1
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Paller AS, Scharschmidt TC, Kezic S, Irvine AD. Preclinical Atopic Dermatitis Skin in Infants: An Emerging Research Area. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:1001-1009. [PMID: 38573278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Whereas clinically apparent atopic dermatitis (AD) can be confirmed by validated diagnostic criteria, the preclinical phenotype of infants who eventually develop AD is less well-characterized. Analogous to unaffected or nonlesional skin in established AD, clinically normal-appearing skin in infants who will develop clinical AD has distinct changes. Prospective studies have revealed insights into this preclinical AD phenotype. In this study, we review the structural, immunologic, and microbiome nature of the preclinical AD phenotype. Determination of markers that predict the development of AD will facilitate targeting of interventions to prevent the development or reduce the severity of AD in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Paller
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| | - Tiffany C Scharschmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sanja Kezic
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alan D Irvine
- Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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2
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Dhariwala MO, DeRogatis AM, Okoro JN, Weckel A, Tran VM, Habrylo I, Ojewumi OT, Tammen AE, Leech JM, Merana GR, Carale RO, Barrere-Cain R, Hiam-Galvez KJ, Spitzer MH, Scharschmidt TC. Commensal myeloid crosstalk in neonatal skin regulates long-term cutaneous type 17 inflammation. bioRxiv 2023:2023.09.29.560039. [PMID: 37873143 PMCID: PMC10592812 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.29.560039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Early life microbe-immune interactions at barrier surfaces have lasting impacts on the trajectory towards health versus disease. Monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells are primary sentinels in barrier tissues, yet the salient contributions of commensal-myeloid crosstalk during tissue development remain poorly understood. Here, we identify that commensal microbes facilitate accumulation of a population of monocytes in neonatal skin. Transient postnatal depletion of these monocytes resulted in heightened IL-17A production by skin T cells, which was particularly sustained among CD4+ T cells into adulthood and sufficient to exacerbate inflammatory skin pathologies. Neonatal skin monocytes were enriched in expression of negative regulators of the IL-1 pathway. Functional in vivo experiments confirmed a key role for excessive IL-1R1 signaling in T cells as contributing to the dysregulated type 17 response in neonatal monocyte-depleted mice. Thus, a commensal-driven wave of monocytes into neonatal skin critically facilitates long-term immune homeostasis in this prominent barrier tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miqdad O. Dhariwala
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Andrea M. DeRogatis
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Joy N. Okoro
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA USA
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Antonin Weckel
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Victoria M. Tran
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA USA
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Irek Habrylo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA USA
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA USA
| | | | - Allison E. Tammen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA USA
| | - John M. Leech
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Geil R. Merana
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA USA
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Ricardo O. Carale
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Rio Barrere-Cain
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Kamir J. Hiam-Galvez
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Matthew H. Spitzer
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA USA
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3
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Weckel A, Dhariwala MO, Ly K, Tran VM, Ojewumi OT, Riggs JB, Gonzalez JR, Dwyer LR, Okoro JN, Leech JM, Bacino MS, Cho GD, Merana G, Anandasabapathy N, Kumamoto Y, Scharschmidt TC. Long-term tolerance to skin commensals is established neonatally through a specialized dendritic cell subgroup. Immunity 2023; 56:1239-1254.e7. [PMID: 37028427 PMCID: PMC10330031 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Early-life establishment of tolerance to commensal bacteria at barrier surfaces carries enduring implications for immune health but remains poorly understood. Here, we showed that tolerance in skin was controlled by microbial interaction with a specialized subset of antigen-presenting cells. More particularly, CD301b+ type 2 conventional dendritic cells (DCs) in neonatal skin were specifically capable of uptake and presentation of commensal antigens for the generation of regulatory T (Treg) cells. CD301b+ DC2 were enriched for phagocytosis and maturation programs, while also expressing tolerogenic markers. In both human and murine skin, these signatures were reinforced by microbial uptake. In contrast to their adult counterparts or other early-life DC subsets, neonatal CD301b+ DC2 highly expressed the retinoic-acid-producing enzyme, RALDH2, the deletion of which limited commensal-specific Treg cell generation. Thus, synergistic interactions between bacteria and a specialized DC subset critically support early-life tolerance at the cutaneous interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonin Weckel
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Dermatology, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Miqdad O Dhariwala
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Dermatology, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kevin Ly
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Dermatology, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; University of California, San Francisco, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Victoria M Tran
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Dermatology, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; University of California, San Francisco, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Oluwasunmisola T Ojewumi
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Dermatology, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Julianne B Riggs
- University of California, San Francisco, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeanmarie R Gonzalez
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Dermatology, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; University of California, San Francisco, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Laura R Dwyer
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Dermatology, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; University of California, San Francisco, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Joy N Okoro
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Dermatology, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - John M Leech
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Dermatology, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Margot S Bacino
- University of California, San Francisco, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences Graduate Program, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Grace D Cho
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Dermatology, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Infectious Diseases, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Geil Merana
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Dermatology, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Niroshana Anandasabapathy
- Department of Dermatology, Meyer Cancer Center, Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yosuke Kumamoto
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Tiffany C Scharschmidt
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Dermatology, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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4
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Gonzalez JR, Celli A, Weckel A, Dhariwala MO, Merana GR, Ojewumi OT, Okoro J, Dwyer LR, Tran VM, Meyer JM, Mauro TM, Scharschmidt TC. FLG Deficiency in Mice Alters the Early-Life CD4 + T-Cell Response to Skin Commensal Bacteria. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 143:790-800.e12. [PMID: 36496196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
