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Prajapati SK, Lekkala L, Yadav D, Jain S, Yadav H. Microbiome and Postbiotics in Skin Health. Biomedicines 2025; 13:791. [PMID: 40299368 PMCID: PMC12025169 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines13040791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2025] [Revised: 03/18/2025] [Accepted: 03/20/2025] [Indexed: 04/30/2025] Open
Abstract
The skin microbiome, a diverse and dynamic ecosystem of microorganisms, plays a pivotal role in maintaining skin health by interacting with skin cells, immune components, and structural barriers. It is essential for skin homeostasis, immune defense, and protection against pathogenic colonization. Dysbiosis in the microbiome has been implicated in numerous dermatological conditions, including acne, eczema, psoriasis, and rosacea. Acne, the most prevalent skin condition, affects up to 85% of individuals at some point in their lives, while eczema and psoriasis impose significant public health and economic burdens. The composition of the skin microbiome varies across skin types and anatomical sites, with sebaceous, moist, and dry areas fostering distinct microbial communities. Emerging therapeutic strategies such as microbiome-targeted treatments offer novel avenues for addressing skin diseases. Among these approaches, postbiotics have gained significant attention for their safety and efficacy. Unlike probiotics, postbiotics are non-viable microbial cells or their metabolites, which reduce safety concerns while providing functional benefits such as UV protection and wound healing. This review consolidates current insights into the role of the skin microbiome in health and disease, emphasizing postbiotics as a promising therapeutic strategy by exploring the clinical and commercial potential of microbiome-based treatments, particularly postbiotics, and their ability to redefine dermatological care and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Prajapati
- USF Center for Microbiome Research, Microbiomes Institute, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (S.K.P.); (L.L.); (D.Y.); (S.J.)
- Center of Excellence in Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Lalitha Lekkala
- USF Center for Microbiome Research, Microbiomes Institute, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (S.K.P.); (L.L.); (D.Y.); (S.J.)
- Center of Excellence in Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Dhananjay Yadav
- USF Center for Microbiome Research, Microbiomes Institute, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (S.K.P.); (L.L.); (D.Y.); (S.J.)
- Center of Excellence in Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Shalini Jain
- USF Center for Microbiome Research, Microbiomes Institute, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (S.K.P.); (L.L.); (D.Y.); (S.J.)
- Center of Excellence in Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Hariom Yadav
- USF Center for Microbiome Research, Microbiomes Institute, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (S.K.P.); (L.L.); (D.Y.); (S.J.)
- Center of Excellence in Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Shen X, Feng R, Zhou R, Zhang Z, Liu K, Wang S. Ceramide as a Promising Tool for Diagnosis and Treatment of Clinical Diseases: A Review of Recent Advances. Metabolites 2025; 15:195. [PMID: 40137159 PMCID: PMC11944470 DOI: 10.3390/metabo15030195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2025] [Accepted: 03/08/2025] [Indexed: 03/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Ceramide, a sphingolipid metabolite, has emerged as a key player in various physiological and pathological processes. Changes in ceramide levels are associated with the occurrence and development of various diseases, highlighting its potential as a biomarker of various clinical diseases. Methods: The biosynthesis and metabolism of ceramide are discussed, along with its functions in cell signaling, apoptosis, and inflammation. This study further examines the potential of ceramide as a biomarker for disease diagnosis and treatment. Results: This article highlights the involvement of ceramide in several diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, dermatosis, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders and metabolic syndromes. For each disease, the potential of ceramide as a biomarker for disease diagnosis and prognosis is explored, and the feasibility of therapeutic strategies targeting ceramide metabolism are reviewed. Additionally, the challenges and future directions in the field of ceramide research are addressed. Conclusions: This review article provides an overview of the recent advances in understanding the role of ceramide in clinical diseases and its potential as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Shen
- School of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China;
| | - Rui Feng
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Center for Scientific Research, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; (R.F.); (Z.Z.)
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China;
| | - Rui Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China;
| | - Zhaoyang Zhang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Center for Scientific Research, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; (R.F.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Kaiyong Liu
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
- Center for Big Data and Population Health, Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Center for Scientific Research, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; (R.F.); (Z.Z.)
