermis (WE) covering the amputation surface. As the stump started to regenerate, the EGFP expression became restricted to the most distal epidermal region, including the AEC. EGFP was preferentially expressed in the basal or deep cells but not in the superficial cells of the WE and AEC. We performed a small-scale pharmacological screening for chemicals that affected the expression of EGFP in the stump epidermis after tail amputation. The EGFP expression was attenuated by treatment with an inhibitor for ERK, TGF-β or reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling. These treatments also impaired wound closure of the amputation surface, suggesting that the three signaling activities are required for es1 expression in the WE and successful wound healing after tail amputation. These findings showed that es1:egfp Xenopus laevis should be a useful tool to analyze molecular mechanisms regulating wound healing and appendage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Sato
- Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Koto, Kamigori, Akou, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Umesono
- Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Koto, Kamigori, Akou, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Makoto Mochii
- Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Koto, Kamigori, Akou, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan.
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17
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Pandolfi F, Stoddart K, Wainwright N, Kyriazakis I, Edwards SA. The 'Real Welfare' scheme: benchmarking welfare outcomes for commercially farmed pigs. Animal 2017; 11:1816-1824. [PMID: 28249629 PMCID: PMC5607875 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731117000246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal welfare standards have been incorporated in EU legislation and in farm assurance schemes, based on scientific information and aiming to safeguard the welfare of the species concerned. Recently, emphasis has shifted from resource-based measures of welfare to animal-based measures, which are considered to assess more accurately the welfare status. The data used in this analysis were collected from April 2013 to May 2016 through the 'Real Welfare' scheme in order to assess on-farm pig welfare, as required for those finishing pigs under the UK Red Tractor Assurance scheme. The assessment involved five main measures (percentage of pigs requiring hospitalization, percentage of lame pigs, percentage of pigs with severe tail lesions, percentage of pigs with severe body marks and enrichment use ratio) and optional secondary measures (percentage of pigs with mild tail lesions, percentage of pigs with dirty tails, percentage of pigs with mild body marks, percentage of pigs with dirty bodies), with associated information about the environment and the enrichment in the farms. For the complete database, a sample of pens was assessed from 1928 farm units. Repeated measures were taken in the same farm unit over time, giving 112 240 records at pen level. These concerned a total of 13 480 289 pigs present on the farm during the assessments, with 5 463 348 pigs directly assessed using the 'Real Welfare' protocol. The three most common enrichment types were straw, chain and plastic objects. The main substrate was straw which was present in 67.9% of the farms. Compared with 2013, a significant increase of pens with undocked-tail pigs, substrates and objects was observed over time (P0.3). The results from the first 3 years of the scheme demonstrate a reduction of the prevalence of animal-based measures of welfare problems and highlight the value of this initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Pandolfi
- School of Agriculture Food and Rural Development,
Newcastle University, Newcastle upon
Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - K. Stoddart
- AHDB PORK, Stoneleigh Park,
Kenilworth, CV8 2TL, UK
| | | | - I. Kyriazakis
- School of Agriculture Food and Rural Development,
Newcastle University, Newcastle upon
Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - S. A. Edwards
- School of Agriculture Food and Rural Development,
Newcastle University, Newcastle upon
Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
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18
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Saito MS, Lourenço AL, Kang HC, Rodrigues CR, Cabral LM, Castro HC, Satlher PC. New approaches in tail-bleeding assay in mice: improving an important method for designing new anti-thrombotic agents. Int J Exp Pathol 2016; 97:285-92. [PMID: 27377432 PMCID: PMC4960579 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes a modified, simple, low-cost and more sensitive method to determine bleeding patterns and haemoglobin concentration in a tail-bleeding assay using BALB/c mice and tail tip amputation. The cut tail was immersed in Drabkin's reagent to promote erythrocyte lysis and haemoglobin release, which was monitored over 30 min. The operator was blinded to individual conditions of the mice, which were treated with either saline (NaCl 0.15m), DMSO (0.5%) or clinical anti-thrombotic drugs. Our experimental protocols showed good reproducibility and repeatability of results when using Drabkin's reagent than water. Thus, the use of Drabkin's reagent offered a simple and low-cost method to observe and quantify the bleeding and rebleeding episodes. We also observed the bleeding pattern and total haemoglobin loss using untreated animals or those under anti-coagulant therapy in order to validate the new Drabkin method and thus confirm that it is a useful protocol to quantify haemoglobin concentrations in tail-bleeding assay. This modified method provided a more accurate results for bleeding patterns in mice and for identifying new anti-thrombotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Seidy Saito
- Laboratório de Antibióticos Bioquímica Ensino e Modelagem Molecular (LABiEMol) - Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia (PPG-UFF) - Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Lourenço
- Laboratório de Antibióticos Bioquímica Ensino e Modelagem Molecular (LABiEMol) - Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia (PPG-UFF) - Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Hye Chung Kang
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia (PPG-UFF) - Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos Rangel Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e QSAR (ModMolQSAR) - Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucio Mendes Cabral