FLG variants underlie ichthyosis vulgaris and increased risk of atopic dermatitis, conditions typified by disruption of the skin microbiome and cutaneous immune response. Yet, it remains unclear whether neonatal skin barrier compromise because of FLG deficiency alters the quality of commensal-specific T cells and the functional impact of such responses. To address these questions, we profiled changes in the skin barrier and early cutaneous immune response of neonatal C57BL/6 Flg‒/‒ and wild-type mice using single-cell RNA sequencing, flow cytometry, and other modalities. Flg‒/‒ neonates showed little alteration in transepidermal water loss or lipid- or corneocyte-related gene expression. However, they showed increases in barrier disruption genes, epidermal dye penetration, and numbers of skin CD4+ T cells. Using an engineered strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis 2W) to study the response to neonatal skin colonization, we found that commensal-specific CD4+ T cells were skewed in Flg‒/‒ pups toward effector rather than regulatory T cells. This altered response persisted into adulthood, where it was typified by T helper 17 (Th17) cells and associated with increased susceptibility to imiquimod-induced skin inflammation. Thus, subtle but impactful differences in neonatal barrier function in Flg‒/‒ mice are accompanied by a skewed commensal-specific CD4+ response, with enduring consequences for skin immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanmarie R Gonzalez
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anna Celli
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Dermatology Service, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Antonin Weckel
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Miqdad O Dhariwala
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Geil R Merana
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Oluwasunmisola T Ojewumi
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joy Okoro
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Laura R Dwyer
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Victoria M Tran
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jason M Meyer
- Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennesse, USA
| | - Theodora M Mauro
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Dermatology Service, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tiffany C Scharschmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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5
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Dhariwala MO, Scharschmidt TC. The best offense is a good beta-defensin. Immunity 2022; 55:1586-1588. [PMID: 36103856 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The full range of receptors through which antimicrobial peptides exert their immunologic effects remains incompletely explored. Dong and colleagues identify Mgrpra2 as a G-coupled protein receptor on neutrophils, for which keratinocyte-derived Beta-defensins serve as key ligands. Binding of Mgrpra2 leads to release of neutrophil granules and Il-1β, which helps shape skin microbiome composition and augments cutaneous defense against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miqdad O Dhariwala
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany C Scharschmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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6
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Merana GR, Dwyer LR, Dhariwala MO, Weckel A, Gonzalez JR, Okoro JN, Cohen JN, Tamaki CM, Han J, Tasoff P, Palacios-Calderon Y, Ha CWY, Lynch SV, Segre JA, Kong HH, Kattah MG, Ma A, Scharschmidt TC. Intestinal inflammation alters the antigen-specific immune response to a skin commensal. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110891. [PMID: 35649365 PMCID: PMC9248974 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resident microbes in skin and gut predominantly impact local immune cell function during homeostasis. However, colitis-associated neutrophilic skin disorders suggest possible breakdown of this compartmentalization with disease. Using a model wherein neonatal skin colonization by Staphylococcus epidermidis facilitates generation of commensal-specific tolerance and CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), we ask whether this response is perturbed by gut inflammation. Chemically induced colitis is accompanied by intestinal expansion of S. epidermidis and reduces gut-draining lymph node (dLN) commensal-specific Tregs. It also results in reduced commensal-specific Tregs in skin and skin-dLNs and increased skin neutrophils. Increased CD4+ circulation between gut and skin dLN suggests that the altered cutaneous response is initiated in the colon, and resistance to colitis-induced effects in Cd4creIl1r1fl/fl mice implicate interleukin (IL)-1 in mediating the altered commensal-specific response. These findings provide mechanistic insight into observed connections between inflammatory skin and intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geil R Merana
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Laura R Dwyer
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Miqdad O Dhariwala
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Antonin Weckel
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeanmarie R Gonzalez
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Joy N Okoro
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jarish N Cohen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Courtney M Tamaki
- Parnassus Flow Cytometry CoLab, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, 94143, USA
| | - Jungmin Han
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Preston Tasoff
- Benioff Center for Microbiome Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Connie W Y Ha
- Benioff Center for Microbiome Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Susan V Lynch
- Benioff Center for Microbiome Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Julia A Segre
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Heidi H Kong
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael G Kattah
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Averil Ma
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tiffany C Scharschmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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7
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Abstract
Our skin is the interface through which we mediate lifelong interactions with our surrounding environment. Initial development of the skin's epidermis, adnexal structures, and barrier function is necessary for normal cutaneous microbial colonization, immune development, and prevention of disease. Early life microbial exposures can have unique and long-lasting impacts on skin health. The identity of neonatal skin microbes and the context in which they are first encountered, i.e., through a compromised skin barrier or in conjunction with cutaneous inflammation, can have additional short- and long-term health consequences. Here, we discuss key attributes of infant skin and endogenous and exogenous factors that shape its relationship to the early life cutaneous microbiome, with a focus on their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Dwyer
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany C Scharschmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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8
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Dhariwala MO, Scharschmidt TC. Baby's skin bacteria: first impressions are long-lasting. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:1088-1099. [PMID: 34743922 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Early life is a dynamic period for skin microbial colonization and immune development. We postulate that microbial exposures in this period durably alter the skin immune trajectory and later disease susceptibility. Bacteria contribute to infant skin immune imprinting via interactions with microbes as well as with cutaneous epithelial and immune cells. Excellent research is underway at the skin microbiome-immune interface, both in deciphering basic mechanisms and implementing their therapeutic applications. As emphasized herein, focusing on the unique opportunities and challenges presented by microbial immune modulation in early life will be important. In our view, only through dedicated study of skin-microbe crosstalk in this developmental window can we elucidate the molecular underpinnings of pivotal events that contribute to sustained host-microbe symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miqdad O Dhariwala
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tiffany C Scharschmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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9
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Mehta P, Gouirand V, Boda DP, Zhang J, Gearty SV, Zirak B, Lowe MM, Clancy S, Boothby I, Mahuron KM, Fries A, Krummel MF, Mankoo P, Chang HW, Liu J, Moreau JM, Scharschmidt TC, Daud A, Kim E, Neuhaus IM, Harris HW, Liao W, Rosenblum MD. Layilin Anchors Regulatory T Cells in Skin. J Immunol 2021; 207:1763-1775. [PMID: 34470859 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) reside in nonlymphoid tissues where they carry out unique functions. The molecular mechanisms responsible for Treg accumulation and maintenance in these tissues are relatively unknown. Using an unbiased discovery approach, we identified LAYN (layilin), a C-type lectin-like receptor, to be preferentially and highly expressed on a subset of activated Tregs in healthy and diseased human skin. Expression of layilin on Tregs was induced by TCR-mediated activation in the presence of IL-2 or TGF-β. Mice with a conditional deletion of layilin in Tregs had reduced accumulation of these cells in tumors. However, these animals somewhat paradoxically had enhanced immune regulation in the tumor microenvironment, resulting in increased tumor growth. Mechanistically, layilin expression on Tregs had a minimal effect on their activation and suppressive capacity in vitro. However, expression of this molecule resulted in a cumulative anchoring effect on Treg dynamic motility in vivo. Taken together, our results suggest a model whereby layilin facilitates Treg adhesion in skin and, in doing so, limits their suppressive capacity. These findings uncover a unique mechanism whereby reduced Treg motility acts to limit immune regulation in nonlymphoid organs and may help guide strategies to exploit this phenomenon for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Mehta