- Center for Scientific Research, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
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Jacques C, Jamin EL, Noustens A, Lauze C, Jouanin I, Doat G, Debrauwer L, Bessou-Touya S, Stockfleth E, Duplan H. Multi-omics analysis to evaluate the effects of solar exposure and a broad-spectrum SPF50+ sunscreen on markers of skin barrier function in a skin ecosystem model. Photochem Photobiol 2025; 101:373-385. [PMID: 39054579 DOI: 10.1111/php.14001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Sun exposure induces major skin alterations, but its effects on skin metabolites and lipids remain largely unknown. Using an original reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) model colonized with human microbiota and supplemented with human sebum, we previously showed that a single dose of simulated solar radiation (SSR) significantly impacted the skin metabolome and microbiota. In this article, we further analyzed SSR-induced changes on skin metabolites and lipids in the same RHE model. Among the significantly altered metabolites (log2-fold changes with p ≤ 0.05), we found several natural moisturizing factors (NMFs): amino acids, lactate, glycerol, urocanic acid, pyrrolidone carboxylic acid and derivatives. Analyses of the stratum corneum lipids also showed that SSR induced lower levels of free fatty acids and higher levels of ceramides, cholesterols and its derivatives. An imbalance in NMFs and ceramides combined to an increase of proinflammatory lipids may participate in skin permeability barrier impairment, dehydration and inflammatory reaction to the sun. Our skin model also allowed the evaluation of an innovative ultraviolet/blue light (UV/BL) broad-spectrum sunscreen with a high sun protection factor (SPF50+). We found that using this sunscreen prior to SSR exposure could in part prevent SSR-induced alterations in NMFs and lipids in the skin ecosystem RHE model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Jacques
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique et Personal Care, Centre R&D Pierre Fabre, Toulouse, France
| | - Emilien L Jamin
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
- MetaboHUB-MetaToul, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, France
| | - Anais Noustens
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique et Personal Care, Centre R&D Pierre Fabre, Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Lauze
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique et Personal Care, Centre R&D Pierre Fabre, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Jouanin
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
- MetaboHUB-MetaToul, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, France
| | - Gautier Doat
- Laboratoires Eau thermale Avène, Cauquillous, Lavaur, France
| | - Laurent Debrauwer
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
- MetaboHUB-MetaToul, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandrine Bessou-Touya
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique et Personal Care, Centre R&D Pierre Fabre, Toulouse, France
| | - Eggert Stockfleth
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hélène Duplan
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique et Personal Care, Centre R&D Pierre Fabre, Toulouse, France
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Wu J, Li L, Zhang T, Lu J, Tai Z, Zhu Q, Chen Z. The epidermal lipid-microbiome loop and immunity: Important players in atopic dermatitis. J Adv Res 2025; 68:359-374. [PMID: 38460775 PMCID: PMC11785582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The promotion of epidermal barrier dysfunction is attributed to abnormalities in the lipid-microbiome positive feedback loop which significantly influences the imbalance of the epithelial immune microenvironment (EIME) in atopic dermatitis (AD). This imbalance encompasses impaired lamellar membrane integrity, heightened exposure to epidermal pathogens, and the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. The lipid-microbiome loop is substantially influenced by intense adaptive immunity which is triggered by abnormal loop activity and affects the loop's integrity through the induction of atypical lipid composition and responses to dysregulated epidermal microbes. Immune responses participate in lipid abnormalities within the EIME by downregulating barrier gene expression and are further cascade-amplified by microbial dysregulation which is instigated by barrier impairment. AIM OF REVIEW This review examines the relationship between abnormal lipid composition, microbiome disturbances, and immune responses in AD while progressively substantiating the crosstalk mechanism among these factors. Based on this analysis, the "lipid-microbiome" positive feedback loop, regulated by immune responses, is proposed. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW The review delves into the impact of adaptive immune responses that regulate the EIME, driving AD, and investigates potential mechanisms by which lipid supplementation and probiotics may alleviate AD through the up-regulation of the epidermal barrier and modulation of immune signaling. This exploration offers support for targeting the EIME to attenuate AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Wu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Lisha Li
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Tingrui Zhang
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Jiaye Lu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Zongguang Tai
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Topical Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China.
| | - Quangang Zhu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Topical Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China.
