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Sledziona J, Burikhanov R, Araujo N, Jiang J, Hebbar N, Rangnekar VM. The Tumor Suppressor Par-4 Regulates Adipogenesis by Transcriptional Repression of PPARγ. Cells 2024; 13:1495. [PMID: 39273065 PMCID: PMC11393870 DOI: 10.3390/cells13171495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4, also known as PAWR) is a ubiquitously expressed tumor suppressor protein that induces apoptosis selectively in cancer cells, while leaving normal cells unaffected. Our previous studies indicated that genetic loss of Par-4 promoted hepatic steatosis, adiposity, and insulin-resistance in chow-fed mice. Moreover, low plasma levels of Par-4 are associated with obesity in human subjects. The mechanisms underlying obesity in rodents and humans are multi-faceted, and those associated with adipogenesis can be functionally resolved in cell cultures. We therefore used pluripotent mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) or preadipocyte cell lines responsive to adipocyte differentiation cues to determine the potential role of Par-4 in adipocytes. We report that pluripotent MEFs from Par-4-/- mice underwent rapid differentiation to mature adipocytes with an increase in lipid droplet accumulation relative to MEFs from Par-4+/+ mice. Knockdown of Par-4 in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte cultures by RNA-interference induced rapid differentiation to mature adipocytes. Interestingly, basal expression of PPARγ, a master regulator of de novo lipid synthesis and adipogenesis, was induced during adipogenesis in the cell lines, and PPARγ induction and adipogenesis caused by Par-4 loss was reversed by replenishment of Par-4. Mechanistically, Par-4 downregulates PPARγ expression by directly binding to its upstream promoter, as judged by chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase-reporter studies. Thus, Par-4 transcriptionally suppresses the PPARγ promoter to regulate adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Sledziona
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, 538 Healthy Kentucky Research Building, 760 Press Avenue, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | - Nathalia Araujo
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, 538 Healthy Kentucky Research Building, 760 Press Avenue, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jieyun Jiang
- Radiation Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Nikhil Hebbar
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, 538 Healthy Kentucky Research Building, 760 Press Avenue, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Vivek M Rangnekar
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, 538 Healthy Kentucky Research Building, 760 Press Avenue, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Radiation Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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2
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Xu J, Liu K, Gong Z, Liu J, Lin H, Lin B, Li W, Zhu M, Li M. IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway induces prostate apoptosis response protein-4(PAR-4) to stimulate malignant behaviors of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Ann Hepatol 2024; 29:101538. [PMID: 39147129 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2024.101538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Prostate apoptosis response protein-4 (PAR-4) is considered a tumor suppressor. However, the role of PAR-4 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has rarely been reported. The study explores the role of PAR-4 in the malignant behaviors of HCC cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS TCGA database was applied to analyze the expression of PAR-4 in HCC. Evaluated PAR-4 relationship with clinical parameters and prognosis by tissue microarray; expression of STAT3, p-STAT3, Src and Ras was detected by Western blotting or laser confocal microscopy. Cell scratch and flow cytometry assays were used to observe IL-6 regulation of the malignant behaviors of HCC cells. The tumorigenic potential of HCC cells in vivo was evaluated in a nude mouse tumor model. RESULTS Analysis indicated that the expression of PAR-4 in HCC tissues was significantly higher than that in normal liver tissues; and PAR-4 interacted with STAT3. KEGG analysis showed that PAR-4 plays a role in the Janus kinase (JAK)/STAT signaling pathway. The positive expression rate of PAR-4 in HCC tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent tissues. Positive correlation between IL-6 and PAR-4 expression in the HCC tissues. Exogenous IL-6 significantly promoted the proliferation and migration of HCC cells and up-regulated the expression of PAR-4 and p-STAT3 in HCC cells. Interference of the expression of PAR-4 could reduce the malignant behaviors of HCC cells and inhibit tumorigenesis in a nude mouse tumor model. CONCLUSIONS PAR-4 expression is positively correlated with HCC; PAR-4 promotes malignant behavior of HCC cells mediated by the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junnv Xu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical University, Hiakou 571199, Hainan Province, PR China; Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570311,Hainan Province, PR China
| | - Kun Liu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical University, Hiakou 571199, Hainan Province, PR China
| | - Zhixun Gong
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical University, Hiakou 571199, Hainan Province, PR China
| | - Jinchen Liu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical University, Hiakou 571199, Hainan Province, PR China
| | - Haifeng Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570311,Hainan Province, PR China
| | - Bo Lin
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical University, Hiakou 571199, Hainan Province, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical University, Hiakou 571199, Hainan Province, PR China
| | - Mingyue Zhu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical University, Hiakou 571199, Hainan Province, PR China.
| | - Mengsen Li
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical University, Hiakou 571199, Hainan Province, PR China; Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570311,Hainan Province, PR China; Institution of Tumor, Hainan Medical University, Hiakou 570102, Hainan Province, PR China.
