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Onodera T, Sakudo A, Sugiura K, Haritani M, Furusaki K, Kirisawa R. Antiviral agents and disinfectants for foot‑and‑mouth disease (Review). Biomed Rep 2023; 19:57. [PMID: 37614986 PMCID: PMC10442741 DOI: 10.3892/br.2023.1639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorouracil, 5-azacytidine, 6-azauridine, ribavirin, favipiravir (T-705) and its derivative (T-1105) exhibit anti-foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) effects. In particular, T-1105 exhibits promising results when administered to guinea pigs orally, and pigs in their feed. FMDV is excreted in the early stages of infection in aerosols and oral or nasal droplets from animals. T-1105 along with the FMDV vaccine can be used to combat foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemics. Several studies have shown that sodium hypochlorous solutions are widely used to inactivate viruses, including FMDV. However, these solutions must be stored under cool and dark conditions to maintain their virucidal effects. Interestingly, a study indicated that the virucidal activity of a calcium bicarbonate solution with a mesoscopic structure (CAC-717) did not decrease after storage at room temperature for at least four years outside direct sunlight. Numerous lessons acquired from the 2010 FMD outbreak in Japan are relevant for the control of COVID-19. However, the widespread use of chlorite can cause environmental issues. Chlorite can be combined with nitrogen to produce chloramine or N-nitrosodimethylamine, which plays a role in carcinogenesis. Therefore, risk assessments should be conducted in aquatic environments. Moreover, there is a need to develop nonchlorine disinfectants that can be used during epidemics, including FMD. The approach of 'One Health' should be shared between the public health and veterinary fields to improve the management of viral outbreaks, including those due to FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Onodera
- Laboratory of Environmental Science for Sustainable Development, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Research Center for Food Safety, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Akikazu Sakudo
- Department of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Sugiura
- Laboratory of Environmental Science for Sustainable Development, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Makoto Haritani
- Laboratory of Environmental Science for Sustainable Development, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Koichi Furusaki
- Mineral Activation Research Institute, Kumamoto 865-0023, Japan
| | - Rikio Kirisawa
- Laboratory of Environmental Science for Sustainable Development, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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2
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TAKAMATSU D. Atypical Melissococcus plutonius strains: their characteristics, virulence, epidemiology, and mysteries. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:880-894. [PMID: 37460304 PMCID: PMC10539817 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Melissococcus plutonius is a Gram-positive lanceolate coccus that is the causative agent of European foulbrood, an important bacterial disease of honey bee brood. Although this bacterium was originally described in the early 20th century, a culture method for this bacterium was not established until more than 40 years after its discovery due to its fastidious characteristics, including the requirement for high potassium and anaerobic/microaerophilic conditions. These characteristics were considered to be common to the majority of M. plutonius strains isolated worldwide, and M. plutonius was also thought to be genetically homologous or clonal for years. However, non-fastidious variants of this species (designated as atypical M. plutonius) were very recently identified in Japan. Although the morphology of these unusual strains was similar to that of traditionally well-known M. plutonius strains, atypical strains were genetically very different from most of the M. plutonius strains previously isolated and were highly virulent to individual bee larva. These atypical variants were initially considered to be unique to Japan, but were subsequently found worldwide; however, the frequency of isolation varied from country to country. The background of the discovery of atypical M. plutonius in Japan and current knowledge on atypical strains, including their biochemical and culture characteristics, virulence, detection methods, and global distribution, are described in this review. Remaining mysteries related to atypical M. plutonius and directions for future research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke TAKAMATSU
- Division of Infectious Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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3
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Kishimoto A, Ohtsubo R, Okada Y, Sugiyama K, Goda H, Yoshikawa T, Kohno M, Fukui K. Elucidation of composition of chlorine compounds in acidic sodium chlorite solution using ion chromatography. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289534. [PMID: 37561805 PMCID: PMC10414608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
With the spread of coronavirus infections, the demand for disinfectants, such as a sodium chlorite solution, has increased worldwide. Sodium chlorite solution is a food additive and is used in a wide range of applications. There is evidence that chlorous acid or sodium chlorite is effective against various bacteria, but the actual mechanism is not well understood. One reason for this is that the composition of chlorine-based compounds contained in sodium chlorite solutions has not been clearly elucidated. The composition can vary greatly with pH. In addition, the conventional iodometric titration method, the N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine sulfate (DPD) method and the absorption photometric method cannot clarify the composition. In this study, we attempted to elucidate the composition of a sodium chlorite solution using absorption spectrophotometry and ion chromatography (IC). IC is excellent for qualitative and quantitative analysis of trace ions. Through this, we aimed to develop an evaluation method that allows anyone to easily determine the bactericidal power of sodium chlorite. We found that commercially available sodium chlorite solution is 80% pure, with the remaining 20% potentially containing sodium hypochlorite solution. In addition, when sodium chlorite solution became acidified, its absorption spectrum exhibited