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Hickson SE, Hyde JL. RNA structures within Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus E1 alter macrophage replication fitness and contribute to viral emergence. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.09.588743. [PMID: 38645187 PMCID: PMC11030350 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.09.588743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is a mosquito-borne +ssRNA virus belonging to the Togaviridae . VEEV is found throughout Central and South America and is responsible for periodic epidemic/epizootic outbreaks of febrile and encephalitic disease in equines and humans. Endemic/enzootic VEEV is transmitted between Culex mosquitoes and sylvatic rodents, whereas epidemic/epizootic VEEV is transmitted between mosquitoes and equids, which serve as amplification hosts during outbreaks. Epizootic VEEV emergence has been shown to arise from mutation of enzootic VEEV strains. Specifically, epizootic VEEV has been shown to acquire amino acid mutations in the E2 viral glycoprotein that facilitate viral entry and equine amplification. However, the abundance of synonymous mutations which accumulate across the epizootic VEEV genome suggests that other viral determinants such as RNA secondary structure may also play a role in VEEV emergence. In this study we identify novel RNA structures in the E1 gene which specifically alter replication fitness of epizootic VEEV in macrophages but not other cell types. We show that SNPs are conserved within epizootic lineages and that RNA structures are conserved across different lineages. We also identified several novel RNA-binding proteins that are necessary for altered macrophage replication. These results suggest that emergence of VEEV in nature requires multiple mutations across the viral genome, some of which alter cell-type specific replication fitness in an RNA structure-dependent manner. AUTHOR SUMMARY Understanding how viral pathogens emerge is critical for ongoing surveillance and outbreak preparedness. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that drive viral emergence are still not completely understood. Emergence of the mosquito-borne virus Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is known to require mutations in the viral attachment protein (E2), which drive viremia and transmission. We have observed that emergent strains (epizootic VEEV) also accumulate many silent mutations, suggesting that other determinants independent of protein sequence also contributes to emergence. In this study we identify novel RNA secondary structures associated with epizootic VEEV that alters viral replication in a cell-type dependent manner. We show that these RNA structures are conserved across epizootic viruses and identify host proteins that specifically bind these RNAs. These findings imply that viral emergence requires multiple mutations, a number of which likely alter viral structure in a manner that benefits viral replication and transmission.
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Celone M, Okech B, Han BA, Forshey BM, Anyamba A, Dunford J, Rutherford G, Mita-Mendoza NK, Estallo EL, Khouri R, de Siqueira IC, Pollett S. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the potential non-human animal reservoirs and arthropod vectors of the Mayaro virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0010016. [PMID: 34898602 PMCID: PMC8699665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving our understanding of Mayaro virus (MAYV) ecology is critical to guide surveillance and risk assessment. We conducted a PRISMA-adherent systematic review of the published and grey literature to identify potential arthropod vectors and non-human animal reservoirs of MAYV. We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, SciELO and grey-literature sources including PAHO databases and dissertation repositories. Studies were included if they assessed MAYV virological/immunological measured occurrence in field-caught, domestic, or sentinel animals or in field-caught arthropods. We conducted an animal seroprevalence meta-analysis using a random effects model. We compiled granular georeferenced maps of non-human MAYV occurrence and graded the quality of the studies using a customized framework. Overall, 57 studies were eligible out of 1523 screened, published between the years 1961 and 2020. Seventeen studies reported MAYV positivity in wild mammals, birds, or reptiles and five studies reported MAYV positivity in domestic animals. MAYV positivity was reported in 12 orders of wild-caught vertebrates, most frequently in the orders Charadriiformes and Primate. Sixteen studies detected MAYV in wild-caught mosquito genera including Haemagogus, Aedes, Culex, Psorophora, Coquillettidia, and Sabethes. Vertebrate animals or arthropods with MAYV were detected in Brazil, Panama, Peru, French Guiana, Colombia, Trinidad, Venezuela, Argentina, and Paraguay. Among non-human vertebrates, the Primate order had the highest pooled seroprevalence at 13.1% (95% CI: 4.3-25.1%). From the three most studied primate genera we found the highest seroprevalence was in Alouatta (32.2%, 95% CI: 0.0-79.2%), followed by Callithrix (17.8%, 95% CI: 8.6-28.5%), and Cebus/Sapajus (3.7%, 95% CI: 0.0-11.1%). We further found that MAYV occurs in a wide range of vectors beyond Haemagogus spp. The quality of evidence behind these findings was variable and prompts calls for standardization of reporting of arbovirus occurrence. These findings support further risk emergence prediction, guide field surveillance efforts, and prompt further in-vivo studies to better define the ecological drivers of MAYV maintenance and potential for emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Celone
