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McBurney-Lin S, Khorram D, Gee S, Hoberg EP, Klassen-Fischer MK, Neafie RC. A new worm infiltrating the human cornea: A report of three cases. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2018; 9:124-130. [PMID: 29577104 PMCID: PMC5861503 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To characterize a new species of parasitic nematode that triggers uveitis. Observations Three previously healthy, relatively young people each contracted a corneal stromal nematode that, upon surgical removal and examination, did not match any known nematodes. Clinical ocular findings included corneal opacification, visible corneal worms, conjunctival injection, and uveitis. Conclusions and Importance The three cases presented here represent a previously undescribed parasitic infection of the cornea by an unidentified nematode. These findings may represent a previously unrecognized zoonotic infection from wildlife sources and potentially a newly documented nematode requiring description. Future clinical findings regarding this newly described nematode are needed to further develop our understanding of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan McBurney-Lin
- Duke University School of Medicine, 8 Duke University Medical Center Greenspace, Durham, NC 27703, USA
| | - David Khorram
- Marianas Eye Institute, Beach Road Garapan, Saipan 96950, Northern Mariana Islands
| | - Stephen Gee
- Stephen Gee, M.D. Inc, 1210 Ward Avenue, Honolulu, HI 96814, USA
| | - Eric P Hoberg
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, Beltsville Research Center, BARC East 1180, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20715, USA
| | | | - Ronald C Neafie
- Joint Pathology Center, 606 Stephen Sitter Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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Gherman CM, Mihalca AD. A synoptic overview of golden jackal parasites reveals high diversity of species. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:419. [PMID: 28915831 PMCID: PMC5603039 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2329-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The golden jackal (Canis aureus) is a species under significant and fast geographic expansion. Various parasites are known from golden jackals across their geographic range, and certain groups can be spread during their expansion, increasing the risk of cross-infection with other carnivores or even humans. The current list of the golden jackal parasites includes 194 species and was compiled on the basis of an extensive literature search published from historical times until April 2017, and is shown herein in synoptic tables followed by critical comments of the various findings. This large variety of parasites is related to the extensive geographic range, territorial mobility and a very unselective diet. The vast majority of these parasites are shared with domestic dogs or cats. The zoonotic potential is the most important aspect of species reported in the golden jackal, some of them, such as Echinococcus spp., hookworms, Toxocara spp., or Trichinella spp., having a great public health impact. Our review brings overwhelming evidence on the importance of Canis aureus as a wild reservoir of human and animal parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Călin Mircea Gherman
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrei Daniel Mihalca
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Filarial Nematode Infection in Ixodes scapularis Ticks Collected from Southern Connecticut. Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/vetsci1010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Eberhard ML, Sims AC, Bishop HS, Mathison BA, Hoffman RS. Ocular zoonotic onchocerca infection in a resident of Oregon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 87:1073-5. [PMID: 23109373 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A long, slender filarial nematode was removed from the left anterior chamber of a resident of Oregon after several days of pain and blurred vision. The worm was identified as an Onchocerca, but it could not be further identified. This worm is the third zoonotic Onchocerca removed from the anterior chamber and the second case reported from the United States. Cases of zoonotic onchocerciasis continue to garner attention, and those cases affecting the eye are of particular interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Eberhard
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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John M, Mathew SM, Sebastian V, Biswas J, Raman M. Multiple live subconjunctival dipetalonema: report of a case. Indian J Ophthalmol 2012; 60:228-9. [PMID: 22569390 PMCID: PMC3361824 DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.95881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infestations of the eye have been reported since centuries, affecting various parts of the eye. Some are subtle, coexisting with vision, while many others damage and destroy, in part or totally, the gift of sight. This report describes a patient with live subconjunctival dipetalonema infestation of the right eye, with 22 parasites removed live in one sitting from one eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel John
- Department of Ophthalmology, Devamatha Hospital, Koothatukulam, Ernakulam District, Kerala, India