a peak at 365 nm. Sodium chlorite solution is normally alkaline, and it cannot be measured by the DPD method, which is only applicable under acidic conditions. The presence of a peak at 365 nm indicates that the acidic sodium chlorite solution contains species with oxidizing power. On the other hand, the IC analysis showed a gradual decrease in chlorite ions in the acidic sodium chlorite solution. These results indicate that chlorite ions may not react with this DPD reagent, and other oxidizing species may be present in the acidic sodium chlorite solution. In summary, when a sodium chlorite solution becomes acidic, chlorine-based oxidizing species produce an absorption peak at 365 nm. Sodium hypochlorite and sodium chlorite solutions have completely different IC peak profiles. Although there are still many problems to be solved, we believe that the use of IC will facilitate the elucidation of the composition of sodium chlorite solution and its sterilization mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayuta Kishimoto
- Department of Bioscience and Engineering, Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, College of System Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Ohtsubo
- Department of Systems Engineering and Science, Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuta Okada
- Department of Bioscience and Engineering, Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, College of System Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kenta Sugiyama
- Department of Bioscience and Engineering, Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, College of System Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Toshikazu Yoshikawa
- Louis Pasteur Center for Medical Research, Tanaka Monzen-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kohno
- Department of Bioscience and Engineering, Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, College of System Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama, Japan
- Louis Pasteur Center for Medical Research, Tanaka Monzen-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koji Fukui
- Department of Bioscience and Engineering, Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, College of System Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Systems Engineering and Science, Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama, Japan
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4
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Lawal-Ayinde BM, Morita T, Oda K, Nazmul T, Kurose M, Nomura T, Yamamoto A, Higashiura A, Akita T, Tanaka J, Horiuchi I, Goda H, Sakaguchi T. Virus purification highlights the high susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 to a chlorine-based disinfectant, chlorous acid. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288634. [PMID: 37450488 PMCID: PMC10348549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorous acid water (HClO2) is known for its antimicrobial activity. In this study, we attempted to accurately assess the ability of chlorous acid water to inactivate SARS-CoV-2. When using cell culture supernatants of infected cells as the test virus, the 99% inactivation concentration (IC99) for the SARS-CoV-2 D614G variant, as well as the Delta and Omicron variants, was approximately 10ppm of free chlorine concentration with a reaction time of 10 minutes. On the other hand, in experiments using a more purified virus, the IC99 of chlorous acid water was 0.41-0.74ppm with a reaction time of 1 minute, showing a strong inactivation capacity over 200 times. With sodium hypochlorite water, the IC99 was 0.54ppm, confirming that these chlorine compounds have a potent inactivation effect against SARS-CoV-2. However, it became clear that when using cell culture supernatants of infected cells as the test virus, the effect is masked by impurities such as amino acids contained therein. Also, when proteins (0.5% polypeptone, or 0.3% BSA + 0.3% sheep red blood cells, or 5% FBS) were added to the purified virus, the IC99 values became high, ranging from 5.3 to 76ppm with a reaction time of 10 minutes, significantly reducing the effect. However, considering that the usual usage concentration is 200ppm, it was shown that chlorous acid water can still exert sufficient disinfection effects even in the presence of proteins. Further research is needed to confirm the practical applications and effects of chlorous acid water, but it has the potential to be an important tool for preventing the spread of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomoko Morita
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kosuke Oda
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tanuza Nazmul
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Miuko Kurose
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Toshihito Nomura
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akima Yamamoto
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akifumi Higashiura
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Akita
- Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control, and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Junko Tanaka
- Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control, and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | | | - Takemasa Sakaguchi
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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5
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Takahashi K, Fukuzaki S. Efficacy of sodium chlorite in inactivating Vibrio parahaemolyticus attached to polyethylene terephthalate surfaces. JOURNAL OF MICROORGANISM CONTROL 2023; 28:135-138. [PMID: 37866896 DOI: 10.4265/jmc.28.3_135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The inactivation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus cells attached to a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) disc in a sodium chlorite (NaClO2) solution was kinetically studied in a weakly acidic pH range of 4.0 - 6.5. The logarithmic reduction in the survival ratio depended on the concentration-time product. All inactivation curves showed a linear reduction phase, and the reduction in viable cells was greater than 4-log. No significant desorption of attached cells was observed during the inactivation treatment. The first-order inactivation rate constant (k) increased by approximately 4.5-fold for every 1.0 unit fall in pH. At all pH values, the k values calculated for the attached cells were approximately half of those for the unattached cells. These findings indicate that a weakly acidic NaClO2 solution is effective in inactivating bacteria attached to hard surfaces.
