Matrix Metallopeptidase 2 Gene Polymorphism is Associated with Obesity in Korean Population

Roles of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Natural Inhibitors in Metabolism: Insights into Health and Disease

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-activated peptidases that can be classified into six major classes, including gelatinases, collagenases, stromelysins, matrilysins, membrane type metalloproteinases, and other unclassified MMPs. The activity of MMPs is regulated by natural inhibitors called tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). MMPs are involved in a wide range of biological processes, both in normal physiological conditions and pathological states. While some of these functions occur during development, others occur in postnatal life. Although the roles of several MMPs have been extensively studied in cancer and inflammation, their function in metabolism and metabolic diseases have only recently begun to be uncovered, particularly over the last two decades. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge regarding the metabolic roles of metalloproteinases in physiology, with a strong emphasis on adipose tissue homeostasis, and to highlight the consequences of impaired or exacerbated MMP actions in the development of metabolic disorders such as obesity, fatty liver disease, and type 2 diabetes.

Matrix metalloproteinase-2 gene polymorphisms are associated with ischemic stroke in a Hainan population

Ischemic stroke is a complex vascular disease, which has become 1 of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. More and more data showed that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), in particular, MMP-2 are deleterious after ischaemic stroke. This study investigated the relationship between MMP-2 and stroke risk in the Southern Chinese population.We evaluated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of MMP-2 in stroke patients in an association study using a case-control design. Six SNPs of MMP2 were selected and genotyped by Agena MassARRAY. SNPStats, Haploview was used to analyze genetic data.Two SNPs in the MMP-2 gene were significantly associated with stroke risk.For rs1132896 (C versus G allele), the C allele was significantly reduced stroke risk (OR = 0.56, 95% confidence intervals [95% CI] = 0.39-0.81, P = .002). The effect of the T allele of rs243849 was IS risk according to an additive genetic model (OR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.47-0.96, P = .028). We did not found any strong linkage between the six SNPs (rs1132896, rs1053605, rs243849, rs243847, rs243832, rs7201)The results presented strongly indicate that MMP-2 genetic variants are an important mediator of stroke risk.

A single-nucleotide polymorphism in MMP9 is associated with decreased risk of steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a common hip joint disease, and steroid-induced ONFH accounts for a large number of cases. Here, we examined eight previously-identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the MPP2 and MPP9 genes of 285 steroid-induced ONFH patients and 507 healthy controls from northern China to determine whether these SNPs were associated with the risk of developing steroid-induced ONFH. Chi-squared tests and genetic model and haplotype analyses were used to evaluate associations. The rs2274755 SNP in MMP9 was associated with a decreased risk of steroid-induced ONFH in the allele, dominant, and additive models. Additionally, the “CGC” MMP9 haplotype was associated with a 0.69-fold decrease in the risk of steroid-induced ONFH. Although additional, larger population-based studies are needed to confirm these findings, our results reveal for the first time an association between a MMP9 SNP at the rs2274755 locus and a decreased risk of steroid-induced ONFH in a northern Chinese population.

MMP9 polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to non-traumatic osteonecrosis of femoral head in a Chinese Han population

Non-traumatic osteonecrosis of femoral head (ONFH) is an orthopedic refractory disease with escalating morbidity in Chinese Han population. In our case-control study, we examined eight previously identified MMP9 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 585 non-traumatic ONFH patients and 507 healthy individuals from northern China to determine whether these SNPs associated with the risk of developing non-traumatic ONFH. Genetic model and haplotype analyses were used to evaluate the association between SNPs and non-traumatic ONFH. MMP9 rs2274755 (OR, 0.740; 95% CI, 0.578-0.949; p = 0.017) was associated with a reduced risk of non-traumatic ONFH. After adjusting for age and gender, the logistic regression results showed that rs2274755 associated with a lower risk of non-traumatic ONFH in the dominant (OR=0.71, 95% CI: 0.54-0.94, p=0.016), overdominant (OR=0.73, 95% CI: 0.55-0.96, p=0.026) and log-additive (OR=0.74740; 95% CI, 0.578-0.949; p=0.017) models. In addition, the “TGC” haplotype of rs2274755 was associated with a 0.79-fold decrease in risk while the “CTC” haplotype associated with a 0.65-fold decrease risk of the non-traumatic ONFH. These results provide evidence that the MMP9 SNP at the rs2274755 locus is associated with a decreased risk of non-traumatic ONFH in a Chinese Han population.

Genetic Predictors of ≥5% Weight Loss by Multidisciplinary Advice to Severely Obese Subjects

BACKGROUND

Weight loss success is determined by genetic factors, which may differ according to treatment strategy.