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Industrial Farmacêutica (LabTIF) - Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Helena Carla Castro
- Laboratório de Antibióticos Bioquímica Ensino e Modelagem Molecular (LABiEMol) - Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Plínio Cunha Satlher
- Laboratório de Antibióticos Bioquímica Ensino e Modelagem Molecular (LABiEMol) - Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Industrial Farmacêutica (LabTIF) - Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Sugiura T, Wang H, Barsacchi R, Simon A, Tanaka EM. MARCKS-like protein is an initiating molecule in axolotl appendage regeneration. Nature 2016; 531:237-40. [PMID: 26934225 PMCID: PMC4795554 DOI: 10.1038/nature16974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Identifying key molecules that launch regeneration has been a long-sought goal. Multiple regenerative animals show an initial wound-associated proliferative response that transits into sustained proliferation if a considerable portion of the body part has been removed. In the axolotl, appendage amputation initiates a round of wound-associated cell cycle induction followed by continued proliferation that is dependent on nerve-derived signals. A wound-associated molecule that triggers the initial proliferative response to launch regeneration has remained obscure. Here, using an expression cloning strategy followed by in vivo gain- and loss-of-function assays, we identified axolotl MARCKS-like protein (MLP) as an extracellularly released factor that induces the initial cell cycle response during axolotl appendage regeneration. The identification of a regeneration-initiating molecule opens the possibility of understanding how to elicit regeneration in other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Sugiura
- DFG Research Center for Regenerative Therapies (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics
| | - Heng Wang
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Centre of Developmental Biology for Regenerative Medicine
| | - Rico Barsacchi
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics
| | - Andras Simon
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Centre of Developmental Biology for Regenerative Medicine
| | - Elly M. Tanaka
- DFG Research Center for Regenerative Therapies (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics
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20
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van Staaveren N, Teixeira DL, Hanlon A, Boyle LA. The effect of mixing entire male pigs prior to transport to slaughter on behaviour, welfare and carcass lesions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122841. [PMID: 25830336 PMCID: PMC4382277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Research is needed to validate lesions recorded at meat inspection as indicators of pig welfare on farm. The aims were to determine the influence of mixing pigs on carcass lesions and to establish whether such lesions correlate with pig behaviour and lesions scored on farm. Aggressive and mounting behaviour of pigs in three single sex pens was recorded on Day -5, -2, and -1 relative to slaughter (Day 0). On Day 0 pigs were randomly allocated to 3 treatments (n = 20/group) over 5 replicates: males mixed with females (MF), males mixed with males (MM), and males unmixed (MUM). Aggressive and mounting behaviours were recorded on Day 0 at holding on farm and lairage. Skin/tail lesions were scored according to severity at the farm (Day -1), lairage, and on the carcass (Day 0). Effect of treatment and time on behaviour and lesions were analysed by mixed models. Spearman rank correlations between behaviour and lesion scores and between scores recorded at different stages were determined. In general, MM performed more aggressive behaviour (50.4 ± 10.72) than MUM (20.3 ± 9.55, P < 0.05) and more mounting (30.9 ± 9.99) than MF (11.4 ± 3.76) and MUM (9.8 ± 3.74, P < 0.05). Skin lesion scores increased between farm (Day -1) and lairage (P < 0.001), but this tended to be significant only for MF and MM (P = 0.08). There was no effect of treatment on carcass lesions and no associations were found with fighting/mounting. Mixing entire males prior to slaughter stimulated mounting and aggressive behaviour but did not influence carcass lesion scores. Carcass skin/tail lesions scores were correlated with scores recorded on farm (rskin = 0.21 and rtail = 0.18, P < 0.01) suggesting that information recorded at meat inspection could be used as indicators of pig welfare on farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke van Staaveren
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dayane Lemos Teixeira
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Alison Hanlon
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laura Ann Boyle
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
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21
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Cebesoy O, Isik M, Erzincan T, Pamukcu U, Bilgin F, Subasi M. Analysis of the effects of heparin and enoxaparin on degloving injuries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 115:550-3. [PMID: 25318913 DOI: 10.4149/bll_2014_106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heparin and low molecular weight heparin are the most frequently used antithromboembolic drugs in fractures. OBJECTIVES We aimed to compare the effects of heparin and enoxaparin, which are used as standard treatment, on viability in degloving injuries. METHODS Thirty rats were used in the study. Three groups were composed including 10 rats in each group. Degloving injuries were formed in the tails of the rats. Enoxaparin was injected subcutaneously to the rats in group 1. Standard heparin was injected subcutaneously to the rats in group 2. Serum physiologic solution was injected subcutaneously to the rats in group 3. The experiment was ended on day 15. The tails of the rats were evaluated clinically and histopathologically. RESULTS There was a statistically significant difference in the clinical results (p < 0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in the histopathological results (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We encountered positive effects of both heparin and enoxaparin on the treatment of degloving injuries in this experimental study. However, the findings of this study should be supported and improved by new experimental and especially clinical studies (Fig. 3, Ref. 18).