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6
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Hatanaka N, Awasthi SP, Xu B, Goda H, Kawata H, Horiuchi I, Yasugi M, Yamasaki S. Comparative evaluation of chlorous acid and sodium hypochlorite activity against SARS-CoV-2. Access Microbiol 2022; 4:acmi000354. [PMID: 36003354 PMCID: PMC9394531 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel coronavirus, named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), suddenly emerged in China in 2019, spread globally and caused the present COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 infection effective measures are essential. Chlorous acid (HClO2) has been shown to be an effective antimicrobial agent. However, at present there is no experimental evidence showing that HClO2 can inactivate SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, in this study, we examined the potential of HClO2 to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 in presence or absence of organic matter and the results were compared with that of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), another potent antimicrobial agent. When concentrated SARS-CoV-2 was incubated with 10 ppm HClO2 for 10 s, viral titre was decreased by 5 log of 50% tissue culture infective dose per mL (TCID50 ml−1). However, the same concentration of NaClO could not inactivate SARS-CoV-2 as effectively as HClO2 did even after incubation for 3 min. Furthermore, 10 ppm HClO2 also inactivated more than 4.0 log of TCID50 within 10 s in the presence of 5 % fetal bovine serum used as mixed organic matters. Our results obtained with HClO2 are more effective against SARS-CoV-2 as compared to NaClO that can be used for disinfectant against SARS-CoV-2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritoshi Hatanaka
- Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58, Rinkuourai-kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
- Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58, Rinkuourai-kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
- Graduate School of Veterinay Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58, Rinkuourai-kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Sharda Prasad Awasthi
- Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58, Rinkuourai-kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
- Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58, Rinkuourai-kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
- Graduate School of Veterinay Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58, Rinkuourai-kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Bingting Xu
- Graduate School of Veterinay Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58, Rinkuourai-kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Hisataka Goda
- Sankei Co. Ltd., 2-2-53, Siromi, Chuou-ku, Osaka 540-0001, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kawata
- Sankei Co. Ltd., 2-2-53, Siromi, Chuou-ku, Osaka 540-0001, Japan
| | - Isanori Horiuchi
- Sankei Co. Ltd., 2-2-53, Siromi, Chuou-ku, Osaka 540-0001, Japan
| | - Mayo Yasugi
- Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58, Rinkuourai-kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
- Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58, Rinkuourai-kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
- Graduate School of Veterinay Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58, Rinkuourai-kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Veterinay Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58, Rinkuourai-kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
- Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58, Rinkuourai-kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
- Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58, Rinkuourai-kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
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Kirisawa R, Kato R, Furusaki K, Onodera T. Universal Virucidal Activity of Calcium Bicarbonate Mesoscopic Crystals That Provides an Effective and Biosafe Disinfectant. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020262. [PMID: 35208717 PMCID: PMC8877192 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the virucidal effects in solution of a new type of disinfectant, calcium bicarbonate mesoscopic crystals, designated CAC-717, against various types of virus. CAC-717 in solution is alkaline (pH 12.4) and has a self-electromotive force that generates pulsed electrical fields. Upon application to human skin, the pH of the solution becomes 8.4. CAC-717 contains no harmful chemicals and is thus non-irritating and harmless to humans and animals. Its virucidal effects were tested against six types of animal virus: enveloped double-strand (ds)-DNA viruses, non-enveloped ds-DNA viruses, non-enveloped single strand (ss)-DNA viruses, enveloped ss-RNA viruses, non-enveloped ss-RNA viruses, and non-enveloped ds-RNA viruses. The treatment resulted in a reduction in viral titer of at least 3.00 log10 to 6.38 log10. Fetal bovine serum was added as a representative organic substance. When its concentration was ≥20%, the virucidal effect of CAC-717 was reduced. Real-time PCR revealed that CAC-717 did not reduce the quantity of genomic DNA of most of the DNA viruses, but it greatly reduced that of the genomic RNA of most of the RNA viruses. CAC-717 may therefore be a useful biosafe disinfectant for use against a broad range of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikio Kirisawa