METHODS

From a multidisciplinary obesity treatment program involving dietary advice, psychological counseling, and increased physical activity, 587 subjects (68% female; 46.1 ± 12.4 years; BMI 39.9 ± 6.3) were recruited. At baseline, a blood sample was drawn for DNA isolation. Genotypes were determined for 30 polymorphisms in 25 candidate genes. The association between genotypes and weight loss was assessed after 3 months (short-term) and after 12 months of treatment (long-term). Weight loss was categorized as ≥5% or <5% of initial weight.

RESULTS

The G/G genotype of PLIN1 (rs2289487) and PLIN1 (rs2304795), the T/T genotype of PLIN1 (rs1052700), and the C/C genotype of MMP2 predicted ≥5% weight loss in the first 3 months. The C/G-G/G genotype of PPARγ (rs1801282) and the T/C genotype of TIMP4 (rs3755724) predicted ≥5% weight loss after 12 months. Subjects with the combination of PPARγ (rs1801282) C/G-G/G and TIMP4 (rs3755724) T/C lost even more weight.

CONCLUSION

Polymorphisms in genes related to regulation of fat storage and structural adaptation of the adipocytes are predictors for weight loss success with different genes being relevant for short-term and long-term weight loss success.

Matrix Metallopeptidase-2 Gene rs2287074 Polymorphism is Associated with Brick Tea Skeletal Fluorosis in Tibetans and Kazaks, China

Brick tea skeletal fluorosis is still a public health issue in the north-western area of China. However its pathogenesis remains unknown. Our previous study reveals that the severity of skeletal fluorosis in Tibetans is more serious than that in Kazaks, although they have similar fluoride exposure, suggesting the onset of brick tea type skeletal fluorosis might be genetically influenced. Here we show that MMP-2 rs2287074 SNP (G/A), but not rs243865, was associated with Brick tea type fluorosis in Tibetans and Kazaks, China. The trend test reveals a decline in probability for skeletal fluorosis with increasing number of A alleles in Tibetans. After controlling potential confounders, AA genotype had about 80 percent lower probability of developing skeletal fluorosis than GG genotype in Tibetans (odds ratio = 0.174, 95% CI: 0.053, 0.575), and approximately 53 percent lower probability in Kazaks (odds ratio = 0.462, 95% CI: 0.214, 0.996). A meta-analysis shows that the AA genotype had approximately 63 percent lower odds (odds ratio = 0.373, 95% CI: 0.202, 0.689) compared with GG genotype within the two ethnicities. A significant correlation was also found between the genotype of MMP2 rs2287074 and skeletal fluorosis severity. Therefore, the A allele of MMP2 rs2287074 could be a protective factor for brick tea skeletal fluorosis.

Identification of a Novel Heart-Liver Axis: Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Negatively Regulates Cardiac Secreted Phospholipase A2 to Modulate Lipid Metabolism and Inflammation in the Liver

BACKGROUND

Endocrine functions of the heart have been well established. We investigated the hypothesis that cardiac secretion of a unique phospholipase A2 recently identified by our laboratory (cardiac secreted phospholipase A2 [sPLA2]) establishes a heart-liver endocrine axis that is negatively regulated by matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2).

METHODS AND RESULTS

In Mmp2(-/-) mice, cardiac (but not hepatic) sPLA2 was elevated, leading to hepatic inflammation, immune cell infiltration, dysregulation of the sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 and liver X receptor-α pathways, abnormal transcriptional responses to dietary cholesterol, and elevated triglycerides in very low-density lipoprotein and in the liver. Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-3, a known MMP-2 substrate, was elevated at both mRNA and protein levels in the heart. Functional studies including in vivo antibody neutralization identified cardiac monocyte chemoattractant protein 3 as a possible agonist of cardiac sPLA2 secretion. Conversely, systemic sPLA2 inhibition almost fully normalized the cardiohepatic phenotype without affecting monocyte chemoattractant protein-3. Finally, wild-type mice that received high-performance liquid chromatography-isolated cardiac sPLA2 from Mmp2(-/-) donors developed a cardiohepatic gene expression profile similar to that of Mmp2(-/-) mice.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings identified the novel MMP-2/cardiac sPLA2 pathway that endows the heart with important endocrine functions, including regulation of inflammation and lipid metabolism in the liver. Our findings could also help explain how MMP2 deficiency leads to cardiac problems, inflammation, and metabolic dysregulation in patients.

