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Lee D, Gibson JM, Brown J, Habtewold J, Murphy HM. Burden of disease from contaminated drinking water in countries with high access to safely managed water: A systematic review. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 242:120244. [PMID: 37390656 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of residents of high-income countries (≥90%) reportedly have high access to safely managed drinking water. Owing perhaps to the widely held perception of near universal access to high-quality water services in these countries, the burden of waterborne disease in these contexts is understudied. This systematic review aimed to: identify population-scale estimates of waterborne disease in countries with high access to safely managed drinking water, compare methods to quantify disease burden, and identify gaps in available burden estimates. We conducted a systematic review of population-scale disease burden estimates attributed to drinking water in countries where ≥90% of the population has access to safely managed drinking water per official United Nations monitoring. We identified 24 studies reporting estimates for disease burden attributable to microbial contaminants. Across these studies, the median burden of gastrointestinal illness risks attributed to drinking water was ∼2,720 annual cases per 100,000 population. Beyond exposure to infectious agents, we identified 10 studies reporting disease burden-predominantly, cancer risks-associated with chemical contaminants. Across these studies, the median excess cancer cases attributable to drinking water was 1.2 annual cancer cases per 100,000 population. These median estimates slightly exceed WHO-recommended normative targets for disease burden attributable to drinking water and these results highlight that there remains important preventable disease burden in these contexts, particularly among marginalized populations. However, the available literature was scant and limited in geographic scope, disease outcomes, range of microbial and chemical contaminants, and inclusion of subpopulations (rural, low-income communities; Indigenous or Aboriginal peoples; and populations marginalized due to discrimination by race, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status) that could most benefit from water infrastructure investments. Studies quantifying drinking water-associated disease burden in countries with reportedly high access to safe drinking water, focusing on specific subpopulations lacking access to safe water supplies and promoting environmental justice, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Lee
- Water, Health and Applied Microbiology (WHAM) Lab, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Jacqueline MacDonald Gibson
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Joe Brown
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jemaneh Habtewold
- Water, Health and Applied Microbiology (WHAM) Lab, Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, United States
| | - Heather M Murphy
- Water, Health and Applied Microbiology (WHAM) Lab, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Water, Health and Applied Microbiology (WHAM) Lab, Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, United States.
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Sun A, Mirzayans PM, Piggott AM, Stanton JAL, Sunna A. Adapted method for rapid detection and quantification of pathogen Campylobacter jejuni from environmental water samples. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2023; 99:fiad058. [PMID: 37245057 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiad058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Building on a previously developed workflow for rapid and sensitive pathogen detection by qPCR, this work has established a sample treatment strategy that produces consistent quantification efficiencies (QEs) for Campylobacter jejuni against a complex and highly variable sample matrix from a suburban river. The individual treatments most effective at minimizing the inhibitory effects of the sample matrix were pH buffering with HEPES (50 mM, pH 5.7) and addition of the surfactant Tween 20 (2% v/v). Unexpectedly, sample acidification (pH 4-5) resulting from the use of aged Tween 20 that had undergone partial hydrolysis, appeared to play a key role in enhancing QE. This effect could be replicated by direct pH adjustment with dilute hydrochloric acid and may be linked to the solubilization and removal of inhibitory particles at an acidic pH. While the effectiveness of each individual treatment method varied, a combined treatment of either HEPES buffer + Tween 20, or direct pH adjustment + Tween 20, consistently produced QEs of 60%-70% and up to 100%, respectively, over a sampling period of one year. The consistency and scalability of this workflow make it a suitable alternative to culture-based ISO methods for detecting Campylobacter spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Sun
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Paul M Mirzayans
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Andrew M Piggott
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Biomolecular Discovery Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Jo-Ann L Stanton
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Anwar Sunna
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Biomolecular Discovery Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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Brown J, Acey CS, Anthonj C, Barrington DJ, Beal CD, Capone D, Cumming O, Pullen Fedinick K, MacDonald Gibson J, Hicks B, Kozubik M, Lakatosova N, Linden KG, Love NG, Mattos KJ, Murphy HM, Winkler IT. The effects of racism, social exclusion, and discrimination on achieving universal safe water and sanitation in high-income countries. Lancet Glob Health 2023; 11:e606-e614. [PMID: 36925180 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(23)00006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water and sanitation services in high-income countries typically bring widespread health and other benefits to their populations. Yet gaps in this essential public health infrastructure persist, driven by structural inequalities, racism, poverty, housing instability, migration, climate change, insufficient continued investment, and poor planning. Although the burden of disease attributable to these gaps is mostly uncharacterised in high-income settings, case studies from marginalised communities and data from targeted studies of microbial and chemical contaminants underscore the need for continued investment to realise the human rights to water and sanitation. Delivering on these rights requires: applying a systems approach to the problems; accessible, disaggregated data; new approaches to service provision that centre communities and groups without consistent access; and actionable policies that recognise safe water and sanitation provision as an obligation of government, regardless of factors such as race, ethnicity, gender, ability to pay, citizenship status, disability, land tenure, or property rights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Brown