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3
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Subburayan K, Thayyullathil F, Pallichankandy S, Cheratta AR, Alakkal A, Sultana M, Drou N, Arshad M, Palanikumar L, Magzoub M, Rangnekar VM, Galadari S. Tumor suppressor Par-4 activates autophagy-dependent ferroptosis. Commun Biol 2024; 7:732. [PMID: 38886572 PMCID: PMC11183062 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06430-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a unique iron-dependent form of non-apoptotic cell death characterized by devastating lipid peroxidation. Whilst growing evidence suggests that ferroptosis is a type of autophagy-dependent cell death, the underlying molecular mechanisms regulating ferroptosis are largely unknown. In this study, through an unbiased RNA-sequencing screening, we demonstrate the activation of a multi-faceted tumor-suppressor protein Par-4/PAWR during ferroptosis. Functional studies reveal that genetic depletion of Par-4 effectively blocks ferroptosis, whereas Par-4 overexpression sensitizes cells to undergo ferroptosis. More importantly, we have determined that Par-4-triggered ferroptosis is mechanistically driven by the autophagic machinery. Upregulation of Par-4 promotes activation of ferritinophagy (autophagic degradation of ferritin) via the nuclear receptor co-activator 4 (NCOA4), resulting in excessive release of free labile iron and, hence, enhanced lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis. Inhibition of Par-4 dramatically suppresses the NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy signaling axis. Our results also establish that Par-4 activation positively correlates with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which is critical for ferritinophagy-mediated ferroptosis. Furthermore, Par-4 knockdown effectively blocked ferroptosis-mediated tumor suppression in the mouse xenograft models. Collectively, these findings reveal that Par-4 has a crucial role in ferroptosis, which could be further exploited for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Subburayan
- Cell Death Signaling Laboratory, Division of Science (Biology), Experimental Research Building, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Faisal Thayyullathil
- Cell Death Signaling Laboratory, Division of Science (Biology), Experimental Research Building, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Siraj Pallichankandy
- Cell Death Signaling Laboratory, Division of Science (Biology), Experimental Research Building, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anees Rahman Cheratta
- Cell Death Signaling Laboratory, Division of Science (Biology), Experimental Research Building, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ameer Alakkal
- Cell Death Signaling Laboratory, Division of Science (Biology), Experimental Research Building, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mehar Sultana
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology (CGSB), Experimental Research Building, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nizar Drou
- CGSB Core Bioinformatics, Experimental Research Building, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- CGSB Core Bioinformatics, Experimental Research Building, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - L Palanikumar
- Biology Program, Division of Science, Experimental Research Building, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mazin Magzoub
- Biology Program, Division of Science, Experimental Research Building, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Vivek M Rangnekar
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Sehamuddin Galadari
- Cell Death Signaling Laboratory, Division of Science (Biology), Experimental Research Building, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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4
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Aminoquinolines as Translational Models for Drug Repurposing: Anticancer Adjuvant Properties and Toxicokinetic-Related Features. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2021; 2021:3569349. [PMID: 34527050 PMCID: PMC8437624 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3569349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The indiscriminate consumption of antimalarials against coronavirus disease-2019 emphasizes the longstanding clinical weapons of medicines. In this work, we conducted a review on the antitumor mechanisms of aminoquinolines, focusing on the responses and differences of tumor histological tissues and toxicity related to pharmacokinetics. This well-defined analysis shows similar mechanistic forms triggered by aminoquinolines in different histological tumor tissues and under coexposure conditions, although different pharmacological potencies also occur. These molecules are lysosomotropic amines that increase the antiproliferative action of chemotherapeutic agents, mainly by cell cycle arrest, histone acetylation, physiological changes in tyrosine kinase metabolism, inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways, cyclin D1, E2F1, angiogenesis, ribosome biogenesis, triggering of ATM-ATR/p53/p21 signaling, apoptosis, and presentation of tumor peptides. Their chemo/radiotherapy sensitization effects may be an adjuvant option against solid tumors, since 4-aminoquinolines induce lysosomal-mediated programmed cytotoxicity of cancer cells and accumulation of key markers, predominantly, LAMP1, p62/SQSTM1, LC3 members, GAPDH, beclin-1/Atg6, α-synuclein, and granules of lipofuscin. Adverse effects are dose-dependent, though most common with chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, amodiaquine, and other aminoquinolines are gastrointestinal changes, blurred vision ventricular arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, QTc prolongation, severe hypoglycemia with loss of consciousness, and retinopathy, and they are more common with chloroquine than with hydroxychloroquine and amodiaquine due to pharmacokinetic features. Additionally, psychological/neurological effects were also detected during acute or chronic use, but aminoquinolines do not cross the placenta easily and low quantity is found in breast milk despite their long mean residence times, which depends on the coexistence of hepatic diseases (cancer-related or not), first pass metabolism, and comedications. The low cost and availability on the world market have converted aminoquinolines into “star drugs” for pharmaceutical repurposing, but a continuous pharmacovigilance is necessary because these antimalarials have multiple modes of action/unwanted targets, relatively narrow therapeutic windows, recurrent adverse effects, and related poisoning self-treatment. Therefore, their use must obey strict rules, ethical and medical prescriptions, and clinical and laboratory monitoring.
