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Islam M, Anvarbatcha R, Kunnathodi F, Athar MT, Tariq M. Quinacrine enhances the efficacy of cisplatin by increasing apoptosis and modulating cancer survival proteins in a colorectal cancer cell line. J Cancer Res Ther 2023; 19:1988-1997. [PMID: 38376308 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_902_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cisplatin and platinum-based compounds have been used successfully to treat various cancers. However, their use is often restricted due to the acquired resistance by cancer cells. Over-expression of p53 and inhibition of NF-kB sensitize several cancer cells towards cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Quinacrine, a cytotoxic drug with predictable safety revealed to concurrently suppress NF-kB and activate p53, which may be an attractive adjuvant in cisplatin chemotherapy. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to establish the role of quinacrine as an adjuvant in lowering the dose of cisplatin during cancer therapy to circumvent its toxic effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS The colon cancer (HCT-8) cells were cultured and cell survival assays were performed using standard procedures. Cell cycle arrest and the extent of apoptosis were determined using a muse cell analyzer. Cancer survival proteins were analyzed using western blotting techniques. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION We demonstrated that concomitant use of quinacrine with cisplatin increased cell apoptosis, suppressed cell proliferation and inhibited colony formation in a colorectal cancer cell line. Moreover, cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 and G2/M phases and upregulation of p53 expression were observed. There was also downregulation of NF-kB and Bcl-xL protein expressions, both of which are associated with enhanced cell apoptosis and an increase in the sensitivity of cancer cells to cisplatin, overcoming its chemoresistance. Overall, the results of the present study and available literature clearly indicate that the use of quinacrine as an adjuvant with cisplatin may enhance its anti-cancer activity and reduce chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozaffarul Islam
- Scientific Research Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riyasdeen Anvarbatcha
- Scientific Research Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Kunnathodi
- Scientific Research Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Tanwir Athar
- Scientific Research Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Buraydah Colleges, Buraydah, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Tariq
- Scientific Research Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Ranković M, Jevremović A, Janošević Ležaić A, Arsenijević A, Rupar J, Dobričić V, Nedić Vasiljević B, Gavrilov N, Bajuk-Bogdanović D, Milojević-Rakić M. Can Zeolite-Supporting Acridines Boost Their Anticancer Performance? J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14030173. [PMID: 36976097 PMCID: PMC10056282 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14030173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Acridine and its derivatives (9-chloroacridine and 9-aminoacridine) are investigated here, supported on FAU type zeolite Y, as a delivery system of anticancer agents. FTIR/Raman spectroscopy and electron microscopy revealed successful drug loading on the zeolite surface, while spectrofluorimetry was employed for drug quantification. The effects of the tested compounds on cell viability were evaluated using in vitro methylthiazol-tetrazolium (MTT) colorimetric technique against human colorectal carcinoma (cell line HCT-116) and MRC-5 fibroblasts. Zeolite structure remained unchanged during homogeneous drug impregnation with achieved drug loadings in the 18-21 mg/g range. The highest drug release, in the µM concentration range, with favourable kinetics was established for zeolite-supported 9-aminoacridine. The acridine delivery via zeolite carrier is viewed in terms of solvation energy and zeolite adsorption sites. The cytotoxic effect of supported acridines on HCT-116 cells reveals that the zeolite carrier improves toxicity, while the highest efficiency is displayed by zeolite-impregnated 9-aminoacridine. The 9-aminoacridine delivery via zeolite carrier favours healthy tissue preservation while accompanying increased toxicity toward cancer cells. Cytotoxicity results are well correlated with theoretical modelling and release study, providing promising results for applicative purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Ranković
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Physical Chemistry, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Anka Jevremović
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Physical Chemistry, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Janošević Ležaić
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Instrumental Methods, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Arsenijević
- Department of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cells Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena Rupar
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Instrumental Methods, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Dobričić
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Instrumental Methods, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Nemanja Gavrilov
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Physical Chemistry, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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3
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Zisi A, Bartek J, Lindström MS. Targeting Ribosome Biogenesis in Cancer: Lessons Learned and Way Forward. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2126. [PMID: 35565259 PMCID: PMC9100539 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cells need to produce ribosomes to sustain continuous proliferation and expand in numbers, a feature that is even more prominent in uncontrollably proliferating cancer cells. Certain cancer cell types are expected to depend more on ribosome biogenesis based on their genetic background, and this potential vulnerability can be exploited in designing effective, targeted cancer therapies. This review provides information on anti-cancer molecules that target the ribosome biogenesis machinery and indicates avenues for future research. Abstract Rapid growth and unrestrained proliferation is a hallmark of many cancers. To accomplish this, cancer cells re-wire and increase their biosynthetic and metabolic activities, including ribosome biogenesis (RiBi), a complex, highly energy-consuming process. Several chemotherapeutic agents used in the clinic impair this process by interfering with the transcription of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in the nucleolus through the blockade of RNA polymerase I or by limiting the nucleotide building blocks of RNA, thereby ultimately preventing the synthesis of new ribosomes. Perturbations in RiBi activate nucleolar stress response pathways, including those controlled by p53. While compounds such as actinomycin D and oxaliplatin effectively disrupt RiBi, there is an ongoing effort to improve the specificity further and find new potent RiBi-targeting compounds with improved pharmacological characteristics. A few recently identified inhibitors have also become popular as research tools, facilitating our advances in understanding RiBi. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of the various compounds targeting RiBi, their mechanism of action, and potential use in cancer therapy. We discuss screening strategies, drug repurposing, and common problems with compound specificity and mechanisms of action. Finally, emerging paths to discovery and avenues for the development of potential biomarkers predictive of therapeutic outcomes across cancer subtypes are also presented.
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4
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Kumar M, Sarkar A. Repurposing of Anti-Malarial Drug Quinacrine for Cancer Treatment: A Review. Sci Pharm 2022; 90:12. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm90010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinacrine (QC), a synthetic drug belonging to the 9-aminoacridine family, has been used extensively to treat malaria and multiple ailments over the past several decades. Following its discovery in the 1920s and extensive use for the treatment of malaria for nearly two decades, numerous studies have explored its antineoplastic potential in both preclinical and clinical settings. Multiple studies spanning over seven decades have examined a wide range of QC anticancer activities across various types of cancers, along with the underlying mechanisms. Many of these mechanisms, including activation of the p53 signaling cascade and simultaneous NF-κB signaling inhibition, have been reported in various studies, bringing QC to a unique polypharmacological category drug possessing the potential to treat a wide variety of diseases, including cancer. This article summarizes most of the research conducted over several decades to uncover new molecular mechanisms activated or inactivated and directly correlate with antineoplastic activity QC.