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Charisma S Acey
- Department of City and Regional Planning, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Carmen Anthonj
- Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Dani J Barrington
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Cara D Beal
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences and Cities Research Institute, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Drew Capone
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Oliver Cumming
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Kristi Pullen Fedinick
- Natural Resources Defense Council, Washington, DC, USA; Center for Earth, Energy, and Democracy, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jacqueline MacDonald Gibson
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Brittany Hicks
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michal Kozubik
- Department of Social Work and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences and Health Care, Constantine the Philosopher University, Nitra, Slovakia; Department of Community & Occupational Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Karl G Linden
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Nancy G Love
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kaitlin J Mattos
- Department of Environment and Sustainability, Fort Lewis College, Durango, CO, USA
| | - Heather M Murphy
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Inga T Winkler
- Central European University, Department of Legal Studies, Vienna, Austria
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Lanrewaju AA, Enitan-Folami AM, Sabiu S, Edokpayi JN, Swalaha FM. Global public health implications of human exposure to viral contaminated water. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:981896. [PMID: 36110296 PMCID: PMC9468673 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.981896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric viruses are common waterborne pathogens found in environmental water bodies contaminated with either raw or partially treated sewage discharge. Examples of these viruses include adenovirus, rotavirus, noroviruses, and other caliciviruses and enteroviruses like coxsackievirus and polioviruses. They have been linked with gastroenteritis, while some enteric viruses have also been implicated in more severe infections such as encephalitis, meningitis, hepatitis (hepatitis A and E viruses), cancer (polyomavirus), and myocarditis (enteroviruses). Therefore, this review presents information on the occurrence of enteric viruses of public health importance, diseases associated with human exposure to enteric viruses, assessment of their presence in contaminated water, and their removal in water and wastewater sources. In order to prevent illnesses associated with human exposure to viral contaminated water, we suggest the regular viral monitoring of treated wastewater before discharging it into the environment. Furthermore, we highlight the need for more research to focus on the development of more holistic disinfection methods that will inactivate waterborne viruses in municipal wastewater discharges, as this is highly needed to curtail the public health effects of human exposure to contaminated water. Moreover, such a method must be devoid of disinfection by-products that have mutagenic and carcinogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abimbola Motunrayo Enitan-Folami
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Abimbola Motunrayo Enitan-Folami,
| | - Saheed Sabiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Joshua Nosa Edokpayi
- Water and Environmental Management Research Group, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Feroz Mahomed Swalaha
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
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Stec J, Kosikowska U, Mendrycka M, Stępień-Pyśniak D, Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej P, Bębnowska D, Hrynkiewicz R, Ziętara-Wysocka J, Grywalska E. Opportunistic Pathogens of Recreational Waters with Emphasis on Antimicrobial Resistance-A Possible Subject of Human Health Concern. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127308. [PMID: 35742550 PMCID: PMC9224392 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Infections caused by exposure to opportunistic pathogens can cause serious health problems during recreational water use. The problem of diseases caused by microbes transmitted by water is a major public health challenge, especially in developing countries with economic problems and poor hygiene conditions. Moreover, the quality of water in natural reservoirs is often at a very low level in terms of microbiological water purity, which means that their use for recreational purposes, but also as a source of drinking water, may have serious health consequences. Recreational waters pose a threat to human health. Therefore, the quality of recreational waters is closely monitored in many jurisdictions. In this review, we summarize key information on the most common pathogens that can be water-based or waterborne. The issue of antimicrobial resistance among opportunistic pathogens remains equally important. It is important not only to fight pathogens, but also to take action to reduce chemical stressors (especially antibiotics) in the aquatic environment, and to understand the various mechanisms of the spread of antibiotic-resistant genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Stec
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (J.S.); (U.K.)