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de Oliveira S, Reyes-Aldasoro CC, Candel S, Renshaw SA, Mulero V, Calado Â. Cxcl8 (IL-8) mediates neutrophil recruitment and behavior in the zebrafish inflammatory response. J Immunol 2013; 190:4349-59. [PMID: 23509368 PMCID: PMC3736093 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils play a pivotal role in the innate immune response. The small cytokine CXCL8 (also known as IL-8) is known to be one of the most potent chemoattractant molecules that, among several other functions, is responsible for guiding neutrophils through the tissue matrix until they reach sites of injury. Unlike mice and rats that lack a CXCL8 homolog, zebrafish has two distinct CXCL8 homologs: Cxcl8-l1 and Cxcl8-l2. Cxcl8-l1 is known to be upregulated under inflammatory conditions caused by bacterial or chemical insult but until now the role of Cxcl8s in neutrophil recruitment has not been studied. In this study we show that both Cxcl8 genes are upregulated in response to an acute inflammatory stimulus, and that both are crucial for normal neutrophil recruitment to the wound and normal resolution of inflammation. Additionally, we have analyzed neutrophil migratory behavior through tissues to the site of injury in vivo, using open-access phagocyte tracking software PhagoSight. Surprisingly, we observed that in the absence of these chemokines, the speed of the neutrophils migrating to the wound was significantly increased in comparison with control neutrophils, although the directionality was not affected. Our analysis suggests that zebrafish may possess a subpopulation of neutrophils whose recruitment to inflamed areas occurs independently of Cxcl8 chemokines. Moreover, we report that Cxcl8-l2 signaled through Cxcr2 for inducing neutrophil recruitment. Our study, therefore, confirms the zebrafish as an excellent in vivo model to shed light on the roles of CXCL8 in neutrophil biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia de Oliveira
- Unidade de Biologia Microvascular e Inflamação, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Instituto de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa-Portugal
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia-Spain
| | - Constantino C. Reyes-Aldasoro
- Biomedical Engineering Research Group, School of Engineering and Design, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QT – United Kingdom
| | - Sergio Candel
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia-Spain
| | - Stephen A. Renshaw
- MRC Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield – United Kingdom
| | - Victoriano Mulero
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia-Spain
| | - Ângelo Calado
- Unidade de Biologia Microvascular e Inflamação, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Instituto de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa-Portugal
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Sonoda LT, Fels M, Oczak M, Vranken E, Ismayilova G, Guarino M, Viazzi S, Bahr C, Berckmans D, Hartung J. Tail biting in pigs--causes and management intervention strategies to reduce the behavioural disorder. A review. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2013; 126:104-112. [PMID: 23540192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
One of the largest animal welfare problems in modern pig production is tail biting. This abnormal behaviour compromises the well-being of the animals, can seriously impair animal health and can cause considerable economic losses. Tail biting has a multifactorial origin and occurs mainly in fattening pigs. High stocking densities, poor environment and bad air quality are seen as important factors. However, it is presumed that a plurality of internal and external motivators in intensive pig production can trigger this behaviour which is not reported in sounders of wild boars. The aim of this review is to summarize the causes and the effects of tail biting in pigs and present management strategies that are likely to reduce its incidence. In particular, management strategies by applying Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) technologies to monitor and control the behaviour of the pigs may be suitable to detect the outbreaks of tail biting at an early stage so that counter measures can be taken in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Thays Sonoda
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Germany.