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu 069-8501, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-11-388-4748
| | - Rika Kato
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu 069-8501, Japan;
| | - Koichi Furusaki
- Mineral Activation Technical Research Center, Ohmuta 836-0041, Japan;
| | - Takashi Onodera
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan;
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8
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Inactivation of human norovirus by chlorous acid water, a novel chlorine-based disinfectant. J Infect Chemother 2021; 28:67-72. [PMID: 34635450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human norovirus (HuNoV) is a leading cause of infectious gastroenteritis. Since HuNoV shows resistance to alcohol, chlorine-based sanitizers are applied to decontaminate the virus on environmental surfaces. Chlorous acid water (CA) has been recently approved as a novel chlorine-based disinfectant categorized as a Type 2 OTC medicine in Japan. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the capability of CA to inactivate HuNoV. METHODS HuNoV (genogroups GII.2 and GII.4) was exposed to the test disinfectants including CA and sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), and the residual RNA copy was measured by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) after pretreatment with RNase. In addition, the log10 reduction of HuNoV RNA copy number by CA and NaClO was compared in the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA), sheep red blood cells (SRBC), polypeptone, meat extract or amino acids to evaluate the stability of these disinfectants under organic-matter-rich conditions. RESULTS In the absence of organic substances, CA with 200 ppm free available chlorine provided >3.0 log10 reduction in the HuNoV RNA copy number within 5 min. Even under high organic matter load (0.3% each of BSA and SRBC or 0.5% polypeptone), 200 ppm CA achieved >3.0 log10 reduction in HuNoV RNA copy number while less than 1.0 log10 reduction was observed with 1,000 ppm sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) in the presence of 0.5% polypeptone. CA reacted with only cysteine, histidine and glutathione while NaClO reacted with all of the amino acids tested. CONCLUSIONS CA is an effective disinfectant to inactivate HuNoV under organic-matter-rich conditions.
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Hiruma S, Hata Y, Ishihara M, Takayama T, Nakamura S, Ando N, Fukuda K, Sato Y, Murakami K, Yokoe H. Efficacy of Bioshell Calcium Oxide Water as Disinfectants to Enable Face Mask Reuse. Biocontrol Sci 2021; 26:27-35. [PMID: 33716246 DOI: 10.4265/bio.26.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Bioshell calcium oxide (BiSCaO) is derived from scallop shells and after heat treatment exhibits broad microbicidal activity. BiSCaO Water is a disinfectant prepared by collecting the aqueous layer after adding BiSCaO powder to water, is colorless and transparent, and has a pH of 12.8. We compared the utility of commercially available BiSCaO Water, ethanol, sodium hypochlorite, hypochlorous acid and hydrogen peroxide solutions as sterilization agents to enable the reuse of surgical and N95 face masks. The microbicidal efficacy of each disinfectant was evaluated using pieces of surgical and N95 face masks contaminated with normal bacterial flora. The results suggest that BiSCaO Water has excellent disinfection activity toward contaminated polypropylene masks and has minimal adverse effect on the structure of non-woven masks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumiyo Hiruma
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute, National Defense Medical College
| | - Yuuki Hata
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute, National Defense Medical College
| | - Masayuki Ishihara
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute, National Defense Medical College
| | - Tomohiro Takayama
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Defense Medical College Hospital
| | - Shingo Nakamura
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute, National Defense Medical College
| | - Naoko Ando
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute, National Defense Medical College
| | - Koichi Fukuda
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute, National Defense Medical College
| | - Yoko Sato
- Division of Statistical Analysis, Research Support Center, Shizuoka General Hospital
| | - Kaoru Murakami
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Defense Medical College Hospital
| | - Hidetaka Yokoe
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Defense Medical College Hospital
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10
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Vetchapitak T, Shinki T, Sasaki S, Taniguchi T, Luangtongkum T, Misawa N. Evaluation of chemical treatment combined with vacuum and ultrasonication with a water resonance system for reducing Campylobacter on naturally contaminated chicken carcasses. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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11