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5
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Cheratta AR, Thayyullathil F, Pallichankandy S, Subburayan K, Alakkal A, Galadari S. Prostate apoptosis response-4 and tumor suppression: it's not just about apoptosis anymore. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:47. [PMID: 33414404 PMCID: PMC7790818 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03292-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4) has recently turned ‘twenty-five’. Beyond its indisputable role as an apoptosis inducer, an increasing and sometimes bewildering, new roles for Par-4 are being reported. These roles include its ability to regulate autophagy, senescence, and metastasis. This growing range of responses to Par-4 is reflected by our increasing understanding of the various mechanisms through which Par-4 can function. In this review, we summarize the existing knowledge on Par-4 tumor suppressive mechanisms, and discuss how the interaction of Par-4 with different regulators influence cell fate. This review also highlights the new secretory pathway that has emerged and the likely discussion on its clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anees Rahman Cheratta
- Cell Death Signaling Laboratory, Division of Science, Experimental Research Building, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Saadiyat Island Campus, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Faisal Thayyullathil
- Cell Death Signaling Laboratory, Division of Science, Experimental Research Building, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Saadiyat Island Campus, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Siraj Pallichankandy
- Cell Death Signaling Laboratory, Division of Science, Experimental Research Building, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Saadiyat Island Campus, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Karthikeyan Subburayan
- Cell Death Signaling Laboratory, Division of Science, Experimental Research Building, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Saadiyat Island Campus, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Ameer Alakkal
- Cell Death Signaling Laboratory, Division of Science, Experimental Research Building, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Saadiyat Island Campus, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Sehamuddin Galadari
- Cell Death Signaling Laboratory, Division of Science, Experimental Research Building, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Saadiyat Island Campus, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
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6
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Santos RVC, de Sena WLB, Dos Santos FA, da Silva Filho AF, da Rocha Pitta MG, da Rocha Pitta MG, de Melo Rego MB, Pereira MC. Potential Therapeutic Agents Against Par-4 Target for Cancer Treatment: Where Are We Going? Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:635-654. [PMID: 30474528 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666181126122440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the greatest challenges of cancer therapeutics nowadays is to find selective targets successfully. Prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4) is a selective tumor suppressor protein with an interesting therapeutic potential due to its specificity on inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. Par-4 activity and levels can be downregulated in several tumors and cancer cell types, indicating poor prognosis and treatment resistance. Efforts to increase Par-4 expression levels have been studied, including its use as a therapeutic protein by transfection with adenoviral vectors or plasmids. However, gene therapy is very complex and still presents many hurdles to be overcome. We decided to review molecules and drugs with the capacity to upregulate Par-4 and, thereby, be an alternative to reach this druggable target. In addition, Par-4 localization and function are reviewed in some cancers, clarifying how it can be used as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Virgínia Cavalcanti Santos
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutical Approaches, Research Centre for Therapeutic Innovation Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Wanessa Layssa Batista de Sena
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutical Approaches, Research Centre for Therapeutic Innovation Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Flaviana Alves Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutical Approaches, Research Centre for Therapeutic Innovation Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Antônio Felix da Silva Filho
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutical Approaches, Research Centre for Therapeutic Innovation Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Maira Galdino da Rocha Pitta
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutical Approaches, Research Centre for Therapeutic Innovation Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Moacyr Barreto de Melo Rego
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutical Approaches, Research Centre for Therapeutic Innovation Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Michelly Cristiny Pereira
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutical Approaches, Research Centre for Therapeutic Innovation Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
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7
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Kim K, Araujo P, Hebbar N, Zhou Z, Zheng X, Zheng F, Rangnekar VM, Zhan CG. Development of a novel prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4) protein entity with an extended duration of action for therapeutic treatment of cancer. Protein Eng Des Sel 2019; 32:159-166. [PMID: 31711233 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzz034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4) is a tumor suppressor which protects against neoplastic transformation. Remarkably, Par-4 is capable of inducing apoptosis selectively in cancer cells without affecting the normal cells. In this study, we found that recombinant Par-4 protein had limited serum persistence in mice that may diminish its anti-tumor activity in vivo. To improve the in vivo performance of the short-lived Par-4 protein, we aimed to develop a novel, long-lasting form of Par-4 with extended sequence, denoted as Par-4Ex, without affecting the desirable molecular function of the natural Par-4. We demonstrate that the Par-4Ex protein entity, produced by using the Escherichia coli expression system suitable for large-scale production, fully retains the desirable pro-apoptotic activity of Par-4 protein, but with ~7-fold improved biological half-life. Further in vivo tests confirmed that, due to the prolonged biological half-life, the Par-4Ex protein is indeed more potent in suppressing metastatic tumor growth in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungbo Kim
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40356, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Pereira Araujo
- Graduate Center for Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40356, USA
| | - Nikhil Hebbar
- Graduate Center for Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40356, USA
| | - Ziyuan Zhou
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40356, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Xirong Zheng
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40356, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Fang Zheng
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40356, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Vivek M Rangnekar
- Graduate Center for Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40356, USA.,Department of Radiation Medicine, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40356, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40356, USA.,Lucille Parker Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40356, USA
| | - Chang-Guo Zhan
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40356, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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8
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Cell Surface GRP78 as a Death Receptor and an Anticancer Drug Target. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111787. [PMID: 31766302 PMCID: PMC6896222 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface GRP78 (csGRP78, glucose-regulated protein 78 kDa) is preferentially overexpressed in aggressive, metastatic, and chemo-resistant cancers. GRP78 is best studied as a chaperone protein in the lumen of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), facilitating folding and secretion of the newly synthesized proteins and regulating protein degradation as an ER stress sensor in the unfolded protein pathway. As a cell surface signal receptor, multiple csGRP78 ligands have been discovered to date, and they trigger various downstream cell signaling pathways including pro-proliferative, pro-survival, and pro-apoptotic pathways. In this perspective, we evaluate csGRP78 as a cell surface death receptor and its prospect as an anticancer drug target. The pro-apoptotic ligands of csGRP78 discovered so far include natural proteins, monoclonal antibodies, and synthetic peptides. Even the secreted GRP78 itself was recently found to function as a pro-apoptotic ligand for csGRP78, mediating pancreatic β-cell death. As csGRP78 is found to mainly configur as an external peripheral protein on cancer cell surface, how it can transmit death signals to the cytoplasmic environment remains enigmatic. With the recent encouraging results from the natural csGRP78 targeting pro-apoptotic monoclonal antibody PAT-SM6 in early-stage cancer clinical trials, the potential to develop a novel class of anticancer therapeutics targeting csGRP78 is becoming more compelling.