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Lambooij E. Pig welfare and what you can tell from the carcase. Vet Rec 2012; 171:619-20. [PMID: 23248112 DOI: 10.1136/vr.e8449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Tan L, Gao W, Xi A, Wang C, Chen S, Zhao Y, Di K, Yang X, Weng S. [Experiment study on ultrashort wave for treating vascular crisis after rat tail replantation]. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi 2012; 26:1227-1231. [PMID: 23167109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effect and mechanism of ultrashort wave (USW) for prevention and treatment of vascular crisis after rat tail replantation. METHODS Eighty 3-month old female Sprague Dawley rats (weighing 232.8-289.6 g) were randomly divided into 5 groups. In each group, based on the caudal vein and the coccyx was retained, the tail was cut off. The tail artery was ligated in group A; the tail artery was anastomosed in groups B, C, D, and E to establish the tail replantation model. After surgery, the rats of group B were given normal management; the rats of group C were immediately given intraperitoneal injection (3.125 mL/kg) of diluted papaverine hydrochloride injection (1 mg/mL); the rats of groups D and E were immediately given the local USW treatment (once a day) at anastomotic site for 5 days at the dosage of 3 files and 50 mA for 20 minutes (group D) and 2 files and 28 mA for 20 minutes (group E). The survival rate of the rat tails was observed for 10 days after the tail replantation. The tail skin temperature difference between proximal and distal anastomosis was measured at pre- and post-operation; the change between postoperative and preoperative temperature difference was calculated. The blood plasma specimens were collected from the inner canthus before operation and from the tip of the tail at 8 hours after operation to measure the content of nitric oxide (NO). RESULTS The survival rates of the rat tails were 0 (0/14), 36.4% (8/22), 57.1% (8/14), 22.2% (4/18), and 75.0% (9/12) in groups A, B, C, D, and E, respectively, showing significant overall differences among 5 groups (chi2 = 19.935, P = 0.001); the survival rate of group E was significantly higher than that of group B at 7 days (P < 0.05), but no significant difference was found between the other groups by pairwise comparison (P > 0.05). At preoperation, there was no significant difference in tail skin temperature difference among 5 groups (P > 0.05); at 8 hours, 5 days, 6 days, and 7 days after operation, significant overall difference was found in the change of the skin temperature difference among groups (P < 0.05); pairwise comparison showed significant differences after operation (P < 0.05): group B > group D at 8 hours, group C > group D at 5 days, groups A, B, and C > group D at 6 days, groups B and C > groups A and E, and group B > group D at 7 days; but no significant difference was found between the other groups at the other time points (P > 0.05). Preoperative plasma NO content between each group had no significant difference (P > 0.05). The overall differences had significance in the NO content at postopoerative 8 hours and in the change of the NO content at pre- and post-operation among groups (P < 0.05). Significant differences were found by pairwise comparison (P < 0.05): group D > groups A, B, and C in the plasma NO content, group D > groups A and B in the change of the NO content at pre- and post-operation; but no significant difference was found between the other groups by pairwise comparison (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Rat tail replantation model in this experiment is feasible. USW therapy can increase the survival rate of replanted rat tails, reduce skin temperature at 7 days, improve blood supply, increase the content of nitric oxide at the early period and prevent vascular crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Tan
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding Hebei 071000, PR China
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Voskanian KS, Vorozhzova SV, Abrosimova AN, Mitsyn GV, Gaevskiĭ VN. [Modification of radiation damage to biological objects by lasers]. Aviakosm Ekolog Med 2012; 46:42-46. [PMID: 23402143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of experiments had the purpose to study effects of gamma-rays 60Co (5 Gy) and the combined effects of laser 650 nm (1 mJ/cm2) and gamma-rays 60Co (5 Gy) on survivability, body mass, integument and mitotic index of marrow cells (MC) of young mice C57BL/6. Laser was applied to the mouse hairy back only. Ten months of gamma-irradiation brought death to 50% of mice; the combined irradiation killed only 30%. Starting on month six after gamma-irradiation, body mass was less in comparison with mice exposed to the combined irradiation. In addition, all mice lost body mass sharply before death. All gamma-irradiated mice were touched with grey over the period of 30 days; in 40 days, 10 of 20 mice had incipient local radiation alopecia on the back that passed fully within next month. However, all mice developed radiation ulcers on the fourth month since irradiation. Two mice formed also neck tumors. In 5 months tails fell off in 2 mice. Some grey streaks appeared on mice exposed to the combined irradiation 3 months later only; three mice remained black throughout the follow-up. Alopecia was found in three survivors in 5 months after irradiation. Mitotic activity of marrow cells obtained from mice on day 15 since exposure to lasing and combined irradiation was higher in comparison with cells from intact mice. In a year, the MC mitotic index was higher in mice exposed to the combined irradiation as compared with the gamma-irradiated mice.
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Franchini A, Bertolotti E. The thymus and tail regenerative capacity in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Acta Histochem 2012; 114:334-41. [PMID: 21794900 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A morphofunctional analysis of the thymus from differently aged Xenopus laevis tadpoles during regeneration of the tail is reported. In stage 50 larvae, competent to regenerate, the appendage cut provoked thymic structural modifications that affected the medullary microenvironment cells and changes in TNF-α immunoreactivity. Mucocyte-like cells, multicellular epithelial cysts, myoid cells and cells immunoreactive to TNF-α increased in number. Increased numbers of lymphocytes were also found in regenerating areas and, at the end of regeneration, thymic structural and immunocytochemical patterns were restored to control levels. The observed cellular responses and the induction of molecules critical for thymus constitutive processes suggest a stimulation of thymic function after tail amputation. In older larvae, whose capacity to form a new complete and correctly patterned tail was reduced, thymic morphological changes were more severe and may persist throughout the regeneration process with a significant reduction in organ size. In these larvae the histological patterns and the marked thymic decrease may be related to the events occurring during regeneration, i.e. the higher inflammatory response and the reduced tail regenerative potential.