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Chlorous acid is a more potent antibacterial agent than sodium hypochlorite against Campylobacter. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.107046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Ohashi I, Kato K, Okamoto M, Kobayashi S, Takamatsu D. Microbicidal effects of slightly acidic hypochlorous acid water and weakly acidified chlorous acid water on foulbrood pathogens. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:261-271. [PMID: 31902832 PMCID: PMC7118478 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Paenibacillus larvae and Melissococcus plutonius are
bacterial pathogens of honey bee brood. As decontamination of beekeeping equipment,
including combs, is essential to control these pathogens, we evaluated the disinfecting
effects of slightly acidic hypochlorous acid water (SAHAW) and weakly acidified chlorous
acid water (WACAW) on the pathogens. Both disinfectants exhibited strong disinfecting
effects in suspension tests under no organic matter conditions and reduced both pathogens
by >5 log10 CFU/ml. Although the microbicidal activity of
SAHAW with an available chlorine concentration (ACC) of 10–30 ppm was decreased by organic
matter, it reduced viable P. larvae spores in combs more efficiently than
H2O when the comb was not as dirty. However, its efficacy on combs decreased
at 4°C and when overused or highly contaminated combs were tested. WACAW with an ACC of
≥600 ppm had a higher disinfecting capacity than SAHAW, and efficiently removed P.
larvae spores from combs even under organic matter-rich and low-temperature
conditions. However, even by WACAW, the amount of viable spores in combs was not markedly
reduced depending on contamination levels and P. larvae genotypes. These
results suggest the usefulness of both disinfectants for decontaminating beekeeping
equipment depending on the situations expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuyo Ohashi
- Yamagata Prefectural Central Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Yamagata, Yamagata 990-2161, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Kato
- Tochigi Prefectural Central Livestock Health and Hygiene Center, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-0905, Japan
| | - Mariko Okamoto
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Sota Kobayashi
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takamatsu
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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13
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Sato Y, Ishihara M, Nakamura S, Fukuda K, Kuwabara M, Takayama T, Hiruma S, Murakami K, Fujita M, Yokoe H. Comparison of Various Disinfectants on Bactericidal Activity Under Organic Matter Contaminated Environments. Biocontrol Sci 2019; 24:103-108. [PMID: 31204354 DOI: 10.4265/bio.24.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The bactericidal activity of heated bio-shell calcium oxide (BiSCaO) powder suspension (pH 12.4) , hypochlorous acid (HClO; pH 6), sodium hypochlorite (NaClO; pH 8) , povidone-iodine (Isodine solution®) , and chlorhexidine gluconate (Hibiscrub®) under organic matter contaminated environments were compared for tests conducted on wood scraps and pig skin pieces that were incubated with normal bacterial flora (total viable counts and coliform bacteria) . The test results showed that BiSCaO suspension had higher bactericidal activity than HClO and NaClO. Furthermore, more than 10-fold higher concentrations of antiseptics such as povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine gluconate were required to achieve bactericidal activity comparable to that of BiSCaO suspension. Our results demonstrate the possibility of using BiSCaO suspension under organic matter contaminated environments as a disinfectant for environmental and food hygiene applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Sato
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute, National Defense Medical College
| | - Masayuki Ishihara
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute, National Defense Medical College
| | - Shingo Nakamura
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute, National Defense Medical College
| | - Koichi Fukuda
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute, National Defense Medical College
| | - Masahiro Kuwabara
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, National Defense Medical College
| | - Tomohiro Takayama
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Defense Medical College
| | - Sumiyo Hiruma
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute, National Defense Medical College
| | - Kaoru Murakami
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Defense Medical College
| | - Masanori Fujita
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Research Institute, National Defense Medical College
| | - Hidetaka Yokoe
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Defense Medical College
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14
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Goda H, Ikeda K, Nishide M, Nagao T, Koyama AH. Characterization of Virucidal Activities of Chlorous Acid. Jpn J Infect Dis 2018; 71:333-337. [DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2018.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Keiko Ikeda