Matrix Metalloproteinases 2 and 9 Polymorphism in Patients With Myeloproliferative Diseases: A STROBE-Compliant Observational Study

Chronic myeloproliferative disorders such as polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocytosis (ET), and idiopathic myelofibrosis arise from clonal proliferation of neoplastic stem cells in the bone marrow. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases that have potential to degrade all types of extracellular matrix (ECM) and also play a role in remodeling of the ECM. It is known that MMPs play a role in bone marrow remodeling.The primary goal of our study is to explore the relationship between chronic myeloproliferative diseases and some of MMP gene polymorphisms. The demonstration of a relationship will help to understand whether these polymorphisms may be a potential early diagnosis marker of the diseases.Patients were selected from outpatient clinics of Turgut Ozal University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey, between December 2010 and May 2011. Twenty-eight patients that previously diagnosed and followed-up with PV, 17 with secondary polycythemia (SP), and 12 with ET were enrolled in the study, along with a control group of 22 healthy people.DNA was isolated from peripheral blood. Using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method, MMP2 and MMP9 gene polymorphisms were analyzed with agarose gel electrophoresis. There was a statistically significant difference between the study groups and the control group in terms of Gln279Arg polymorphisms rates of MMP9. The highest MMP9 Gln279Arg polymorphism rate was observed in the ET group. But nobody from the control group had polymorphic MMP9. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of MMP2-735 C > T polymorphism rates.In conclusion, MMP9 gene Gln279Arg polymorphism was associated with ET, SP, and PV diseases. Hence, we believe that these gene polymorphisms may play a role in the mechanism of bone marrow fibrosis and may be a factor that increases the risk of thrombosis. Illumination of the molecular basis of the relationship between MMP-thrombosis and MMP-fibrosis provides a better understanding of the pathophysiology of PV and ET diseases and will allow new approaches to diagnosis and treatment.

Gender-specific genetic associations of polymorphisms in ACE, AKR1C2, FTO and MMP2 with weight gain over a 10-year period

Weight gain, when it leads to overweight or obesity, is nowadays one of the major health problems. ACE, FTO, AKR1C2, TIMP4 and MMP2 genes have been implicated in previous studies on weight regulation. This study investigated the contribution of polymorphisms in these five candidate genes to the risk of weight gain over a 10-year time period. Two groups were selected from participants of the Doetinchem cohort study who were followed over a 10-year period: A stable weight group (±2 kg/10 year; n = 259) and a weight gainers group who increased their body weight by roughly 10 % (>8 kg/10 year; n = 237). Starting BMI was between 20 and 35 kg/m(2) and baseline age between 20 and 45 years. Selected SNPs and insert/deletion in candidate genes were measured in each group. In men, the allelic distribution of FTO rs9939609 (χ (2) p = 0.005), ACE rs4340 (χ (2) p = 0.006) and AKR1C2 rs12249281 (χ (2) p = 0.019) differed between the weight stable and weight gainers group. Interaction between FTO rs9939609 and ACE rs4340 was observed. In women, the allelic distribution of MMP2 rs1132896 differed between the weight stable and weight gainers group (χ (2) p = 0.00001). The A-allele of FTO was associated with a 1.99× higher risk of gaining weight in men (OR 1.99, p = 0.020), while in women, the C-allele of MMP2 was associated with a 2.50× higher risk of weight gain (OR 2.50, p = 0.001) over the 10-year period. We found that FTO in men and MMP2 in women are associated with weight gain over a 10-year follow-up period.

Genetic variants of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP2) gene influence metabolic syndrome susceptibility

AIM

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are suggested to be involved in the development of various clinical factors of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Allelic variants in the promoter region of the MMP2 gene may modulate an individual's susceptibility to MetS. We performed this study to determine whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) -1575 (G>A) and -168 (G>T) of the MMP2 gene are associated with MetS risk.

METHODS

In this hospital-based case-control study, 180 confirmed MetS patients and 190 unrelated healthy controls of similar ethnicity were genotyped for MMP2 (-1575 G>A, -168 G>T) polymorphisms using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism.

RESULTS

Variant genotype (AA) of -1575 showed increased risk (odds ratio [OR]=2.72, 95% confidence intervals [CI]=1.19-6.23, p=0.018) of MetS as compared to the wild-type homozygous genotype (GG). Similarly, the variant allele (A) (OR=1.60, 95%CI=1.12-2.26, p=0.009) and combined genotype (GA+AA) (OR=1.51, 95%CI=0.98-2.31, p=0.057) were also significantly associated with MetS risk. High risk of MetS was observed with respect to the haplotype (A-T) (OR=1.83, 95%CI=1.03-3.26, p=0.038) of MMP2 (-1575 and -168) polymorphisms. However, MMP2 (-168 G>T) polymorphism individually did not show any risk with MetS.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results strongly support the notion that common sequence variants and haplotype of MMP2 (-1575 G>A and -168 G>T) might be a genetic risk for the development of MetS in the North Indian population. Additional studies on larger populations are needed to clarify the role of genetic variants of this gene in MetS.