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9
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Clark AM, Ponniah K, Warden MS, Raitt EM, Smith BG, Pascal SM. Tetramer formation by the caspase-activated fragment of the Par-4 tumor suppressor. FEBS J 2019; 286:4060-4073. [PMID: 31177609 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4) tumor suppressor can selectively kill cancer cells via apoptosis while leaving healthy cells unharmed. Full length Par-4 has been shown to be predominantly intrinsically disordered in vitro under neutral conditions. As part of the apoptotic process, cellular Par-4 is cleaved at D131 by caspase-3, which generates a 24 kDa C-terminal activated fragment (cl-Par-4) that enters the nucleus and inhibits pro-survival genes, thereby preventing cancer cell proliferation. Here, the structure of cl-Par-4 was investigated using CD spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, intrinsic tyrosine fluorescence, and size exclusion chromatography with mutli-angle light scattering. Biophysical characterization shows that cl-Par-4 aggregates and is disordered at low ionic strength. However, with increasing ionic strength, cl-Par-4 becomes progressively more helical and less aggregated, ultimately forming largely ordered tetramers at high NaCl concentration. These results, together with previous results showing induced folding at acidic pH, suggest that the in vivo structure and self-association state of cl-Par-4 may be strongly dependent upon cellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Komala Ponniah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Meghan S Warden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Emily M Raitt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Benjamin G Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Steven M Pascal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
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10
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Burikhanov R, Hebbar N, Noothi SK, Shukla N, Sledziona J, Araujo N, Kudrimoti M, Wang QJ, Watt DS, Welch DR, Maranchie J, Harada A, Rangnekar VM. Chloroquine-Inducible Par-4 Secretion Is Essential for Tumor Cell Apoptosis and Inhibition of Metastasis. Cell Rep 2017; 18:508-519. [PMID: 28076793 PMCID: PMC5264245 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of tumor suppressor proteins capable of cancer cell apoptosis represents an attractive option for the re-purposing of existing drugs. We report that the anti-malarial drug, chloroquine (CQ), is a robust inducer of Par-4 secretion from normal cells in mice and cancer patients in a clinical trial. CQ-inducible Par-4 secretion triggers paracrine apoptosis of cancer cells and also inhibits metastatic tumor growth. CQ induces Par-4 secretion via the classical secretory pathway that requires the activation of p53. Mechanistically, p53 directly induces Rab8b, a GTPase essential for vesicle transport of Par-4 to the plasma membrane prior to secretion. Our findings indicate that CQ induces p53- and Rab8b-dependent Par-4 secretion from normal cells for Par-4-dependent inhibition of metastatic tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravshan Burikhanov
- Department of Radiation Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40356, USA
| | - Nikhil Hebbar
- Graduate Center for Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40356, USA
| | - Sunil K Noothi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40356, USA
| | - Nidhi Shukla
- Graduate Center for Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40356, USA
| | - James Sledziona
- Graduate Center for Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40356, USA
| | - Nathália Araujo
- Graduate Center for Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40356, USA
| | - Meghana Kudrimoti
- Department of Radiation Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40356, USA
| | - Qing Jun Wang
- Graduate Center for Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40356, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40356, USA
| | - David S Watt
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40356, USA; Lucille Parker Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40356, USA
| | - Danny R Welch
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Jodi Maranchie
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Akihiro Harada
- Department of Cell Biology, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Vivek M Rangnekar
- Department of Radiation Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40356, USA; Graduate Center for Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40356, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40356, USA; Lucille Parker Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40356, USA.