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Topical Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China.
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Yong TL, Zaman R, Rehman N, Tan CK. Ceramides and Skin Health: New Insights. Exp Dermatol 2025; 34:e70042. [PMID: 39912256 DOI: 10.1111/exd.70042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 01/11/2025] [Accepted: 01/22/2025] [Indexed: 02/07/2025]
Abstract
Ceramide has transitioned from an incidental discovery to a vital element in skincare, becoming a thoroughly studied compound in the quest to treat skin conditions. Creating a moisture barrier, preserving hydration, regulating pH, controlling inflammation, and enhancing skin functions and appearance are among its established benefits. It is often used medically to repair skin barrier defects, as observed in inflammatory skin conditions like atopic dermatitis (AD) and dry skin types. Furthermore, ceramide and its metabolites are commonly used as predictors before disease manifestation and for prognostication processes, thus can be used as biomarker for clinical diagnosis as well. In the last couple of decades, momentum was also seen in the pre-clinical studies involving anti-cancer and nanotechnology field, whereby ceramide was also used as a drug, a carrier, or even adjunct formulation to increase efficacy of treatment such as chemotherapy. Approaches to increase ceramide levels include directly replenishing lost ceramides with natural extracts, synthetic pseudo-ceramides, or ceramide-like analogues, as well as using supplements that stimulate the body's natural ceramide production. Although ceramide is a well-known treatment in skincare and for common skin conditions like AD and psoriasis, its development and related pharmacology for severe skin conditions, such as skin cancer, remain in pre-clinical stages. Hence, the purpose of this research is to explore the role of ceramide in skin health and its application in common skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze Lek Yong
- School of Healthy Aging, Aesthetic and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rahela Zaman
- School of Healthy Aging, Aesthetic and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Chung Keat Tan
- School of Healthy Aging, Aesthetic and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Kreouzi M, Theodorakis N, Nikolaou M, Feretzakis G, Anastasiou A, Kalodanis K, Sakagianni A. Skin Microbiota: Mediator of Interactions Between Metabolic Disorders and Cutaneous Health and Disease. Microorganisms 2025; 13:161. [PMID: 39858932 PMCID: PMC11767725 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms13010161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2024] [Revised: 01/05/2025] [Accepted: 01/14/2025] [Indexed: 01/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, and metabolic syndrome, are systemic conditions that profoundly impact the skin microbiota, a dynamic community of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and mites essential for cutaneous health. Dysbiosis caused by metabolic dysfunction contributes to skin barrier disruption, immune dysregulation, and increased susceptibility to inflammatory skin diseases, including psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and acne. For instance, hyperglycemia in T2DM leads to the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which bind to the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) on keratinocytes and immune cells, promoting oxidative stress and inflammation while facilitating Staphylococcus aureus colonization in atopic dermatitis. Similarly, obesity-induced dysregulation of sebaceous lipid composition increases saturated fatty acids, favoring pathogenic strains of Cutibacterium acnes, which produce inflammatory metabolites that exacerbate acne. Advances in metabolomics and microbiome sequencing have unveiled critical biomarkers, such as short-chain fatty acids and microbial signatures, predictive of therapeutic outcomes. For example, elevated butyrate levels in psoriasis have been associated with reduced Th17-mediated inflammation, while the presence of specific Lactobacillus strains has shown potential to modulate immune tolerance in atopic dermatitis. Furthermore, machine learning models are increasingly used to integrate multi-omics data, enabling personalized interventions. Emerging therapies, such as probiotics and postbiotics, aim to restore microbial diversity, while phage therapy selectively targets pathogenic bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus without disrupting beneficial flora. Clinical trials have demonstrated significant reductions in inflammatory lesions and improved quality-of-life metrics in patients receiving these microbiota-targeted treatments. This review synthesizes current evidence on the bidirectional interplay between metabolic disorders and skin microbiota, highlighting therapeutic implications and future directions. By addressing systemic metabolic dysfunction and microbiota-mediated pathways, precision strategies are paving the way for improved patient outcomes in dermatologic care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalini Kreouzi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amalia Fleming General Hospital, 14, 25th Martiou Str., 15127 Athens, Greece;
| | - Nikolaos Theodorakis