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers throughout the world, and no definitive cure has ever been found. Perhaps a new insight into the effectiveness of chemotherapy drugs could help better treat patients. Targeted therapies have significantly improved the median overall survival of colorectal cancer patients. One of the standard chemotherapy regimens used for colorectal cancer is capecitabine, which is important in monotherapy and combination therapies. Capecitabine, with other chemotherapeutic agents (irinotecan, oxaliplatin, perifosine, 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin, aspirin, celecoxib, statins, quinacrine, inositol hexaphosphate and inositol, cystine/theanine, curcumin, and isorhamnetin), and biological ones (antibodies) plays an important role in the inhibition of some signaling pathways, increasing survival, reducing tumor growth and side effects of capecitabine. However, some drugs, such as proton pump inhibitors, are negatively related to capecitabine; therefore, the purpose of this work is to review and discuss the performance of capecitabine combination therapies in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahima Danesh Pouya
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Yousef Rasmi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Irem Yalim Camci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Tutar
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Turkey Istanbul
| | - Mohadeseh Nemati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Guimarães RS, Rodrigues CF, Fernandes N, de Melo-Diogo D, Ferreira P, Correia IJ, Moreira AF. Combinatorial delivery of doxorubicin and acridine orange by gold core silica shell nanospheres functionalized with poly(ethylene glycol) and 4-methoxybenzamide for cancer targeted therapy. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 219:111433. [PMID: 33887612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Combinatorial therapies based on the simultaneous administration of multiple drugs can lead to synergistic effects, increasing the efficacy of the cancer therapy. However, it is crucial to develop new delivery systems that can increase the drugs' therapeutic selectivity and efficacy. Gold core silica shell (AuMSS) nanoparticles present physicochemical properties that allow their simultaneous application as drug delivery and imaging agents. Herein, poly(ethylene glycol) was modified with 4-methoxybenzamide and 3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl isocyanate (TPANIS) to create a novel surface functionalization capable of improving the colloidal stability and specificity of AuMSS nanospheres towards cancer cells. Moreover, a dual drug combination based on Doxorubicin (DOX) and Acridine orange (AO) was characterized and administered using the AuMSS-TPANIS nanospheres. The obtained results show that the DOX:AO drug combination can mediate a synergistic therapeutic effect in both HeLa and MCF-7 cells, particularly at the 2:1, 1:1, and 1:2 ratios. Additionally, the TPANIS functionalization increased the AuMSS nanospheres colloidal stability and selectivity towards MCF-7 cancer cells (overexpressing sigma receptors). Such also resulted in an enhanced cytotoxic effect against MCF-7 cells when administering the DOX:AO drug combination with the AuMSS-TPANIS nanospheres. Overall, the obtained results confirm the therapeutic potential of the DOX:AO drug combination as well as the targeting capacity of AuMSS-TPANIS, supporting its application in the cancer-targeted combinatorial chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela S Guimarães
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Carolina F Rodrigues
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Natanael Fernandes
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Duarte de Melo-Diogo
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Paula Ferreira
- CIEPQPF - Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ilídio J Correia
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; CIEPQPF - Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - André F Moreira
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
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Das B, Kundu CN. Anti-Cancer Stem Cells Potentiality of an Anti-Malarial Agent Quinacrine: An Old Wine in a New Bottle. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:416-427. [PMID: 32698746 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200721123046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Quinacrine (QC) is a tricyclic compound and a derivative of 9-aminoacridine. It has been widely used to treat malaria and other parasitic diseases since the last century. Interestingly, studies have revealed that it also displays anti-cancer activities. Here, we have discussed the anti-cancer mechanism of QC along with its potentiality to specifically target cancer stem cells. The anti-cancer action of this drug includes DNA intercalation, inhibition of DNA repair mechanism, prevention of cellular growth, cell cycle arrest, inhibition of DNA and RNA polymerase activity, induction of autophagy, promotion of apoptosis, deregulation of cell signaling in cancer cells and cancer stem cells, inhibition of metastasis and angiogenesis. In addition, we have also emphasized on the synergistic effect of this drug with other potent chemotherapeutic agents and mentioned its different applications in anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Das
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Chanakya N Kundu
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
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Prameela S, Nawaz Khan F. Ir(I)‐Catalyzed Synthesis of (
E
)‐4‐Benzylidenylacridines and (
E
)‐2‐Styrylquinoline‐3‐carboxamide through Sequential Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling, Dehydrogenative Friedländer Reaction, and sp
3
‐C–H Activation. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Soda Prameela
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory School of Advanced Sciences Vellore Institute of Technology 632014, Tamil Nadu Vellore India
| | - Fazlur‐Rahman Nawaz Khan
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory School of Advanced Sciences Vellore Institute of Technology 632014, Tamil Nadu Vellore India
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Winer A, Denlinger CS, Vijayvergia N, Cohen SJ, Astaturov I, Dotan E, Gallant JN, Wang EW, Kunkel M, Lim B, Harvey HA, Sivik J, Korzekwa K, Ruth K, White K, Cooper HS, Ross EA, Zhou L, El-Deiry WS. First-in-Human Phase 1b Trial of Quinacrine Plus Capecitabine in Patients With Refractory Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2020; 20:e43-e52. [PMID: 32972830 DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quinacrine plus a fluoropyrimidine has in vivo efficacy against metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). This phase 1b trial evaluated the combination of quinacrine plus capecitabine in patients with treatment-refractory mCRC. PATIENTS AND METHODS Using a modified Simon accelerated titration design, adults with treatment-refractory mCRC were treated with capecitabine 1000 mg/m2 twice daily for 14/21-day cycle, and escalating doses of quinacrine 100 mg daily, 100 mg twice daily, and 200 mg twice daily for 21 days. The primary endpoint was identifying the maximum tolerated dose, determining tolerability and safety. In an expansion cohort, it was overall response rate and time to tumor progression (TTP). RESULTS Ten patients (median age of 60 years) were treated in phase 1b. The first 2 quinacrine dosing levels were well tolerated. Dose-limiting toxicities were seen in 3 patients treated with quinacrine 200 mg twice daily. Five additional patients tolerated quinacrine 100 mg twice daily without further dose-limiting toxicities, thus establishing the maximum tolerated dose. Seven additional expansion-cohort patients enrolled onto the study before quinacrine manufacturing ceased within the United States. Five patients experienced stable disease, 1 partial response, and 10 disease progression. Median TTP overall was 2.12 months and median overall survival 5.22 months for the 17 patients. CONCLUSION Capecitabine and quinacrine can be safely administered at the maximum tolerated dose of capecitabine 1000 mg/m2 by mouth twice daily on days 1-14 and quinacrine 100 mg by mouth twice daily on days 1-21 of a 21-day cycle in mCRC patients. Although the expansion study was halted early, TTP was in line with other studies of refractory mCRC, suggesting activity of this regimen in heavily pretreated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jean-Nicolas Gallant
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Edward W Wang
- City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, CA; Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | | | - Bora Lim
- Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA; MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | | | | | - Karen Ruth
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | | | - Lanlan Zhou
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA; The Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI
| | - Wafik S El-Deiry
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA; The Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI.
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10
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Liang R, Yao Y, Wang G, Yue E, Yang G, Qi X, Wang Y, Zhao L, Zheng T, Zhang Y, Wenge Wang E. Repositioning Quinacrine Toward Treatment of Ovarian Cancer by Rational Combination With TRAIL. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1118. [PMID: 32766144 PMCID: PMC7379129 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinacrine has been identified as a potent DR5-inducing agent that sensitizes cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. In the current study, we found that quinacrine increased DR5 mRNA levels significantly in ovarian cancer cell lines regardless of p53 status. Further study showed the half-life of DR5 in quinacrine-treated cells was significantly prolonged, indicating that DR5 protein degradation was inhibited by quinacrine. We tested if the combination of TRAIL and quinacrine could be effective in ovarian cancer treatment in vitro and in ovarian cancer xenograft mouse models. We found that quinacrine enhanced TRAIL sensitivity or reversed TRAIL resistance in all the ovarian cancer cell lines tested. Mice treated with quinacrine and TRAIL remained disease-free for up to 20 weeks, however, mice treated with TRAIL or quinacrine alone and in control group died within ~8 weeks after treatment. Intraperitoneal delivery of quinacrine and TRAIL is rational and practical with extraordinary synergistic anti-cancer effects in preclinical models of ovarian cancer. Clinical investigation of combining quinacrine with TRAIL for ovarian cancer treatment is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liang
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States.,Department of Pharmacy, Suzhou Vocational Health College, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuanfei Yao
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States.,Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Guangyu Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States.,Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Er Yue
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Guangchao Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Xiuying Qi
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Tongsen Zheng
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States.,Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanqiao Zhang
- Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Edward Wenge Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