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Reilly B, Allan R. Gathering data on tail injuries in dogs. Vet Rec 2011; 169:589. [PMID: 22121183 DOI: 10.1136/vr.d7633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Mondia JP, Levin M, Omenetto FG, Orendorff RD, Branch MR, Adams DS. Long-distance signals are required for morphogenesis of the regenerating Xenopus tadpole tail, as shown by femtosecond-laser ablation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24953. [PMID: 21949803 PMCID: PMC3174989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the goal of learning to induce regeneration in human beings as a treatment for tissue loss, research is being conducted into the molecular and physiological details of the regeneration process. The tail of Xenopus laevis tadpoles has recently emerged as an important model for these studies; we explored the role of the spinal cord during tadpole tail regeneration. Methods and Results Using ultrafast lasers to ablate cells, and Geometric Morphometrics to quantitatively analyze regenerate morphology, we explored the influence of different cell populations. For at least twenty-four hours after amputation (hpa), laser-induced damage to the dorsal midline affected the morphology of the regenerated tail; damage induced 48 hpa or later did not. Targeting different positions along the anterior-posterior (AP) axis caused different shape changes in the regenerate. Interestingly, damaging two positions affected regenerate morphology in a qualitatively different way than did damaging either position alone. Quantitative comparison of regenerate shapes provided strong evidence against a gradient and for the existence of position-specific morphogenetic information along the entire AP axis. Conclusions We infer that there is a conduit of morphology-influencing information that requires a continuous dorsal midline, particularly an undamaged spinal cord. Contrary to expectation, this information is not in a gradient and it is not localized to the regeneration bud. We present a model of morphogenetic information flow from tissue undamaged by amputation and conclude that studies of information coming from far outside the amputation plane and regeneration bud will be critical for understanding regeneration and for translating fundamental understanding into biomedical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica P. Mondia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Levin
- Department of Biology and Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Fiorenzo G. Omenetto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ryan D. Orendorff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mary Rose Branch
- Department of Biology and Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dany Spencer Adams
- Department of Biology and Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Paul TA, Rovnak J, Quackenbush SL, Whitlock K, Zhan H, Gong Z, Spitsbergen J, Bowser PR, Casey JW. Transgenic expression of walleye dermal sarcoma virus rv-cyclin (orfA) in zebrafish does not result in tissue proliferation. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2011; 13:142-150. [PMID: 20349325 PMCID: PMC3364296 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-010-9274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Walleye dermal sarcoma (WDS) is a benign tumor of walleye fish that develops and completely regresses seasonally. The retrovirus associated with this disease, walleye dermal sarcoma virus, encodes three accessory genes, two of which, rv-cyclin (orfA) and orfb, are thought to play a role in tumor development. In this study, we attempted to recapitulate WDS development by expressing rv-cyclin in chimeric and stable transgenic zebrafish. Six stable transgenic lines expressing rv-cyclin from the constitutive CMVtk promoter were generated. Immunohistochemistry and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction demonstrate that rv-cyclin is widely expressed in different tissues in these fish. These lines were viable and histologically normal for up to 2 years. No increase in tumors or tissue proliferation was observed following N-ethyl N-nitrosourea exposure or following tail wounding and subsequent tissue regeneration compared to controls. These data indicate that rv-cyclin is not independently sufficient for tumor induction in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Paul
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Joel Rovnak
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sandra L. Quackenbush
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kathleen Whitlock
- Centro de Genómica de la Célula, Centro de Neurociencia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Huiqing Zhan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jan Spitsbergen
- Department of Microbiology and Marine and Freshwater Biomedical Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Paul R. Bowser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - James W. Casey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Squires P. Tail injuries in dogs in Great Britain. Vet Rec 2010; 167:225-6; author reply 226. [PMID: 20693511 DOI: 10.1136/vr.c4203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Margotta V. Further amputations of the tail in adult Triturus carnifex: contribution to the study on the nature of regenerated spinal cord. Ital J Anat Embryol 2008; 113:167-186. [PMID: 19205589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Adult Urodele Amphibians, if deprived of the tail, are able to fully regenerate it. This occurs owing to a typical epimorphic phenomenon which takes place in various phases. Within this matter, in particular on the reconstruction of the caudal nervous component, literature sources refer to a great quantity of research following only one amputation of the tail. Being aware of these data we programmed to investigate the possible persistence, decrease or disappearance of the medullary