| | - Urszula Kosikowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (J.S.); (U.K.)
| | - Mariola Mendrycka
- Department of Nursing, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities in Radom, 26-600 Radom, Poland;
| | - Dagmara Stępień-Pyśniak
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | | | - Dominika Bębnowska
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (P.N.-R.); (R.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Rafał Hrynkiewicz
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (P.N.-R.); (R.H.)
| | | | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
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Ekundayo TC, Igere BE, Oluwafemi YD, Iwu CD, Olaniyi OO. Human norovirus contamination in water sources: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118164. [PMID: 34534825 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The human norovirus (HNoV), on a global scale, is the prevailing cause of contagious viral gastroenteritis outbreaks, with more than 200 000 deaths annually. This study aimed at assessing specific prevalence of HNoV pollution in different water sources and their roles in the dissemination of HNoV, with a view to refocus water sources and sewage management options for policy making towards public health safety. In this regard, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis (SR/MA) of the prevalence of HNoV in water sources. We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science for studies on HNoV prevalence in water sources without temporal restriction, till January 30, 2021. We conducted a random-effects meta-analysis of the HNoV prevalence and stratified the study by water type, continent, gross national income (GNI) group and genogroup. Further, a mixed-effects meta-regression model was performed for sensitivity analysis. The literature search identified 61 studies on water source-based HNoV (WsHNoV) prevalence. The pooled WsHNoV prevalence was 31.7% (95%CI: 25.1-38.5) but varied according to water sources types; river water showing the highest estimate at 43.5% (95%CI: 33.9-53.4), followed by estuarine water (30.6%, 95%CI: 12.5-52.2), composite water (27.9%, 95%CI: 13.5-44.9), marine water (25.9%, 95%CI: 10.0-45.6), groundwater (19.7%, 95%CI: 9.4-32.3) and lake water (2.2%, 95%CI: 0-25.8). Further, the findings indicated the highest WsHNoV prevalence in Africa as 55.9% (95% CI: 28.2-81.9), followed by Asia (31.6%, 95% CI: 22.3-41.6), Europe (29.8%, 95% CI: 17.9-43.2), North America (27.7%, 95% CI: 11.2-47.6) and South America (27.1%, 95%CI: 0.09-49.4). The WsHNoV prevalence stratified by GNI group was 40.6% (95%CI: 27.9-53.9) in middle-income countries and 28.7% (95%CI: 21.7-36.1) in high-income countries respectively. The prevalence of GI, GII and GI & GII genogroup in natural water was 16.4% (95%CI: 12.0-21.3), 20.6% (95%CI: 15.7-25.8) and 12.8% (95%CI: 6.9-20.6) respectively. Evidently, prevalence of the HNoV genogroup in water sources mirrors the pattern of HNoV gastroenteritis and GII genogroup dominance worldwide. In conclusion, public health efforts against waterborne diseases should prioritize water resource/sewage management options and policies towards ardent water sources pollution prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitope C Ekundayo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo City, Ondo State, Nigeria; Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Bright E Igere
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Western Delta University, Oghara, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Yinka D Oluwafemi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo City, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Chidozie D Iwu
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Oladipo O Olaniyi
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria