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine & Biostatistics, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bernard Okech
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine & Biostatistics, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barbara A. Han
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York, United States of America
| | - Brett M. Forshey
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Assaf Anyamba
- University Space Research Association & NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, Greenbelt, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James Dunford
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine & Biostatistics, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - George Rutherford
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Elizabet Lilia Estallo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT) CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Centro de Investigaciones Entomológicas de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Khouri
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz-Fiocruz, R. Waldemar Falcão, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Simon Pollett
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Baker WS, Negi S, Braun W, Schein CH. Producing physicochemical property consensus alphavirus protein antigens for broad spectrum vaccine design. Antiviral Res 2020; 182:104905. [PMID: 32800880 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is a pressing need for new vaccines against alphaviruses, which can cause fatal encephalitis (Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) and others) and severe arthralgia (e.g. Chikungunya virus, CHIKV). These positive-strand RNA viruses are diverse and evolve rapidly, meaning that the sequence of any vaccine should cover multiple strains that may be quite different from any previous isolate. Here, consensus proteins were produced to represent the common physicochemical properties (PCPs) of the epitope rich, B domain of the E2 envelope protein. PCP-consensus proteins were based on multiple strains of VEEV (VEEVcon) and CHIKV (CHIKVcon) or the conserved PCPs of 24 different alphaviruses (AllAVcon). The AllAVcon was altered to include binding sites for neutralizing antibodies of both VEEV and CHIKV strains (Mosaikcon). All four designed proteins were produced solubly in E. coli and purified. They formed the β-strand core expected from experimental structures of this region of the wild type E2 proteins as indicated by circular dichroism (CD) spectra. Furthermore, the CHIKVcon protein bound to a structure dependent, CHIKV neutralizing monoclonal antibody. The AllAVcon and Mosaikcon proteins bound to polyclonal antibodies generated during natural infection with either VEEV or CHIKV, indicating they contained epitopes of both serotypes. The Mosaikcon antigen induced antibodies in rabbit sera that recognized both the VEEVcon and CHIKVcon spike proteins. These PCP-consensus antigens are promising starting points for novel, broad-spectrum alphavirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy S Baker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Surendra Negi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA; Sealy Center for Structural Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Werner Braun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA; Sealy Center for Structural Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Catherine H Schein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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Guzmán-Terán C, Calderón-Rangel A, Rodriguez-Morales A, Mattar S. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus: the problem is not over for tropical America. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2020; 19:19. [PMID: 32429942 PMCID: PMC7236962 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-020-00360-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The equine encephalitis viruses, Venezuelan (VEEV), East (EEEV) and West (WEEV), belong to the genus alphavirus, family Togaviridae and still represent a threat for human and animal public health in the Americas. In both, these infections are characterized by high viremia, rash, fever, encephalitis and death. VEEV encephalitis is similar, clinically, to other arboviral diseases, such as dengue, Zika or chikungunya. Most of the alphaviruses are transmitted between vertebrates and mosquitoes. They are able to replicate in a wide number of hosts, including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibian and arthropods. The VEEV has enzootic and epizootic transmission cycles. At the enzootic one, enzootic strains (subtype I, serotypes D-F and serotypes II-VI) are continuously circulating between mosquitoes and wild rodents in tropical forests and mangroves of the Americas. The main reseroivrs are wild rodent species of the subfamily Sigmodontinae. However, bats can be also accidental reservoirs of VEEV. In this article, we reviewed the main features, epidemiology, clinical aspects and the current perspectives of the VEEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Guzmán-Terán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas del Trópico (IIBT), Programa Regencia en Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería, Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Alfonso Calderón-Rangel
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas del Trópico (IIBT), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería, Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Alfonso Rodriguez-Morales
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Salim Mattar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas del Trópico (IIBT), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería, Córdoba, Colombia.