regenerative power after repeated amputations of the regenerated tail. With this objective in view, we have performed on adult Triturus carnifex a series of such operations at time spaced out from one another. In previous experiments, the amputations of the tail have been before seven and then nine. In the current experiment, the same specimens have been subjected to further removals of the tail. This study has developed into three cycles going on over a period of more than ten years. Overall, our panorama rising from the integration of present results and those of former observations is in agreement with what occurs in the area which is the centre of the beginnings of medullary regeneration processes and the bibliographic information concerning the pre-blastematic and blastematic phases. In the subsequent morphogenetic and differentiative phases, however, with the recurrence of the re-establishment of the spinal cord, these events proceed more slowly (gap which reduces when the time interval starting from the operation increases) than in the spinal cords which regenerated after only one tail amputation. Furthermore, although the regenerated spinal cords, if compared to normal spinal cord, show some anomalies (regarding medullary length and diameter, distribution of the spinal nerves and ganglia), the regenerated spinal cords (as well-known uncapable to re-form the Mauthner fibres and supplied with the Rohon-Beard sensitive neurons), their nerves and ganglia reacquire the same complex structural organization as normal spinal cord (where, already known, the Rohon-Beard larval neurons lack, because they play the same role of the spinal ganglia in adult life and disappear when these ganglia first appear). Therefore, at least within numerical bounds of our tail amputations, the medullary regenerative potentialities would seem not to decrease. At the time of our starting investigations, being aware that the Authors ask questions to the morphogenesis of the regenerated spinal cord on which some aspects have not certainly been clarified, two antithetic hypotheses have been proposed. We raised the doubt that the entity of mitotic activity could alone be responsible for the quick reacquisition of a regenerated spinal cord which is superimposable to a normal one. Owing to meditation, we tended towards the hypothesis that this regeneration would be due to trans-differentiative process, which would trigger off in the tissues of the stump of the tail, induced by the impulse following the amputation. In order to obtain a complete picture of the proliferative possibilities responsible mainly, if not exclusively, for these phenomena which could support such our propension, we also programmed the current experiments on a parallel twofold approach. Therefore, we, as in past studies, have analyzed the proliferative activities in progress, through karyokineses and moreover we have attempted to unmask the possible presence of latent proliferative activities symbolized by the elements in the S phase of their vital cycle. To this end, an appropriate proliferative test has been chosen, the Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA). Mitoses and signals of perspective proliferative activities, revealed by this immunocytochemical marker, are localizable in the ependyma and the periventricular grey. In the normal spinal cord there is an irrelevant karyokinetic activity coexisting with the expression of a PCNA considerably higher. Against these physiological proliferative paintings, in progress and potential, in the regenerating and regenerated spinal cords the numerical entity of the mitoses and of the cells revealing DNA synthesis has been found to be, if not negligible, modest or on the whole inadequate to sustain the regeneration events in progress and later possible ones after further amputations of the tail. Based on the evidence at present available, one could hypothesize that the impulse following the amputation of the normal tail would operate as a priority on the natural incomparable initial reserve of cyclic cells in the S phase, detected immunoreactively, which would be depositary of medullary proliferative silent potentialities, so that these cells, leaving the stand by condition in which they would be, would mobilize and passing through the M phase would set out for their differentiation. These undifferentiated cells would be, therefore, mainly responsible for the first medullary regenerative event. Such a scenario would give weight to those Authors that suggested these elements play a decisive role in the regenerative processes, Authors, that's so, have limited their observations to only one amputation of the tail. After this event, once the inizial considerable stock of undifferentiated cells has irreparably dropped, one could then suppose that the shock subsequent to each new amputation promotes in the stump of the amputated tail trans-differentiative processes which would become of primary weight for the following new medullary regenerations. This interpretation, therefore, prefigures that the shock would have a different primary target depending on whether it is connected to the first or to successive amputations of the tail. In the dispute regarding the genesis of the regenerated spinal cord in adult Urodele Amphibians, such a vision taking into consideration current data would make it possible, to a certain extent, to reconcile the two contrasting hypotheses previously advanced by Authors and put an end to the doubts expressed by us in the past at the time of previous our observations where in supporting the hypothesis regarding trans-differentiative activities, we have been hesitant in sustaining they were solely responsible for these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Margotta
- Dipartimento di Biologia animale e dell'Uomo, Sede di Anatomia comparata, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Italy