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Intestinal apicomplexan parasitoses among a hospital-based population in Honduras, 2013-2019. BIOMÉDICA 2021; 41:734-744. [PMID: 34936257 PMCID: PMC8769500 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.6104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Intestinal apicomplexa protozoa are a recognized cause of gastroenteritis. They are endemic in Honduras and their epidemiology varies in different population groups. Objective: To identify risk factors for cyclosporiasis, cryptosporidiosis, and cystoisosporiasis. Materials and methods: We conducted a case-control study in a hospital-based population. We performed the diagnosis using the modifed Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique and collected the information from laboratory records and clinical charts. Results: Cyclosporiasis was associated with diarrhea (OR=2.28; 95%CI: 1.10-4.89), weight loss (OR=12.7; 95%CI: 2.49-122.00), watery stools (OR=2.42; 95%CI: 1.26-4.65), and infection with another protozoan (OR=3.13; 95%CI: 1.66-5.95). Cryptosporidiosis was associated with HIV infection (OR=15.43; 95%CI: 3.34-71.22), diarrhea (OR=3.52; 95%CI: 1.40-9.40), lymphopenia (OR=6.16; 95%CI: 1.99-18.98), and green color stools (OR=3.00; 95%CI: 1.23-7.30). Cystoisosporiasis was associated with HIV infection (OR=11.20; 95%CI: 3.53-35.44), diarrhea (OR=7.30; 95%CI: 1.89-28.52), leukopenia (OR=4.28; 95%CI: 1.33-13.75), green color stools (OR=11.59; 95%CI: 1.16-558.60), and Charcot-Leyden crystals (OR=11.59; 95%CI: 1.16-558.60). Conclusions: In this hospital-based population from Honduras, HIV infection was a risk factor for cryptosporidiosis and cystoisosporiasis, but not for cyclosporiasis.
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Bell RL, Kase JA, Harrison LM, Balan KV, Babu U, Chen Y, Macarisin D, Kwon HJ, Zheng J, Stevens EL, Meng J, Brown EW. The Persistence of Bacterial Pathogens in Surface Water and Its Impact on Global Food Safety. Pathogens 2021; 10:1391. [PMID: 34832547 PMCID: PMC8617848 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Water is vital to agriculture. It is essential that the water used for the production of fresh produce commodities be safe. Microbial pathogens are able to survive for extended periods of time in water. It is critical to understand their biology and ecology in this ecosystem in order to develop better mitigation strategies for farmers who grow these food crops. In this review the prevalence, persistence and ecology of four major foodborne pathogens, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), Salmonella, Campylobacter and closely related Arcobacter, and Listeria monocytogenes, in water are discussed. These pathogens have been linked to fresh produce outbreaks, some with devastating consequences, where, in a few cases, the contamination event has been traced to water used for crop production or post-harvest activities. In addition, antimicrobial resistance, methods improvements, including the role of genomics in aiding in the understanding of these pathogens, are discussed. Finally, global initiatives to improve our knowledge base of these pathogens around the world are touched upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Bell
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA; (J.A.K.); (Y.C.); (D.M.); (H.J.K.); (J.Z.); (E.W.B.)
| | - Julie A. Kase
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA; (J.A.K.); (Y.C.); (D.M.); (H.J.K.); (J.Z.); (E.W.B.)
| | - Lisa M. Harrison
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (L.M.H.); (K.V.B.); (U.B.)
| | - Kannan V. Balan
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (L.M.H.); (K.V.B.); (U.B.)
| | - Uma Babu
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (L.M.H.); (K.V.B.); (U.B.)
| | - Yi Chen
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA; (J.A.K.); (Y.C.); (D.M.); (H.J.K.); (J.Z.); (E.W.B.)
| | - Dumitru Macarisin
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA; (J.A.K.); (Y.C.); (D.M.); (H.J.K.); (J.Z.); (E.W.B.)
| | - Hee Jin Kwon
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA; (J.A.K.); (Y.C.); (D.M.); (H.J.K.); (J.Z.); (E.W.B.)
| | - Jie Zheng
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA; (J.A.K.); (Y.C.); (D.M.); (H.J.K.); (J.Z.); (E.W.B.)
| | - Eric L. Stevens
- Office of the Center Director, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA;
| | - Jianghong Meng
- Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;
| | - Eric W. Brown
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA; (J.A.K.); (Y.C.); (D.M.); (H.J.K.); (J.Z.); (E.W.B.)