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Veeroju S, Mamazhakypov A, Rai N, Kojonazarov B, Nadeau V, Breuils-Bonnet S, Li L, Weissmann N, Rohrbach S, Provencher S, Bonnet S, Seeger W, Schermuly R, Novoyatleva T. Effect of p53 activation on experimental right ventricular hypertrophy. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234872. [PMID: 32559203 PMCID: PMC7304610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The leading cause of death in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is right ventricular (RV) failure. The tumor suppressor p53 has been associated with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and remodeling but its role in RV hypertrophy (RVH) is unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine whether pharmacological activation of p53 by Quinacrine affects RV remodeling and function in the pulmonary artery banding (PAB) model of compensated RVH in mice. The effects of p53 activation on cellular functions were studied in isolated cardiomyocytes, cardiac fibroblasts and endothelial cells (ECs). The expression of p53 was examined both on human RV tissues from patients with compensated and decompensated RVH and in mouse RV tissues early and late after the PAB. As compared to control human RVs, there was no change in p53 expression in compensated RVH, while a marked upregulation was found in decompensated RVH. Similarly, in comparison to SHAM-operated mice, unaltered RV p53 expression 7 days after PAB, was markedly induced 21 days after the PAB. Quinacrine induced p53 accumulation did not further deteriorate RV function at day 7 after PAB. Quinacrine administration did not increase EC death, neither diminished EC number and capillary density in RV tissues. No major impact on the expression of markers of sarcomere organization, fatty acid and mitochondrial metabolism and respiration was noted in Quinacrine-treated PAB mice. p53 accumulation modulated the expression of Heme Oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and Glucose Transporter (Glut1) in mouse RVs and in adult cardiomyocytes. We conclude that early p53 activation in PAB-induced RVH does not cause substantial detrimental effects on right ventricular remodeling and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathi Veeroju
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Argen Mamazhakypov
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Nabham Rai
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Baktybek Kojonazarov
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health, Giessen, Germany
| | - Valerie Nadeau
- Pulmonary Hypertension and Vascular Biology Research Group, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Department of Medicine, Québec, Canada
| | - Sandra Breuils-Bonnet
- Pulmonary Hypertension and Vascular Biology Research Group, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Department of Medicine, Québec, Canada
| | - Ling Li
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Rohrbach
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Steve Provencher
- Pulmonary Hypertension and Vascular Biology Research Group, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Department of Medicine, Québec, Canada
| | - Sébastien Bonnet
- Pulmonary Hypertension and Vascular Biology Research Group, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Department of Medicine, Québec, Canada
| | - Werner Seeger
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Ralph Schermuly
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail: (RTS); (TN)
| | - Tatyana Novoyatleva
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail: (RTS); (TN)
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Yan H, Bian A, Gao X, Li H, Chen Z, Liu X. Novel applications for an established antimalarial drug: tumoricidal activity of quinacrine. Future Oncol 2018; 14:1511-1520. [DOI: 10.2217/fon-2017-0728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Quinacrine (QC), a synthetic antimalarial drug, was consistently used worldwide to combat malaria during the last century. Interestingly, later studies revealed that it also displays various additional properties, specifically antitumor activity. QC's antitumor activity occurs via a variety of pathways, including DNA intercalation, angiogenesis inhibition, signal transduction regulation, cell cycle arrest and autophagy induction. In combination with traditional therapies such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, QC has also displayed synergistic effects against tumors, which may open promising therapeutic avenues. However, the breadth and complexity of its antitumor mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. In this review, we have systematically categorized QC's reported antitumor mechanisms from recent studies, to enable a deeper understanding of its antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongru Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity & Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology & Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, PR China
| | - Anning Bian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity & Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology & Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, PR China
| | - Xiaoge Gao
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221002, PR China
| | - Huiqin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity & Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology & Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, PR China
| | - Zetian Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity & Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology & Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, PR China
| | - Xiangye Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity & Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology & Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, PR China
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13
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Yang S, Sheng L, Xu K, Wang Y, Zhu H, Zhang P, Mu Q, Ouyang G. Anticancer effect of quinacrine on diffuse large B‑cell lymphoma via inhibition of MSI2‑NUMB signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:522-530. [PMID: 29115587 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B‑cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common subtype of non‑Hodgkin's lymphoma. Despite improvements in the clinical outcomes of DLBCL, ~30% of patients will develop relapse/refractory disease. Therefore, novel therapeutic drugs have been investigated to improve disease outcomes. Previous studies have revealed the anticancer effects of quinacrine (QC) on tumor cells in vitro, although its role in human DLBCL is yet to be identified. The present study sought to examine the cytotoxic effect of QC on DLBCL cells. QC induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in the DLBCL cell lines SU‑DHL‑8 and OCI‑LY01, in a dose‑dependent manner, in addition to the downregulation of cyclin‑dependent kinase 4/6 and the upregulation of cleaved poly‑ADP ribose polymerase 1. Upon exposure to QC, RNA‑binding protein Musashi homolog 2 inactivation and activation of protein numb homolog were observed. In addition, QC was able to inhibit the expression of Myc proto‑oncogene protein. The results of the present study indicated that QC may be a potential anti‑DLBCL drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Yang
- Department of Hematology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Lixia Sheng
- Department of Hematology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Kaihong Xu
- Department of Hematology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Hematology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Huiling Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Qitian Mu
- Department of Hematology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Guifang Ouyang
- Department of Hematology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
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14
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Huang CH, Lee YC, Chen YJ, Wang LJ, Shi YJ, Chang LS. Quinacrine induces the apoptosis of human leukemia U937 cells through FOXP3/miR-183/β-TrCP/SP1 axis-mediated BAX upregulation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 334:35-46. [PMID: 28867437 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Quinacrine, which is clinically used as an antimalarial drug, has anti-cancer activity. However, mechanism underlying its cytotoxic effect remains to be completely elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the cytotoxic effect of quinacrine on human leukemia U937 cells. Quinacrine-induced apoptosis of U937 cells was accompanied with ROS generation, mitochondrial depolarization, and BAX upregulation. Quinacrine-treated U937 cells showed ROS-mediated p38 MAPK activation and ERK inactivation, which in turn upregulated FOXP3 transcription. FOXP3-mediated miR-183 expression decreased β-TrCP mRNA stability and suppressed β-TrCP-mediated SP1 degradation, thus increasing SP1 expression in U937 cells. Upregulated SP1 expression further increased BAX expression. BAX knock-down attenuated quinacrine-induced mitochondrial depolarization and increased the viability of quinacrine-treated cells. Together, our data indicate that quinacrine-induced apoptosis of U937 cells is mediated by mitochondrial alterations triggered by FOXP3/miR-183/β-TrCP/SP1 axis-mediated BAX upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hui Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chin Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jung Chen
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Jun Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jun Shi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Long-Sen Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
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15
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Matsheku AC, Chen MYH, Jordaan S, Prince S, Smith GS, Makhubela BC. Acridine-containing RuII
, OsII
, RhIII
and IrIII
Half-Sandwich Complexes: Synthesis, Structure and Antiproliferative Activity. Appl Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.3852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asanda C. Matsheku
- Department of Chemistry; University of Johannesburg; PO Box 524 Auckland Park 2006 South Africa
| | - Marian Y.-H. Chen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cape Town; Rondebosch 7701 Cape Town South Africa
| | - Sandra Jordaan
- Department of Human Biology, Division of Cell Biology; University of the Cape Town; Cape Town South Africa
| | - Sharon Prince
- Department of Human Biology, Division of Cell Biology; University of the Cape Town; Cape Town South Africa
| | - Gregory S. Smith
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cape Town; Rondebosch 7701 Cape Town South Africa
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16
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Kalogera E, Roy D, Khurana A, Mondal S, Weaver AL, He X, Dowdy SC, Shridhar V. Quinacrine in endometrial cancer: Repurposing an old antimalarial drug. Gynecol Oncol 2017; 146:187-195. [PMID: 28545688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Generate preclinical data on the effect of quinacrine (QC) in inhibiting tumorigenesis in endometrial cancer (EC) in vitro and explore its role as an adjunct to standard chemotherapy in an EC mouse model. METHODS Five different EC cell lines (Ishikawa, Hec-1B, KLE, ARK-2, and SPEC-2) representing different histologies, grades of EC, sensitivity to cisplatin and p53 status were used for the in vitro studies. MTT and colony formation assays were used to examine QC's ability to inhibit cell viability in vitro. The Chou-Talalay methodology was used to examine synergism between QC and cisplatin, carboplatin or paclitaxel. A cisplatin-resistant EC subcutaneous mouse model (Hec-1B) was used to examine QC's role as maintenance therapy. RESULTS QC exhibited strong synergism in vitro when combined with cisplatin, carboplatin or paclitaxel with the highest level of synergism in the most chemo-resistant cell line. Neither QC monotherapy nor carboplatin/paclitaxel significantly delayed tumor growth in xenografts. Combination treatment (QC plus carboplatin/paclitaxel) significantly augmented the antiproliferative ability of these agents and was associated with a 14-week survival prolongation compared to carboplatin/paclitaxel. Maintenance with QC resulted in further delay in tumor progression and survival prolongation compared to carboplatin/paclitaxel. QC was not associated with weight loss and the yellow skin discoloration noted during treatment was reversible upon discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS QC exhibited significant antitumor activity against EC in vitro and was successful as maintenance therapy in chemo-resistant EC mouse xenografts. This preclinical data suggest that QC may be an important adjunct to standard chemotherapy for patients with chemo-resistant EC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debarshi Roy
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - Ashwani Khurana
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - Susmita Mondal
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - Amy L Weaver
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - Xiaoping He
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - Sean C Dowdy
- Division of Gynecologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - Viji Shridhar
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA.