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Victoire Gouirand
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Devi P Boda
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jingxian Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sofia V Gearty
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Bahar Zirak
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Margaret M Lowe
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sean Clancy
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ian Boothby
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kelly M Mahuron
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Adam Fries
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and
| | - Matthew F Krummel
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and
| | | | - Hsin-Wen Chang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jared Liu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Joshua M Moreau
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Adil Daud
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Esther Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Isaac M Neuhaus
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Hobart W Harris
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Wilson Liao
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Michael D Rosenblum
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA;
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10
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Moreau JM, Dhariwala MO, Gouirand V, Boda DP, Boothby IC, Lowe MM, Cohen JN, Macon CE, Leech JM, Kalekar LA, Scharschmidt TC, Rosenblum MD. Regulatory T cells promote innate inflammation after skin barrier breach via TGF-β activation. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:6/62/eabg2329. [PMID: 34452925 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abg2329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) use multiple mechanisms to attenuate inflammation and prevent autoimmunity. Tregs residing in peripheral (i.e., nonlymphoid) tissues have specialized functions; specifically, skin Tregs promote wound healing, suppress dermal fibrosis, facilitate epidermal regeneration, and augment hair follicle cycling. Here, we demonstrated that skin Tregs were transcriptionally attuned to interact with their tissue environment through increased expression of integrin and TGF-β pathway genes that influence epithelial cell biology. We identified a molecular pathway where skin Tregs license keratinocytes to promote innate inflammation after skin barrier breach. Using a single-cell discovery approach, we identified preferential expression of the integrin αvβ8 on skin Tregs Upon skin injury, Tregs used this integrin to activate latent TGF-β, which acted directly on epithelial cells to promote CXCL5 production and neutrophil recruitment. Induction of this circuit delayed epidermal regeneration but provided protection from Staphylococcus aureus infection across a compromised barrier. Thus, αvβ8-expressing Tregs in the skin, somewhat paradoxical to their canonical immunosuppressive functions, facilitated inflammation acutely after loss of barrier integrity to promote host defense against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Moreau
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Miqdad O Dhariwala
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Victoire Gouirand
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Devi P Boda
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ian C Boothby
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Margaret M Lowe
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jarish N Cohen
- Department of Pathology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Courtney E Macon
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John M Leech
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lokesh A Kalekar
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany C Scharschmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael D Rosenblum
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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11
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Gonzalez JR, Merana GR, Scharschmidt TC. Hair of the mouse: A skin bacteria "cocktail" gets follicles back on their feet. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:742-744. [PMID: 33984276 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Microbes can boost cutaneous immune defense and skin reparative capacity. However, mechanistic understanding, especially of the latter, remains sparse. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Wang et al. (2021) shed light on this, demonstrating that bacteria contribute to hair follicle neogenesis after skin wounding via keratinocyte-intrinsic IL-1R1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanmarie R Gonzalez
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Geil R Merana
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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12
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Dhariwala MO, Karthikeyan D, Vasquez KS, Farhat S, Weckel A, Taravati K, Leitner EG, Clancy S, Pauli M, Piper ML, Cohen JN, Ashouri JF, Lowe MM, Rosenblum MD, Scharschmidt TC. Developing Human Skin Contains Lymphocytes Demonstrating a Memory Signature. Cell Rep Med 2020; 1:100132. [PMID: 33294857 PMCID: PMC7691438 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytes in barrier tissues play critical roles in host defense and homeostasis. These cells take up residence in tissues during defined developmental windows, when they may demonstrate distinct phenotypes and functions. Here, we utilized mass and flow cytometry to elucidate early features of human skin immunity. Although most conventional αβ T (Tconv) cells in fetal skin have a naive, proliferative phenotype, a subset of CD4+ Tconv and CD8+ cells demonstrate memory-like features and a propensity for interferon (IFN)γ production. Skin regulatory T cells dynamically accumulate over the second trimester in temporal and regional association with hair follicle development. These fetal skin regulatory T cells (Tregs) demonstrate an effector memory phenotype while differing from their adult counterparts in expression of key effector molecules. Thus, we identify features of prenatal skin lymphocytes that may have key implications for understanding antigen and allergen encounters in utero and in infancy. CyTOF reveals a complex lymphocyte landscape in developing human skin Developing skin contains CD45RO+ conventional T cells with propensity to produce IFNγ Regulatory T cells (Tregs) in skin before birth display effector memory properties Skin Tregs increase in conjunction with initial hair follicle morphogenesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Miqdad O Dhariwala
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Dhuvarakesh Karthikeyan
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kimberly S Vasquez
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sepideh Farhat
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Antonin Weckel
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Keyon Taravati
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Leitner
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sean Clancy
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mariela Pauli
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Merisa L Piper
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jarish N Cohen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Judith F Ashouri
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Margaret M Lowe
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michael D Rosenblum
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tiffany C Scharschmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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13
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Boothby IC, Gonzalez JR, Scharschmidt TC. Atlas of atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 145:1558-1559. [PMID: 32344054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Boothby
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif; Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif; Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Jeanmarie R Gonzalez
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Tiffany C Scharschmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif.