- School of Health and Nursing Science, Wakayama Medical University
| | | | | | - A. Hajime Koyama
- Department of Biology, Wakayama Medical University Graduate School of Medicine
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15
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Ishihara M, Murakami K, Fukuda K, Nakamura S, Kuwabara M, Hattori H, Fujita M, Kiyosawa T, Yokoe H. Stability of Weakly Acidic Hypochlorous Acid Solution with Microbicidal Activity. Biocontrol Sci 2018; 22:223-227. [PMID: 29279579 DOI: 10.4265/bio.22.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) solution (200 ppm, pH 6) was prepared and evaluated for their stabilities and microbicidal activities. We demonstrated that HOCl is unstable against ultraviolet (UV) light, sunshine, contact with air, and elevated temperature (≧25℃). Furthermore, in the HOCl solution, the presence of excess NH2- or CHO-containing organic compounds such as proteins and carbohydrates, or of inorganic ions such as NO2-, SO3-, PO3-, Fe2+, Cu2+, and CuS, resulted in the rapid consumption of HOCl by oxidation reactions, and significantly decreased the microbicidal activity of the HOCl solution against coliform bacteria and total viable cell count. Thus, production of stable HOCl solution requires formulation in pure water harboring concentrations as low as possible of various compounds and ions, as well as storage in dark and cool conditions (<10℃) to maintain the concentration of HOCl molecules and microbicidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Ishihara
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute, National Defense Medical College
| | - Kaoru Murakami
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Defense Medical College
| | - Koichi Fukuda
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute, National Defense Medical College
| | - Shingo Nakamura
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute, National Defense Medical College
| | - Masahiro Kuwabara
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, National Defense Medical College
| | - Hidemi Hattori
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki
| | - Masanori Fujita
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Research Institute, National Defense Medical College
| | - Tomoharu Kiyosawa
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, National Defense Medical College
| | - Hidetaka Yokoe
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Defense Medical College
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16
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Cho WI, Chung MS. Antimicrobial effect of a combination of herb extract and organic acid against Bacillus subtilis spores. Food Sci Biotechnol 2017; 26:1423-1428. [PMID: 30263678 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0164-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The sporicidal activities of the herbs were investigated to screen for novel antimicrobial substances against Bacillus subtilis spores. The bacterial inactivation effects of ethanol extracts of coriander, caraway, mace at concentrations of 0.5% (w/v) and 1.0-2.5% were about 10- and 100-fold respectively against spores. At pH 5, the antimicrobial activity was about 92%, but at pH 4 the sporicidal activity was particularly high, reducing the spore count by 99.99%. The 0.1-2.5% ethanol extract of herbs adjusted to pH 4-5 exhibited significantly marked deactivation effects, with 3-4 log CFU/mL reductions. The herb-acid combination exerted a further increase in sporicidal activity, with an additional 1-3 log CFU/mL reduction. The sporicidal mechanism was assumed to involve a two-step: (1) the hydrophobic binding of surfactants in the herbs onto the spore coat destroys its protein, and (2) the acid then penetrates into the interior, generating unstable growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Il Cho
- CJ Foods R&D, CJCheiljedang Corp., Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16495 Korea
| | - Myong-Soo Chung
- 2Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03766 Korea
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17
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Goda H, Yamaoka H, Nakayama-Imaohji H, Kawata H, Horiuchi I, Fujita Y, Nagao T, Tada A, Terada A, Kuwahara T. Microbicidal effects of weakly acidified chlorous acid water against feline calicivirus and Clostridium difficile spores under protein-rich conditions. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176718. [PMID: 28472060 PMCID: PMC5417504 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sanitation of environmental surfaces with chlorine based-disinfectants is a principal measure to control outbreaks of norovirus or Clostridium difficile. The microbicidal activity of chlorine-based disinfectants depends on the free available chlorine (FAC), but their oxidative potential is rapidly eliminated by organic matter. In this study, the microbicidal activities of weakly acidified chlorous acid water (WACAW) and sodium hypochlorite solution (NaClO) against feline calcivirus (FCV) and C. difficile spores were compared in protein-rich conditions. WACAW inactivated FCV and C. difficile spores better than NaClO under all experimental conditions used in this study. WACAW above 100 ppm FAC