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Komalasari NLGY, Tomonobu N, Kinoshita R, Chen Y, Sakaguchi Y, Gohara Y, Jiang F, Yamamoto KI, Murata H, Ruma IMW, Sumardika IW, Zhou J, Yamauchi A, Kuribayashi F, Inoue Y, Toyooka S, Sakaguchi M. Lysyl oxidase-like 4 exerts an atypical role in breast cancer progression that is dependent on the enzymatic activity that targets the cell-surface annexin A2. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1142907. [PMID: 37091157 PMCID: PMC10114587 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1142907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background LOX family members are reported to play pivotal roles in cancer. Unlike their enzymatic activities in collagen cross-linking, their precise cancer functions are unclear. We revealed that LOXL4 is highly upregulated in breast cancer cells, and we thus sought to define an unidentified role of LOXL4 in breast cancer. Methods We established the MDA-MB-231 sublines MDA-MB-231-LOXL4 mutCA and -LOXL4 KO, which stably overexpress mutant LOXL4 that loses its catalytic activity and genetically ablates the intrinsic LOXL4 gene, respectively. In vitro and in vivo evaluations of these cells' activities of cancer outgrowth were conducted by cell-based assays in cultures and an orthotopic xenograft model, respectively. The new target (s) of LOXL4 were explored by the MS/MS analytic approach. Results Our in vitro results revealed that both the overexpression of mutCA and the KO of LOXL4 in cells resulted in a marked reduction of cell growth and invasion. Interestingly, the lowered cellular activities observed in the engineered cells were also reflected in the mouse model. We identified a novel binding partner of LOXL4, i.e., annexin A2. LOXL4 catalyzes cell surface annexin A2 to achieve a cross-linked multimerization of annexin A2, which in turn prevents the internalization of integrin β-1, resulting in the locking of integrin β-1 on the cell surface. These events enhance the promotion of cancer cell outgrowth. Conclusions LOXL4 has a new role in breast cancer progression that occurs via an interaction with annexin A2 and integrin β-1 on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Luh Gede Yoni Komalasari
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Nahoko Tomonobu
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Rie Kinoshita
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Youyi Chen
- Department of General Surgery & Bio-Bank of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yoshihiko Sakaguchi
- Department of Microbiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuma Gohara
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Fan Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ken-ich Yamamoto
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Murata
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | | | | | - Jin Zhou
- Medical Oncology Department of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Akira Yamauchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Futoshi Kuribayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Inoue
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Division of Molecular Science, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma, Japan
| | - Shinichi Toyooka
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery and Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masakiyo Sakaguchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Masakiyo Sakaguchi,
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Cell line-directed breast cancer research based on glucose metabolism status. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112526. [PMID: 34906774 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a potential hallmark of tumor cells to support continuous proliferation. Metabolic heterogeneity in breast cancer patients has been highlighted as the driving cause of tumor progression and resistance to anticancer drugs. Studying and identifying distinct metabolic alterations in breast cancer subtypes could offer new perspectives for faster diagnosis and treatment. Given cancer cell dependency on glycolysis, the primary energy source, this enzymatic pathway will play a critical role in targeting therapies. Knowledge about the specific metabolic dependencies of tumors for growth and proliferation can be promising for novel targeted and cell-based therapies. Here, the metabolic status with emphasis on glycolysis of breast cancer cell lines according to their classification was reviewed.