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17
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Li S, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Zhao Q, Xu L, Huang S, Huang S, Wei X. Oxymatrine inhibits proliferation of human bladder cancer T24 cells by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:4453-4458. [PMID: 28588714 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxymatrine has been shown to exert an antitumor effect on several types of cancer cells. However, the role of oxymatrine in bladder cancer has not yet been evaluated. The present study was designed to investigate the potential anti-proliferative effect of oxymatrine on bladder cancer T24 cells and the possible mechanisms involved. A 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was used to determine cell growth, and the cell morphology was examined using hematoxylin and eosin staining, wrights' staining and electron microscopy. The caspase-3 and survivin mRNA and protein levels were assessed using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, respectively. The expression of tumor protein p53 (p53), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Oxymatrine inhibited the proliferation of the T24 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Oxymatrine also induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in the cells, in association with the upregulation of caspase-3 and Bax, and the downregulation of survivin, Bcl-2 and p53 expression. Overall, oxymatrine inhibits the proliferation of human bladder cancer cells by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest via mechanisms that involve p53-Bax signaling and the downregulation of survivin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Li
- Department of Urology, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250000, P.R. China
| | - Qingyong Liu
- Department of Urology, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Qingli Zhao
- Department of Urology, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Liuyu Xu
- Department of Urology, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Shengliang Huang
- Department of Urology, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Shiming Huang
- Department of Urology, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Xuebin Wei
- Department of Urology, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
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18
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Wang Y, Ying X, Xu H, Yan H, Li X, Tang H. The functional curcumin liposomes induce apoptosis in C6 glioblastoma cells and C6 glioblastoma stem cells in vitro and in animals. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:1369-1384. [PMID: 28260885 PMCID: PMC5325138 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s124276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a kind of malignant gliomas that is almost impossible to cure due to the poor drug transportation across the blood–brain barrier and the existence of glioma stem cells. We prepared a new kind of targeted liposomes in order to improve the drug delivery system onto the glioma cells and induce the apoptosis of glioma stem cells afterward. In this experiment, curcumin was chosen to kill gliomas, while quinacrine was used to induce apoptosis of the glioma stem cells. Also, p-aminophenyl-α-D-mannopyranoside could facilitate the transport of liposomes across the blood–brain barrier and finally target the brain glioma cells. The cell experiments in vitro indicated that the targeted liposomes could significantly improve the anti-tumor effects of the drugs, while enhancing the uptake effects, apoptosis effects, and endocytic effects of C6 glioma cells and C6 glioma stem cells. Given the animal experiments in vivo, we discovered that the targeted liposomes could obviously increase the survival period of brain glioma-bearing mice and inhibit the growth of gliomas. In summary, curcumin and quinacrine liposomes modified with p-aminophenyl-α-D-mannopyranoside is a potential preparation to treat brain glioma cells and brain glioma stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resources and Modernization of TCM, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Ying
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resources and Modernization of TCM, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haolun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resources and Modernization of TCM, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Helu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resources and Modernization of TCM, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Li
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resources and Modernization of TCM, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resources and Modernization of TCM, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
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19
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Yu J, Zhao X, Zhang N, You C, Yao G, Zhu J, Xu L, Sun B. Identification of novel 3-nitroacridines as autophagy inducers in gastric cancer cells. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj00119c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Nine novel 3-nitroacridines were synthesized, of which 3 compounds inhibited gastric cancer cell proliferation via an autophagy-associated cell death pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210089
- China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Southeast University Chenxian College
- Nanjing 210000
- China
| | - Nanmengzi Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Southeast University Chenxian College
- Nanjing 210000
- China
| | - Chaoqun You
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210089
- China
| | - Gang Yao
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Southeast University Chenxian College
- Nanjing 210000
- China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health
- School of Pathology
- Nanjing Medical University
- Nanjing 210093
- China
| | - Liang Xu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences
- University of Kansas
- Kansas 66045
- USA
| | - Baiwang Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210089
- China
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20
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Korohoda W, Hapek A, Pietrzak M, Ryszawy D, Madeja Z. 9-AAA inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in human melanoma A375 and rat prostate adenocarcinoma AT-2 and Mat-LyLu cell lines but does not affect the growth and viability of normal fibroblasts. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:4125-4132. [PMID: 27895781 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study found that, similarly to 5-fluorouracil, low concentrations (1-10 µM) of 9-aminoacridine (9-AAA) inhibited the growth of the two rat prostate cancer AT-2 and Mat-LyLu cell lines and the human melanoma A375 cell line. However, at the same concentrations, 9-AAA had no effect on the growth and apoptosis of normal human skin fibroblasts (HSFs). The differences between the cellular responses of the AT-2 and Mat-LyLu cell lines, which differ in malignancy, were found to be relatively small compared with the differences between normal HSFs and the cancer cell lines. Visible effects on the cell growth and survival of tumor cell lines were observed after 24-48 h of treatment with 9-AAA, and increased over time. The inhibition of cancer cell growth was found to be due to the gradually increasing number of cells dying by apoptosis, which was observed using two methods, direct counting and FlowSight analysis. Simultaneously, cell motile activity decreased to the same degree in cancer and normal cells within the first 8 h of incubation in the presence of 9-AAA. The results presented in the current study suggest that short-lasting tests for potential anticancer substances can be insufficient; which may result in cell type-dependent differences in the responses of cells to tested compounds that act with a delay being overlooked. The observed differences in responses between normal human fibroblasts and cancer cells to 9-AAA show the requirement for additional studies to be performed simultaneously on differently reacting cancer and normal cells, to determine the molecular mechanisms responsible for these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Włodzimierz Korohoda
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Anna Hapek
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Monika Pietrzak
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Damian Ryszawy
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Madeja
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
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21
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Khurana A, Roy D, Kalogera E, Mondal S, Wen X, He X, Dowdy S, Shridhar V. Quinacrine promotes autophagic cell death and chemosensitivity in ovarian cancer and attenuates tumor growth. Oncotarget 2016; 6:36354-69. [PMID: 26497553 PMCID: PMC4742182 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A promising new strategy for cancer therapy is to target the autophagic pathway. In the current study, we demonstrate that the antimalarial drug Quinacrine (QC) reduces cell viability and promotes chemotherapy-induced cell death in an autophagy-dependent manner more extensively in chemoresistant cells compared to their isogenic chemosensitive control cells as quantified by the Chou-Talalay methodology. Our preliminary data, in vitro and in vivo, indicate that QC induces autophagy by downregulating p62/SQSTM1 to sensitize chemoresistant cells to autophagic- and caspase-mediated cell death in a p53-independent manner. QC promotes autophagosome accumulation and enhances autophagic flux by clearance of p62 in chemoresistant ovarain cancer (OvCa) cell lines to a greater extent compared to their chemosensitive controls. Notably, p62 levels were elevated in chemoresistant OvCa cell lines and knockdown of p62 in these cells resulted in a greater response to QC treatment. Bafilomycin A, an autophagy inhibitor, restored p62 levels and reversed QC-mediated cell death and thus chemosensitization. Importantly, our in vivo data shows that QC alone and in combination with carboplatin suppresses tumor growth and ascites in the highly chemoresistant HeyA8MDR OvCa model compared to carboplatin treatment alone. Collectively, our preclinical data suggest that QC in combination with carboplatin can be an effective treatment for patients with chemoresistant OvCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani Khurana