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Collier SA, Deng L, Adam EA, Benedict KM, Beshearse EM, Blackstock AJ, Bruce BB, Derado G, Edens C, Fullerton KE, Gargano JW, Geissler AL, Hall AJ, Havelaar AH, Hill VR, Hoekstra RM, Reddy SC, Scallan E, Stokes EK, Yoder JS, Beach MJ. Estimate of Burden and Direct Healthcare Cost of Infectious Waterborne Disease in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:140-149. [PMID: 33350905 PMCID: PMC7774540 DOI: 10.3201/eid2701.190676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Provision of safe drinking water in the United States is a great public health achievement. However, new waterborne disease challenges have emerged (e.g., aging infrastructure, chlorine-tolerant and biofilm-related pathogens, increased recreational water use). Comprehensive estimates of the health burden for all water exposure routes (ingestion, contact, inhalation) and sources (drinking, recreational, environmental) are needed. We estimated total illnesses, emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, deaths, and direct healthcare costs for 17 waterborne infectious diseases. About 7.15 million waterborne illnesses occur annually (95% credible interval [CrI] 3.88 million–12.0 million), results in 601,000 ED visits (95% CrI 364,000–866,000), 118,000 hospitalizations (95% CrI 86,800–150,000), and 6,630 deaths (95% CrI 4,520–8,870) and incurring US $3.33 billion (95% CrI 1.37 billion–8.77 billion) in direct healthcare costs. Otitis externa and norovirus infection were the most common illnesses. Most hospitalizations and deaths were caused by biofilm-associated pathogens (nontuberculous mycobacteria, Pseudomonas, Legionella), costing US $2.39 billion annually.
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Coliphages as a Complementary Tool to Improve the Management of Urban Wastewater Treatments and Minimize Health Risks in Receiving Waters. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13081110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Even in countries with extensive sanitation systems, outbreaks of waterborne infectious diseases are being reported. Current tendencies, such as the growing concentration of populations in large urban conurbations, climate change, aging of existing infrastructures, and emerging pathogens, indicate that the management of water resources will become increasingly challenging in the near future. In this context, there is an urgent need to control the fate of fecal microorganisms in wastewater to avoid the negative health consequences of releasing treated effluents into surface waters (rivers, lakes, etc.) or marine coastal water. On the other hand, the measurement of bacterial indicators yields insufficient information to gauge the human health risk associated with viral infections. It would therefore seem advisable to include a viral indicator—for example, somatic coliphages—to monitor the functioning of wastewater treatments. As indicated in the studies reviewed herein, the concentrations of somatic coliphages in raw sewage remain consistently high throughout the year worldwide, as occurs with bacterial indicators. The removal process for bacterial indicators and coliphages in traditional sewage treatments is similar, the concentrations in secondary effluents remaining sufficiently high for enumeration, without the need for cumbersome and costly concentration procedures. Additionally, according to the available data on indicator behavior, which is still limited for sewers but abundant for surface waters, coliphages persist longer than bacterial indicators once outside the gut. Based on these data, coliphages can be recommended as indicators to assess the efficiency of wastewater management procedures with the aim of minimizing the health impact of urban wastewater release in surface waters.
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Draft Genome Sequences of Eight Campylobacter volucris Isolates from Freshwater Sources in Victoria, Australia. Microbiol Resour Announc 2021; 10:10/1/e01086-20. [PMID: 33414293 PMCID: PMC8407693 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01086-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. can survive and be transmitted from a range of environments. Here, we examine eight draft genome sequences of Campylobacter volucris, identified as part of an examination of waterborne Campylobacter species. This is the first report of environmental survival of C. volucris outside gull species. Campylobacter spp. can survive and be transmitted from a range of environments. Here, we examine eight draft genome sequences of Campylobacter volucris, identified as part of an examination of waterborne Campylobacter species. This is the first report of environmental survival of C. volucris outside gull species.