- NT-CardioMetabolics, Clinic for Metabolism and Athletic Performance, 47 Tirteou Str., 17564 Palaio Faliro, Greece;
- Department of Cardiology & Preventive Cardiology Outpatient Clinic, Amalia Fleming General Hospital, 14, 25th Martiou Str., 15127 Melissia, Greece;
- School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias, 11527 Athens, Greece
- School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, 18 Aristotelous Str., 26335 Patras, Greece
| | - Maria Nikolaou
- Department of Cardiology & Preventive Cardiology Outpatient Clinic, Amalia Fleming General Hospital, 14, 25th Martiou Str., 15127 Melissia, Greece;
| | - Georgios Feretzakis
- School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, 18 Aristotelous Str., 26335 Patras, Greece
| | - Athanasios Anastasiou
- Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece;
| | - Konstantinos Kalodanis
- Department of Informatics & Telematics, Harokopio University of Athens, 17676 Kallithea, Greece;
| | - Aikaterini Sakagianni
- Intensive Care Unit, Sismanogleio General Hospital, 37 Sismanogleiou Str., 15126 Marousi, Greece
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Du B, Shama A, Zhang Y, Chen B, Bu Y, Chen PA, Lin C, Liu J, Zheng J, Li Z, Chen Q, Sun Y, Fu X. Gut microbiota and plasma metabolites in pregnant mothers and infant atopic dermatitis: A multi-omics study. World Allergy Organ J 2025; 18:101017. [PMID: 39850616 PMCID: PMC11754505 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2024.101017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 11/08/2024] [Accepted: 12/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2025] Open
Abstract
Background Many studies reported the influence of infants' gut microbiota on atopic dermatitis (AD) postnatally, yet the role of maternal gut microbiota and plasma metabolites in infants' AD remains largely unexplored. Methods Sixty-three pregnant mother-infants were enrolled and followed after childbirth in Guangzhou, China. Demographic information, maternal stool and plasma samples, and records for infants' AD were collected. Maternal gut microbiota/metabolome and plasma metabolome were profiled using shotgun metagenomics and non-targeted metabolomics. Logistic regression and multi-omics analysis were used to explore characteristic maternal gut microbiota in the AD and health groups. Results The α-diversity of maternal gut microbiota in health group was significantly higher than AD group (Shannon diversity P = 0.02, Simpson diversity P = 0.04). Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) producing microorganisms, including Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Butyricicoccus, and Ruminococcus, as well as the abundance of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis pathway, were enriched in health group (LDA>2 and P < 0.05). Virulent factors (VFs) involved in immune modulation were enriched in the health group, while VFs involving in adhesin were enriched in the AD group (P < 0.05). Metabolomic analysis showed that a polyunsaturated fatty acid/linoleic acid, 13S-hydroxyoctadecadienoic, were negatively associated with AD in both the gut and plasma samples (FDR<0.05). Several other linoleic acids and flavonoids were negatively associated with AD (FDR<0.05). Neural network analysis revealed that microorganisms enriched in health group may produce these protective fatty acids. Conclusions Our findings show that maternal gut microorganisms/metabolites and plasma metabolites during pregnancy impact subsequent pathogenesis of infants AD. This illuminates new strategies against early AD in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqian Du
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, PR China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102200, PR China
| | - Aga Shama
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Baolan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yongqi Bu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Pei-an Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Chuzhi Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jie Liu
- Maternity and Child Health Hospital of Baiyun District, Guangzhou, 510400, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Juan Zheng
- Maternity and Child Health Hospital of Baiyun District, Guangzhou, 510400, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Zhenjun Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102200, PR China
| | - Qingsong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for the Development Biology and Environmental Adaptation of Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xi Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, PR China