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Otranto D, Eberhard ML. Zoonotic helminths affecting the human eye. Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:41. [PMID: 21429191 PMCID: PMC3071329 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowaday, zoonoses are an important cause of human parasitic diseases worldwide and a major threat to the socio-economic development, mainly in developing countries. Importantly, zoonotic helminths that affect human eyes (HIE) may cause blindness with severe socio-economic consequences to human communities. These infections include nematodes, cestodes and trematodes, which may be transmitted by vectors (dirofilariasis, onchocerciasis, thelaziasis), food consumption (sparganosis, trichinellosis) and those acquired indirectly from the environment (ascariasis, echinococcosis, fascioliasis). Adult and/or larval stages of HIE may localize into human ocular tissues externally (i.e., lachrymal glands, eyelids, conjunctival sacs) or into the ocular globe (i.e., intravitreous retina, anterior and or posterior chamber) causing symptoms due to the parasitic localization in the eyes or to the immune reaction they elicit in the host. Unfortunately, data on HIE are scant and mostly limited to case reports from different countries. The biology and epidemiology of the most frequently reported HIE are discussed as well as clinical description of the diseases, diagnostic considerations and video clips on their presentation and surgical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Zootecnia, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Mark L Eberhard
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341-3724, USA
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Tasić S, Stoiljković N, Miladinović-Tasić N, Tasić A, Mihailović D, Rossi L, Gabrielli S, Cancrini G. Subcutaneous dirofilariosis in South-East Serbia--case report. Zoonoses Public Health 2010; 58:318-22. [PMID: 21740534 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2010.01379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human dirofilariosis is a relatively rare infection caused by filarial worms of the genus Dirofilaria. We herein report the first case of human subcutaneous dirofilariosis in the southeastern part of Serbia. A complete alive nematode was removed from a nodule in the periorbital region of a 50-year-old woman. The nematode was morphologically identified as a D. repens-like immature female. The diagnosis was confirmed with molecular methods. The patient was probably infected in the South-East Serbia as she had not travelled abroad, nor in other parts of Serbia such as Vojvodina, recently identified as a hyperendemic area for D. repens infection of dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tasić
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Medical Faculty, University of Nis, Serbia
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Abstract
Filariae of animals, especially those of mammals, often infect humans and typically produce cryptic infections. These "zoonotic" infections have been reported from virtually all parts of the world including temperate zones. Infections may be symptomatic or not, and the parasites are found in surgical tissue biopsy specimens or, more rarely, are removed intact from superficial sites such as the orbit or conjuctivae. Typically, these worms tend to occupy tissue sites similar to those occupied in the natural animal host, with the exception of the eyes. Many kinds of filariae have been isolated from humans, including species of Dirofilaria, Brugia, Onchocerca, Dipetalonema, Loaina and Meningonema. Worms have been found in subcutaneous tissues, the heart and lungs, lymphatics, the eye, and the central nervous system. Specific identification of these filariae is based on their morphological features in histologic sections. Unfortunately, some of these worms cannot be identified even at the generic level. There are other species of filariae, presumed to be zoonotic, which produce patent infections in humans but are poorly and incompletely known. These include Microfilaria semiclarum and Microfilaria bolivarensis. It is probable that almost any filaria parasitizing animals can, under proper circumstances, infect humans and undergo some degree of development. Undoubtedly, additional species of filariae will continue to be isolated from humans in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Orihel
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.
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Cancrini G, D'Amelio S, Mattiucci S, Coluzzi M. Identification of Dirofilaria in man by multilocus electrophoretic analysis. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 1991; 85:529-32. [PMID: 1809246 DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1991.11812604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Biochemical keys based on the electrophoretic patterns of nine enzymatic loci diagnostic between Dirofilaria repens and D. immitis were used to examine an immature female of Dirofilaria removed from a 32-year-old woman resident in Caserta, Italy. The worm, tentatively assigned on a morphological basis to D. conjunctivae-D. repens, showed at all the loci examined the same electrophoretic pattern as an Italian dog strain of D. repens. This genetic evidence is in substantial agreement with the hypothesis, already supported by morphological and epidemiological data, that D. conjunctivae (Addario, 1885) Desportes, 1939-1940 and D. repens Railliet and Henry, 1911 should be considered as synonyms. According to the law of priority D. conjunctivae should be the valid name for the species; however, it is proposed to preserve the name repens, well-established for the dog subcutaneous filaria. Multilocus electrophoretic analysis appears to be a valuable tool for the identification of aetiological agents of human zoonotic filariae, particularly in areas where more than one species of the subgenus Nochtiella are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cancrini
- Istituto di Parassitologia, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Italy
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Samples JR, Fraunfelder FT, Swan KC, Beaver PC, Rashad AL, Rosenquist R. A Technique For Removal of Filariasis of the Anterior Chamber. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 1988. [DOI: 10.3928/1542-8877-19880201-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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