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Zhu Y, Kawai H, Hashiba S, Amarasiri M, Kitajima M, Okabe S, Sano D. The Effect of GD1a Ganglioside-Expressing Bacterial Strains on Murine Norovirus Infectivity. Molecules 2020; 25:E4084. [PMID: 32906699 PMCID: PMC7571017 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the impact of GD1a-expressing bacterial strains on the infectivity of murine norovirus (MNV). Eligible bacterial strains were screened from a sewage sample using flow cytometry, and their genetic sequences of 16S rRNA were determined. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to analyze the binding between bacteria and MNV particles, and the plaque assay was used to assess the effects of GD1a-positive and negative strains on MNV infectivity. The result from ELISA shows that MNV particles are able to bind to both GD1a-positive and negative bacterial strains, but the binding to the GD1a-positive strain is more significant. The infectivity assay result further shows that the MNV infectious titer declined with an increasing concentration of GD1a-positive bacteria. The addition of anti-GD1a antibody in the infectivity assay led to the recovery of the MNV infectious titer, further confirming that the binding between MNV particles and bacterial GD1a ganglioside compromises MNV infectivity. Our findings highlight the role indigenous bacteria may play in the lifecycle of waterborne enteric viruses as well as the potential of exploiting them for virus transmission intervention and water safety improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhu
- Department of Frontier Sciences for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan;
| | - Hiroki Kawai
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan; (H.K.); (S.H.); (M.K.); (S.O.)
| | - Satoshi Hashiba
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan; (H.K.); (S.H.); (M.K.); (S.O.)
| | - Mohan Amarasiri
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan;
- Department of Health Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara-Minami, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan; (H.K.); (S.H.); (M.K.); (S.O.)
| | - Satoshi Okabe
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan; (H.K.); (S.H.); (M.K.); (S.O.)
| | - Daisuke Sano
- Department of Frontier Sciences for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan;
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan;
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Romero-Sandoval N, Cifuentes L, León G, Lecaro P, Ortiz-Rico C, Cooper P, Martín M. High Rates of Exposures to Waterborne Pathogens in Indigenous Communities in the Amazon Region of Ecuador. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 101:45-50. [PMID: 31162016 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Waterborne pathogens, associated with poverty and poor sanitary conditions, are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. There are limited data on the epidemiology of waterborne pathogens in indigenous populations living in the Amazon region. We did a cross-sectional survey in two indigenous Shuar communities in the Amazon region of Ecuador in which we documented the presence of pathogens representing different sources of environmental contamination of water. We detected protozoa and soil-transmitted helminths by microscopy of fecal samples and the presence of IgG antibodies to hepatitis A and Leptospira spp. in blood samples from individuals older than 2 years and collected data by questionnaire on sociodemographic factors and knowledge of infectious diseases. Seroprevalence for hepatitis A and Leptospira spp. were 98.1% (95% CI: 97.0-99.8) and 50.0% (95% CI: 43.3-56.6), respectively, whereas 62.6% (95% CI: 55.8-69.4) had enteric parasites in stool samples. In participants older than 6 years, eight of 10 had evidence of infection with or exposure to at least one of the pathogens studied. Although prevalence of pathogens varied by age, it did not vary significantly by gender, temporal migration, illiteracy, perceived morbidity, receipt of conditional cash transfers, water boiling practices, poor housing conditions, and anthropometric status. These findings indicate a high level of contamination of drinking water by human pathogens in these indigenous communities and the need for interventions to improve access to and use of clean drinking water in these marginalized communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Romero-Sandoval
- Grups de Recerca d'Amèrica i Àfrica Llatines - GRAAL, Barcelona, Spain.,School of Medicine, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Lizeth Cifuentes
- School of Medicine, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Gabriela León
- School of Medicine, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Paola Lecaro
- School of Medicine, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Claudia Ortiz-Rico
- Grupo Salud-Comunid-Universidad de Santander, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.,Unidad de Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philip Cooper
- Fundación Ecuatoriana para la Investigación en Salud, FEPIS, Quinindé, Ecuador.,St. George's University, London, United Kingdom.,School of Medicine, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Miguel Martín
- Unidad de Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Grups de Recerca d'Amèrica i Àfrica Llatines - GRAAL, Barcelona, Spain.,School of Medicine, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