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14
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Constantinides MG, Link VM, Tamoutounour S, Wong AC, Perez-Chaparro PJ, Han SJ, Chen YE, Li K, Farhat S, Weckel A, Krishnamurthy SR, Vujkovic-Cvijin I, Linehan JL, Bouladoux N, Merrill ED, Roy S, Cua DJ, Adams EJ, Bhandoola A, Scharschmidt TC, Aubé J, Fischbach MA, Belkaid Y. MAIT cells are imprinted by the microbiota in early life and promote tissue repair. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.84.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Early-life microbial colonization has been shown to impart long-lasting effects on host fitness. Because mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are predominantly located in tissues colonized by the microbiota and characterized by their recognition of microbial-derived riboflavin intermediates, they are thought to be particularly dependent on the microbiota. However, little is known about their development and how they contribute to tissue physiology. MAIT cells accumulated in barrier tissues between 2 and 3 weeks of age, suggesting that MAIT cells develop during a very specific temporal window and in response to defined microbial exposure. The isolation of early-life intestinal commensals and subsequent colonization of neonatal germ-free mice with defined bacteria induced MAIT cell development. Conversely, colonization later in life failed to promote their development within tissues, indicating that microbial exposure must occur during an early-life window. Following their development, MAIT cells represented a dominant type-17 subset in the skin and cutaneous MAIT cells uniquely expressed a transcriptional program associated with tissue repair. Cutaneous MAIT cells responded locally to skin commensals in a manner that required IL-1 and IL-18, as well as MR1-mediated presentation of riboflavin metabolites. Topical application of a riboflavin derivative selectively increased MAIT cells in the skin and was sufficient to promote cutaneous wound healing. Our work demonstrates that MAIT cells are induced during a specific early-life window in response to riboflavin-synthesizing commensals, which permanently imprints the abundance of this subset in tissues, thereby controlling tissue repair and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Verena M. Link
- 1National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - Samira Tamoutounour
- 1National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | | | | | - Seong-Ji Han
- 1National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | | | - Kelin Li
- 4University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | | | | | - Ivan Vujkovic-Cvijin
- 1National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - Jonathan L. Linehan
- 1National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - Nicolas Bouladoux
- 1National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - E. Dean Merrill
- 1National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | | | | | | | - Avinash Bhandoola
- 8Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
| | | | | | | | - Yasmine Belkaid
- 1National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
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15
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Constantinides MG, Link VM, Tamoutounour S, Wong AC, Perez-Chaparro PJ, Han SJ, Chen YE, Li K, Farhat S, Weckel A, Krishnamurthy SR, Vujkovic-Cvijin I, Linehan JL, Bouladoux N, Merrill ED, Roy S, Cua DJ, Adams EJ, Bhandoola A, Scharschmidt TC, Aubé J, Fischbach MA, Belkaid Y. MAIT cells are imprinted by the microbiota in early life and promote tissue repair. Science 2020; 366:366/6464/eaax6624. [PMID: 31649166 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax6624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
How early-life colonization and subsequent exposure to the microbiota affect long-term tissue immunity remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the development of mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells relies on a specific temporal window, after which MAIT cell development is permanently impaired. This imprinting depends on early-life exposure to defined microbes that synthesize riboflavin-derived antigens. In adults, cutaneous MAIT cells are a dominant population of interleukin-17A (IL-17A)-producing lymphocytes, which display a distinct transcriptional signature and can subsequently respond to skin commensals in an IL-1-, IL-18-, and antigen-dependent manner. Consequently, local activation of cutaneous MAIT cells promotes wound healing. Together, our work uncovers a privileged interaction between defined members of the microbiota and MAIT cells, which sequentially controls both tissue-imprinting and subsequent responses to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Constantinides
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Verena M Link
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Samira Tamoutounour
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrea C Wong
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - P Juliana Perez-Chaparro
- NIAID Microbiome Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Seong-Ji Han
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Y Erin Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kelin Li
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sepideh Farhat
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Antonin Weckel
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Siddharth R Krishnamurthy
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ivan Vujkovic-Cvijin
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jonathan L Linehan
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicolas Bouladoux
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,NIAID Microbiome Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - E Dean Merrill
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sobhan Roy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Daniel J Cua
- Merck & Co., Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Erin J Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Avinash Bhandoola
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michael A Fischbach
- Department of Bioengineering and ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. .,NIAID Microbiome Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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16
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Gonzalez JR, Scharschmidt TC. Elucidating the Role of the Skin Barrier Protein Filaggrin in the Adaptive Immune Response to Commensals. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.06483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Lowe MM, Boothby I, Clancy S, Ahn RS, Liao W, Nguyen DN, Schumann K, Marson A, Mahuron KM, Kingsbury GA, Liu Z, Munoz Sandoval P, Rodriguez RS, Pauli ML, Taravati K, Arron ST, Neuhaus IM, Harris HW, Kim EA, Shin US, Krummel MF, Daud A, Scharschmidt TC, Rosenblum MD. Regulatory T cells use arginase 2 to enhance their metabolic fitness in tissues. JCI Insight 2019; 4:129756. [PMID: 31852848 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.129756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinct subsets of Tregs reside in nonlymphoid tissues where they mediate unique functions. To interrogate the biology of tissue Tregs in human health and disease, we phenotypically and functionally compared healthy skin Tregs with those in peripheral blood, inflamed psoriatic skin, and metastatic melanoma. The mitochondrial enzyme, arginase 2 (ARG2), was preferentially expressed in Tregs in healthy skin, increased in Tregs in metastatic melanoma, and reduced in Tregs from psoriatic skin. ARG2 enhanced Treg suppressive capacity in vitro and conferred a selective advantage for accumulation in inflamed tissues in vivo. CRISPR-mediated deletion of this gene in primary human Tregs was sufficient to skew away from a tissue Treg transcriptional signature. Notably, the inhibition of ARG2 increased mTOR signaling, whereas the overexpression of this enzyme suppressed it. Taken together, our results suggest that Tregs express ARG2 in human tissues to both regulate inflammation and enhance their metabolic fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian Boothby
- Department of Dermatology.,Medical Scientist Training Program
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zheng Liu
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Esther A Kim
- Department of Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Uk Sok Shin
- Department of Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
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18
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Leech JM, Dhariwala MO, Lowe MM, Chu K, Merana GR, Cornuot C, Weckel A, Ma JM, Leitner EG, Gonzalez JR, Vasquez KS, Diep BA, Scharschmidt TC. Toxin-Triggered Interleukin-1 Receptor Signaling Enables Early-Life Discrimination of Pathogenic versus Commensal Skin Bacteria. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 26:795-809.e5. [PMID: 31784259 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The host must develop tolerance to commensal microbes and protective responses to infectious pathogens, yet the mechanisms enabling a privileged relationship with commensals remain largely unknown. Skin colonization by commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis facilitates immune tolerance preferentially in neonates via induction of antigen-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs). Here, we demonstrate that this tolerance is not indiscriminately extended to all bacteria encountered in this early window. Rather, neonatal colonization by Staphylococcus aureus minimally enriches for antigen-specific Tregs and does not prevent skin inflammation upon later-life exposure. S. aureus α-toxin contributes to this response by stimulating myeloid cell production of IL-1β, which limits S. aureus-specific Tregs. Loss of α-toxin or the IL-1 receptor increases Treg enrichment, whereas topical application of IL-1β or α-toxin diminishes tolerogenic responses to S. epidermidis. Thus, the preferential activation of a key alarmin pathway facilitates early discrimination of microbial "foe" from "friend," thereby preventing tolerance to a common skin pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Leech