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Debarshi Roy
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Eleftheria Kalogera
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Susmita Mondal
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Xuyang Wen
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Xiaoping He
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sean Dowdy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Viji Shridhar
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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22
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Lee Y, Chen Y, Huang C, Chang L. Amsacrine-induced apoptosis of human leukemia U937 cells is mediated by the inhibition of AKT- and ERK-induced stabilization of MCL1. Apoptosis 2017; 22:406-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1307-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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23
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Karan G, Wang H, Chakrabarti A, Karan S, Liu Z, Xia Z, Gundluru M, Moreton S, Saunthararajah Y, Jackson MW, Agarwal MK, Wald DN. Identification of a Small Molecule That Overcomes HdmX-Mediated Suppression of p53. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:574-582. [PMID: 26883273 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of the p53 tumor suppressor by mutation or overexpression of negative regulators occurs frequently in cancer. As p53 plays a key role in regulating proliferation or apoptosis in response to DNA-damaging chemotherapies, strategies aimed at reactivating p53 are increasingly being sought. Strategies to reactivate wild-type p53 include the use of small molecules capable of releasing wild-type p53 from key, cellular negative regulators, such as Hdm2 and HdmX. Derivatives of the Hdm2 antagonist Nutlin-3 are in clinical trials. However, Nutlin-3 specifically disrupts Hdm2-p53, leaving tumors harboring high levels of HdmX resistant to Nutlin-3 treatment. Here, we identify CTX1, a novel small molecule that overcomes HdmX-mediated p53 repression. CTX1 binds directly to HdmX to prevent p53-HdmX complex formation, resulting in the rapid induction of p53 in a DNA damage-independent manner. Treatment of a panel of cancer cells with CTX1 induced apoptosis or suppressed proliferation and, importantly, CTX1 demonstrates promising activity as a single agent in a mouse model of circulating primary human leukemia. CTX1 is a small molecule HdmX inhibitor that demonstrates promise as a cancer therapeutic candidate. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(4); 574-82. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huaiyu Wang
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | | | | | - Zhigang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
| | | | | | | | - Yogen Saunthararajah
- Department of Translational Hematology & Oncology Research, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH
| | - Mark W Jackson
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Mukesh K Agarwal
- Invenio Therapeutics, Lexington, KY.,MirX Pharmaceuticals, Cleveland, OH
| | - David N Wald
- Invenio Therapeutics, Lexington, KY.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH.,MirX Pharmaceuticals, Cleveland, OH
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24
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Changchien JJ, Chen YJ, Huang CH, Cheng TL, Lin SR, Chang LS. Quinacrine induces apoptosis in human leukemia K562 cells via p38 MAPK-elicited BCL2 down-regulation and suppression of ERK/c-Jun-mediated BCL2L1 expression. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 284:33-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acridine derivatives have been extensively explored as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of a number of diseases, such as cancer, Alzheimer's, and bacterial and protozoan infections. Their mode of action is mainly attributed to DNA intercalation and the subsequent effects on the biological processes linked to DNA and its related enzymes. AREA COVERED This review covers the relevant efforts in developing acridine derivatives with enhanced therapeutic potency and selectivity and as fluorescent materials, with particular focus on the newly patented acridine derivatives in 2009 - 2013, acridine drugs in clinical trials and preclinical studies, and other new derivatives that emerged in 2009 - 2013. EXPERT OPINION Thousands of acridines with therapeutic and biological activities or with photochemical properties have been developed. In addition, to modify the position and the nature of the substituent on the acridine core, more attention may be paid to the development of azaacridine or other heteroatom-substituted acridine derivatives and their synthesis methods to broaden the application of acridine derivatives. In cancer chemotherapy, the mode of action of acridine derivatives needs to be further studied. Efficient methods for identification and optimization of acridine derivatives to localize at the sites of disease need to be further developed. Moreover, acridine drugs may be combined with such bioactive agents as DNA repair proteins inhibitors to overcome tumor resistance and improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Tsinghua University, Department of Chemistry , Beijing 100084 , PR China
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Wu P, Wu W, Chen T, Lin K, Lai J, Huang CF, Wang F. Reconstruction and analysis of a signal transduction network using HeLa cell protein–protein interaction data. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2014; 45:2835-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Morgado-Palacin L, Llanos S, Urbano-Cuadrado M, Blanco-Aparicio C, Megias D, Pastor J, Serrano M. Non-genotoxic activation of p53 through the RPL11-dependent ribosomal stress pathway. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:2822-30. [PMID: 25344835 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleolar disruption has recently emerged as a relevant means to activate p53 through inhibition of HDM2 by ribosome-free RPL11. Most drugs that induce nucleolar disruption also possess important genotoxic activity, which can have lasting mutagenic effects. Therefore, it is of interest to identify compounds that selectively produce nucleolar disruption in the absence of DNA damage. Here, we have performed a high-throughput screening to search for nucleolar disruptors. We have identified an acridine derivative (PubChem CID-765471) previously known for its capacity to activate p53 independently of DNA damage, although the molecular mechanism underlying p53 activation had remained uncharacterized. We report that CID-765471 produces nucleolar disruption by inhibiting ribosomal DNA transcription in a process that includes the selective degradation of the RPA194 subunit of RNA polymerase I. Following nucleolar disruption, CID-765471 activates p53 through the RPL11/HDM2 pathway in the absence of detectable DNA damage. In a secondary screening of compounds approved for medical use, we identify two additional acridine derivatives, aminacrine and ethacridine, that operate in a similar manner as CID-765471. These findings provide the basis for non-genotoxic chemotherapeutic approaches that selectively target the nucleolus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Morgado-Palacin
- Tumour Suppression Group, Experimental Therapeutics Program and Confocal Microscopy Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, E28029, Spain
| | - Susana Llanos
- Tumour Suppression Group, Experimental Therapeutics Program and Confocal Microscopy Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, E28029, Spain
| | | | | | - Diego Megias
- Confocal Microscopy Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, E28029, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Serrano
- Tumour Suppression Group, Experimental Therapeutics Program and Confocal Microscopy Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, E28029, Spain
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Ju W, Zhang M, Petrus M, Maeda M, Pise-Masison CA, Waldmann TA. Combination of 9-aminoacridine with Campath-1H provides effective therapy for a murine model of adult T-cell leukemia. Retrovirology 2014; 11:43. [PMID: 24890041 PMCID: PMC4060757 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-11-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is an aggressive malignancy of CD4+CD25+ lymphocytes caused by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1. While much progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of cellular dysregulation, the prognosis for aggressive ATL still remains poor. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches need to be developed. RESULTS Previously, we demonstrated that the viral protein Tax inactivates p53 in HTLV-1-infected T-cells. Here we show that 9-aminoacridine (9AA) through p53 reactivation and NF-κB inhibition has selective toxicity for infected leukemic cells independent of their p53 status. We further demonstrate that 9AA activates caspase-3/7 resulting in PARP cleavage. Next we investigated the efficacy of 9AA in the MET-1 ATL model. Alone, 9AA did not cause significant drops in surrogate tumor markers, soluble IL-2Rα or β2-micorglobulin (β2μ) levels with only a slight increase in survival of MET-1-bearing mice. However, in combination with Campath-1H, 9AA treatment resulted in low soluble IL-2Rα and β2μ levels at 2 and 4 weeks. Consistent with reduced tumor cell burden, combination treatment significantly increased survival of MET-1-bearing mice compared to mice treated with either drug alone. Splenic cells isolated from 9AA or combination treated mice showed increased p53 protein levels and transcriptional activity. Consistent with increased tumor suppressor activity, we found increased PARP-1 cleavage in 9AA and combination treated cells. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that targeting reactivation of p53 and inhibition of NF-κB with acridine-derivatives in combination with other chemotherapeutics could result in increased efficacy and selective killing of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Cynthia A Pise-Masison
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 4 N115, Bethesda, MD 20892-1374, USA.