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Machado MGC, de Oliveira MA, Lanna EG, Siqueira RP, Pound-Lana G, Branquinho RT, Mosqueira VCF. Photodynamic therapy with the dual-mode association of IR780 to PEG-PLA nanocapsules and the effects on human breast cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112464. [PMID: 34864313 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
IR780 is a near-infrared fluorescent dye, which can be applied as a photosensitizer in photodynamic (PDT) and photothermal (PTT) therapies and as a biodistribution tracer in imaging techniques. We investigated the growth and migration inhibition and mechanism of death of breast tumor cells, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, exposed to polymeric nanocapsules (NC) comprising IR780 covalently linked to the biodegradable polymer PLA (IR-PLA) and IR780 physically encapsulated (IR780-NC) in vitro. Both types of NC had mean diameters around 120 nm and zeta potentials around -40 mV. IR-PLA-NC was less cytotoxic than IR780 NC to a non-tumorigenic mammary epithelial cell line, MCF-10A, which is an important aspect of selectivity. Free-IR780 was more cytotoxic than IR-PLA-NC for MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells after illumination with a 808 nm laser. IR-PLA NC was effective to inhibit colony formation (50%) and migration (30-40%) for both cancer cell lines. MDA-MB-231 cells were less sensitive to all IR780 formulations compared to MCF-7 cells. Cell uptake was higher with IR-PLA-NC than with IR780-NC and free-IR780 in both cancer cell lines (p < 0.05). NC uptake was higher in MCF-7 than in MDA-MB-231 cells. IR-PLA-NC induced a higher percentage of apoptosis upon illumination in MDA-MB-231 than in MCF-7 cells. The necrosis mechanism of death predominated in treatments with free-IR780 and with encapsulated IR780 NC, suggestive of damages at the plasma membrane. IR780 conjugated with PLA increased the apoptotic pathway and demonstrated potential as a multifunctional theranostic agent for breast cancer treatment with increased cellular uptake, photodynamic activity and more reliable tracking in cell-image studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Alice de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elisa Gomes Lanna
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raoni Pais Siqueira
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gwenaelle Pound-Lana
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Renata Tupinambá Branquinho
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Anticancer activities of bioactive peptides derived from rice husk both in free and encapsulated form in chitosan. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Lu JJ, Zhou FM, Hu XJ, Fang JJ, Liu CX, Zhu BQ, Ding ZS. Molecular docking simulation and in vitro studies on estrogenic activities of flavonoids from leaves of Carya cathayensis Sarg. Steroids 2020; 163:108726. [PMID: 32889051 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the estrogenic properties of total flavonoids (TFs) and five flavonoid monomers (cardamonin (Car), pinostrobin chalcone (PC), wogonin (Wo), chrysin (Chr) and Pinocembrin (PI)) from leaves of Carya cathayensis Sarg (LCC). TFs from LCC were isolated and determined using HPLC. The 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and flow cytometry were performed to assess the effects of flavonoids on cell proliferation and cell cycle, respectively. The molecular docking technique was applied to investigate binding conformations of the monomers from LCC to the estrogen receptor ERα and ERβ. Gene and protein expression patterns were assessed using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot, respectively. The results showed that TFs, Car, PC, Wo and Chr promoted proliferation of MCF-7 cells and cell transition from the G1 to S phase, and inhabitation of MCF-7 cell proliferation was observed after the treatment of PI. Molecular docking studies confirmed ERs as molecular targets for the monomers. TFs, Car, PC, Wo and Chr from LCC promoted gene expression of ERα, ERβ, progesterone receptor (PR) and pS2. Our collective results demonstrated that TFs and monomers from LCC may exert ER agonist activity through competitively bind to ER, inducing ER upregulation and active ER to estrogen response element (ERE)- independent gene regulation. As an abundant natural product, LCC may provide a novel medicinal source for treatment of diseases caused by estrogen deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Lu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fang-Mei Zhou
- College of Medical Technology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xu-Jiao Hu
- Yinzhou People's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jing-Jing Fang
- Yinzhou People's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Cai-Xia Liu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bing-Qi Zhu
- College of Medical Technology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhi-Shan Ding
- College of Medical Technology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China.
