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de Andrade Morais D, Nunes BC, Soares RR, de Oliveira MD, da Costa DF, de Araújo HG, Júnior JPA, Malossi CD, Silva MLCR, de Azevedo SS, Alves CJ. Strong Evidence of the Role of Donkeys in the Epidemiology of Leptospira spp. in Semiarid Conditions. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1853. [PMID: 37513025 PMCID: PMC10384114 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Donkeys (Equus asinus) are historically known for their close relationship to humanity, which raises the need to study zoonotic diseases that affect them. In this perspective, leptospirosis stands out as a disease with an economic and public health impact, and its occurrence is facilitated in times of higher rainfall indexes, especially in large urban centers. In view of the scarcity of information about leptospirosis in donkeys, the objective of this study was to detect the presence of Leptospira spp. and anti-leptospiral antibodies in donkeys rescued by a zoonosis center located in the Caatiga biome, Brazilian semiarid region. Overall, 30 donkeys of both sexes, aged between 4 months and 15 years, were used, from which 64 serum samples were collected and submitted to the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). In addition, 64 samples of urine, vaginal and preputial fluid, in duplicates, were subjected to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microbiological. Sixteen (53.3%) animals tested positive in at least one diagnostic test, 12 (40%) of which were positive at MAT and seven (23.3%) in the molecular and bacteriological detection (urine, vaginal, and preputial fluid samples). This is the first report identifying donkeys infected with Leptospira spp. by molecular and bacteriological diagnosis in Brazil, and the first in the world to detect this agent in their genital fluids. The study also shows that donkeys are commonly exposed to leptospires in the Caatinga biome, and this constitutes a One Health-based concern, demonstrating the importance of broad studies where large numbers of humans and animals coexist when investigating zoonotic infections and when planning and implementing control measures for donkeys-associated leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davidianne de Andrade Morais
- Centro de Saúde Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos 58708-110, PB, Brazil
| | - Bruno Cesar Nunes
- Centro de Saúde Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos 58708-110, PB, Brazil
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Soares
- Centro de Saúde Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos 58708-110, PB, Brazil
| | - Murilo Duarte de Oliveira
- Centro de Saúde Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos 58708-110, PB, Brazil
| | - Diego Figueiredo da Costa
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias (CCA), Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Rodovia BR 079, Km 02, Areia 58397-000, PB, Brazil
| | - Hosaneide Gomes de Araújo
- Centro de Saúde Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos 58708-110, PB, Brazil
| | - João Pessoa Araújo Júnior
- Campus de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n, Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Dantas Malossi
- Campus de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n, Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Luana Cristiny Rodrigues Silva
- Centro de Saúde Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos 58708-110, PB, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Santos de Azevedo
- Centro de Saúde Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos 58708-110, PB, Brazil
| | - Clebert José Alves
- Centro de Saúde Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos 58708-110, PB, Brazil
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Hamond C, Browne AS, de Wilde LH, Hornsby RL, LeCount K, Anderson T, Stuber T, Cranford HM, Browne SK, Blanchard G, Horner D, Taylor ML, Evans M, Angeli NF, Roth J, Bisgard KM, Salzer JS, Schafer IJ, Ellis BR, Alt DP, Schlater L, Nally JE, Ellis EM. Assessing rodents as carriers of pathogenic Leptospira species in the U.S. Virgin Islands and their risk to animal and public health. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1132. [PMID: 35064157 PMCID: PMC8782869 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-04846-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a global zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic bacteria of the genus Leptospira. We sought to determine if rodents in U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI) are carriers of Leptospira. In total, 140 rodents were sampled, including 112 Mus musculus and 28 Rattus rattus. A positive carrier status was identified for 64/140 (45.7%); 49 (35.0%) were positive by dark-field microscopy, 60 (42.9%) by culture, 63 (45.0%) by fluorescent antibody testing, and 61 (43.6%) by real-time polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR). Molecular typing indicated that 48 isolates were L. borgpetersenii and 3 were L. kirschneri; the remaining nine comprised mixed species. In the single culture-negative sample that was rtPCR positive, genotyping directly from the kidney identified L. interrogans. Serotyping of L. borgpetersenii isolates identified serogroup Ballum and L. kirschneri isolates as serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae. These results demonstrate that rodents are significant Leptospira carriers and adds to understanding the ecoepidemiology of leptospirosis in USVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Hamond
- APHIS, U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, IA, USA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, NCAH Leptospira Working Group, Ames, IA, USA
| | - A Springer Browne
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- U.S. Virgin Islands Department of Health, Christiansted, VI, USA
- Domestic Animal Health Analytics Team, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Leah H de Wilde
- U.S. Virgin Islands Department of Health, Christiansted, VI, USA
| | - Richard L Hornsby
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, NCAH Leptospira Working Group, Ames, IA, USA
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center-USDA-ARS, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Karen LeCount
- APHIS, U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, IA, USA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, NCAH Leptospira Working Group, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Tammy Anderson