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Houlton JEF. A survey of gundog lameness and injuries in Great Britain in the shooting seasons 2005/2006 and 2006/2007. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2008; 21:231-237. [PMID: 18536849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to record the types of injuries and causes of lameness exhibited by dogs involved in game shooting. The study investigated gundogs that worked in the seasons 2005/2006 and 2006/2007. Information was acquired by owner questionnaires. The dogs were classified as working in the beating line, as peg dogs or as picking up dogs. A further group comprised Setters and Pointers that worked the grouse moors. A secondary objective was to assess the incidence of injuries that were treated by owners without seeking the assistance of their veterinarian, and to identify those that may have been underestimated. Depending on whether a dog was injured or went lame, and, if so, the nature of the injury, was correlated with the number of days worked, where it worked, its breed and the type of work it did. A mildly positive association between the Spaniel breed group and injuries was seen in 2005/2006 but not in 2006/2007. However, the relationship between the type of work and injuries was very significant for both seasons with dogs working in the beating line being at greatest risk and Setters and Pointers having the least number of injuries. The dogs in the beating line were also at a significantly greater risk of injury in both years when the type of injury was investigated. Fifty-three percent of all injuries were deemed to be sufficiently minor, that veterinary attention was not sought. However, those dogs with proximal thoracic limb lameness may have been under-investigated. There was a highly significant association between tail injuries and undocked Springer and Cocker Spaniels.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E F Houlton
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Higham Gobion, Hertfordshire, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Paul
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
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Abstract
Two matched case-control studies were performed at an abattoir with a capacity of 780 pigs per hour, each study using the approximately 7000 pigs slaughtered on one day. In the first study, the severity of tail biting and pneumonia were recorded in pigs with bitten or intact tails. In the second study, the tail score, sex, and the presence of pleuritis, externally visible abscesses and trimming were recorded in pigs with bitten or intact tails. In study 1, there was no significant association between the tail score and the percentage of lung tissue affected by lesions typical of enzootic pneumonia, but there was a significant association between the severity of tail biting and the prevalence of lungs with abscesses and/or pleuritic lesions (P<0.0001). In study 2, there were significant associations between the severity of tail biting, and the prevalence of external carcase abscesses and carcase trimming; the carcases of castrated males had evidence of tail biting more frequently than the carcases of females (P<0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Kritas
- Clinic of Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
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Laurance C. Animal welfare legislation--where have we got to? J Small Anim Pract 2006; 47:489. [PMID: 16938922 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2006.00212.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Tail and perineal wounds arise from various causes. Reconstructive techniques are beneficial to the resolution of congenital, traumatic, and neoplastic conditions that involve the tail and perineum. This article reviews some common and not so common conditions and the techniques to treat them effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie R Bellah
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Ryan KL, Cortez DS, Dick EJ, Pusateri AE. Efficacy of FDA-approved hemostatic drugs to improve survival and reduce bleeding in rat models of uncontrolled hemorrhage. Resuscitation 2006; 70:133-44. [PMID: 16757085 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2005.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2005] [Revised: 11/06/2005] [Accepted: 11/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Several FDA-approved intravenous drugs are used to reduce surgical bleeding. This series of studies tested whether these drugs (aprotinin, desmopressin, tranexamic acid, epsilon-aminocaproic acid) could reduce bleeding due to traumatic injuries in two models of uncontrolled hemorrhage in rats. In the first phase of each study, a nonlethal tail bleeding model was used that incorporated limited fluid resuscitation (lactate Ringer's solution). Four doses of vehicle or the test substance were given successively with bleeding time and blood loss measured after each dose. In the second phase of each study, a lethal liver injury was produced by excising a section of the median lobe (approximately 0.8% of body weight) and an infusion of either vehicle or the test substance was immediately begun. This model included aggressive fluid resuscitation and a severe dilutional coagulopathy. Blood loss, survival time and mortality rate were recorded. Three studies were performed, testing each of the drugs singly and in combination. None of the drugs significantly reduced either bleeding time or blood loss in the tail bleeding model, nor were blood loss, survival time or mortality rate altered in the liver injury model. Taken together, these results suggest that these FDA-approved drugs, when used either singly or in combination, are not efficacious in these models of traumatic uncontrolled hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy L Ryan
- U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3400 Rawley E. Chambers Avenue, Ft. Sam Houston, TX 78234-6315, USA.