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Lastovickova M, Strouhalova D, Bobalova J. Use of Lectin-based Affinity Techniques in Breast Cancer Glycoproteomics: A Review. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:1885-1899. [PMID: 32181666 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Changes in glycoprotein content, altered glycosylations, and aberrant glycan structures are increasingly recognized as cancer hallmarks. Because breast cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer deaths in the world, it is highly urgent to find other reliable biomarkers for its initial diagnosis and to learn as much as possible about this disease. In this Review, the applications of lectins to a screening of potential breast cancer biomarkers published during recent years are overviewed. These data provide a deeper insight into the use of modern strategies, technologies, and scientific knowledge in glycoproteomic breast cancer research. Particular attention is concentrated on the use of lectin-based affinity techniques, applied independently or most frequently in combination with mass spectrometry, as an effective tool for the targeting, separation, and reliable identification of glycoprotein molecules. Individual procedures and lectins used in published glycoproteomic studies of breast-cancer-related glycoproteins are discussed. The summarized approaches have the potential for use in diagnostic and predictive applications. Finally, the use of lectins is briefly discussed from the view of their future applications in the analysis of glycoproteins in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Lastovickova
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS, Veveří 97, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Strouhalova
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS, Veveří 97, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Janette Bobalova
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS, Veveří 97, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Acetonitrile-assisted enzymatic digestion can facilitate the bottom-up identification of proteins of cancer origin. Anal Biochem 2019; 570:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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McNair K, Forrest CM, Vincenten MCJ, Darlington LG, Stone TW. Serine protease modulation of Dependence Receptors and EMT protein expression. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 20:349-367. [PMID: 30403907 PMCID: PMC6370372 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1529109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the tumour suppressor Deleted in Colorectal Cancer (DCC) and the related protein neogenin is reduced by the mammalian serine protease chymotrypsin or the bacterial serine protease subtilisin, with increased cell migration. The present work examines whether these actions are associated with changes in the expression of cadherins, β-catenin and vimentin, established markers of the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) which has been linked with cell migration and tumour metastasis. The results confirm the depletion of DCC and neogenin and show that chymotrypsin and subtilisin also reduce expression of β-catenin in acutely prepared tissue sections but not in human mammary adenocarcinoma MCF-7 or MDA-MB-231 cells cultured in normal media, or primary normal human breast cells. A loss of β-catenin was also seen in low serum media but transfecting cells with a dcc-containing plasmid induced resistance. E-cadherin was not consistently affected but vimentin was induced by low serum-containing media and was increased by serine proteases in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells in parallel with increased wound closure. Vimentin might contribute to the promotion of cell migration. The results suggest that changes in EMT proteins depend on the cells or tissues concerned and do not parallel the expression of DCC and neogenin. The increased cell migration induced by serine proteases is not consistently associated with the expression of the EMT proteins implying either that the increased migration may be independent of EMT or supporting the view that EMT is not itself consistently related to migration. (241).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara McNair
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Caroline M. Forrest
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Maria C. J. Vincenten
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Trevor W. Stone
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- The Kennedy Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford UK