- APHIS, U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, IA, USA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, NCAH Leptospira Working Group, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Tod Stuber
- APHIS, U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, IA, USA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, NCAH Leptospira Working Group, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Stephanie K Browne
- U.S. Virgin Islands Department of Health, Christiansted, VI, USA
- Council for State and Territorial Epidemiologists, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gerard Blanchard
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Charlotte Amalie, VI, USA
| | | | - Marissa L Taylor
- U.S. Virgin Islands Department of Health, Christiansted, VI, USA
| | - Michael Evans
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fredericksted, VI, USA
| | - Nicole F Angeli
- U.S. Virgin Islands Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Fredericksted, VI, USA
| | - Joseph Roth
- U.S. Virgin Islands Department of Health, Christiansted, VI, USA
| | - Kristine M Bisgard
- Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Johanna S Salzer
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ilana J Schafer
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brett R Ellis
- U.S. Virgin Islands Department of Health, Christiansted, VI, USA
| | - David P Alt
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, NCAH Leptospira Working Group, Ames, IA, USA
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center-USDA-ARS, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Linda Schlater
- APHIS, U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, IA, USA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, NCAH Leptospira Working Group, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jarlath E Nally
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, NCAH Leptospira Working Group, Ames, IA, USA.
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center-USDA-ARS, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA, 50010, USA.
| | - Esther M Ellis
- U.S. Virgin Islands Department of Health, Christiansted, VI, USA
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Tracking Animal Reservoirs of Pathogenic Leptospira: The Right Test for the Right Claim. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6040205. [PMID: 34941661 PMCID: PMC8705917 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6040205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is the most prevalent bacterial zoonosis worldwide and, in this context, has been extensively investigated through the One Health framework. Diagnosis of human leptospirosis includes molecular and serological tools, with the serological Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) still being considered as the gold standard. Mammals acting as reservoirs of the pathogen include species or populations that are able to maintain chronic infection and shed the bacteria via their urine into the environment. Animals infected by Leptospira are often identified using the same diagnosis tool as in humans, i.e., serological MAT. However, this tool may lead to misinterpretations as it can signal previous infection but does not provide accurate information regarding the capacity of animals to maintain chronic infection and, hence, participate in the transmission cycle. We employ in this paper previously published data and present original results on introduced and endemic small mammals from Indian Ocean islands to show that MAT should not be used for the identification of Leptospira reservoirs. By contrast, serological data are informative on the level of exposure of animals living in a specific environment. We present a sequential methodology to investigate human leptospirosis in the One Health framework that associates molecular detection in humans and animals, together with MAT of human samples using Leptospira isolates obtained from reservoir animals occurring in the same environment.
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PARASITES OF AN ENDANGERED HARVEST MOUSE (REITHRODONTOMYS RAVIVENTRIS HALICOETES) IN A NORTHERN CALIFORNIA MARSH. J Wildl Dis 2021; 58:122-136. [PMID: 34814173 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-21-00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Disease may limit recovery of endangered species. We surveyed parasites in the federally endangered salt marsh harvest mouse (SMHM; Reithrodontomys raviventris halicoetes) and sympatric rodents in Suisun Marsh (Solano County, California, USA) from April 2018 through March 2019. We investigated individual SMHM risk factors (age, sex, reproductive status, and body condition) for infection and relationships among the estimated parasite prevalence and season and habitat management (natural tidal habitats versus diked, nontidal habitats). We captured 625 individual rodents, including 439 SMHM, and tested these for infection with Bartonella spp., Borrelia spp., Rickettsia spp., Francisella tularensis, Leptospira spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp., and Toxoplasma gondii by PCR. Over one-third (34.6%, confidence interval [CI], 30.2%-39.3%) of SMHM tested positive for at least one parasite. Four percent (CI, 2.8%-6.3%) of SMHM were infected with F. tularensis holarctica, a virulent bacterium that causes mortality in rodents shortly after infection. Additionally, we detected three species of Bartonella (B. henselae, B. rochalimae, B. vinsonii arupensis), Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Ballum, Cryptosporidium sp. (deer mouse [Peromyscus maniculatus] genotype), Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia intestinalis, and an unidentified Borrelia sp. The only parasite that was associated with habitat management was Bartonella spp., which was more prevalent in diked than tidal areas. Male SMHM were more likely to be parasitized than females, and individuals in modestly poor body condition were most likely to be infected with Bartonella spp. The estimated sample prevalence of multiple parasites varied by season and by host species. This is the first major parasite assessment in a long-endangered species, and these results will assist managers to incorporate parasitic disease into recovery planning and provide a critical baseline for future investigations, including how climatically induced habitat and species composition changes could alter disease dynamics.