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Liu WH, Chen YJ, Chien JH, Chang LS. Amsacrine suppresses matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2)/MMP-9 expression in human leukemia cells. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:588-98. [PMID: 24122234 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This study explores the suppression mechanism of amsacrine (4-(9-Acridinylamino)-N-(methanesulfonyl)-m-anisidine hydrochloride) on matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 expression in human leukemia cells. Amsacrine attenuated cell invasion with decreased MMP-2/MMP-9 protein expression and mRNA levels in U937, Jurkat, HL-60, K562, KU812, and MEG-01 cells. Moreover, amsacrine reduced both MMP-2/MMP-9 promoter luciferase activity and MMP-2/MMP-9 mRNA stability in leukemia cells. Studies on amsacrine-treated U937 cells revealed that amsacrine-elicited ROS generation induced JNK and p38 MAPK activation but reduced the phospho-ERK level. Amsacrine-induced ERK inactivation and p38 MAPK/JNK activation were demonstrated to suppress MMP-2/MMP-9 promoter luciferase activity and promote MMP-2/MMP-9 mRNA decay, respectively. p38 MAPK/JNK activation led to up-regulation of protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit α (PP2Acα) in amsacrine-treated U937 cells. Okadaic acid (PP2A inhibitor) treatment increased MMP-2/MMP-9 mRNA stability in amsacrine-treated cells, whereas PP2Acα over-expression increased MMP-2/MMP-9 mRNA decay. Amsacrine-induced MMP-2/MMP-9 down-regulation was also related to PP2Acα up-regulation on Jurkat, HL-60, K562, KU812, and MEG-01 cells. Collectively, our data indicate that amsacrine induces MMP-2/MMP-9 down-regulation via simultaneous suppression of genetic transcription and mRNA stability in human leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsin Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Wu X, Wang Y, Wang H, Wang Q, Wang L, Miao J, Cui F, Wang J. Quinacrine Inhibits Cell Growth and Induces Apoptosis in Human Gastric Cancer Cell Line SGC-7901. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2014; 73:52-64. [PMID: 24653512 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quinacrine (QC), an antimalarial drug, has been shown to possess anticancer effect both in vitro (cancer cell lines) and in vivo (mouse models). In the cancer cells, QC can simultaneously suppress nuclear factor-κB and activate p53 signaling, which results in the induction of the apoptosis in these cells. However, the experimental results come from a few limited cancer cell lines, and the detailed mechanisms remain unknown. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the tumor-killing effects of QC on gastric cancer cells as well as underlying molecular pathways. METHODS SGC-7901 cells were treated with or without QC at different concentrations for 24 hours. The effect of QC on the inhibition of SGC-7901 cell proliferation was assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Apoptosis was detected by examining nuclear morphology and quantifying phosphatidylserine externalization. Alterations in cellular morphology were analyzed by laser scanning confocal microscopy for fluorescent analysis. Cell cycle analysis was performed by propidium iodide (PI) staining and flow cytometry. The enzyme activity changes of caspase-3 were detected by colorimetry expression method. Western blot analysis was used to detect the changes in the protein level of Bax, Bc1-2, p53, and cytochrome c in cytosol of SGC-7901 cells. RESULTS Our results showed that QC could significantly inhibit the growth of SGC-7901 cells in a dose-dependent manner, with the IC50 mean (SD) value of 16.18 (0.64) μM, compared with nontreated controls. QC treatment (15 μM) could also induce apoptosis in SGC-7901 cells (26.30% [5.31%], compared with control group of 3.37% [0.81%]; P < 0.01), and the increasing phosphatidylserine level and the accumulation of chromatin nucleation in QC-treated cells provided further evidence. In addition, cell cycle analysis with PI staining showed that a significant S enriches, increasing from 12.00% (1.24%) (control) to 20.94% (2.40%) (QC treatment) (P < 0.01). Furthermore, increased activities of caspase-3 (increasing from 0.108 [0.019] to 0.628 [0.068]; P < 0.01) were observed in SGC-7901 cells treated with 15 μM QC. Western blot analysis showed that QC treatment significantly increased the levels of proapoptotic proteins, including cytochrome c, Bax, and p53, and decreased the levels of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2, thus shifting the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 in favor of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that QC can significantly inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis in SGC-7901 cells, which involves p53 upregulation and caspase-3 activation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China ; Department of Surgery, the First People's Hospital of Kunshan City, Kunshan, China
| | - Yunliang Wang
- Department of Neurology, the 148 Hospital of PLA, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Medicine, Shangqiu Medical College, Shangqiu, China
| | - Jingcheng Miao
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fengmei Cui
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jinzhi Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Bajgelman MC, Medrano RF, Carvalho ACP, Strauss BE. AAVPG: A vigilant vector where transgene expression is induced by p53. Virology 2013; 447:166-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Hossain MZ, Gilbert SF, Patel K, Ghosh S, Bhunia AK, Kern SE. Biological clues to potent DNA-damaging activities in food and flavoring. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 55:557-67. [PMID: 23402862 PMCID: PMC3608747 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Population differences in age-related diseases and cancer could stem from differences in diet. To characterize DNA strand-breaking activities in selected foods/beverages, flavorings, and some of their constituent chemicals, we used p53R cells, a cellular assay sensitive to such breaks. Substances testing positive included reference chemicals: quinacrine (peak response, 51×) and etoposide (33×); flavonoids: EGCG (19×), curcumin (12×), apigenin (9×), and quercetin (7×); beverages: chamomile (11×), green (21×), and black tea (26×) and coffee (3-29×); and liquid smoke (4-28×). Damage occurred at dietary concentrations: etoposide near 5μg/ml produced responses similar to a 1:1000 dilution of liquid smoke, a 1:20 dilution of coffee, and a 1:5 dilution of tea. Pyrogallol-related chemicals and tannins are present in dietary sources and individually produced strong activity: pyrogallol (30×), 3-methoxycatechol (25×), gallic acid (21×), and 1,2,4-benzenetriol (21×). From structure-activity relationships, high activities depended on specific orientations of hydroxyls on the benzene ring. Responses accompanied cellular signals characteristic of DNA breaks such as H2AX phosphorylation. Breaks were also directly detected by comet assay. Cellular toxicological effects of foods and flavorings could guide epidemiologic and experimental studies of potential disease risks from DNA strand-breaking chemicals in diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Zulfiquer Hossain
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Samuel F. Gilbert
- Graduate Program in Human Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Kalpesh Patel
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Soma Ghosh
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Anil K. Bhunia
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Scott E. Kern
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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Liu WH, Chen YL, Chang LS. CIL-102 induces matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2)/MMP-9 down-regulation via simultaneous suppression of genetic transcription and mRNA stability. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:2212-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hwang SG, Park J, Park JY, Park CH, Lee KH, Cho JW, Hwang JI, Seong JY. Anti-cancer activity of a novel small molecule compound that simultaneously activates p53 and inhibits NF-κB signaling. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44259. [PMID: 23028510 PMCID: PMC3441512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53 and NF-κB pathways play important roles in diverse cellular functions, including cell growth, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis. Mutations that inactivate the p53 gene and constitutive NF-κB pathway activation are common occurrences in human cancers. Although many drugs are being developed that selectively activate p53 or inhibit NF-κB, there are few drug candidates that can do both. Simultaneous activation of p53 and inhibition of the NF-κB pathway is therefore a prime target for new cancer drug development. This study is the first report of a high-throughput approach with mass compounds that concurrently target both pathways. Using a cell-based screening assay and a library of 200,000 synthetic compounds, we identified 9 small molecules that simultaneously inhibit NF-κB and activate p53. One of these compounds, N-2, increased the expression of p53 target genes, including p21 and GADD45a. In addition, N-2 inhibited the transcriptional activity of NF-κB, concomitantly repressing interleukin-6 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) expression. When cell lines derived from a diverse range of cancers were treated in vitro with N-2, we observed increased cell death. N-2 also significantly inhibited allograft growth in murine models of melanoma and lung carcinoma. Our findings suggest that N-2 may act as a bivalent anti-cancer agent through simultaneous modulation of NF-κB and p53 activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Gwan Hwang
- Drug Development Center, SK Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Daejeon, Korea
- Laboratory of G Protein Coupled Receptors, Graduate School of Medicine Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinah Park
- Korean Bioinformation Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Joo Young Park
- Drug Development Center, SK Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Daejeon, Korea
| | - Cheol Hyoung Park
- Drug Development Center, SK Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ki-Ho Lee
- Drug Development Center, SK Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jeong Woo Cho
- Drug Development Center, SK Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jong-Ik Hwang
- Laboratory of G Protein Coupled Receptors, Graduate School of Medicine Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Young Seong
- Laboratory of G Protein Coupled Receptors, Graduate School of Medicine Korea University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Ahn M, Ghaemmaghami S, Huang Y, Phuan PW, May BCH, Giles K, DeArmond SJ, Prusiner SB. Pharmacokinetics of quinacrine efflux from mouse brain via the P-glycoprotein efflux transporter. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39112. [PMID: 22768295 PMCID: PMC3388068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The lipophilic cationic compound quinacrine has been used as an antimalarial drug for over 75 years but its pharmacokinetic profile is limited. Here, we report on the pharmacokinetic properties of quinacrine in mice. Following an oral dose of 40 mg/kg/day for 30 days, quinacrine concentration in the brain of wild-type mice was maintained at a concentration of ∼1 µM. As a substrate of the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux transporter, quinacrine is actively exported from the brain, preventing its accumulation to levels that may show efficacy in some disease models. In the brains of P-gp-deficient Mdr1(0/0) mice, we found quinacrine reached concentrations of ∼80 µM without any signs of acute toxicity. Additionally, we examined the distribution and metabolism of quinacrine in the wild-type and Mdr1(0/0) brains. In wild-type mice, the co-administration of cyclosporin A, a known P-gp inhibitor, resulted in a 6-fold increase in the accumulation of quinacrine in the brain. Our findings argue that the inhibition of the P-gp efflux transporter should improve the poor pharmacokinetic properties of quinacrine in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misol Ahn
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sina Ghaemmaghami
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Puay-Wah Phuan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Barnaby C. H. May
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kurt Giles
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. DeArmond
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Stanley B. Prusiner
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Pigatto MC, Uchôa FDT, Torres B, Haas S, do Carmo Alves de Lima M, Galdino SL, Rocha Pitta ID, Peporine Lopes N, Dalla Costa T. Pre-clinical pharmacokinetics of the acridine antitumour candidate AC04 and its 1-oxo-metabolite plasma profile. Xenobiotica 2012; 42:701-7. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2011.654000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
Tumor suppressor p53 is a transcription factor that regulates a large number of genes and guards against genomic instability. Under multiple cellular stress conditions, p53 functions to block cell cycle progression transiently unless proper DNA repair occurs. Failure of DNA repair mechanisms leads to p53-mediated induction of cell death programs. p53 also induces permanent cell cycle arrest known as cellular senescence. During neoplastic progression, p53 is often mutated and fails to efficiently perform these functions. It has been observed that cancers carrying a wild-type p53 may also have interrupted downstream p53 regulatory signaling leading to disruption in p53 functions. Therefore, strategies to reactivate p53 provide an attractive approach for blocking tumor pathogenesis and its progression. p53 activation may also lead to regression of existing early neoplastic lesions and therefore may be important in developing cancer chemoprevention protocols. A large number of small molecules capable of reactivating p53 have been developed and some are progressing through clinical trials for prospective human applications. However, several questions remain to be answered at this stage. For example, it is not certain if pharmacological activation of p53 will restore all of its multifaceted biological responses, assuming that the targeted cell is not killed following p53 activation. It remains to be demonstrated whether the distinct biological effects regulated by specific post-translationally modified p53 can effectively be restored by refolding mutant p53. Mutant p53 can be classified as a loss-of-function or gain-of-function protein depending on the type of mutation. It is also unclear whether reactivation of mutant p53 has similar consequences in cells carrying gain-of-function and loss-of-function p53 mutants. This review provides a description of various pharmacological approaches tested to activate p53 (both wild-type and mutant) and to assess the effects of activated p53 on neoplastic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Volker Hall, Room 509, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0019, USA.