Selection signature analysis implicates the PC1/PCSK1 region for chicken abdominal fat content

We conducted a selection signature analysis using the chicken 60k SNP chip in two chicken lines that had been divergently selected for abdominal fat content (AFC) for 11 generations. The selection signature analysis used multiple signals of selection, including long-range allele frequency differences between the lean and fat lines, long-range heterozygosity changes, linkage disequilibrium, haplotype frequencies, and extended haplotype homozygosity. Multiple signals of selection identified ten signatures on chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 5, 11, 15, 20, 26 and Z. The 0.73 Mb PC1/PCSK1 region of the Z chromosome at 55.43-56.16 Mb was the most heavily selected region. This region had 26 SNP markers and seven genes, Mar-03, SLC12A2, FBN2, ERAP1, CAST, PC1/PCSK1 and ELL2, where PC1/PCSK1 are the chicken/human names for the same gene. The lean and fat lines had two main haplotypes with completely opposite SNP alleles for the 26 SNP markers and were virtually line-specific, and had a recombinant haplotype with nearly equal frequency (0.193 and 0.196) in both lines. Other haplotypes in this region had negligible frequencies. Nine other regions with selection signatures were PAH-IGF1, TRPC4, GJD4-CCNY, NDST4, NOVA1, GALNT9, the ESRP2-GALR1 region with five genes, the SYCP2-CADH4 with six genes, and the TULP1-KIF21B with 14 genes. Genome-wide association analysis showed that nearly all regions with evidence of selection signature had SNP effects with genome-wide significance (P<10(-6)) on abdominal fat weight and percentage. The results of this study provide specific gene targets for the control of chicken AFC and a potential model of AFC in human obesity.

Association study between polymorphisms of CD28, CTLA4 and ICOS and non-segmental vitiligo in a Korean population

CD28 molecule (CD28), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) and inducible T-cell co-stimulator (ICOS) are important regulators of the immune system. Vitiligo, a common autoimmune skin disorder, is characterized by a loss of melanocytes that results in cutaneous white patches. The aim of the present study was to determine whether or not polymorphisms of the CD28, CTLA4 and ICOS genes are associated with non-segmental vitiligo in a Korean population. To determine the relationships between CD28, CTLA4 and ICOS genes and vitiligo, four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the CD28 gene [rs1879877 (promoter, -1198), rs3181097 (promoter, -1059), rs2140148 (intron 1) and rs3116494 (intron 2)], two SNPs associated with the CTLA4 gene [rs231777 (intron 1) and rs231779 (intron 1)] and five SNPs associated with the ICOS gene [rs4270326 (intron 3), rs11571314 (intron 3), rs10183087 (3' untranslated region; UTR), rs4404254 (3'UTR) and rs1559931 (3'UTR)] were selected. Two hundred and thirty-one patients with non-segmental vitiligo (NSV) and 405 healthy controls were enrolled. Genotyping was performed using the restriction fragment length polymorphism technique and direct sequencing. SNPStats, Haploview 4.2 and SPSS 18.0 were used to conduct the analyses. Significant differences were noted between CTLA4 (p<0.05) and NSV, but not CD28 and ICOS (p>0.05). However, these associations disappeared after Bonferroni correction. The CD28, CTLA4 and ICOS genes may not be associated with NSV.

Analysis of MMP2 promoter polymorphisms in childhood obesity

Background

Several lines of evidence suggest a possible functional role of Matrix metalloproteinase -2 (MMP-2) in obesity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of MMP-2 promoter polymorphisms in percentage body fat (PBF) as a measure of childhood obesity in a New Zealand population.

Findings

546 samples from the Auckland Birthweight Collaborative (ABC) study were genotyped for the three MMP-2 promoter SNPs -1306 C/T (rs243865), -1575G/A (rs243866) and -790 T/G (rs243864) using the Sequenom genotyping platform. The results demonstrated that an MMP-2 promoter haplotype is associated with PBF in New Zealand 7 year old children.

Conclusion

We have previously determined that environmental factors are associated with differences in PBF in this study group, and now we have demonstrated a possible genetic contribution.

Inhibitory effects of corni fructus extract on angiogenesis and adipogenesis

Natural products in Chonnam, Korea were screened via anti-angiogenesis experiments, and 1 candidate product was identified, Corni fructus, which exerted dose-dependent inhibitory effects against angiogenesis, adipogenesis, and cell adhesion. C. fructus extract (CFE) exhibits an angiogenesis inhibitory effect superior to that of the EGCG from green tea leaves. The expression level of angiogenesis and adipogenesis-related signal molecules in the western blotting was reduced by increasing the amount of added CFE. Moreover, a diet supplemented with CFE was deemed more effective in inducing weight loss in LB mice than a representative synthetic diet drug, orlistat, which incidently caused the side effect of denuding the mice of their hair. These results indicate that C. fructus may prove to be a useful anti-adipogenic compound, and these in vitro results may be reflected later under in vivo conditions.