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Miqdad O Dhariwala
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Margaret M Lowe
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Chu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Geil R Merana
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Clémence Cornuot
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Antonin Weckel
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jessica M Ma
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Leitner
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeanmarie R Gonzalez
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kimberly S Vasquez
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Binh An Diep
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany C Scharschmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Remedios KA, Zirak B, Sandoval PM, Lowe MM, Boda D, Henley E, Bhattrai S, Scharschmidt TC, Liao W, Naik HB, Rosenblum MD. The TNFRSF members CD27 and OX40 coordinately limit T H17 differentiation in regulatory T cells. Sci Immunol 2019; 3:3/30/eaau2042. [PMID: 30578350 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aau2042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are closely related to TH17 cells and use aspects of the TH17-differentiation program for optimal immune regulation. In several chronic inflammatory human diseases, Tregs express IL-17A, suggesting that dysregulation of TH17-associated pathways in Tregs may result in either loss of suppressive function and/or conversion into pathogenic cells. The pathways that regulate the TH17 program in Tregs are poorly understood. We have identified two TNF receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) members, CD27 and OX40, that are preferentially expressed by skin-resident Tregs Both CD27 and OX40 signaling suppressed the expression of TH17-associated genes from Tregs in a cell-intrinsic manner in vitro and in vivo. However, only OX40 played a nonredundant role in promoting Treg accumulation. Tregs that lacked both CD27 and OX40 were defective in controlling skin inflammation and expressed high levels of IL-17A, as well as the master TH17 transcription factor, RORγt. Last, we found that CD27 expression was inversely correlated with Treg IL-17 production in skin of patients with psoriasis and hidradenitis suppurativa. Together, our results suggest that TNFRSF members play both redundant and distinct roles in regulating Treg plasticity in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Remedios
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Bahar Zirak
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Margaret M Lowe
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Devi Boda
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Evan Henley
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Shrishti Bhattrai
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Wilson Liao
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Haley B Naik
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michael D Rosenblum
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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20
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21
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Paller AS, Kong HH, Seed P, Naik S, Scharschmidt TC, Gallo RL, Luger T, Irvine AD. The microbiome in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:26-35. [PMID: 30476499 PMCID: PMC7163929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As an interface with the environment, the skin is a complex ecosystem colonized by many microorganisms that coexist in an established balance. The cutaneous microbiome inhibits colonization with pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus, and is a crucial component for function of the epidermal barrier. Moreover, crosstalk between commensals and the immune system is now recognized because microorganisms can modulate both innate and adaptive immune responses. Host-commensal interactions also have an effect on the developing immune system in infants and, subsequently, the occurrence of diseases, such as asthma and atopic dermatitis (AD). Later in life, the cutaneous microbiome contributes to the development and course of skin disease. Accordingly, in patients with AD, a decrease in microbiome diversity correlates with disease severity and increased colonization with pathogenic bacteria, such as S aureus. Early clinical studies suggest that topical application of commensal organisms (eg, Staphylococcus hominis or Roseomonas mucosa) reduces AD severity, which supports an important role for commensals in decreasing S aureus colonization in patients with AD. Advancing knowledge of the cutaneous microbiome and its function in modulating the course of skin disorders, such as AD, might result in novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Paller
- Dermatology and Infectious Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and the Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.
| | - Heidi H Kong
- Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, Md
| | - Patrick Seed
- Dermatology and Infectious Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and the Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| | - Shruti Naik
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Thomas Luger
- Dermatology, University of Muenster, Munster, Germany
| | - Alan D Irvine
- Paediatric Dermatology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, National Children's Research Centre and Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
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22
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Chang HW, Yan D, Singh R, Liu J, Lu X, Ucmak D, Lee K, Afifi L, Fadrosh D, Leech J, Vasquez KS, Lowe MM, Rosenblum MD, Scharschmidt TC, Lynch SV, Liao W. Alteration of the cutaneous microbiome in psoriasis and potential role in Th17 polarization. Microbiome 2018; 6:154. [PMID: 30185226 PMCID: PMC6125946 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0533-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis impacts 1-3% of the world's population and is characterized by hyper-proliferation of keratinocytes and increased inflammation. At the molecular level, psoriasis is commonly driven by a Th17 response, which serves as a major therapeutic target. Microbiome perturbations have been associated with several immune-mediated diseases such as atopic dermatitis, asthma, and multiple sclerosis. Although a few studies have investigated the association between the skin microbiome and psoriasis, conflicting results have been reported plausibly due to the lack of standardized sampling and profiling protocols, or to inherent microbial variability across human subjects and underpowered studies. To better understand the link between the cutaneous microbiota and psoriasis, we conducted an analysis of skin bacterial communities of 28 psoriasis patients and 26 healthy subjects, sampled at six body sites using a standardized protocol and higher sequencing depth compared to previous studies. Mouse studies were employed to examine dermal microbial-immune interactions of bacterial species identified from our study. RESULTS Skin microbiome profiling based on sequencing the 16S rRNA V1-V3 variable region revealed significant differences between the psoriasis-associated and healthy skin microbiota. Comparing the overall community structures, psoriasis-associated microbiota displayed higher diversity and more heterogeneity compared to healthy skin bacterial communities. Specific microbial signatures were associated with psoriatic lesional, psoriatic non-lesional, and healthy skin. Specifically, relative enrichment of Staphylococcus aureus was strongly associated with both lesional and non-lesional psoriatic skin. In contrast, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes were underrepresented in psoriatic lesions compared to healthy skin, especially on the arm, gluteal fold, and trunk. Employing a mouse model to further study the impact of cutaneous Staphylcoccus species on the skin T cell differentiation, we found that newborn mice colonized with Staphylococcus aureus demonstrated strong Th17 polarization, whereas mice colonized with Staphylococcus epidermidis or un-colonized controls showed no such response. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that microbial communities on psoriatic skin is substantially different from those on healthy skin. The psoriatic skin microbiome has increased diversity and reduced stability compared to the healthy skin microbiome. The loss of community stability and decrease in immunoregulatory bacteria such as Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes may lead to higher colonization with pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, which could exacerbate cutaneous inflammation along the Th17 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Wen Chang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | - Di Yan
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Rasnik Singh
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Jared Liu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | - Xueyan Lu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
- Dermatology Department, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Derya Ucmak
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Dicle University School of Medicine, 21280, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Kristina Lee
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | - Ladan Afifi
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Douglas Fadrosh
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - John Leech
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | - Kimberly S Vasquez
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | - Margaret M Lowe
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | - Michael D Rosenblum
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | | | - Susan V Lynch
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Wilson Liao
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA.