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Rousel J, Mergen C, Bergmans ME, Klarenbeek NB, der Kolk TNV, van Doorn MBA, Bouwstra JA, Rissmann R. Lesional Psoriasis is Associated With Alterations in the Stratum Corneum Ceramide Profile and Concomitant Decreases in Barrier Function. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e15185. [PMID: 39382258 DOI: 10.1111/exd.15185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease associated with an impaired skin barrier. The skin barrier function is dependent on the extracellular lipid matrix which surrounds the corneocytes in the stratum corneum. Ceramides comprise essential components of this matrix. Alterations in the stratum corneum ceramide profile have been directly linked to barrier dysfunction and might be an underlying factor of the barrier impairment in psoriasis. In this study, we investigated the ceramide profile and barrier function in psoriasis. Lesional and non-lesional skin of 26 patients and 10 healthy controls were analysed using in-depth ceramide lipidomics by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Barrier function was assessed by measuring transepidermal water loss. Lesional skin showed a significant decrease in the abundance of total ceramides with significant alterations in the ceramide subclass composition compared to control and non-lesional skin. Additionally, the percentage of monounsaturated ceramides was significantly increased, and the average ceramide chain length significantly decreased in lesional skin. Altogether, this resulted in a markedly different profile compared to controls for lesional skin, but not for non-lesional skin. Importantly, the reduced barrier function in lesional psoriasis correlated to alterations in the ceramide profile, highlighting their interdependence. By assessing the parameters 2 weeks apart, we are able to highlight the reproducibility of these findings, which further affirms this connection. To conclude, we show that changes in the ceramide profile and barrier impairment are observed in, and limited to, lesional psoriatic skin. Their direct correlation provides a further mechanistic basis for the concomitantly observed impairment of barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Rousel
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine Mergen
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Menthe E Bergmans
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Martijn B A van Doorn
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joke A Bouwstra
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Rissmann
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Blaess M, Csuk R, Schätzl T, Deigner HP. Elongation of Very Long-Chain Fatty Acids (ELOVL) in Atopic Dermatitis and the Cutaneous Adverse Effect AGEP of Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9344. [PMID: 39273293 PMCID: PMC11395647 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disease, in particular among infants, and is characterized, among other things, by a modification in fatty acid and ceramide composition of the skin's stratum corneum. Palmitic acid and stearic acid, along with C16-ceramide and 2-hydroxy C16-ceramide, occur strikingly in AD. They coincide with a simultaneous decrease in very long-chain ceramides and ultra-long-chain ceramides, which form the outermost lipid barrier. Ceramides originate from cellular sphingolipid/ceramide metabolism, comprising a well-orchestrated network of enzymes involving various ELOVLs and CerSs in the de novo ceramide synthesis and neutral and acid CERase in degradation. Contrasting changes in long-chain ceramides and very long-chain ceramides in AD can be more clearly explained by the compartmentalization of ceramide synthesis. According to our hypothesis, the origin of increased C16-ceramide and 2-hydroxy C16-ceramide is located in the lysosome. Conversely, the decreased ultra-long-chain and very long-chain ceramides are the result of impaired ELOVL fatty acid elongation. The suggested model's key elements include the lysosomal aCERase, which has pH-dependent long-chain C16-ceramide synthase activity (revaCERase); the NADPH-activated step-in enzyme ELOVL6 for fatty acid elongation; and the coincidence of impaired ELOVL fatty acid elongation and an elevated lysosomal pH, which is considered to be the trigger for the altered ceramide biosynthesis in the lysosome. To maintain the ELOVL6 fatty acid elongation and the supply of NADPH and ATP to the cell, the polyunsaturated PPARG activator linoleic acid is considered to be one of the most suitable compounds. In the event that the increase in lysosomal pH is triggered by lysosomotropic compounds, compounds that disrupt the transmembrane proton gradient or force the breakdown of lysosomal proton pumps, non-HLA-classified AGEP may result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Blaess
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, D-78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - René Csuk
- Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes, Str. 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Teresa Schätzl
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, D-78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Deigner
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, D-78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute IZI, Leipzig, EXIM Department, Schillingallee 68, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