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Guzmán C, Calderón A, Oviedo T, Mattar S, Castañeda J, Rodriguez V, Moraes Figueiredo LT. Molecular and cellular evidence of natural Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection in frugivorous bats in Colombia. Vet World 2020; 13:495-501. [PMID: 32367955 PMCID: PMC7183472 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.495-501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is an alphavirus that causes encephalitis with a high impact on public health in Latin America. However, only in Guatemala, Trinidad and Tobago, and Mexico have found antibodies in VEEV in bats, using immunohistochemistry, the sensitivity and specificity are improved; thus, it is better for demonstrating natural infection in bats as potential hosts. This study aimed to determine the presence of VEEV in tissues of frugivorous bats. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective descriptive cross-sectional study with a non-probabilistic sampling was carried out in 12 localities of Córdoba and Sucre area of the Colombian Caribbean. Two hundred and eighty-six bats were captured using fog nets, and the specimens according to taxonomic keys were classified. According to the Ethics Committee of the University of Córdoba, the bats were treated with analgesics and anesthetics. Blood samples were taken and then euthanized to obtain tissues and organs which were preserved in liquid N2 at -196°C. A portion of each organ was fixed in 10% buffered formalin for the detection of antigens by immunohistochemistry. Several pathological anatomy analyses were performed to determine the histological characteristics of tissue lesions of frugivorous bats naturally infected with the VEEV. RESULTS Of the 286 bats captured, 23 species were identified. In samples of the brain, spleen, and lung of two frugivorous bats (2/286=0.70%) Artibeus planirostris and Sturnira lilium, the presence of VEEV was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSION A fragment of the nsP4 non-structural protein gene corresponding to the alphavirus was amplified. Two samples were positive (2/286=0.70%) in frugivorous bats; A. planirostris (code GenBank: MG820274) and S. lilium (code GenBank: MG820275). The present study showed the first molecular evidence and cellular evidence (histopathology and immunohistochemistry) of natural VEEV infection in frugivorous bats in Colombia; these bats could be a host of this zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Guzmán
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Biological Research of the Tropics, University of Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Alfonso Calderón
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal, Institute for Biological Research in the Tropics, University of Córdoba, Colombia
| | | | - Salim Mattar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal, Institute of Biological Research of the Tropics, University of Córdoba, Colombia
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Effects of Chikungunya virus immunity on Mayaro virus disease and epidemic potential. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20399. [PMID: 31892710 PMCID: PMC6938517 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56551-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mayaro virus (MAYV) causes an acute febrile illness similar to that produced by chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an evolutionary relative in the Semliki Forest virus complex of alphaviruses. MAYV emergence is typically sporadic, but recent isolations and outbreaks indicate that the virus remains a public health concern. Given the close phylogenetic and antigenic relationship between CHIKV and MAYV, and widespread distribution of CHIKV, we hypothesized that prior CHIKV immunity may affect MAYV pathogenesis and/or influence its emergence potential. We pre-exposed immunocompetent C57BL/6 and immunocompromised A129 or IFNAR mice to wild-type CHIKV, two CHIKV vaccines, or a live-attenuated MAYV vaccine, and challenged with MAYV. We observed strong cross-protection against MAYV for mice pre-exposed to wild-type CHIKV, and moderately but significantly reduced cross-protection from CHIKV-vaccinated animals. Immunity to other alphavirus or flavivirus controls provided no protection against MAYV disease or viremia. Mechanistic studies suggested that neutralizing antibodies alone can mediate this protection, with T-cells having no significant effect on diminishing disease. Finally, human sera obtained from naturally acquired CHIKV infection cross-neutralized MAYV at high titers in vitro. Altogether, our data suggest that CHIKV infection can confer cross-protective effects against MAYV, and the resultant reduction in viremia may limit the emergence potential of MAYV.
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Paniz-Mondolfi AE, Blohm G, Piñero R, Rondon-Cadenas C, Rodríguez-Morales AJ. Venezuelan equine encephalitis: How likely are we to see the next epidemic? Travel Med Infect Dis 2017; 17:67-68. [PMID: 28242351 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto E Paniz-Mondolfi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Hospital Internacional, Barquisimeto, Venezuela; The Regional Zika-Lara Collaborative Network and Emerging Pathogens and Zoonoses Research Group, Barquisimeto, Venezuela; Instituto Venezolano de los Seguros Sociales (IVSS), Caracas, Venezuela; Colombian Collaborative Network on Zika and Other Arboviruses (RECOLZIKA), Pereira, Risraralda, Colombia; Committee on Travel Medicine, Pan-American Association of Infectious Diseases, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Gabriela Blohm
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Reinaldo Piñero
- The Regional Zika-Lara Collaborative Network and Emerging Pathogens and Zoonoses Research Group, Barquisimeto, Venezuela; Instituto Venezolano de los Seguros Sociales (IVSS), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Cinthya Rondon-Cadenas
- The Regional Zika-Lara Collaborative Network and Emerging Pathogens and Zoonoses Research Group, Barquisimeto, Venezuela; Instituto Venezolano de los Seguros Sociales (IVSS), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Alfonso J Rodríguez-Morales
- Colombian Collaborative Network on Zika and Other Arboviruses (RECOLZIKA), Pereira, Risraralda, Colombia; Committee on Travel Medicine, Pan-American Association of Infectious Diseases, Quito, Ecuador; Public Health and Infection Research Incubator and Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia; Committee on Zoonoses and Haemorrhagic Fevers, Asociación Colombiana de Infectología, Bogotá, DC, Colombia.