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23
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Abstract
There is increasing interest in the contribution of microbes to skin disease. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Gimblet et al. (2017) demonstrate that cutaneous leishmaniasis alters the human skin microbiota. In mice, this dysbiosis is transferable to naive animals, where it augments skin inflammation and disease severity.
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24
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Dhariwala MO, Scharschmidt TC. Skin Commensal Antigens: Taking the Road Less Traveled. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:259-261. [PMID: 29478772 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although our knowledge of host-commensal interactions has increased exponentially, the mechanisms linking a specific commensal, its detection by the immune system, and its impact on tissue function are still often poorly understood. In a recent study in Cell, Linehan et al. dissect one of these interactions in the context of the skin, and demonstrate that Staphylococcus epidermidis antigens, presented through a non-classical pathway, drive the accumulation of CD8+ T cells that promote wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miqdad O Dhariwala
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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25
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Scharschmidt TC. Fighting staph: Not child’s play. Sci Transl Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aar7518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies to
Staphylococcus aureus
alpha-toxin are acquired in adolescence and augmented by infection or colonization.
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26
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Saeed L, Schmidt TH, Gensler LS, Gross AJ, Fox LP, Scharschmidt TC, Gaensler K, Naik H, Rosenblum MA, Shinkai K. Successful treatment of mucous membrane pemphigoid with bortezomib. JAAD Case Rep 2017; 4:81-83. [PMID: 29387757 PMCID: PMC5771728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Saeed
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Timothy H. Schmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Lianne S. Gensler
- Division of Rheumatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Andrew J. Gross
- Division of Rheumatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Lindy P. Fox
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Tiffany C. Scharschmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Karin Gaensler
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Haley Naik
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Michael A. Rosenblum
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Kanade Shinkai
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Correspondence to: Kanade Shinkai, MD, PhD, University of California, San Francisco, Department of Dermatology, 1701 Divisadero Street, 3rd floor, San Francisco, CA 94115.University of California, San FranciscoDepartment of Dermatology1701 Divisadero Street3rd floorSan FranciscoCA94115
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27
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Scharschmidt TC. S. aureus
induces IL-36 to start the itch. Sci Transl Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aar2445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Epicutaneous exposure to
Staphylococcus aureus
phenol-soluble modulin alpha peptides facilitates IL-36–dependent skin inflammation.
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28
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Scharschmidt TC. Growing good bugs with mom’s milk. Sci Transl Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aap8172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A strain of
Propionibacterium
found in the gut of breast milk–fed infants confers immune protective effects that may mitigate risk of necrotizing enterocolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany C. Scharschmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany C. Scharschmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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30
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Abstract
IFN-γ directs homeostatic differentiation of tissue APCs but may subvert aspects of tumor immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany C. Scharschmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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31
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Scharschmidt TC. A vitamin to D-crease sunburn. Sci Transl Med 2017; 9:9/394/eaan5233. [PMID: 28615360 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aan5233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
High doses of oral vitamin D3 attenuate skin inflammation following experimentally induced sun damage.
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32
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Scharschmidt TC. Measuring inflammation in IBD with an OSM-ostat. Sci Transl Med 2017; 9:9/388/eaan3777. [PMID: 28469037 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aan3777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Oncostatin M is elevated in inflammatory bowel disease, wherein it may promote intestinal stroma cell inflammation and predict nonresponsiveness to anti-TNF therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany C Scharschmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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33
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Abstract
Commensal bacteria live intimately and in constant dialogue with skin immune cells. Regulating our immune response to these bacteria is critical for skin homeostasis. Using a new murine model to track Staphylococcus epidermidis-specific T cells, we found that colonization during neonatal but not adult life led to S.epidermidis-specific immune tolerance. This tolerance protected against skin inflammation and was mediated by a wave of regulatory T cells entering neonatal skin. These findings provide new insight into how we establish a healthy symbiosis with commensal microbes and highlight avenues for future research to identify novel therapies for inflammatory skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany C Scharschmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, 1701 Divisadero Street, 3rd Floor, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.