- Faculty of Science, Tuebingen University, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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Yang XP, Liu YY, Zhang CY, Huang KK, Han SS, Liang BY, Lin Y. An Observational Study: Association Between Atopic Dermatitis and Bacterial Colony of the Skin Based on 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2024; 17:1649-1659. [PMID: 39050561 PMCID: PMC11268436 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s464431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Aim Atopic dermatitis (AD) often accompanies skin infections, and bacterial skin infections often cause persistent and worsening symptoms. In this study, we explored the key changes in the microbiota of AD patients, as well as the effects of different ages and the severity of rash on changes in the microbiota. Patients and Methods A total of 95 AD patients and 77 healthy volunteers were recruited. The AD patients were divided into three groups based age and three groups according to the EASI score. Microorganisms collected from the skin were analyzed through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, revealing species diversity via α and β diversity analyses. Species compositions were compared at the phylum and genus levels. The significance of skin microbiota at the genus level was assessed using the random forest algorithm. Finally, the impact of relationships between different microbial communities on the microbial community composition and the pathogenesis of AD was explored using Pearson correlation coefficients. Results The species diversity of the skin microbiota in the AD group significantly decreased. Compared with that in the healthy volunteers (HV) group, the bacterial diversity in the two groups of samples significantly differed. Staphylococcus dominated the bacterial communities, and as AD symptoms gradually worsened, the abundance of Staphylococcus gradually increased. Among all bacterial genera with a relative abundance greater than 1%, Staphylococcus showed a negative correlation with other genera, and showed significant consistency in specimens from different age groups. Conclusion Changes in the abundance of Staphylococcus in the skin bacterial colonies are the main cause of AD. Brevundimonas, Paracoccus, Corynebacterium, and Veillonella may serve as characteristic biomarkers for AD. These results indicate that altering the microbiota composition of the skin may aid in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Ping Yang
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying-Yao Liu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cai-Yun Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Dongguan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai-Kai Huang
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shan-Shan Han
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bao-Ying Liang
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Lin
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Li Z, Zhao C, Chen R, Li M, Wang F, Hao C, Li R, Zhang Y, Xu Y. Gut microbiota, skin microbiota, and alopecia areata: A Mendelian randomization study. Skin Res Technol 2024; 30:e13845. [PMID: 39031933 PMCID: PMC11259542 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational studies have shown an association between skin microbiota and alopecia areata (AA), but the causal connection remains ambiguous. METHODS We obtained data on skin microbiota and AA from summary statistics of Genome-Wide Association Studies and applied statistical methods from Mendelian randomization (MR) to assess causal relationships. Additionally, we investigated whether the skin microbiota acts as a mediator in the pathway from gut microbiota to AA. RESULTS In the MR analysis of KORA FF4 and AA, the inverse-variance weighting method indicated that Corynebacterium (odds ratio [OR] = 0.82, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.70-0.96, p = 0.02) and asv037 (OR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.76-0.99, p = 0.05) exerted protective effects, while Betaproteobacteria (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.01-1.44, p = 0.03), asv015 (OR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.05-1.54, p = 0.02), and Burkholderiales (OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.04-1.38, p = 0.01) were identified as risk factors in AA. In the MR analysis of PopGen and AA, asv001 (OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.01-1.24, p = 0.04), asv054 (OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.01-1.25, p = 0.03), and asv059 (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.02-1.27, p = 0.02) were found to potentially increase the risk in AA. Furthermore, in the influence of gut microbiota on AA, the skin microbiota did not act as a mediator. CONCLUSION Our analysis suggests potential causal relationships between certain skin microbiota and AA, revealing insights into its pathogenesis and potential intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zishun Li
- Second Clinical Medical CollegeHenan University of Traditional Chinese MedicineZhengzhouChina
| | - Changpu Zhao
- Second Clinical Medical CollegeHenan University of Traditional Chinese MedicineZhengzhouChina
- Department of Hepatobiliary and GastroenterologyHenan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese medicineZhengzhouChina
| | - Renwu Chen
- Second Clinical Medical CollegeHenan University of Traditional Chinese MedicineZhengzhouChina
| | - Meiling Li
- Second Clinical Medical CollegeHenan University of Traditional Chinese MedicineZhengzhouChina
| | - Fei Wang
- Second Clinical Medical CollegeHenan University of Traditional Chinese MedicineZhengzhouChina
| | - Chenyuan Hao
- Second Clinical Medical CollegeHenan University of Traditional Chinese MedicineZhengzhouChina
| | - Rongzhi Li