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11
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Zhang J, Sun A, Dong Y, Wei D. Recombinant Production and Characterization of SAC, the Core Domain of Par-4, by SUMO Fusion System. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 184:1155-1167. [PMID: 28971310 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2599-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4), an anticancer protein that interacts with cell surface receptor GRP78, can selectively suppress proliferation and induce apoptosis of cancer cells. The core domain of Par-4 (aa 137-195), designated as SAC, is sufficient to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis without harming normal tissues and organs. Nevertheless, the anticancer effects of SAC have not been determined in ovarian cancer cells. Here, we developed a novel method for producing native SAC in Escherichia coli using a small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) fusion system. This fusion system not only greatly improved the solubility of target protein but also enhanced the expression level of SUMO-SAC. After purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography, SUMO tag was cleaved from SUMO-SAC fusion protein using SUMO protease to obtain recombinant SAC. Furthermore, we simplified the purification process by combining the SUMO-SAC purification and SUMO tag cleavage into one step. Finally, the purity of recombinant SAC reached as high as 95% and the yield was 25 mg/L. Our results demonstrated that recombinant SAC strongly inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells SKOV-3. Immunofluorescence analysis and competitive binding reaction showed that recombinant SAC could specifically induce apoptosis of SKOV-3 cells through combination with cell surface receptor, GRP78. Therefore, we have developed an effective strategy for expressing bioactive SAC in prokaryotic cells, which supports the application of SAC in ovarian cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Aiyou Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Yuguo Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Dongzhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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12
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Hebbar N, Burikhanov R, Shukla N, Qiu S, Zhao Y, Elenitoba-Johnson KSJ, Rangnekar VM. A Naturally Generated Decoy of the Prostate Apoptosis Response-4 Protein Overcomes Therapy Resistance in Tumors. Cancer Res 2017. [PMID: 28625975 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Primary tumors are often heterogeneous, composed of therapy-sensitive and emerging therapy-resistant cancer cells. Interestingly, treatment of therapy-sensitive tumors in heterogeneous tumor microenvironments results in apoptosis of therapy-resistant tumors. In this study, we identify a prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4) amino-terminal fragment (PAF) that is released by diverse therapy-sensitive cancer cells following therapy-induced caspase cleavage of the tumor suppressor Par-4 protein. PAF caused apoptosis in cancer cells resistant to therapy and inhibited tumor growth. A VASA segment of Par-4 mediated its binding and degradation by the ubiquitin ligase Fbxo45, resulting in loss of Par-4 proapoptotic function. Conversely, PAF, which contains this VASA segment, competitively bound to Fbxo45 and rescued Par-4-mediated induction of cancer cell-specific apoptosis. Collectively, our findings identify a molecular decoy naturally generated during apoptosis that inhibits a ubiquitin ligase to overcome therapy resistance in tumors. Cancer Res; 77(15); 4039-50. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Hebbar
- Department of Radiation Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.,Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Ravshan Burikhanov
- Department of Radiation Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Nidhi Shukla
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Shirley Qiu
- Department of Radiation Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Yanming Zhao
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | | | - Vivek M Rangnekar
- Department of Radiation Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky. .,Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.,L.P. Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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13
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Cernaj IE. Simultaneous dual targeting of Par-4 and G6PD: a promising new approach in cancer therapy? Quintessence of a literature review on survival requirements of tumor cells. Cancer Cell Int 2016; 16:87. [PMID: 27872579 PMCID: PMC5111342 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-016-0363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this hypothesis is to propose a new approach in targeted therapy of cancer: The simultaneous, dual targeting of two single molecules, Par-4 and G6PD, rather than inhibition of full-length signaling pathways. RATIONALE Targeted inhibition of especially two survival signaling pathways (PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK/ERK) is frequently tried, however, a major breakthrough has not yet been reported. Inhibition of complete pathways naturally goes along with a variety of dose-limiting side effects thus contributing to poor efficacy of the administered drugs. This essay offers a synopsis of relevant studies to support the above mentioned idea-targeting of two single molecules which either are crucial for tumor growth and cancer-cell-survival: on one side, Par-4-activation selectively triggers apoptosis of tumor cells thus reversing their characteristic feature-immortality. On the other side inhibition of G6PD breaks the energy supply of tumor cells, weakens their defence against oxidative stress and thereby enhances the sensitivity of tumor cells to oxidative agents (e.g. chemotherapy). Advantage of the proposed dual Par-4/G6PD-therapy is good tolerability and-especially when administered along with conventional therapy-less frequent emergence of resistance.
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Sarkar S, Jain S, Rai V, Sahoo DK, Raha S, Suklabaidya S, Senapati S, Rangnekar VM, Maiti IB, Dey N. Plant-derived SAC domain of PAR-4 (Prostate Apoptosis Response 4) exhibits growth inhibitory effects in prostate cancer cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:822. [PMID: 26500666 PMCID: PMC4595782 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The gene Par-4 (Prostate Apoptosis Response 4) was originally identified in prostate cancer cells undergoing apoptosis and its product Par-4 showed cancer specific pro-apoptotic activity. Particularly, the SAC domain of Par-4 (SAC-Par-4) selectively kills cancer cells leaving normal cells unaffected. The therapeutic significance of bioactive SAC-Par-4 is enormous in cancer biology; however, its large scale production is still a matter of concern. Here we report the production of SAC-Par-4-GFP fusion protein coupled to translational enhancer sequence (5' AMV) and apoplast signal peptide (aTP) in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun NN plants under the control of a unique recombinant promoter M24. Transgene