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34
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Scharschmidt TC, Vasquez KS, Pauli ML, Leitner EG, Chu K, Truong HA, Lowe MM, Sanchez Rodriguez R, Ali N, Laszik ZG, Sonnenburg JL, Millar SE, Rosenblum MD. Commensal Microbes and Hair Follicle Morphogenesis Coordinately Drive Treg Migration into Neonatal Skin. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 21:467-477.e5. [PMID: 28343820 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are required to establish immune tolerance to commensal microbes. Tregs accumulate abruptly in the skin during a defined window of postnatal tissue development. However, the mechanisms mediating Treg migration to neonatal skin are unknown. Here we show that hair follicle (HF) development facilitates the accumulation of Tregs in neonatal skin and that upon skin entry these cells localize to HFs, a primary reservoir for skin commensals. Further, germ-free neonates had reduced skin Tregs indicating that commensal microbes augment Treg accumulation. We identified Ccl20 as a HF-derived, microbiota-dependent chemokine and found its receptor, Ccr6, to be preferentially expressed by Tregs in neonatal skin. The Ccl20-Ccr6 pathway mediated Treg migration in vitro and in vivo. Thus, HF morphogenesis, commensal microbe colonization, and local chemokine production work in concert to recruit Tregs into neonatal skin, thereby establishing this tissue Treg niche early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany C Scharschmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Kimberly S Vasquez
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Mariela L Pauli
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Leitner
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Kevin Chu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Hong-An Truong
- Immuno-Oncology Group, Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
| | - Margaret M Lowe
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Robert Sanchez Rodriguez
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Niwa Ali
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Zoltan G Laszik
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Justin L Sonnenburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sarah E Millar
- Departments of Dermatology and Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael D Rosenblum
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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35
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Scharschmidt TC. When TLRs fail, IgG has your back. Sci Transl Med 2017; 9:9/382/eaan0768. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aan0768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Inherited TIRAP deficiency confers susceptibility to staphylococcal disease via impaired TLR2 and TLR4 responses, which can be rescued by bacteria-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany C. Scharschmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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36
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Scharschmidt TC, Vasquez KS, Truong HA, Gearty SV, Pauli ML, Nosbaum A, Gratz IK, Otto M, Moon JJ, Liese J, Abbas AK, Fischbach MA, Rosenblum MD. A Wave of Regulatory T Cells into Neonatal Skin Mediates Tolerance to Commensal Microbes. Immunity 2016; 43:1011-21. [PMID: 26588783 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The skin is a site of constant dialog between the immune system and commensal bacteria. However, the molecular mechanisms that allow us to tolerate the presence of skin commensals without eliciting destructive inflammation are unknown. Using a model system to study the antigen-specific response to S. epidermidis, we demonstrated that skin colonization during a defined period of neonatal life was required for establishing immune tolerance to commensal microbes. This crucial window was characterized by an abrupt influx of highly activated regulatory T (Treg) cells into neonatal skin. Selective inhibition of this Treg cell wave completely abrogated tolerance. Thus, the host-commensal relationship in the skin relied on a unique Treg cell population that mediated tolerance to bacterial antigens during a defined developmental window. This suggests that the cutaneous microbiome composition in neonatal life is crucial in shaping adaptive immune responses to commensals, and disrupting these interactions might have enduring health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany C Scharschmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kimberly S Vasquez
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Hong-An Truong
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sofia V Gearty
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mariela L Pauli
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Audrey Nosbaum
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Iris K Gratz
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Michael Otto
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James J Moon
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jan Liese
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Abul K Abbas
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michael A Fischbach
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michael D Rosenblum
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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37
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Nosbaum A, Prevel N, Truong HA, Mehta P, Ettinger M, Scharschmidt TC, Ali NH, Pauli ML, Abbas AK, Rosenblum MD. Cutting Edge: Regulatory T Cells Facilitate Cutaneous Wound Healing. J Immunol 2016; 196:2010-4. [PMID: 26826250 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells (Tregs) reside in tissues where they control inflammation and mediate tissue-specific functions. The skin of mice and humans contain a large number of Tregs; however, the mechanisms of how these cells function in skin remain largely unknown. In this article, we show that Tregs facilitate cutaneous wound healing. Highly activated Tregs accumulated in skin early after wounding, and specific ablation of these cells resulted in delayed wound re-epithelialization and kinetics of wound closure. Tregs in wounded skin attenuated IFN-γ production and proinflammatory macrophage accumulation. Upon wounding, Tregs induce expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Lineage-specific deletion of EGFR in Tregs resulted in reduced Treg accumulation and activation in wounded skin, delayed wound closure, and increased proinflammatory macrophage accumulation. Taken together, our results reveal a novel role for Tregs in facilitating skin wound repair and suggest that they use the EGFR pathway to mediate these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Nosbaum
- International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon University, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Prevel
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Hong-An Truong
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Pooja Mehta
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Monika Ettinger
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Tiffany C Scharschmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Niwa H Ali
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Mariela L Pauli
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Abul K Abbas
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Michael D Rosenblum
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
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38
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Abstract
Our skin is home to a rich community of microorganisms. Recent advances in sequencing technology have allowed more accurate enumeration of these human-associated microbiota and investigation of their genomic content. Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium and Propionibacterium represent the dominant bacterial genera on skin and illustrate how bacteria adapt to life in this harsh environment and also provide us with unique benefits. In healthy states, our skin peacefully co-exists with commensal bacteria while fending off potentially dangerous invaders. Disruption of this equilibrium, termed "dysbiosis", can result from changes in the composition of our skin bacteria, an altered immune response to them, or both and may be a driving factor in certain types of inflammatory skin disease. Engineering topical therapeutics to favourably influence the composition of our skin flora and optimize interactions with them represents a real therapeutic opportunity for the field of dermatology and warrants additional investigation into skin microbial ecology and disease mechanisms related to host-microbe dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany C Scharschmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, 1701 Divisadero Street, 3 Floor, San Francisco, CA 94115
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39
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Scharschmidt TC, Amerson EH, Rosenberg OS, Jacobs RA, McCalmont TH, Shinkai K. Immune reconstitution reactions in human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients: report of a case and review of the literature. JAMA Dermatol 2013; 149:74-8. [PMID: 23324760 DOI: 10.1001/2013.jamadermatol.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is a phenomenon initially described in patients with human immunodeficiency virus. Upon initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy, recovery of cellular immunity triggers inflammation to a preexisting infection or antigen that causes paradoxical worsening of clinical disease. A similar phenomenon can occur in human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients, including pregnant women, neutropenic hosts, solid-organ or stem cell transplant recipients, and patients receiving tumor necrosis factor inhibitors. OBSERVATIONS We report a case of leprosy unmasking and downgrading reaction after stem cell transplantation that highlights some of the challenges inherent to the diagnosis of IRIS, especially in patients without human immunodeficiency virus infection, as well as review the spectrum of previously reported cases of IRIS reactions in this population. CONCLUSIONS The mechanism of immune reconstitution reactions is complex and variable, depending on the underlying antigen and the mechanism of immunosuppression or shift in immune status. Use of the term IRIS can aid our recognition of an important phenomenon that occurs in the setting of immunosuppression or shifts in immunity but should not deter us from thinking critically about the distinct processes that underlie this heterogeneous group of conditions.