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Tambo E, Khayeka-Wandabwa C, Olalubi OA, Adedeji AA, Ngogang JY, Khater EI. Addressing knowledge gaps in molecular, sero-surveillance and monitoring approaches on Zika epidemics and other arbovirus co-infections: A structured review. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2017; 2:50-60. [PMID: 29774281 PMCID: PMC5952677 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Globalization, with consequent increased travel and trade, rapid urbanization and growing weather variation events due to climate change has contributed to the recent unprecedented Zika virus (ZIKV) pandemic. This has emphasized the pressing need for local, national, regional and global community collaborative proactiveness, leadership and financial investment resilience in research and development. This paper addresses the potential knowledge gaps and impact of early detection and monitoring approaches on ZIKV epidemics and related arboviral infections steered towards effective prevention and smart response strategies. We advocate for the development and validation of robust field and point of care diagnostic tools that are more sensitive, specific and cost effective for use in ZIKV epidemics and routine pathophysiology surveillance and monitoring systems as an imperative avenue in understanding Zika-related and other arbovirus trends and apply genomic and proteomic characterisation approaches in guiding annotation efforts in order to design and implement public health burden mitigation and adaptation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Tambo
- Department Biochemistry, Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Universite des Montagnes, Bangangté, Cameroon.,Africa Disease Intelligence and Surveillance, Communication and Response (Africa DISCoR) Foundation, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Christopher Khayeka-Wandabwa
- African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Nairobi, Kenya.,Health Sciences Platform, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (SPST), Tianjin University, China
| | - Oluwasogo A Olalubi
- Department of Public Health, Kwara State University (KWASU), Malete, Nigeria
| | - Ahmed A Adedeji
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Habib Medical School, Islamic University, Kibuuli, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jeanne Y Ngogang
- Department Biochemistry, Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Universite des Montagnes, Bangangté, Cameroon.,Service de Biochimie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Emad Im Khater
- Medical Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.,Public Health Pests Laboratory of Jeddah Governorate, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Diseases of the Nervous System. Vet Med (Auckl) 2017. [PMCID: PMC7322266 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5246-0.00014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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A real-time RT-PCR for rapid detection and quantification of mosquito-borne alphaviruses. Arch Virol 2016; 161:3171-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Auguste AJ, Liria J, Forrester NL, Giambalvo D, Moncada M, Long KC, Morón D, de Manzione N, Tesh RB, Halsey ES, Kochel TJ, Hernandez R, Navarro JC, Weaver SC. Evolutionary and Ecological Characterization of Mayaro Virus Strains Isolated during an Outbreak, Venezuela, 2010. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 21:1742-50. [PMID: 26401714 PMCID: PMC4593426 DOI: 10.3201/eid2110.141660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2010, an outbreak of febrile illness with arthralgic manifestations was detected at La Estación village, Portuguesa State, Venezuela. The etiologic agent was determined to be Mayaro virus (MAYV), a reemerging South American alphavirus. A total of 77 cases was reported and 19 were confirmed as seropositive. MAYV was isolated from acute-phase serum samples from 6 symptomatic patients. We sequenced 27 complete genomes representing the full spectrum of MAYV genetic diversity, which facilitated detection of a new genotype, designated N. Phylogenetic analysis of genomic sequences indicated that etiologic strains from Venezuela belong to genotype D. Results indicate that MAYV is highly conserved genetically, showing ≈17% nucleotide divergence across all 3 genotypes and 4% among genotype D strains in the most variable genes. Coalescent analyses suggested genotypes D and L diverged ≈150 years ago and genotype diverged N ≈250 years ago. This virus commonly infects persons residing near enzootic transmission foci because of anthropogenic incursions.
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