integration was confirmed by genomic DNA PCR, Southern and Northern blotting, Real-time PCR, and Nuclear run-on assays. Results of Western blot analysis and ELISA confirmed expression of recombinant SAC-Par-4-GFP protein and it was as high as 0.15% of total soluble protein. In addition, we found that targeting of plant recombinant SAC-Par-4-GFP to the apoplast and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was essential for the stability of plant recombinant protein in comparison to the bacterial derived SAC-Par-4. Deglycosylation analysis demonstrated that ER-targeted SAC-Par-4-GFP-SEKDEL undergoes O-linked glycosylation unlike apoplast-targeted SAC-Par-4-GFP. Furthermore, various in vitro studies like mammalian cells proliferation assay (MTT), apoptosis induction assays, and NF-κB suppression suggested the cytotoxic and apoptotic properties of plant-derived SAC-Par-4-GFP against multiple prostate cancer cell lines. Additionally, pre-treatment of MAT-LyLu prostate cancer cells with purified SAC-Par-4-GFP significantly delayed the onset of tumor in a syngeneic rat prostate cancer model. Taken altogether, we proclaim that plant made SAC-Par-4 may become a useful alternate therapy for effectively alleviating cancer in the new era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Sarkar
- Department of Gene Function and Regulation, Institute of Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Government of IndiaBhubaneswar, India
| | - Sumeet Jain
- Department of Translational Research and Technology Development, Institute of Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Government of IndiaBhubaneswar, India
- Manipal UniversityManipal, India
| | - Vineeta Rai
- Department of Gene Function and Regulation, Institute of Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Government of IndiaBhubaneswar, India
| | - Dipak K. Sahoo
- Kentucky Tobacco Research & Development Center, Plant Genetic Engineering Research and Services, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, LexingtonKY, USA
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, AmesIA, USA
| | - Sumita Raha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, ChicagoIL, USA
| | - Sujit Suklabaidya
- Department of Translational Research and Technology Development, Institute of Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Government of IndiaBhubaneswar, India
| | - Shantibhusan Senapati
- Department of Translational Research and Technology Development, Institute of Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Government of IndiaBhubaneswar, India
| | - Vivek M. Rangnekar
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, LexingtonKY, USA
| | - Indu B. Maiti
- Kentucky Tobacco Research & Development Center, Plant Genetic Engineering Research and Services, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, LexingtonKY, USA
- *Correspondence: Nrisingha Dey, Department of Gene Function and Regulation, Institute of Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Nalco Square, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751 023, India, ; Indu B. Maiti, Kentucky Tobacco Research & Development Center, Plant Genetic Engineering Research and Services, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA,
| | - Nrisingha Dey
- Department of Gene Function and Regulation, Institute of Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Government of IndiaBhubaneswar, India
- *Correspondence: Nrisingha Dey, Department of Gene Function and Regulation, Institute of Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Nalco Square, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751 023, India, ; Indu B. Maiti, Kentucky Tobacco Research & Development Center, Plant Genetic Engineering Research and Services, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA,
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15
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Hebbar N, Shrestha-Bhattarai T, Rangnekar VM. Cancer-selective apoptosis by tumor suppressor par-4. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 818:155-66. [PMID: 25001535 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-6458-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Tumor suppressor genes play an important role in preventing neoplastic transformation and maintaining normal tissue homeostasis. Par-4 is one such tumor suppressor which is unique in its ability to selectively induce apoptosis in cancer cells while leaving the normal cells unaffected. The cancer cell specific activity of Par-4 is elicited through intracellular as well as extracellular mechanisms. Intracellularly Par-4 acts through the inhibition of pro-survival pathways and activation of Fas mediated apoptosis whereas extracellular (secreted Par-4) acts by binding to cell surface GRP78 leading to activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway. Many studies have highlighted the importance of Par-4 not only in preventing cancer development/recurrence but also as a promising anticancer therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Hebbar
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Combs Building Room 326, Lexington, KY, USA
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16
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The tumor suppressor prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4) is regulated by mutant IDH1 and kills glioma stem cells. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 128:723-32. [PMID: 25135281 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1334-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4) is an endogenous tumor suppressor that selectively induces apoptosis in a variety of cancers. Although it has been the subject of intensive research in other cancers, less is known about its significance in gliomas, including whether it is regulated by key driver mutations, has therapeutic potential against glioma stem cells (GSCs), and/or is a prognostic marker. We found that patient-derived gliomas with mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 have markedly lower Par-4 expression (P < 0.0001), which was validated by The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset (P = 2.0 E-13). The metabolic product of mutant IDH1, D-2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), can suppress Par-4 transcription in vitro via inhibition of promoter activity as well as enhanced mRNA degradation, but interestingly not by direct DNA promoter hypermethylation. The Selective for Apoptosis induction in Cancer cells (SAC) domain within Par-4 is highly active against glioma cells, including orthotopic xenografts of patient-derived primary GSCs (P < 0.0001). Among high-grade gliomas that are IDH1 wild type, those that express more Par-4 have significantly longer median survival (18.4 vs. 8.0 months, P = 0.002), a finding confirmed in two external GBM cohorts. Together, these data suggest that Par-4 is a significant component of the mutant IDH1 phenotype, that the activity of 2-HG is complex and can extend beyond direct DNA hypermethylation, and that Par-4 is a promising therapeutic strategy against GSCs. Furthermore, not every effect of mutant IDH1 necessarily contributes to the overall favorable prognosis seen in such tumors; inhibition of Par-4 may be one such effect.