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Kallergi G, Aggouraki D, Zacharopoulou N, Stournaras C, Georgoulias V, Martin SS. Evaluation of α-tubulin, detyrosinated α-tubulin, and vimentin in CTCs: identification of the interaction between CTCs and blood cells through cytoskeletal elements. Breast Cancer Res 2018; 20:67. [PMID: 29976237 PMCID: PMC6034292 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-018-0993-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are the major players in the metastatic process. A potential mechanism of cell migration and invasion is the formation of microtentacles in tumor cells. These structures are supported by α-tubulin (TUB), detyrosinated α-tubulin (GLU), and vimentin (VIM). In the current study, we evaluated the expression of those cytoskeletal proteins in CTCs. Methods Forty patients with breast cancer (BC) (16 early and 24 metastatic) were enrolled in the study. CTCs were isolated using the ISET platform and stained with the following combinations of antibodies: pancytokeratin (CK)/VIM/TUB and CK/VIM/GLU. Samples were analyzed with the ARIOL platform and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results Fluorescence quantification revealed that the ratios CK/TUB, CK/VIM, and CK/GLU were statistically increased in MCF7 compared with more aggressive cell lines (SKBR3 and MDA-MB-231). In addition, all of these ratios were statistically increased in MCF7 cells compared with metastatic BC patients’ CTCs (p = 0.0001, p = 0.0001, and p = 0.003, respectively). Interestingly, intercellular connections among CTCs and between CTCs and blood cells through cytoskeleton bridges were revealed, whereas microtentacles were increased in patients with CTC clusters. These intercellular connections were supported by TUB, VIM, and GLU. Quantification of the examined molecules revealed that the median intensity of TUB, GLU, and VIM was significantly increased in patients with metastatic BC compared with those with early disease (TUB, 62.27 vs 11.5, p = 0.0001; GLU, 6.99 vs 5.29, p = 0.029; and VIM, 8.24 vs 5.38, p = 0.0001, respectively). Conclusions CTCs from patients with BC aggregate to each other and to blood cells through cytoskeletal protrusions, supported by VIM, TUB, and GLU. Quantification of these molecules could potentially identify CTCs related to more aggressive disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13058-018-0993-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kallergi
- Laboratory of Τumor Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece. .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete, Greece Medical School, Heraklion, Greece.
| | - D Aggouraki
- Laboratory of Τumor Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - N Zacharopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete, Greece Medical School, Heraklion, Greece
| | - C Stournaras
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete, Greece Medical School, Heraklion, Greece
| | - V Georgoulias
- Laboratory of Τumor Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - S S Martin
- Department of Physiology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Flodrova D, Toporova L, Lastovickova M, Macejova D, Hunakova L, Brtko J, Bobalova J. Consequences of the natural retinoid/retinoid X receptor ligands action in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell line: Focus on functional proteomics. Toxicol Lett 2017; 281:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Tian K, Qi W, Yan Q, Zhang F, Song D, Zhang H, Lv M. Combined analysis of ChIP-seq and gene microarray datasets identify the E2-mediated genes in ERα-dependent manner in osteosarcoma. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:2335-2342. [PMID: 28849169 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a common bone tumor which is affected by E2, the most representative estrogen. Gene regulation function of E2 is highly dependent on estrogen receptor. The purpose of this study was to explore the gene regulation patterns of E2 through estrogen receptor α (ESR1) in osteosarcoma based on the combined analysis of ChIP-seq and gene microarray. All of the datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Differential expression genes (DEGs) in E2 treated U2OS cells expressing ESR1 (U2OS-ERα) compared with those treated with vehicle were obtained based on R programming software. ESR1-specific binding sites (peaks) in E2 treated U2OS cells were identified through MACS. Overlaps between DEGs and ESR1 target genes which contained peaks in promoters were considered as reliable E2-mediated genes through ESR1 in osteosarcoma. Moreover, we conducted miRNA-Gene regulation analysis for those genes through miRWalk database to identify potential therapeutic targets for the genes. Functional enrichment analysis of DEGs indicated their potential involvement in cancer, and cell activity-related processes. Fifteen overlaps were identified between DEGs and target genes of ESR1, of which 12 were found to be regulated by miRNA. Several known estrogen response genes and novel genes were obtained in this study and they might provide potential therapeutic targets for osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangsong Tian
- Trauma Department of Orthopedics, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, Shandong 255036, P.R. China
| | - Wei Qi
- Trauma Department of Orthopedics, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, Shandong 255036, P.R. China
| | - Qian Yan
- Trauma Department of Orthopedics, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, Shandong 255036, P.R. China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Trauma Department of Orthopedics, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, Shandong 255036, P.R. China
| | - Delei Song
- Trauma Department of Orthopedics, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, Shandong 255036, P.R. China
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- Microscopic Department of Orthopedics, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, Shandong 255036, P.R. China
| | - Ming Lv
- Trauma Department of Orthopedics, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, Shandong 255036, P.R. China
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