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Putz EJ, Nally JE. Investigating the Immunological and Biological Equilibrium of Reservoir Hosts and Pathogenic Leptospira: Balancing the Solution to an Acute Problem? Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2005. [PMID: 32922382 PMCID: PMC7456838 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a devastating zoonotic disease affecting people and animals across the globe. Pathogenic leptospires are excreted in urine of reservoir hosts which directly or indirectly leads to continued disease transmission, via contact with mucous membranes or a breach of the skin barrier of another host. Human fatalities approach 60,000 deaths per annum; though most vertebrates are susceptible to leptospirosis, complex interactions between host species and serovars of Leptospira can yield disease phenotypes that vary from asymptomatic shedding in reservoir hosts, to multi-organ failure in incidental hosts. Clinical symptoms of acute leptospirosis reflect the diverse range of pathogenic species and serovars that cause infection, the level of exposure, and the relationship of the pathogen with the given host. However, in all cases, pathogenic Leptospira are excreted into the environment via urine from reservoir hosts which are uniformly recognized as asymptomatic carriers. Therefore, the reservoir host serves as the cornerstone of persistent disease transmission. Although bacterin vaccines can be used to abate renal carriage and excretion in domestic animal species, there is an urgent need to advance our understanding of immune-mediated host–pathogen interactions that facilitate persistent asymptomatic carriage. This review summarizes the current understanding of host–pathogen interactions in the reservoir host and prioritizes research to unravel mechanisms that allow for colonization but not destruction of the host. This information is required to understand, and ultimately control, the transmission of pathogenic Leptospira.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie J Putz
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jarlath E Nally
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
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Pinto PS, Barbosa C, Ferreira AMR, Lilenbaum W. Short communication: Uterine leptospiral infection is strongly associated to strains of serogroup Sejroe on experimentally infected hamsters. Microb Pathog 2020; 142:104030. [PMID: 32027974 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Leptospira infection is influenced by the host species and the bacterial strain involved. Important differences on their tissue distribution are referred, also depending on the host and the studied strain. Considering tissue distribution of leptospires the majority of the studies focus on a single strain, or strains from the same serogroup with different inoculation doses. Nevertheless, none had associated different serogroups with their tissue distribution. Thus, the present study aims to investigate the hypothesis that tissue distribution of Leptospira spp. on experimentally infected hamsters may vary according to the strain serogroup. Females of Golden Syrian hamsters were used for the experimental infection with Leptospira isolates (n = 13) belonging to serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae (n = 8) and Sejroe (n = 5). PCRs were conducted in renal, hepatic and uterine tissue. Seven out of the thirteen studied hamsters presented acute clinical signs and were euthanized before the 21° day p.i. (strains VF237, VF52, U81, UFF-SG001, UFF-G19, UFF-B15, L1-130), while the others presented a subclinical infection. Regarding to the PCR results it was possible to observe that, all but one strain (UFF-SG001), which was detected on all the studied tissues, presented some differences on their tissue distribution. All strains could be detected on at least one tissue and a significant association was observed for the occurrence of the strains of serogroup Sejroe in uterus (p = 0.044). The results of the present study indicate that strains of serogroup Sejroe are strongly associated to uterine infection on experimentally infected hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Pinto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, 101 Prof. Hernani Mello Street, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - C Barbosa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, 101 Prof. Hernani Mello Street, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A M R Ferreira
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Federal University, Brazil
| | - W Lilenbaum
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, 101 Prof. Hernani Mello Street, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Cordonin C, Turpin M, Bascands JL, Dellagi K, Mavingui P, Tortosa P, Roche M. Three Leptospira Strains From Western Indian Ocean Wildlife Show Highly Distinct Virulence Phenotypes Through Hamster Experimental Infection. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:382. [PMID: 30915044 PMCID: PMC6421516 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is one of the most widespread zoonoses worldwide, with highest incidence reported on tropical islands. Recent investigations carried out in a One-Health framework have revealed a wide diversity of pathogenic Leptospira lineages on the different islands of Western Indian Ocean carried out by a large diversity of mammal reservoirs, including domestic and wild fauna. Using golden Syrian hamsters as a model of acute infection, we studied the virulence of Leptospira interrogans, L. mayottensis, and L. borgpetersenii isolates obtained from rats, tenrecs, and bats, respectively. Hamsters were inoculated with 2.108 bacterial cells and monitored for 1 month. The L. interrogans isolate proved to be the most pathogenic while L. mayottensis and L. borgpetersenii isolates induced no clinical symptoms in the infected hamsters. High leptospiral DNA amounts were also detected in the urine and organs of hamsters infected with the L. interrogans isolate while L. mayottensis and L. borgpetersenii isolates mostly failed to disseminate into the organism. In addition, histological damage was more pronounced in the kidneys and lungs of hamsters infected with the L. interrogans isolate. Altogether, these data support that Leptospira strains shed by mammals endemic to this insular ecosystem (L. mayottensis and L. borgpetersenii isolates) are less pathogenic than the L. interrogans rat-borne isolate. These results may provide a relevant framework for understanding the contrasting epidemiology of human leptospirosis observed among Western Indian Ocean islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette Cordonin