decreased FCV >4 log10 within 30 sec in the presence of 0.5% each of bovine serum albumin (BSA), polypeptone or meat extract. Even in the presence of 5% BSA, WACAW at 600 ppm FAC reduced FCV >4 log10 within 30 sec. Polypeptone inhibited the virucidal activity of WACAW against FCV more so than BSA or meat extract. WACAW at 200 ppm FAC decreased C. difficile spores >3 log10 within 1 min in the presence of 0.5% polypeptone. The microbicidal activity of NaClO was extensively diminished in the presence of organic matter. WACAW recovered its FAC to the initial level after partial neutralization by sodium thiosulfate, while no restoration of the FAC was observed in NaClO. These results indicate that WACAW is relatively stable under organic matter-rich conditions and therefore may be useful for treating environmental surfaces contaminated by human excretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisataka Goda
- Honbu Sankei Co. Ltd., 2-2-53 Shiromi, Chuou-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yamaoka
- Honbu Sankei Co. Ltd., 2-2-53 Shiromi, Chuou-ku, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750–1 Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | | | - Hiroyuki Kawata
- Honbu Sankei Co. Ltd., 2-2-53 Shiromi, Chuou-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Yatsuka Fujita
- Honbu Sankei Co. Ltd., 2-2-53 Shiromi, Chuou-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tamiko Nagao
- Faculty of Nursing, Shikoku University, Furukawa, Ojin-cho, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ayano Tada
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750–1 Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Terada
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kuwahara
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750–1 Miki, Kagawa, Japan
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18
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Takahashi K, Tanaka R, Fukuzaki S. Kinetics of the Inactivation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Weakly Acidic Sodium Chlorite Solution. Biocontrol Sci 2017; 22:25-30. [PMID: 28367867 DOI: 10.4265/bio.22.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of the inactivation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in sodium chlorite (NaClO2) solution was studied in the weakly acidic pH range of 4.0 to 6.5 and at various temperatures. The logarithmic reduction of the survival ratio depended on the concentration-time product, and all the inactivation curves showed a linear reduction phase. The first-order inactivation rate constant (k) increased by approximately twice for every 0.44 unit fall in pH. During the inactivation experiments, no formation of chlorine dioxide occurred. These data indicated that undissociated HClO2 was the active species governing the inactivation of V. parahaemolyticus. It was also shown that the use of weakly acidic NaClO2 solutions containing high concentrations of ionized ClO2- gave slower kinetics of the inactivation, whereas it could achieve the significant reduction of viable cells of more than 4-log. The k value showed an Arrhenius-type temperature dependence in the temperature range of 5 to 40℃. The apparent activation energy for the inactivation of V. parahaemolyticus was estimated to be 43.5 kJ/mol. The k value increased by approximately 1.8 times for every 10℃ rise in temperature.
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19
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KOBAYASHI Y, YOSIZAWA S, KANEKO S, SHIMIZU T. Bactericidal and Virucidal Effects of Chlorous Acid Water and Sodium Hypochlorite in a Suspension Containing Organic Substances. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4058/jsei.31.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuka KOBAYASHI
- NPO Biomedical Science Association
- Present address; IKARI SHODOKU CO., LTD
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20
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Yamaoka H, Nakayama-Imaohji H, Horiuchi I, Yamasaki H, Nagao T, Fujita Y, Maeda H, Goda H, Kuwahara T. Tetramethylbenzidine method for monitoring the free available chlorine and microbicidal activity of chlorite-based sanitizers under organic-matter-rich environments. Lett Appl Microbiol 2015; 62:47-54. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Yamaoka
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine; Kagawa University; Kagawa Japan
- Honbu Sankei Co. Ltd.; Chuou-ku Osaka Japan
| | - H. Nakayama-Imaohji
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine; Kagawa University; Kagawa Japan
| | - I. Horiuchi
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine; Kagawa University; Kagawa Japan
- Honbu Sankei Co. Ltd.; Chuou-ku Osaka Japan
| | - H. Yamasaki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; Wakayama Medical University Graduate School of Medicine; Wakayama Japan
| | - T. Nagao
- Faculty of Nursing; Shikoku University; Tokushima Japan
| | - Y. Fujita
- Honbu Sankei Co. Ltd.; Chuou-ku Osaka Japan
| | - H. Maeda
- Faculty of Fisheries; Kagoshima University; Kagoshima-shi Kagoshima Japan
| | - H. Goda
- Honbu Sankei Co. Ltd.; Chuou-ku Osaka Japan
| | - T. Kuwahara
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine; Kagawa University; Kagawa Japan
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