- Second Clinical Medical CollegeHenan University of Traditional Chinese MedicineZhengzhouChina
| | - Yu Zhang
- Second Clinical Medical CollegeHenan University of Traditional Chinese MedicineZhengzhouChina
| | - Yuying Xu
- Second Clinical Medical CollegeHenan University of Traditional Chinese MedicineZhengzhouChina
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12
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Chu V, Ong PY. Constant vigilance! Managing threats to the skin barrier. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2024; 132:678-685. [PMID: 38360106 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Skin barrier defects are one of the primary causes of atopic dermatitis (AD). The basis of skin barrier defects in AD is due to a deficiency in various barrier proteins including filaggrin, involucrin, claudins, and lipids such as ceramide, fatty acids, and cholesterol. This review updates a more detailed lipid dysregulation in the skin barrier of AD based on recent lipidomic analysis. The clinical implications, treatments, prevention, and predictive capability of skin barrier defects are also reviewed. DATA SOURCES Published literature obtained through PubMed searches. STUDY SELECTIONS Studies relevant to the mechanisms, clinical implications, treatments, prevention, and predictors of AD development. RESULTS Skin barrier defects contribute to transepidermal water loss, infections, IgE sensitizations, and cutaneous inflammation in AD. Preventive treatments include daily hydration and application of moisturizers. Because skin barrier defects precede the development of AD, they provide an opportunity for prediction and intervention. CONCLUSION Skin barrier defects play an important role in the comorbidities of AD including infectious complications, disease flare, and allergic diathesis. Current research focuses on prevention and prediction of AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Peck Y Ong
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
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13
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Paller AS, Scharschmidt TC, Kezic S, Irvine AD. Preclinical Atopic Dermatitis Skin in Infants: An Emerging Research Area. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:1001-1009. [PMID: 38573278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Whereas clinically apparent atopic dermatitis (AD) can be confirmed by validated diagnostic criteria, the preclinical phenotype of infants who eventually develop AD is less well-characterized. Analogous to unaffected or nonlesional skin in established AD, clinically normal-appearing skin in infants who will develop clinical AD has distinct changes. Prospective studies have revealed insights into this preclinical AD phenotype. In this study, we review the structural, immunologic, and microbiome nature of the preclinical AD phenotype. Determination of markers that predict the development of AD will facilitate targeting of interventions to prevent the development or reduce the severity of AD in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Paller
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| | - Tiffany C Scharschmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sanja Kezic
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alan D Irvine
- Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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14
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Saheb Kashaf S, Kong HH. Adding Fuel to the Fire? The Skin Microbiome in Atopic Dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:969-977. [PMID: 38530677 PMCID: PMC11034722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a multifactorial, heterogeneous disease characterized by epidermal barrier dysfunction, immune system dysregulation, and skin microbiome alterations. Skin microbiome studies in AD have demonstrated that disease flares are associated with microbial shifts, particularly Staphylococcus aureus predominance. AD-associated S. aureus strains differ from those in healthy individuals across various genomic loci, including virulence factors, adhesion proteins, and proinflammatory molecules-which may contribute to complex microbiome barrier-immune system interactions in AD. Different microbially based treatments for AD have been explored, and their future therapeutic successes will depend on a deeper understanding of the potential microbial contributions to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Saheb Kashaf
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Heidi H Kong
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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15