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Tassava RA, Huang Y. Tail regeneration and ependymal outgrowth in the adult newt, Notophthalmus viridescens, are adversely affected by experimentally produced ischemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 303:1031-9. [PMID: 16254917 DOI: 10.1002/jez.a.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Spinal axons of the adult newt will regenerate when the spinal cord is severed or when the tail is amputated. Ischemia and associated hypoxia have been correlated with poor central nervous system regeneration in mammals. To test the effects of ischemia on newt spinal cord regeneration, the spinal cord and major blood vessels of the newt tail were severed 2 cm caudal to the cloaca as a primary injury. This primary injury severely reduced circulation in the caudal direction for 7 days; by day 8, circulation was largely restored. After various periods of time after primary injury, tails were amputated 1 cm caudal to the primary injury (in the area of ischemia) and tested for regeneration. If the tail was amputated within 5 days of the primary injury, regeneration did not occur. If amputation was 7 days or longer after the primary injury, a regenerative response occurred. Histology showed that in the non-regenerating tails the spinal cord and associated ependyma, known to be important to tail regeneration, had degenerated in the rostral direction. Such degeneration was prevented when tails were first amputated and allowed to form blastemas before the primary injury. The data indicate that the first 5-7 days of blastema formation are particularly sensitive to compromised blood flow (ischemia/hypoxia). It follows that mechanisms must be present in the adult newt to reduce ischemia to a minimum and thus allow ependymal outgrowth and tail regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy A Tassava
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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Lin ZH, Qu YF, Ji X. Energetic and locomotor costs of tail loss in the Chinese skink, Eumeces chinensis. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2006; 143:508-13. [PMID: 16488639 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Revised: 01/07/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Caudal autotomy is a defense mechanism used by numerous lizards to evade predators, but this entails costs. We collected 294 adult Chinese skinks (Eumeces chinensis) from a population in Lishui (eastern China) to evaluate energetic and locomotor costs of tail loss. Of the 294 skinks, 214 (c. 73%) had previously experienced caudal autotomy. Neither the proportion of individuals with regenerated tails nor the frequency distribution of locations of the tail break differed between sexes. We successively removed four tail segments from each of the 20 experimental skinks (adult males) initially having intact tails. Lipid content in each removed tail segment was measured, and locomotor performance (sprint speed, the maximal length traveled without stopping and the number of stops in the racetrack) was measured for each skink before and after each tail-removing treatment. Another independent sample of 20 adult males with intact tails was measured for locomotor performance to serve as controls for successive measurements taken for the experimental lizards. Caudal lipids were disproportionately stored along the length of the tail, with most lipids being aggregated in its proximal portion. Tail loss significantly affected sprint speed, but not the maximal length of, or the number of stops during the sprint. However, the adverse influence of tail loss on sprint speed was not significant until more than 51% of the tail (in length) was lost. Our data show that partial tail loss due to predatory encounters or other factors may not severely affect energy stores or locomotor performance in E. chinensis. As tail breaks occurred more frequently in the proximal portion of the tail in skinks collected from the field, we conclude that caudal autotomy occurring in nature often incurs substantial energetic and locomotor costs in E. chinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hua Lin
- Department of Biology, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, Zhejiang, China
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RCVS opts to support total ban on non-therapeutic docking of dogs' tails. Vet Rec 2006; 158:318. [PMID: 16555421 DOI: 10.1136/vr.158.10.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Woods J. Non-therapeutic docking of dogs' tails. Vet Rec 2006; 158:280. [PMID: 16501165 DOI: 10.1136/vr.158.8.280-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Pearce J. Non-therapeutic docking of dogs' tails. Vet Rec 2006; 158:175-6. [PMID: 16461628 DOI: 10.1136/vr.158.5.175-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Bower JM. Non-therapeutic docking of dogs' tails. Vet Rec 2006; 158:139. [PMID: 16443846 DOI: 10.1136/vr.158.4.139-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Kim H, Lee SY, Ji GE. Timing of bifidobacterium administration influences the development of allergy to ovalbumin in mice. Biotechnol Lett 2005; 27:1361-7. [PMID: 16215850 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-005-3682-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2005] [Revised: 06/23/2005] [Accepted: 06/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
C3H/HeJ mice were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) and choleratoxin (CT) for 5 weeks, and then Bifidobacterium bifidum BGN4 was administered continuously for 7 weeks, starting 2 weeks before (pre-treatment group) and 2 weeks after (post-treatment group) the initial sensitization. After sensitization, the OVA-induced (sham group) mice showed growth inhibition and had scab-covered tails which was associated with serum levels of 9887+/-175 ng OVA-specific IgE/ml and 758+/-525 ng IgG1/ml. The sera of the pre-treatment group had 4805+/-245 ng OVA-specific IgE/ml and 193+/-87 ng IgG1/ml, as well as less severe tail symptoms. The sera of the post-treatment group had 5723+/-207 ng OVA-specific IgE/ml but the IgG1 and IgG2a levels were the same as those of the sham group. In spleen cultures, both pre-treatment and post-treatment increased the levels of IFN-gamma but decreased the levels of IL-6 and IL-18. Taken together, the in vivo and in vitro results show that treatment with Bifidobacterium before OVA sensitization suppresses or modulates the allergic response more effectively than treatment with Bifidobacterium following OVA sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeyoung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, 151-742, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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