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17
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Wang Z, Wei W. Fbxo45 joins the 'Par-4'ty in controlling apoptosis of cancer cells. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:1508-10. [PMID: 25196972 PMCID: PMC4158679 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Z Wang
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - W Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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18
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apoptosis plays an important role in age-related disease, and prostate apoptosis response-4 (PAR-4) is a novel apoptosis-inducing factor that regulates apoptosis in most cells. Recent studies suggest that PAR-4 plays an important role in the progression of many age-related diseases. This review highlights the significance of PAR-4 and builds a strong case supporting its role as a possible therapeutic target in age-related disease. AREAS COVERED This review covers the advancements over the last 15 years with respect to PAR-4 and its significance in age-related disease. Additionally, it provides knowledge regarding the significance of PAR-4 in age-related disease as well as its role in apoptotic signaling pathways, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and other mechanisms that may induce age-related disease. EXPERT OPINION PAR-4 may be a potential therapeutic target that can trigger selective apoptosis in cancer cells. It is induced by ER stress and increased ER stress, and it is involved in the activity of the dopamine D2 receptor. Abnormal expression of PAR-4 may be associated with cardiovascular disease and diabetes. PAR-4 agonists and inhibitors must be identified before gene therapy can commence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Qinan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of the Third Military Medical University, Endocrine Department , Post number: 400038, Chongqing , China
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Concomitant Induction of Apoptosis and Autophagy by Prostate Apoptosis Response-4 in Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:418-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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de Thonel A, Hazoumé A, Kochin V, Isoniemi K, Jego G, Fourmaux E, Hammann A, Mjahed H, Filhol O, Micheau O, Rocchi P, Mezger V, Eriksson JE, Rangnekar VM, Garrido C. Regulation of the proapoptotic functions of prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4) by casein kinase 2 in prostate cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1016. [PMID: 24457960 PMCID: PMC4040712 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The proapoptotic protein, prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4), acts as a tumor suppressor in prostate cancer cells. The serine/threonine kinase casein kinase 2 (CK2) has a well-reported role in prostate cancer resistance to apoptotic agents or anticancer drugs. However, the mechanistic understanding on how CK2 supports survival is far from complete. In this work, we demonstrate both in rat and humans that (i) Par-4 is a new substrate of the survival kinase CK2 and (ii) phosphorylation by CK2 impairs Par-4 proapoptotic functions. We also unravel different levels of CK2-dependent regulation of Par-4 between species. In rats, the phosphorylation by CK2 at the major site, S124, prevents caspase-mediated Par-4 cleavage (D123) and consequently impairs the proapoptotic function of Par-4. In humans, CK2 strongly impairs the apoptotic properties of Par-4, independently of the caspase-mediated cleavage of Par-4 (D131), by triggering the phosphorylation at residue S231. Furthermore, we show that human Par-4 residue S231 is highly phosphorylated in prostate cancer cells as compared with their normal counterparts. Finally, the sensitivity of prostate cancer cells to apoptosis by CK2 knockdown is significantly reversed by parallel knockdown of Par-4. Thus, Par-4 seems a critical target of CK2 that could be exploited for the development of new anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A de Thonel
- 1] INSERM U866, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France [2] Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - A Hazoumé
- 1] INSERM U866, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France [2] Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - V Kochin
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - K Isoniemi
- 1] Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland [2] Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6B, Turku, Finland
| | - G Jego
- 1] INSERM U866, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France [2] Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - E Fourmaux
- 1] INSERM U866, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France [2] Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - A Hammann
- 1] INSERM U866, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France [2] Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - H Mjahed
- 1] INSERM U866, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France [2] Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - O Filhol
- INSERM U1036, DSV/iRTSV/CEA, Grenoble, France
| | - O Micheau
- 1] INSERM U866, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France [2] Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - P Rocchi
- 1] INSERM, U624 'Stress Cellulaire', Marseille, France [2] Aix-Marseille Université, Campus de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - V Mezger
- 1] CNRS, UMR7216 Épigénétique et Destin Cellulaire, 35 rue Hélène Brion, Paris, France [2] University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 35 rue Hélène Brion, Paris, France
| | - J E Eriksson
- 1] Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland [2] Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6B, Turku, Finland
| | - V M Rangnekar
- 1] Department of Radiation Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA [2] Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Lexington, KY, USA [3] Graduate Center for Toxicology, Lexington, KY, USA [4] Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - C Garrido
- 1] INSERM U866, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France [2] Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France [3] Anticancer Center Jean François Leclerc, Dijon, France
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Burikhanov R, Shrestha-Bhattarai T, Hebbar N, Qiu S, Zhao Y, Zambetti GP, Rangnekar VM. Paracrine apoptotic effect of p53 mediated by tumor suppressor Par-4. Cell Rep 2014; 6:271-7. [PMID: 24412360 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The guardian of the genome, p53, is often mutated in cancer and may contribute to therapeutic resistance. Given that p53 is intact and functional in normal tissues, we harnessed its potential to inhibit the growth of p53-deficient cancer cells. Specific activation of p53 in normal fibroblasts selectively induced apoptosis in p53-deficient cancer cells. This paracrine effect was mediated by p53-dependent secretion of the tumor suppressor Par-4. Accordingly, the activation of p53 in normal mice, but not p53(-)/(-) or Par-4(-)/(-) mice, caused systemic elevation of Par-4, which induced apoptosis of p53-deficient tumor cells. Mechanistically, p53 induced Par-4 secretion by suppressing the expression of its binding partner, UACA, which sequesters Par-4. Thus, normal cells can be empowered by p53 activation to induce Par-4 secretion for the inhibition of therapy-resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravshan Burikhanov
- Department of Radiation Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | | | - Nikhil Hebbar
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Shirley Qiu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Yanming Zhao
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Gerard P Zambetti
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Vivek M Rangnekar
- Department of Radiation Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; L.P. Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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22