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Moffatt CRM, Fearnley E, Bell R, Wright R, Gregory J, Sloan-Gardner T, Kirk M, Stafford R. Characteristics of Campylobacter Gastroenteritis Outbreaks in Australia, 2001 to 2016. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 17:308-315. [PMID: 31738586 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. are a globally important cause of bacterial gastroenteritis, with Australia experiencing higher rates of illness than many comparable high-income countries. Despite the high disease incidence, outbreaks of campylobacteriosis in Australia are infrequently detected and reported. We examined the epidemiology of Campylobacter outbreaks in Australia, with particular emphasis on assessing transmission routes and evidence as reported during public health investigations. A national register of enteric and foodborne disease outbreaks was used to summarize data on all Campylobacter outbreaks reported in Australia between 2001 and 2016. Outbreak data were reviewed and analyzed for trends over time. Additional information was sought from state and territory epidemiologists, to validate transmission routes. A total of 84 Campylobacter outbreaks were reported, with 51 (61%) being classified as foodborne. Specific food vehicles were identified for 33 (65%) outbreaks, with 28 (85%) implicating chicken or chicken-containing dishes. Although no increase in the proportion of foodborne Campylobacter outbreaks was observed, examination of specific food vehicles demonstrated a significant increase in outbreaks because of poultry-liver containing foods (p = 0.04). One quarter of all 1042 outbreak-associated cases occurred in aged-care facilities (ACFs), including 17 associated hospitalizations and three deaths. After review of evidence data, 23 outbreaks (27%) were determined to have an unknown route of transmission, including 10 (43%) outbreaks occurring in ACFs. Campylobacter spp. remain a less commonly reported cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks in Australia. Although many reported outbreaks can be linked to foodborne transmission, over a quarter were unable to identify either a food vehicle or transmission source, particularly for outbreaks occurring in aged care. Increased efforts to improve evidence collection and understanding of transmission dynamics for outbreaks of campylobacteriosis, particularly in aged care, are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron R M Moffatt
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Emily Fearnley
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,South Australian Department for Health and Wellbeing, OzFoodNet, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Robert Bell
- OzFoodNet, Communicable Diseases Branch, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rose Wright
- Australian Government Department of Health, OzFoodNet, Office of Health Protection, Canberra, Australia
| | - Joy Gregory
- Department of Health and Human Services, OzFoodNet, Communicable Disease Epidemiology and Surveillance, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Timothy Sloan-Gardner
- OzFoodNet, Communicable Disease Control, Health Protection Service, Australian Capital Territory Health Directorate, Canberra, Australia
| | - Martyn Kirk
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Russell Stafford
- OzFoodNet, Communicable Diseases Branch, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Australia
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Cissé G. Food-borne and water-borne diseases under climate change in low- and middle-income countries: Further efforts needed for reducing environmental health exposure risks. Acta Trop 2019; 194:181-188. [PMID: 30946811 PMCID: PMC7172250 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Food- and water-borne diseases (FWBD) are a major cause of mortality and morbidity. Africa counts 91 million people falling ill and 137,000 dying per year by FWBD. Climate change could increase FWBD through bad water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). Floods’ vulnerability maps of drinking water systems are important for prevention. Appropriate WASH interventions can significantly contribute in reducing FWBD under climate change.
This paper provides a view of the major facts and figures related to infectious diseases with a focus on food-borne and water-borne diseases and their link with environmental factors and climate change. The global burden of food-borne diseases for 31 selected hazards was estimated by the World Health Organization at 33 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2010 with 40% of this burden concentrated among children under 5 years of age. The highest burden per population of food-borne diseases is found in Africa, followed by Southeast Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean sub-regions. Unsafe water used for the cleaning and processing of food is a key risk factors contributing to food-borne diseases. The role of quality and quantity of water to the general burden of infectious diseases deserves attention, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, as its effects go beyond the food chain. Water-related infectious diseases are a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, and climate change effects will exacerbate the challenges for the public health sector for both food-borne and water-borne diseases. Selected case studies from Africa and Asia show that (i) climate change extreme events, such as floods, may exacerbate the risks for infectious diseases spreading through water systems, and (ii) improvements related to drinking water, sanitation and hygiene could result in a significant reduction of intestinal parasitic infections among school-aged children. There is a need to better anticipate the impacts of climate change on infectious diseases and fostering multi-stakeholder engagement and multi-sectoral collaborations for integrated interventions at schools, community and household levels. The paper calls for giving priority to improving the environmental conditions affecting food-borne and water-borne infectious diseases under climate change.