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Cholewiński G, Dzierzbicka K, Kołodziejczyk AM. Natural and synthetic acridines/acridones as antitumor agents: their biological activities and methods of synthesis. Pharmacol Rep 2011; 63:305-36. [PMID: 21602588 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(11)70499-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Acridine derivatives constitute a class of compounds that are being intensively studied as potential anticancer drugs. Acridines are well-known for their high cytotoxic activity; however, their clinical application is limited or even excluded because of side effects. Numerous synthetic methods are focused on the preparation of target acridine skeletons or modifications of naturally occurring compounds, such as acridone alkaloids, that exhibit promising anticancer activities. They have been examined in vitro and in vivo to test their importance for cancer treatment and to establish the mechanism of action at both the molecular and cellular level, which is necessary for the optimization of their properties so that they are suitable in chemotherapy. In this article, we review natural and synthetic acridine/acridone analogs, their application as anticancer drugs and methods for their preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Cholewiński
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, PL 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Macchiarulo A, Giacchè N, Mancini F, Puxeddu E, Moretti F, Pellicciari R. Alternative strategies for targeting mouse double minute 2 activity with small molecules: novel patents on the horizon? Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:287-94. [PMID: 21342053 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.546349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Most researchers have sought to restore the activity of p53 by identifying small molecules able to block the interaction of p53 with mouse double minute 2 (MDM2). To the same end, some scientists are pursuing the development of compounds that can inhibit the ubiquitin-ligase (E3) activity of MDM2. In this article, we provide a perspective review on what is known about MDM2 E3 inhibitors and what major questions remain to be addressed to boost this line of research. Recent studies provide the proof of concept that the inhibition of MDM2 E3 activity represents a viable strategy for rescuing p53 activity from MDM2 inhibitory functions. It is likely that settling some open issues such as the site of action of these compounds and their specificity towards E3 ligase enzymes will open in the near feature new horizons in cancer therapy.
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Ehsanian R, Van Waes C, Feller SM. Beyond DNA binding - a review of the potential mechanisms mediating quinacrine's therapeutic activities in parasitic infections, inflammation, and cancers. Cell Commun Signal 2011; 9:13. [PMID: 21569639 PMCID: PMC3117821 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-9-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This is an in-depth review of the history of quinacrine as well as its pharmacokinetic properties and established record of safety as an FDA-approved drug. The potential uses of quinacrine as an anti-cancer agent are discussed with particular attention to its actions on nuclear proteins, the arachidonic acid pathway, and multi-drug resistance, as well as its actions on signaling proteins in the cytoplasm. In particular, quinacrine's role on the NF-κB, p53, and AKT pathways are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ehsanian
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Cell Signalling Group, Department of Molecular Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Carter Van Waes
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephan M Feller
- Cell Signalling Group, Department of Molecular Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
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Dudgeon DD, Shinde SN, Shun TY, Lazo JS, Strock CJ, Giuliano KA, Taylor DL, Johnston PA, Johnston PA. Characterization and optimization of a novel protein-protein interaction biosensor high-content screening assay to identify disruptors of the interactions between p53 and hDM2. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2010; 8:437-58. [PMID: 20662736 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2010.0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We present here the characterization and optimization of a novel imaging-based positional biosensor high-content screening (HCS) assay to identify disruptors of p53-hDM2 protein-protein interactions (PPIs). The chimeric proteins of the biosensor incorporated the N-terminal PPI domains of p53 and hDM2, protein targeting sequences (nuclear localization and nuclear export sequence), and fluorescent reporters, which when expressed in cells could be used to monitor p53-hDM2 PPIs through changes in the subcellular localization of the hDM2 component of the biosensor. Coinfection with the recombinant adenovirus biosensors was used to express the NH-terminal domains of p53 and hDM2, fused to green fluorescent protein and red fluorescent protein, respectively, in U-2 OS cells. We validated the p53-hDM2 PPI biosensor (PPIB) HCS assay with Nutlin-3, a compound that occupies the hydrophobic pocket on the surface of the N-terminus of hDM2 and blocks the binding interactions with the N-terminus of p53. Nutlin-3 disrupted the p53-hDM2 PPIB in a concentration-dependent manner and provided a robust, reproducible, and stable assay signal window that was compatible with HCS. The p53-hDM2 PPIB assay was readily implemented in HCS and we identified four (4) compounds in the 1,280-compound Library of Pharmacologically Active Compounds that activated the p53 signaling pathway and elicited biosensor signals that were clearly distinct from the responses of inactive compounds. Anthracycline (topoisomerase II inhibitors such as mitoxantrone and ellipticine) and camptothecin (topoisomerase I inhibitor) derivatives including topotecan induce DNA double strand breaks, which activate the p53 pathway through the ataxia telangiectasia mutated-checkpoint kinase 2 (ATM-CHK2) DNA damage response pathway. Although mitoxantrone, ellipticine, camptothecin, and topotecan all exhibited concentration-dependent disruption of the p53-hDM2 PPIB, they were much less potent than Nutlin-3. Further, their corresponding cellular images and quantitative HCS data did not completely match the Nutlin-3 phenotypic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew D Dudgeon
- Drug Discovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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Abstract
Environmental stressors such as chemicals and physical agents induce various oxidative stresses and affect human health. To elucidate their underlying mechanisms, etiology and risk, analyses of gene expression signatures in environmental stress-induced human diseases, including neuronal disorders, cancer and diabetes, are crucially important. Recent studies have clarified oxidative stress-induced signaling pathways in human and experimental animals. These pathways are classifiable into several categories: reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism and antioxidant defenses, p53 pathway signaling, nitric oxide (NO) signaling pathway, hypoxia signaling, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand-receptor signaling, and mitochondrial function. This review describes the gene expression signatures through which environmental stressors induce oxidative stress and regulate signal transduction pathways in rodent and human tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sone
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Dudgeon DD, Shinde S, Hua Y, Shun TY, Lazo JS, Strock CJ, Giuliano KA, Taylor DL, Johnston PA, Johnston PA. Implementation of a 220,000-compound HCS campaign to identify disruptors of the interaction between p53 and hDM2 and characterization of the confirmed hits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 15:766-82. [PMID: 20639499 DOI: 10.1177/1087057110375304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, advances in structure-based drug design and the development of an impressive variety of high-throughput screening (HTS) assay formats have yielded an expanding list of protein-protein interaction inhibitors. Despite these advances, protein-protein interaction targets are still widely considered difficult to disrupt with small molecules. The authors present here the results from screening 220,017 compounds from the National Institute of Health's small-molecule library in a novel p53-hDM2 protein-protein interaction biosensor (PPIB) assay. The p53-hDM2 positional biosensor performed robustly and reproducibly throughout the high-content screening (HCS) campaign, and analysis of the multiparameter data from images of the 3 fluorescent channels enabled the authors to identify and eliminate compounds that were cytotoxic or fluorescent artifacts. The HCS campaign yielded 3 structurally related methylbenzo-naphthyridin-5-amine (MBNA) hits with IC(50)s between 30 and 50 microM in the p53-hDM2 PPIB. In HCT116 cells with wild-type (WT) p53, the MBNAs enhanced p53 protein levels, increased the expression of p53 target genes, caused a cell cycle arrest in G1, induced apoptosis, and inhibited cell proliferation with an IC(50) ~4 microM. The prototype disruptor of p53-hDM2 interactions Nutlin-3 was more potent than the MBNAs in the p53-hDM2 PPIB assay but produced equivalent biological results in HCT116 cells WT for p53. Unlike Nutlin-3, however, MBNAs also increased the percentage of apoptosis in p53 null cells and exhibited similar potencies for growth inhibition in isogenic cell lines null for p53 or p21. Neither the MBNAs nor Nutin-3 caused cell cycle arrest in p53 null HCT116 cells. Despite the relatively modest size of the screening library, the combination of a novel p53-hDM2 PPIB assay together with an automated imaging HCS platform and image analysis methods enabled the discovery of a novel chemotype series that disrupts p53-hDM2 interactions in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew D Dudgeon