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40
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Scharschmidt TC, Yost JM, Truong SV, Steinhoff M, Wang KC, Berger TG. Neurogenic rosacea: a distinct clinical subtype requiring a modified approach to treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 147:123-6. [PMID: 21242409 DOI: 10.1001/archdermatol.2010.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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41
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Scharschmidt TC, Man MQ, Hatano Y, Crumrine D, Gunathilake R, Sundberg JP, Silva KA, Mauro TM, Hupe M, Cho S, Wu Y, Celli A, Schmuth M, Feingold KR, Elias PM. Filaggrin deficiency confers a paracellular barrier abnormality that reduces inflammatory thresholds to irritants and haptens. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 124:496-506, 506.e1-6. [PMID: 19733297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Revised: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the human filaggrin gene (FLG) are associated with atopic dermatitis (AD) and are presumed to provoke a barrier abnormality. Yet additional acquired stressors might be necessary because the same mutations can result in a noninflammatory disorder, ichthyosis vulgaris. OBJECTIVE We examined here whether FLG deficiency alone suffices to produce a barrier abnormality, the basis for the putative abnormality, and its proinflammatory consequences. METHODS By using the flaky-tail mouse, which lacks processed murine filaggrin because of a frameshift mutation in the gene encoding profilaggrin that mimics some mutations in human AD, we assessed whether FLG deficiency provokes a barrier abnormality, further localized the defect, identified its subcellular basis, and assessed thresholds to irritant- and hapten-induced dermatitis. RESULTS Flaky-tail mice exhibit low-grade inflammation with increased bidirectional, paracellular permeability of water-soluble xenobiotes caused by impaired lamellar body secretion and altered stratum corneum extracellular membranes. This barrier abnormality correlates with reduced inflammatory thresholds to both topical irritants and haptens. Moreover, when exposed repeatedly to topical haptens at doses that produce no inflammation in wild-type mice, flaky-tail mice experience a severe AD-like dermatosis with a further deterioration in barrier function and features of a T(H)2 immunophenotype (increased CRTH levels plus inflammation, increased serum IgE levels, and reduced antimicrobial peptide [mBD3] expression). CONCLUSIONS FLG deficiency alone provokes a paracellular barrier abnormality in mice that reduces inflammatory thresholds to topical irritants/haptens, likely accounting for enhanced antigen penetration in FLG-associated AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany C Scharschmidt
- Department of Dermatology, Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, Calif 94121, USA
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42
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List K, Currie B, Scharschmidt TC, Szabo R, Shireman J, Molinolo A, Cravatt BF, Segre J, Bugge TH. Autosomal ichthyosis with hypotrichosis syndrome displays low matriptase proteolytic activity and is phenocopied in ST14 hypomorphic mice. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:36714-23. [PMID: 17940283 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705521200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human autosomal recessive ichthyosis with hypotrichosis (ARIH) is an inherited disorder recently linked to homozygosity for a point mutation in the ST14 gene that causes a G827R mutation in the matriptase serine protease domain (G216 in chymotrypsin numbering). Here we show that human G827R matriptase has strongly reduced proteolytic activity toward small molecule substrates, as well as toward its candidate epidermal target, prostasin. To further investigate the possible contribution of low matriptase activity to ARIH, we generated an ST14 hypomorphic mouse strain that displays a 100-fold reduction in epidermal matriptase mRNA levels. Interestingly, unlike ST14 null mice, ST14 hypomorphic mice were viable and fertile but displayed a spectrum of abnormalities that strikingly resembled ARIH. Thus, ST14 hypomorphic mice developed hyperproliferative and retention ichthyosis with impaired desquamation, hypotrichosis with brittle, thin, uneven, and sparse hair, and tooth defects. Biochemical analysis of ST14 hypomorphic epidermis revealed reduced prostasin proteolytic activation and profilaggrin proteolytic processing, compatible with a primary role of matriptase in this process. This work strongly indicates that reduced activity of a matriptase-prostasin proteolytic cascade is the etiological origin of human ARIH and provides an important mouse model for the exploration of matriptase function in ARIH, as well as multiple other physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin List
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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43
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An J, Tzagarakis-Foster C, Scharschmidt TC, Lomri N, Leitman DC. Estrogen receptor beta-selective transcriptional activity and recruitment of coregulators by phytoestrogens. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:17808-14. [PMID: 11279159 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m100953200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens used in hormone replacement therapy regimens may increase the risk of developing breast cancer. Paradoxically, high consumption of plant-derived phytoestrogens, particularly soybean isoflavones, is associated with a low incidence of breast cancer. To explore the molecular basis for these potential different clinical outcomes, we investigated whether soybean isoflavones elicit distinct transcriptional actions from estrogens. Our results demonstrate that the estrogen 17beta-estradiol effectively triggers the transcriptional activation and repression pathways with both estrogen receptors (ERs) ERalpha and ERbeta. In contrast, soybean isoflavones (genistein, daidzein, and biochanin A) are ERbeta-selective agonists of transcriptional repression and activation at physiological levels. The molecular mechanism for ERbeta selectivity by isoflavones involves their capacity to create an activation function-2 surface of ERbeta that has a greater affinity for coregulators than ERalpha. Phytoestrogens may act as natural selective estrogen receptor modulators that elicit distinct clinical effects from estrogens used for hormone replacement by selectively recruiting coregulatory proteins to ERbeta that trigger transcriptional pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- J An
- Department of Obstetrics, Center for Reproductive Sciences, Gastroenterology Division and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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