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (UMR PIMIT), Université de La Réunion, INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, Reunion, France
| | - Magali Turpin
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (UMR PIMIT), Université de La Réunion, INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, Reunion, France
| | - Jean-Loup Bascands
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapie Réunion-Océan Indien (UMR DéTROI), Université de La Réunion, INSERM U1188, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, Reunion, France
| | - Koussay Dellagi
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (UMR PIMIT), Université de La Réunion, INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, Reunion, France
| | - Patrick Mavingui
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (UMR PIMIT), Université de La Réunion, INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, Reunion, France
| | - Pablo Tortosa
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (UMR PIMIT), Université de La Réunion, INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, Reunion, France
| | - Marjolaine Roche
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (UMR PIMIT), Université de La Réunion, INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, Reunion, France
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Matsui M, Roche L, Soupé-Gilbert ME, Hasan M, Monchy D, Goarant C. High level of IL-10 expression in the blood of animal models possibly relates to resistance against leptospirosis. Cytokine 2017; 96:144-151. [PMID: 28410507 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a severe zoonosis which immunopathogenesis is poorly understood. We evaluated correlation between acute form of the disease and the ratio of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 to the pro-inflammatory TNF-α and IL-1β expression during the early phase of infection comparing resistant mice and susceptible hamsters infected with two different species of virulent Leptospira. The IL-10/TNF-α and IL-10/IL-1β expression ratios were higher in mouse compared to hamster independently of the Leptospira strain, suggesting a preponderant role of the host response and notably these cytokines in the clinical expression and survival to leptospirosis. Using an IL-10 neutralization strategy in Leptospira-infected mouse model, we also showed evidence of a possible role of this cytokine on host susceptibility, bacterial clearance and on regulation of cytokine gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Matsui
- Institut Pasteur International Network, Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Group Immunity and Inflammation, Noumea, New Caledonia.
| | - Louise Roche
- Institut Pasteur International Network, Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Leptospirosis Research and Expertise Unit, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Marie-Estelle Soupé-Gilbert
- Institut Pasteur International Network, Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Leptospirosis Research and Expertise Unit, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Milena Hasan
- Center for Translational Research, Technology Core, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Didier Monchy
- Anatomic Pathology Laboratory, Gaston-Bourret Territorial Hospital Center, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Cyrille Goarant
- Institut Pasteur International Network, Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Leptospirosis Research and Expertise Unit, Noumea, New Caledonia
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Matsui M, Roche L, Geroult S, Soupé-Gilbert ME, Monchy D, Huerre M, Goarant C. Cytokine and Chemokine Expression in Kidneys during Chronic Leptospirosis in Reservoir and Susceptible Animal Models. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156084. [PMID: 27219334 PMCID: PMC4878748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira. Humans can be infected after exposure to contaminated urine of reservoir animals, usually rodents, regarded as typical asymptomatic carriers of leptospires. In contrast, accidental hosts may present an acute form of leptospirosis with a range of clinical symptoms including the development of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is considered as a possible AKI-residual sequela but little is known about the renal pathophysiology consequent to leptospirosis infection. Herein, we studied the renal morphological alterations in relation with the regulation of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, comparing two experimental models of chronic leptospirosis, the golden Syrian hamster that survived the infection, becoming carrier of virulent leptospires, and the OF1 mouse, a usual reservoir of the bacteria. Animals were monitored until 28 days after injection with a virulent L. borgpetersenii serogroup Ballum to assess chronic infection. Hamsters developed morphological alterations in the kidneys with tubulointerstitial nephritis and fibrosis. Grading of lesions revealed higher scores in hamsters compared to the slight alterations observed in the mouse kidneys, irrespective of the bacterial load. Interestingly, pro-fibrotic TGF-β was downregulated in mouse kidneys. Moreover, cytokines IL-1β and IL-10, and chemokines MIP-1α/CCL3 and IP-10/CXCL-10 were significantly upregulated in hamster kidneys compared to mice. These results suggest a possible maintenance of inflammatory processes in the hamster kidneys with the infiltration of inflammatory cells in response to bacterial carriage, resulting in alterations of renal tissues. In contrast, lower expression levels in mouse kidneys indicated a better regulation of the inflammatory response and possible resolution processes likely related to resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Matsui