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Geng Y, Kohli L, Klocke BJ, Roth KA. Chloroquine-induced autophagic vacuole accumulation and cell death in glioma cells is p53 independent. Neuro Oncol 2010; 12:473-81. [PMID: 20406898 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nop048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a high-grade central nervous system malignancy and despite aggressive treatment strategies, GBM patients have a median survival time of just 1 year. Chloroquine (CQ), an antimalarial lysosomotropic agent, has been identified as a potential adjuvant in the treatment regimen of GBMs. However, the mechanism of CQ-induced tumor cell death is poorly defined. We and others have shown that CQ-mediated cell death may be p53-dependent and at least in part due to the intrinsic apoptotic death pathway. Here, we investigated the effects of CQ on 5 established human GBM lines, differing in their p53 gene status. CQ was found to induce a concentration-dependent death in each of these cell lines. Although CQ treatment increased caspase-3-like enzymatic activity in all 5 cell lines, a broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor did not significantly attenuate death. Moreover, CQ caused an accumulation of autophagic vacuoles in all cell lines and was found to affect the levels and subcellular distribution of cathepsin D, suggesting that altered lysosomal function may also play a role in CQ-induced cell death. Thus, CQ can induce p53-independent death in gliomas that do not require caspase-mediated apoptosis. To potentially identify more potent chemotherapeutics, various CQ derivatives and lysosomotropic compounds were tested on the GBM cells. Quinacrine and mefloquine were found to be more potent than CQ in killing GBM cells in vitro and given their superior blood-brain barrier penetration compared with CQ may prove more efficacious as chemotherapeutic agents for GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Geng
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0017, USA
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Erdmann F, Weiwad M, Kilka S, Karanik M, Pätzel M, Baumgrass R, Liebscher J, Fischer G. The novel calcineurin inhibitor CN585 has potent immunosuppressive properties in stimulated human T cells. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:1888-98. [PMID: 19923214 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.024844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin is a key mediator in antigen-specific T cell activation. Thus, inhibitors of calcineurin, such as cyclosporin A or FK506, can block T cell activation and are used as immunosuppressive drugs to prevent graft-versus-host reactions and autoimmune diseases. In this study we describe the identification of 2,6- diaryl-substituted pyrimidine derivatives as a new class of calcineurin inhibitors, obtained by screening of a substance library. By rational design of the parent compound we have attained the derivative 6-(3,4-dichloro-phenyl)-4-(N,N-dimethylaminoethylthio)-2-phenyl-pyrimidine (CN585) that noncompetitively and reversibly inhibits calcineurin activity with a K(i) value of 3.8 mum. This derivative specifically inhibits calcineurin without affecting other Ser/Thr protein phosphatases or peptidyl prolyl cis/trans isomerases. CN585 shows potent immunosuppressive effects by inhibiting NFAT nuclear translocation and transactivation, cytokine production, and T cell proliferation. Moreover, the calcineurin inhibitor exhibits no cytotoxicity in the effective concentration range. Therefore, calcineurin inhibition by CN585 may represent a novel promising strategy for immune intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Erdmann
- Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding, Weinbergweg 22, D-06120 Halle/Saale.
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Dickens MP, Fitzgerald R, Fischer PM. Small-molecule inhibitors of MDM2 as new anticancer therapeutics. Semin Cancer Biol 2010; 20:10-8. [PMID: 19897042 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
It has long been known that traditional anticancer radio- and chemotherapies in part work through direct or indirect activation of the p53 tumour suppressor pathway. However, many of these strategies are nonselective and genotoxic. The emerging understanding of the pathways that regulate p53 has led to the notion that it should be possible to activate the p53 pathway in ways that are inherently nongenotoxic. Important targets for pharmacological interference in this respect are MDM2 and MDMX, key negative regulators of p53. Genetic and pharmacologic studies suggest that blocking the physical interaction of these proteins with p53, or inhibiting the catalytic role of MDM2 in tagging p53 for proteasomal degradation, both of which lead to an increase in the transcriptional activity of p53, may indeed be an efficient and safe way to eradicate tumour cells that retain wild-type p53. Here we review the rationale for such strategies, as well as the current state in the discovery and development of drugs that reactivate p53 by inhibiting its inhibitors MDM2 and MDMX. The first compounds that have been shown in model systems to be able selectively to kill cancer cells in this way are now entering clinical trials and the promise of MDM2 inhibitors as a new therapeutic anticancer modality should therefore become clear in the not-too-distant future.
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Oh HL, Lim H, Cho Y, Koh HC, Kim H, Lim Y, Lee C. HY251, a novel cell cycle inhibitor isolated from Aralia continentalis, induces G1 phase arrest via p53-dependent pathway in HeLa cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:959-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.11.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Dey A, Tergaonkar V, Lane DP. Double-edged swords as cancer therapeutics: simultaneously targeting p53 and NF-kappaB pathways. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008; 7:1031-40. [PMID: 19043452 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The p53 and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathways play crucial roles in human cancer, in which inactivation of p53 and hyperactivation of NF-kappaB is a common occurrence. Activation of p53 and inhibition of NF-kappaB promotes apoptosis. Although drugs are being designed to selectively activate p53 or inhibit NF-kappaB, there is no concerted effort yet to deliberately make drugs that can simultaneously do both. Recent results suggest that a surprising selection of small molecules have this desirable dual activity. In this Review we describe the principles behind such dual activities, describe the current candidate molecules and suggest mechanisms and approaches to their further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwesha Dey
- Laboratory of Cell Cycle Control, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, 138673 Singapore
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50
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Abstract
Effective modulation of structural features and/or functional properties of the major tumor suppressor p53 as a wild-type or cancer-associated mutant protein represents a major challenge in drug development for cancer. p53 is an attractive target for therapeutic design because of its involvement as a mediator of growth arrest and apoptosis after exposure to chemoradiotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Although most clinically used cytotoxic agents target stabilization of wild-type p53, there are a number of approaches that hold promise for reactivation of mutant p53. On the other hand, brief blockade of p53 may reduce toxicity from systemic cytotoxic therapy. Screens for restoration of p53 transcriptional responses in p53-deficient cells may provide a functional means to develop anticancer therapeutics. Structure-based modulation continues to hold promise for development of peptides or small molecules capable of modulation of either wild-type or mutant p53 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Bassett
- Department of Medicine, The Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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