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de Deus DR, Teixeira DM, Dos Santos Alves JC, Smith VC, da Silva Bandeira R, Siqueira JAM, de Sá Morais LLC, Resque HR, Gabbay YB. Occurrence of norovirus genogroups I and II in recreational water from four beaches in Belém city, Brazilian Amazon region. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2019; 17:442-454. [PMID: 31095519 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2019.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the presence of norovirus (NoV) in recreational waters of four estuarine beaches located in Mosqueiro Island, Belém city, Brazilian Amazon, during two years of monitoring (2012 and 2013). NoV particles were concentrated on filtering membrane by the adsorption-elution method and detected by semi-nested RT-PCR (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) and sequencing. NoV positivity was observed in 37.5% (39/104) of the surface water samples, with genogroup GI (69.2%) occurring at a higher frequency than GII (25.7%), with a cocirculation of both genogroups in two samples (5.1%). This virus was detected in all sampling points analyzed, showing the highest detection rate at the Paraíso Beach (46.2%). Statistically, there was a dependence relationship between tide levels and positive detection, with a higher frequency at high tide (46.7%) than at low tide (25%) periods. Months with the highest detection rates (April 2012 and April/May 2013) were preceded by periods of higher precipitation (March 2012 and February/March 2013). Phylogenetic analysis showed the circulation of the old pandemic variant (GII.4-US_95-96) and GI.8. The NoV detection demonstrated viral contamination on the beaches and evidenced the health risk to bathers, mainly through recreational activities such as bathing, and highlighted the importance of including enteric viruses research in the recreational water quality monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Rodrigues de Deus
- Postgraduate Program in Parasitary Biology in the Amazon, State University of Pará, Tv. Perebebui, 2623, Marco, Belém, PA CEP 66087-662, Brazil
| | - Dielle Monteiro Teixeira
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Br. 316 Km 07 S/N, Levilandia, Ananindeua, PA CEP 67030-000, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Jainara Cristina Dos Santos Alves
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Br. 316 Km 07 S/N, Levilandia, Ananindeua, PA CEP 67030-000, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Vanessa Cavaleiro Smith
- Postgraduate Program in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Br. 316 Km 07 S/N, Levilandia, Ananindeua, PA CEP 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Renato da Silva Bandeira
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Br. 316 Km 07 S/N, Levilandia, Ananindeua, PA CEP 67030-000, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Jones Anderson Monteiro Siqueira
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Br. 316 Km 07 S/N, Levilandia, Ananindeua, PA CEP 67030-000, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Lena Líllian Canto de Sá Morais
- Environment Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Br. 316 Km 07 S/N, Levilandia, Ananindeua, PA CEP 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Hugo Reis Resque
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Br. 316 Km 07 S/N, Levilandia, Ananindeua, PA CEP 67030-000, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Yvone Benchimol Gabbay
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Br. 316 Km 07 S/N, Levilandia, Ananindeua, PA CEP 67030-000, Brazil E-mail:
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Viral tools for detection of fecal contamination and microbial source tracking in wastewater from food industries and domestic sewage. J Virol Methods 2018; 262:79-88. [PMID: 30336954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alternative indicators may be more suitable than thermotolerant coliform bacteria to assess enteric virus pollution in environmental waters and their removal from wastewaters. In this study, F-specific RNA bacteriophages (F-RNAPh) showed to be potential viral indicators of fecal contamination when they were quantified from domestic and food-industrial effluents containing human, chicken, swine or bovine wastes. In addition, they showed to be resistant to the primary and secondary treatments of the wastewater treatment plants. The viable F-RNAPh count showed correlation with viable thermotolerant coliforms but also with human polyomaviruses (HPyV) quantified by a new molecular method. In domestic effluents, F-RNAPh and HPyV indicators significantly correlated with a human viral pathogen, norovirus, while the bacterial indicator did not, being then better predictors of the behavior of enteric pathogenic viruses. In addition, we assessed human, bovine and fowl microbial source tracking markers, based on the molecular detections of human polyomavirus, bovine polyomavirus, and fowl adenovirus, respectively. The techniques implemented extend the range of viruses detected, since they target different viral types simultaneously. These markers could be applied when multiple source pollution is suspected, contributing to making decisions on public health interventions.
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