- Institut Pasteur International Network, Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Leptospirosis Research and Expertise Unit, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Louise Roche
- Institut Pasteur International Network, Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Leptospirosis Research and Expertise Unit, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Sophie Geroult
- Institut Pasteur International Network, Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Leptospirosis Research and Expertise Unit, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Marie-Estelle Soupé-Gilbert
- Institut Pasteur International Network, Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Leptospirosis Research and Expertise Unit, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Didier Monchy
- Anatomic Pathology Laboratory, Gaston-Bourret Territorial Hospital Center, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Michel Huerre
- Unité de Recherche et Expertise en Histotechnologie et Pathologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Departement de Pathologie, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Cyrille Goarant
- Institut Pasteur International Network, Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Leptospirosis Research and Expertise Unit, Noumea, New Caledonia
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Gomard Y, Dietrich M, Wieseke N, Ramasindrazana B, Lagadec E, Goodman SM, Dellagi K, Tortosa P. Malagasy bats shelter a considerable genetic diversity of pathogenic Leptospira suggesting notable host-specificity patterns. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw037. [PMID: 26902801 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Leptospira are the causative agents of leptospirosis, a disease of global concern with major impact in tropical regions. Despite the importance of this zoonosis for human health, the evolutionary and ecological drivers shaping bacterial communities in host reservoirs remain poorly investigated. Here, we describe Leptospira communities hosted by Malagasy bats, composed of mostly endemic species, in order to characterize host-pathogen associations and investigate their evolutionary histories. We screened 947 individual bats (representing 31 species, 18 genera and seven families) for Leptospira infection and subsequently genotyped positive samples using three different bacterial loci. Molecular identification showed that these Leptospira are notably diverse and include several distinct lineages mostly belonging to Leptospira borgpetersenii and L. kirschneri. The exploration of the most probable host-pathogen evolutionary scenarios suggests that bacterial genetic diversity results from a combination of events related to the ecology and the evolutionary history of their hosts. Importantly, based on the data set presented herein, the notable host-specificity we have uncovered, together with a lack of geographical structuration of bacterial genetic diversity, indicates that the Leptospira community at a given site depends on the co-occurring bat species assemblage. The implications of such tight host-specificity on the epidemiology of leptospirosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Gomard
- Centre for Research and Surveillance of Emerging Diseases in the Indian Ocean (CRVOI), 97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France UMR PIMIT, 'Infectious Processes in Insular Ecosystems', University of La Réunion, INSERM U 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249. Research platform of CYROI, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Muriel Dietrich
- Centre for Research and Surveillance of Emerging Diseases in the Indian Ocean (CRVOI), 97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Nicolas Wieseke
- Parallel Computing and Complex Systems Group, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Leipzig, Augustusplatz 10, D-04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beza Ramasindrazana
- Centre for Research and Surveillance of Emerging Diseases in the Indian Ocean (CRVOI), 97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France UMR PIMIT, 'Infectious Processes in Insular Ecosystems', University of La Réunion, INSERM U 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249. Research platform of CYROI, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France Association Vahatra, BP 3972, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Erwan Lagadec
- Centre for Research and Surveillance of Emerging Diseases in the Indian Ocean (CRVOI), 97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France UMR PIMIT, 'Infectious Processes in Insular Ecosystems', University of La Réunion, INSERM U 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249. Research platform of CYROI, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Steven M Goodman
- Association Vahatra, BP 3972, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605-2496, USA
| | - Koussay Dellagi
- Centre for Research and Surveillance of Emerging Diseases in the Indian Ocean (CRVOI), 97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France UMR PIMIT, 'Infectious Processes in Insular Ecosystems', University of La Réunion, INSERM U 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249. Research platform of CYROI, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France Institute for Research for Development (IRD), 97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Pablo Tortosa
- Centre for Research and Surveillance of Emerging Diseases in the Indian Ocean (CRVOI), 97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France UMR PIMIT, 'Infectious Processes in Insular Ecosystems', University of La Réunion, INSERM U 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249. Research platform of CYROI, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
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