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Kim S, Kang BG, Sa S, Park SY, Ryu K, Lee J, Park B, Kwon M, Kim Y, Kim J, Shin S, Jang S, Kim BE, Bae J, Ahn K, Liu KH, Kim J. Advanced fructo-oligosaccharides improve itching and aberrant epidermal lipid composition in children with atopic dermatitis. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1383779. [PMID: 38741747 PMCID: PMC11089124 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1383779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The effects of fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) on atopic dermatitis (AD) have not been determined. Methods In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, children with AD aged 24 months to 17 years received either advanced FOS containing 4.25 g of 1-kestose or a placebo (maltose) for 12 weeks. Results The SCORAD and itching scores were reduced in patients treated with both FOS (all p < 0.01) and maltose (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01). Sleep disturbance was improved only in the FOS group (p < 0.01). The FOS group revealed a decreased proportion of linoleic acid (18:2) esterified omega-hydroxy-ceramides (EOS-CERs) with amide-linked shorter chain fatty acids (C28 and C30, all p < 0.05), along with an increased proportion of EOS-CERs with longer chain fatty acids (C32, p < 0.01). Discussion FOS may be beneficial in alleviating itching and sleep disturbance, as well as improving skin barrier function in children with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukyung Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bae-Gon Kang
- BK21 FOUR Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonok Sa
- Food R&D, Samyang Corporation, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Young Park
- Food R&D, Samyang Corporation, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungheon Ryu
- Food R&D, Samyang Corporation, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Boram Park
- Biomedical Statistics Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mijeong Kwon
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonghee Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghee Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehun Jang
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Eui Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Jaewoong Bae
- R&D Institute, BioEleven Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangmo Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyeon Liu
- BK21 FOUR Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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16
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW As the incidence of allergic conditions has increased in recent decades, the effects of climate change have been implicated. There is also increased knowledge on the effects of other physical influences, such as scratching and Staphylococcus aureus . The skin barrier is the first line of defense to the external environment, so understanding the ways that these factors influence skin barrier dysfunction is important. RECENT FINDINGS Although the impact on environmental exposures has been well studied in asthma and other allergic disorders, there is now more literature on the effects of temperature, air pollution, and detergents on the skin barrier. Factors that cause skin barrier dysfunction include extreme temperatures, air pollution (including greenhouse gases and particulate matter), wildfire smoke, pollen, scratching, S. aureus, and detergents. SUMMARY Understanding the ways that external insults affect the skin barrier is important to further understand the mechanisms in order to inform the medical community on treatment and prevention measures for atopic conditions.
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17
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de Boer FL, van der Molen HF, Kezic S. Epidermal biomarkers of the skin barrier in atopic and contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2023; 89:221-229. [PMID: 37571977 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the skin barrier plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of inflammatory skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis and contact dermatitis. Epidermal biomarkers can aid in evaluating the functionality of the skin barrier and understanding the mechanisms that underlay its impairment. This narrative review provides an overview of recent studies on epidermal biomarkers associated with the function and integrity of the skin barrier, and their application in research on atopic dermatitis and contact dermatitis. The reviewed studies encompass a wide spectrum of molecular, morphological and biophysical biomarkers, mainly obtained from stratum corneum tape strips and biopsies. Lipids, natural moisturizing factors, and structural proteins are the most frequently reported molecular biomarkers. Additionally, corneocyte surface topography and elasticity show potential as biomarkers for assessing the physical barrier of the skin. In contact dermatitis studies, biomarkers are commonly employed to evaluate skin irritation and differentiate between irritant and allergic contact dermatitis. In atopic dermatitis, biomarkers are primarily utilized to identify differences between atopic and healthy skin, for predictive purposes, and monitoring response to therapies. While this overview identifies potential biomarkers for the skin barrier, their validation as epidermal biomarkers for atopic dermatitis and contact dermatitis has yet to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L de Boer
- Public and Occupational Health Department, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H F van der Molen
- Public and Occupational Health Department, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Kezic
- Public and Occupational Health Department, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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