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Pereira MC, de Bessa-Garcia SA, Burikhanov R, Pavanelli AC, Antunes L, Rangnekar VM, Nagai MA. Prostate apoptosis response-4 is involved in the apoptosis response to docetaxel in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:531-8. [PMID: 23760770 PMCID: PMC4035780 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental evidence indicates that prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4, also known as PAWR) is a key regulator of cancer cell survival and may be a target for cancer-selective targeted therapeutics. Par-4 was first identified in prostate cancer cells undergoing apoptosis. Both intracellular and extracellular Par-4 have been implicated in apoptosis. Relatively little is known about the role of Par-4 in breast cancer cell apoptosis. In this study, we sought to investigate the effects of Par-4 expression on cell proliferation, apoptosis and drug sensitivity in breast cancer cells. MCF-7 cells were stably transfected with expression vectors for Par-4, or transiently transfected with siRNA for Par-4 knockdown. Cell proliferation assays were performed using MTT and apoptosis was evaluated using acridine orange staining, fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Par-4 overexpression reduced MCF-7 proliferation rates. Conversely, Par-4 knockdown led to increased MCF-7 proliferation. Par-4 downregulation also led to increased BCL-2 and reduced BID expression. Par-4 overexpression did not affect the cell cycle profile. However, MCF-7 cells with increased Par-4 expression showed reduced ERK phosphorylation, suggesting that the inhibition of cell proliferation promoted by Par-4 may be mediated by the MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway. MCF-7 cells with increased Par-4 expression showed a marginal increase in early apoptotic cells. Importantly, we found that Par-4 expression modulates apoptosis in response to docetaxel in MCF7 breast cancer cells. Par-4 exerts growth inhibitory effects on breast cancer cells and chemosensitizes them to docetaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelly C Pereira
- Discipline of Oncology, Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, CEP 01246-903, São Paulo, Brazil
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24
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Burikhanov R, Shrestha-Bhattarai T, Qiu S, Shukla N, Hebbar N, Lele SM, Horbinski C, Rangnekar VM. Novel mechanism of apoptosis resistance in cancer mediated by extracellular PAR-4. Cancer Res 2012. [PMID: 23204231 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tumor suppressor PAR-4 acts in part by modulating sensitivity to apoptosis, but the basis for its activity is not fully understood. In this study, we describe a novel mechanism of antiapoptosis by NF-κB, revealing that it can block PAR-4-mediated apoptosis by downregulating trafficking of the PAR-4 receptor GRP78 from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. Mechanistic investigations revealed that NF-κB mediated this antiapoptotic mechanism by upregulating expression of UACA, a proinflammatory protein in certain disease settings. In clinical specimens of cancer, a strong correlation existed between NF-κB activity and UACA expression, relative to normal tissues. UACA bound to intracellular PAR-4 in diverse cancer cells, where it prevented translocation of GRP78 from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. This pathway of antiapoptosis could be inhibited by suppressing levels of NF-κB or UACA expression, which enhanced endoplasmic reticulum stress and restored GRP78 trafficking to the cell surface, thereby sensitizing cancer cells to apoptosis by extracellular PAR-4 or GRP78 agonistic antibody. In summary, our results identify a novel intracellular pathway of apoptosis mediated by NF-κB through UACA elevation, which by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress and GRP78 translocation to the cell surface can blunt the sensitivity of cancer cells to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravshan Burikhanov
- Department of Radiation Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
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Hebbar N, Wang C, Rangnekar VM. Mechanisms of apoptosis by the tumor suppressor Par-4. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:3715-21. [PMID: 22552839 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Par-4 is a pro-apoptotic, tumor suppressor protein that induces apoptosis selectively in cancer cells. Endoplasmic reticulum-stress and higher levels of protein kinase A in tumor cells confer the coveted feature of cancer selective response to extracellular and intracellular Par-4, respectively. Recent studies have shown that systemic Par-4 confers resistance to tumor growth in mice, and that tumor-resistance is transferable by bone-marrow transplantation. Moreover, recombinant Par-4 inhibits the growth of tumors in mice. As systemic Par-4 induces apoptosis via cell surface GRP78, strategies that promote GRP78 trafficking to the cell surface are expected sensitize cancer cells to circulating levels of Par-4. This review illustrates the domains and mechanisms by which Par-4 orchestrates the apoptotic process in both cell culture models and in physiological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Hebbar
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite extensive research, cancer continues to be a leading cause of death worldwide and is expected to continue to rise as a result of an aging population. Therefore, new therapies are constantly being developed. Par-4 is a naturally occurring tumor suppressor protein that is capable of inducing apoptosis in cancer, but not normal cells. For this reason, Par-4 offers an attractive target for development of cancer therapy, particularly of difficult to treat cancers. AREAS COVERED The mechanisms by which Par-4 induces cell death are summarized. The ways that Par-4 is controlled in cancer cells are discussed. We discuss how different research groups have developed ways to overexpress and/or activate Par-4 in vitro and in vivo. The studies described demonstrate that when Par-4 levels and/or activity are increased, susceptibility to apoptosis is enhanced and tumor growth is inhibited. EXPERT OPINION Par-4 is a promising therapeutic protein that can be overexpressed and/or activated to induce apoptosis in a cancer-selective manner. This cancer selectivity is important given that the side-effects of chemotherapeutics can be as debilitating as cancer itself. However, there are key issues that need to be addressed to optimize the effects of Par-4 in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalyn B Irby
- Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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van der Weyden L, Adams DJ. Using mice to unveil the genetics of cancer resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1826:312-30. [PMID: 22613679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the UK, four in ten people will develop some form of cancer during their lifetime, with an individual's relative risk depending on many factors, including age, lifestyle and genetic make-up. Much research has gone into identifying the genes that are mutated in tumorigenesis with the overwhelming majority of genetically-modified (GM) mice in cancer research showing accelerated tumorigenesis or recapitulating key aspects of the tumorigenic process. Yet if six out of ten people will not develop some form of cancer during their lifetime, together with the fact that some cancer patients experience spontaneous regression/remission, it suggests there are ways of 'resisting' cancer. Indeed, there are wildtype, spontaneously-arising mutants and GM mice that show some form of 'resistance' to cancer. Identification of mice with increased resistance to cancer is a novel aspect of cancer research that is important in terms of providing both chemopreventative and therapeutic options. In this review we describe the different mouse lines that display a 'cancer resistance' phenotype and discuss the molecular basis of their resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise van der Weyden
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
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